UBRARY 
STATE  PLANT  BOARD 


ENTGi».u._^|JALDi_pr. 
STATE  PlmNT  BOARD 


LIBRARY 
STATE  PLANT  BOARD 


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Technical  Series  No.  1. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY, 


REVISION 


OF   THE 


APHELINIM  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  SUBFAMILY  OF  HYMENOPTEROUS  PARASITES 
OF  THE  FAMILY  CHALCIDIDiE. 


BY 

L .    O  .    HOWARD, 

ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 

1895, 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington,  D.  C,  June  15,  1895. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  the  first  number  of 
the  proposed  technical  series  of  bulletins,  which,  on  account  of  their 
character,  are  intended  especially  for  working  entomologists,  learned 
societies  and  periodicals,  and  libraries.  The  Aphelinime,  which  are 
monographic-ally  considered  in  this  first  number,  are  insects  of  great 
economic  importance,  since  they  comprise  the  most  abundant  of  the 
parasites  of  our  destructive  scale  insects. 

Respectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  J.  Sterling  Morton, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Explanatory  to  the  new  series 4 

The  Aphelinina*  of  North  America 5 

Host  relations  of  species  here  treated 11 

Analysis  of  the  genera 14 

Genus  Eretinocerus 15 

«     Pteroptrix 17 

Mesidia 19 

Centrodora 19 

Perissopterus 20 

Aphelinus 23 

Plastocharis 27 

Encarsia 28 

Aspidiotiphagu.8 30 

Coccophagus 31 

Prospalta 39 

Ablerns 42 

Physcns 43 

3 


EXPLANATORY  TO  THE  NEW  SERIES. 

While  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  is  entirely  carried  on 
with  the  practical  end  in  view,  a  certain  amount  of  work  of  a  technical 
diameter  is  constantly  being  done  by  different  members  of  the  force. 
The  condition  of  our  knowledge  of  North  American  insects  at  the 
present  time  is  such  that  many  forms  which  from  time  to  time  spring 
into  prominence  as  destructive  species,  or  as  connected  with  destruc- 
tive species,  either  as  parasites  or  predatory  enemies,  are  found  to  be 
new  to  science.  They  must  be  classified,  described,  and  given  names 
before  they  can  be  intelligently  considered  in  economic  publications. 
The  practice  which  has  prevailed  to  a  limited  extent  of  naming  and 
describing  new  species  in  practical  bulletins  and  reports  is  one  which 
has  met  with  much  disfavor  among  systematic  workers.  Isolated 
descriptions  of  new  species  are  in  themselves  sources  of  great  annoy- 
ance to  all  workers,  and  when  these  isolated  descriptions  are  published 
elsewhere  than  in  scientific  journals  or  the  proceedings  of  scientific 
societies  the  annoyance  becomes  intensified.  The  force  of  the  Division 
of  Entomology  comprises  several  specialists  who  are  doing  descriptive 
work,  and  largely  upon  material  accumulated  in  the  course  of  the  reg- 
ular divisional  work.  They  are  doing  this  work  as  a  necessary  supple- 
ment to  the  purely  economic  output  of  the  Division,  and  to  facilitate 
the  investigations  of  the  entomologists  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Experiment  Stations.  It  becomes  important  that  the  results  of  their 
labors  should  be  published  promptly,  and  as  all  available  sources  of 
publication  in  this  country,  such  as  the  Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum  and  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Society,  are  chronically  overcrowded  with  manuscripts,  and 
are  not  published  with  any  degree  of  promptitude,  it  is  necessary  that 
they  should  be  issued  by  this  Department. 

L.  O.  H. 
4 


THE  APHELININA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

By  L.  O.  Howard. 

The  miuute  and  structurally  interesting  species  of  the  chalcidid  sub- 
family Aphelinime  have  been  studied  by  systematic  workers  since  the 
founding  of  the  type  genus  by  Dalnuin  in  1820.  This  author  differen- 
tiated the  species  A.  insidiator  and  A.  abdominalis  from  the  older  genus 
Entedon,  with  which  they  had  previously  been  associated.  In  1833 
Westwood  established  the  genera  Coceophagus  and  Agonioneurus,  Dal- 
man's  Aphelinus  having  contained  species  of  each.  In  1831  Xees  von 
Esenbeck  established  the  genus  Myina,  which  corresponded  exactly 
with  Agonioneurus.  In  1839  Walker  placed  both  Westwood's  genera 
together  under  Aphelinus,  but  in  1810  separated  Westwood's  Coceopha- 
gus. Foerster,  in  his  Ilymeuopterologische  Studien,  discarded  Apheli- 
nus on  account  of  its  poor  definition  and  Agonioneurus  on  account  of 
its  length,  retaining  Myina  of  Nees  and  establishing  the  family  Myin- 
oidre,  with  the  genera, Myina,  Mesidia,  and  Coceophagus.  In  1876  Thom- 
son revived  Aphelinus  and  established  the  tribe  Aphelinina.  In  1878 
Foerster,  in  his  Klein e  Monographic  parasitischer  Hymenopteren,  added 
the  new  genera  Encarsia  and  Centrodora,  and  referred  incidentally  to 
the  group  as  Coccophagoida\  In  1880  the  writer,  following  Thomson 
in  the  revival  of  the  original  genus  Aphelinus,  established  the  higher 
group  as  the  subfamily  Aphelininae  and  described  a  number  of  species 
in  the  genera  Aphelinus  and  Coceophagus.  Since  then  he  has  described 
occasional  species  in  these  two  genera  and  has  erected  three  new  genera, 
viz,  Ablerus,  Aspidiotiphagus,  and  Prospalta.  In  1851  Ilaldeman  erected 
the  genus  Eriophilus  to  contain  a  single  species,  E.  mall,  parasitic  upon 
Schizoneura  lanigera,  but,  as  shown  by  the  writer  in  1880,  this  genus  is 
but  a  synonym  of  Aphelinus.  Haldeman  made  no  effort  to  determine 
the  affinities  of  his  genus,  beyond  stating  that  it  belonged  to  the  family 
Chalcidida3.  In  the  previous  year,  however,  Ilaldeman  erected  another 
genus,  Eretmocerus,  to  contain  the  single  species  E.  corni,  which  he 
reared  from  A  ley  r odes  found  upon  the  leaves  of  dogwood.  This  genus, 
which  Haldeman  considered  to  be  allied  to  Mymar,  is,  as  I  am  able  to 
show  by  the  rearing  of  new  species,  a  true  aphelinine.  In  1891  Ash- 
mead  placed  the  genus  Eunoius  of  Walker  in  the  subfamily  Aphelinina? 
(Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  n,  p.  108).  Foerster  had  previously 
noticed  the  resemblance  of  this  insect  in  certain  characters  to  this 
group,  but  had  removed  it  to  the  Pteromalinse,  evidently  on  account  of 

5 


the  number  of  antenual  joints.  Later  investigations,  and  particu- 
larly the  discovery  of  two  new  closely  allied  genera  which  the  writer 
has  described  in  the  Journal  of  the  Linmean  Society  of  London  as  Her- 
bert ia  and  Erotolepsia,  have,  however,  convinced  Mr.  Ashmead,  as  he 
tells  me  in  conversation,  that  Eunotus  must  properly  be  placed  with  the 
PireninaB.1 

On  the  whole,  not  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  insects  of  this 
subfamily  in  Europe.  This  is  probably  largely  due  to  the  fact  that 
almost  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  rear  the  parasites  of  Coccida'.  It 
results,  therefore,  that  the  aphelinine  fauna  of  the  United  States  is  bet- 
ter known  than  that  of  Europe.  A  number  of  species  were  reared  in 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  by  Professor  Comstock  when  he  was 
engaged  upon  his  si  inly  of  the  scale  insects  of  the  United  States  in  1880, 
and  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  writer  to  describe  the  new  forms.  Since 
then  others  have  been  reared  from  time  to  time  and  described  as  indi- 
cated above.  Mr.  Ashmead  has  also  described  several  forms.  Fitch 
described  one  which  he  placed  in  fche  genus  Platygaster;  Haldeman,  as 
above  slated,  described  two:  Le  Baron  described  one  (placing  it,  by  the 
way,  in  the  proper  genus),  and  the  Abbe  I'rovaneher  lias  described  two, 
viz.  Coccophagus  brunneus  and  (\  pallipes.  Unfortunately,  however, 
C.  brunneus  is  evidently  a  tetrastichine,  while  C, pallipes  is  a  Sympiezis 
belonging  to  the  subfamily  Eulophinae. 

The  Aphelinime  are  distinguished  from  their  nearest  allies,  the 
Eupelminae  and  Encyrtina-.  by  the  fact  that  the  mesopleura  are  divided, 
the  middle  legs  are  not  specially  developed  for  saltatory  purposes 
(although  the  insects  jump  well),  and  the  first  tarsal  joint  of  the  middle 
legs  is  not  incrassate,  the  antennae  are  not  more  than  eight-jointed,  and 
theparapsidal  sutures  are  distinct.  The  mandibles  are  small,  two  to  three 
dentate,  the  maxillary  palpi  are  three-jointed,  and  the  labial  palpi  are 
represented  by  an  elongate  tubercle.  The  antenna'  are  inserted  near 
the  clypeus;  the  scape  is  long  and  slender.  The  front  wings  lack  the 
postmarginal  vein  and  the  abdomen  is  broadly  sessile.  In  the  yellow 
species,  when  mounted  in  balsam,  the  curious  internal  structure  which 
is  called  by  Bugnion  in  his  ••  Developpement,  etc.,  de  VEucurtus  fusci- 
eollis,"  the  '-inesophragma'"  (and  which,  from  the  fact  that  it  seems  to 
originate  from  the  hinder  portion  of  the  mesoscutellum,  is  probably 


1  The  host  relations  of  Eunotus  Averenot  known  until  E.  lividus  Ashm.  was  found  in 
a  lot  of  parasites  seut  nie  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Johnson,  of  the  Illinois  State  Laboratory  of 
Natural  History  on  May  1,  1895.  Mr.  Johnson  had  reared  this  series  from  a  Lecanium 
on  plum,  together  with  many  specimens  of  Pachynewron  altiscuta  How.  The  Euno- 
tus is  probably  a  primary  and  the  Pachyneuron  a  secondary  parasite  of  the  Lecanium. 
This  coccid  parasitism  would  apparently  strengthen  the  idea  of  the  aphelinine 
affinity  of  Eunotus;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  Tomoccra  californica  How., 
a  true  Pirenine,  is  the  most  abundant  parasite  of  Lecanium  scales  in  California  and 
Hawaii. 


properly  identified)  is  seen  to  extend  far  back  into  the  abdomen,  much 
farther  than  with  Bugnion's  Encyrtns. 

The  insects  of  this  subfamily  are  all,  so  far  as  we  know,  parasitic 
either  upon  the  Coccidae,  Aleyrodida},  or  Aphididae.  They  are  evidently 
many-brooded,  and  issue  from  their  hosts  indifferently  throughout  the 
warmer  months  of  the  year,  and  through  the  winter  in  the  insectary. 
With  the  Aleyrodidae,  Aphididae,  and  the  Diaspinae  among  the  Coccidae, 
but  one  specimen,  apparently,  issues  from  a  single  host  insect.  With 
the  larger  naked  scale  insects,  however,  several  parasites  may  issue 
from  a  single  host.  Sufficient  observations  have  not  been  made  upon 
the  early  stages  of  the  Aphelininae.  Their  larvae  feed  both  upon  the 
body  of  the  scale  insect  and  upon  the  eggs.  They  attack  both  sexes 
of  the  host,  issuing  when  full  grown  through  circular  holes  cut  through 
the  body  walls,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  Diaspinae,  through  the  scale. 
With  the  scale  insects  of  the  genus  Pulvinaria,  the  aphelinine  larvae 
live  within  the  body  of  the  female  and  not  in  the  waxy  egg  mass  which 
she  secretes. 

Economically,  the  Aphelininae  are  by  far  the  most  important  of  the 
parasites  of  the  Diaspinae.  Other  scale  insects  are  more  abundantly 
parasitized  by  species  of  other  groups,  notably  the  Encyrtime,  but  with 
the  Diaspinae  it  is  really  difficult  to  find  an  affected  tree  which  does 
not  bear  scales  pierced  by  the  exit  holes  of  some  aphelinine.  It  was 
with  a  species  of  the  genus  Aphelinus  that  LeBaron  made  the  first 
attempt  at  the  transportation  of  a  scale  parasite  from  one  region  to 
another  in  which  the  parasite  was  supposed  not  to  occur.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  however,  while  the  numbers  of  the  Diaspinae  are  undoubtedly 
frequently  reduced  to  a  considerable  extent  by  the  work  of  the  mem- 
bers of  this  subfamily,  I  have  never  seen  a  plant  affected  by  scale 
insects  in  which  the  Ooccidae  were  even  approximately  exterminated 
by  these  insects.  Tbe  claims  which  were  at  one  time  made  in  Cali- 
fornia of  the  extraordinarily  beneficial  work  of  Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus 
upon  Aspidiotus  aurantii  have  always  seemed  to  me  unjustified,  and  in 
this  opinion  I  am  supported  by  the  evidence  of  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett, 
who  states  that  upon  personal  examination  of  the  orchard  in  which  it 
was  claimed  that  this  parasite  had  nearly  exterminated  the  scale  he 
found  that  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  dead  scale  insects  contained 
the  issuing  holes  of  the  parasites.  The  great  majority  of  them  seemed 
to  have  been  killed  by  some  disease. 

The  larvae  of  the  early  generations  of  tbe  species  of  the  genus  Aplie- 
linuSj  as  may  be  inferred  from  what  I  have  said  in  the  previous  para- 
graph, feed  upon  the  body  of  the  scale  insect,  but  those  of  the  late 
generations  feed  upon  the  eggs.  Confirmatory  evidence  of  the  incom- 
pleteness of  the  work  of  the  species  of  Aphelinus  has  been  gained  by 
the  careful  examination  in  the  early  spring  of  a  large  number  of  scales 
of  Mytilaspis  pomorum  parasitized  by  Aphelinus  mytilaspidis.     Under 


the  healthy  wintering  scales  of  the  Mytilaspis  will  be  found  a  varying 
number  of  sound  eggs,  but  seldom  less  than  50,  while  nearly  100  may 
be  found  in  a  few.  Examinations  which  Mr.  Pergande  made  for  me  in 
the  early  spring  of  1895  showed  that  while  some  of  the  specimens  of 
Aphelinus  had  issued  from  the  scales  late  the  previous  fall  (evidently 
considerably  after  the  egg  laying  of  the  females  had  been  completed), 
others  were  present  in  the  full-grown  larval  condition,  ready  to  trans- 
form to  pupa1.  The  latter  were  in  the  great  majority.  In  no  case, 
however,  had  all  of  the  scale-insect  eggs  been  devoured,  even  with 
those  scales  from  which  the  parasite  had  emerged  the  previous  autumn. 
Under  these  latter  scales  from  5  to  11  sound  eggs  were  found,  while 
under  the  scales  containing  full-grown  parasitic  larvae  from  2  to  18  sound 
eggs  were  found.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  the  work  of  the  last  gener- 
ation of  Aphelinus  is  no  more  effective  than  that  of  a  ladybird  beetle, 
probably  not  so  much  so.  These  beetles  tear  open  the  scales  and  eat 
the  <\u,us.  but  frequently  do  not  eat  them  all.  In  the  latter  case,  how- 
ever, the  exposure  of  the  eggs  may  result  in  theii  death,  whereas  the 
eggs  which  are  left  by  the  Aphelinus  Avill  undoubtedly  hatch.  It  is 
unfortunate  that  the  Aphelinus  larva  is  not  capable  of  eating  every- 
thing in  sight  in  the  shape  of  Mytilaspis  eggs,  but  we  must  take  the 
facts  as  we  find  them,  and  it  is  plain  that  the  good  work  of  these  para- 
sites has  been  overestimated. 

When  these  insects  arc  properly  mounted  they  are  not  especially  diffi- 
cult to  study.  The  yellow  forms  have  a  delicate  exoskeleton,  and  when 
mounted  dry  shrivel  to  some  extent.  The  face  falls  in  and  the  thorax 
becomes  distorted.  If  thrown  into  alcohol  they  become  discolored.  If 
mounted  in  balsam  they  also  become  more  or  less  discolored.  All  the 
yellow  forms  should  be  mounted  in  glycerin  in  a  thin  cell  of  Bruns- 
wick black.  They  should  be  mounted  under  a  lens,  and  some  care 
taken  to  spread  the  wings,  legs,  and  antenna'.  Several  specimens  may 
be  mounted  to  advantage  under  a  single  cover  glass.  In  all  cases,  how- 
ever, it  is  important  that  a  colorational  description  be  drawn  up  from 
fresh  material,  since  even  with  glycerin  mounts  the  colors  change  to 
some  extent  and  become  more  sordid.  With  the  black  species,  as  of 
CoccophayiiH,  the  shriveling  is  not  so  liable  to  occur,  and  the  larger 
species  particularly  can  be  studied  to  advantage  from  dry  mounts  on 
tags.  Even  so,  however,  Avhere  more  than  one  specimen  of  a  given 
species  is  collected  or  reared,  it  is  very  advantageous  to  mount  a  por- 
tion of  the  series  in  glycerin,  as  above  described.  Details  of  struc- 
ture, aside  from  sculpture,  can  be  more  readily  studied  from  slide 
mounts. 

Twigs  and  leaves  infested  with  scale  insects  from  which  it  is  expected 
that  these  little  parasites  will  issue  are  preferably  placed  in  small,  wide- 
mouthed  jars,  the  mouth  of  each  jar  being  wide  enough  to  admit  the 
band.     The  mouth  of  the  jar  is  then  covered  with  thin  muslin  held 


in  place  by  a  rubber  band,  or  the  glass  cover  may  be  placed  over 
the  mouth.  Careful  examination  of  the  sides  of  the  jar  with  a 
three-quarter-inch  lens  will  usually  enable  one  to  find  the  parasites 
after  they  have  emerged.  It  becomes  then  a  critical  question  how  to 
get  them  out  of  the  jar  and  into  a  very  small  vial.  This  is  done  by 
turning  the  jar  on  its  side  with  the  bottom  toward  a  window.  The 
parasites  will  immediately  jump  or  fly  toward  the  light,  when  the  cover 
may  be  removed  and  the  hand,  holding  a  little  vial,  inserted.  The  vial 
is  placed  over  the  parasite,  which  will  immediately  give  a  frantic  jump 
back  into  it,  Avhen  the  orifice  maybe  closed  by  the  finger  and  the  hand 
withdrawn  from  the  jar.  A  little  wad  of  cotton  saturated  with  chloro- 
form is  then  inserted  in  the  neck  of  the  vial,  and  as  soon  as  the  para- 
site ceases  to  move  it  can  be  taken  out  with  a  delicate  brush  and 
mounted,  as  above  indicated. 

It  is  sometimes  convenient  to  use  a  large  vial  instead  of  a  wide- 
mouthed  jar  for  this  rearing.  In  this  case,  as  the  hand  can  not  be 
inserted,  it  is  a  more  complicated  operation  to  remove  the  imrasites 
after  they  have  issued.  Mr.  Pergande  accomplishes  this  in  an  ingen- 
ious way  by  taking  a  very  small  vial  and  wrapping  the  outside  of  its 
mouth  with  several  thicknesses  of  paper  until  it  forms  a  stopper  to  the 
larger  vial.  The  combined  vials  are  then  held  with  the  small  one 
toward  the  window,  and  the  parasites  will  immediately  fly  into  the 
smaller  one,  where  they  may  be  easily  killed  and  from  which  they  may 
be  removed  and  mounted.  It  is  fortunate  that  they  have  this  irresist- 
ible impulse  to  fly  toward  the  light,  otherwise  it  would  be  most  difficult 
to  remove  them  before  mounting. 

I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  identified  European 
forms  of  the  subfamily.  Twenty-seven  species  were  catalogued  by 
Kirchner,  as  follows: 

MYINIDiE  Eoerster. 
511.  G.  Agonioneurus  Westw. 

1.  abdominalis  Nees.    Deutsch.  11.  Ida-us  Walk.     Eng. 

2.  Acestor  Walk.     Eng.  12.  locustarum  Giraud.     Wien. 

3.  Argvope  Walk.     Eng.  13.  lycimnia  Walk.     Eng. 

4.  Asychis  Walk.     Eng.  14.  Inaron  Walk.     Eng. 

5.  basalis  Walk.     Eng.  15.  Moeris  Walk.     Eng. 

6.  daucicola  Foerst.     Aachen.  16.  Proclia  Walk.     Eng. 

7.  dubins  Foerst.     Aachen.  17.  tibialis  Sets.    Wien.     Aus  Aphis chen- 

8.  facialis  Foerst.     Aachen.  opotlii. 

9.  flavicornis  Foerst.     Wien.  Gez.    aus      18.  varipes   Foerst.      Wien.      Gezog.  aus 

Aphis  papaverisYh.  Aphis  viciee. 

10.  flavus  Xees.     Deutsch. 

512.  G.  Coccophagus. 

1.  insidiator  Dalm.     Deutsch..,  Wien. 

2.  obscurus  Westw.     Eng.     (Aphehnus  obscurus  Walk.     Mon.  Chal.  I,  p.  6.) 

3.  scutellaris  Dalm.     Schweden. 


10 

513.  G.  Mesidia  Foerst. 
1.  M.  pallida  Kirch.     Im  Grase  im  Prater,  Augarten,  and  bei  Klosteraeuburg. 

546.  G.  Coccobius  Rtzb.  (under  Encyrtime). 

1.  annulicornis  Rt:b.     Preussen. 

2.  circumscriptus  Rtzb.     Preussen.     In  Coccus  pini. 

3.  fliivus  Nees.     Preussen;  (Pallidas  Rtzb.,)  aus  Coccus  tilla  \\\u\  accris.     Wien. 

4.  luteus -Rte&.     Preussen.     In  Coccus  pini. 

5.  notatus  A'/:/>.      Preussen.     In  ^Ispidiotus  rosce.    Wien. 

The  Ratzeburgian  species  of  CoccobiuSj  live  in  number,  are  catalogued 
with  the  EncyrtinaB.  I  have  examined  the  original  descriptions  of 
nearly  all  of  the  species  listed  above,  but  with  little  satisfaction.  They 
are  invariably  insufficient  bo  establish  specific  identities,  although  their 
generic  affinities  can  in  many  cases  be  told.  Thus,  of  Kirchner's  list, 
dbdominalis  Dalman  (not  Nees),  tibialis,  asyehis,  basalts  Westwood  (not 
Walker),  flavus  and  proclia  belong  to  Aphelinus;  while  argiope,  moeria, 
inaron.  U/cimnia,  and  idasus  belong  apparently  to  Coccophagus.  Flari- 
cornis  and  varipes  are  probably  species  of  A  pin  linns.  Of  llatzeburg's 
species,  described  under  Coccobius,  notatus  is  a  Coccophagus,  andpallidus 
is  an  Aphelinus.  The  position  of  the  remaining  three  is  doubtful,  but 
1  should  not  be  surprised  if  it  were  eventually  ascertained  that -annuli- 
cornis  belongs  to  Physcus,  circumscriptus  to  Prospalta,  and  luteus  to 
Ablerus.  Mr.  Ashmead  possesses  a,  pair  of  specimens  from  Germany 
labeled  in  Foerster's  handwriting  "Coccophagus  xanthostictus  R-atz.," 
which,  as  a  matter  of  course,  are  correctly  placed  generically,  and 
which  differ  specifically  from  any  of  our  North  American  species, 
resembling  most  closely  C.  flavifrons  Howard,  from  California. 

As  to  possible  identities  between  European  and  American  forms,  we 
can  only  guess  at  present.1  It  is  possible  that  Aphelinus  mail  (Halde- 
man),  the  widespread  American  parasite  of  AphididsB,  will  prove  to  be 
a  synonym  of  A.  basalis  Westwood,  while  Coccophagus  lecanii  (Fitch) 
may  prove  a  synonym  of  ('.  scutellaris  (Dalman),  and  C.  tmmaculatus 
Howard  may  prove  identical  with  C.  insidiator  (Dalrn.).  The  question 
can  not  be  satisfactorily  settled  by  existing  descriptions.  To  give  an 
idea  of  the  difficulty  surrounding  this  question  we  give  Dal  man's  descrip- 
tion of  C.  scutellaris:     "Niger,  scutelli  macula  nava,  antennis  fuscis; 

'Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  received  a  small  sending  of  parasites  of 
Coccida;  from  Prof.  A  Herlese,  Scnola  Realc  di  Portici,  Italy,  in  which  1  have  been 
a  hie  to  recognize  three  of  the  species  treated  in  this  revision.  These  are  Aspidio- 
tiphagus  citrinus  (Craw),  which  Professor  Berlese  has  reared  from  a  species  of 
Alj/tilaspis  on  olive,  from  an  Aspidioius  on  Acacia  longifolia,  and  from  Diaspis  rosa1  on 
Ribes  rubvum  ;  Aphelinus  fuscipennis  How.,  from  an  Aspidiotus  on  Acacia  longifolia, 
and  Prospalta  aurantii  (How.),  from  Aspidioius  ederce,  and  from  Leucaspis  pinifolicb 
on  Pinus  eanaviensis.  It  is  impossible  to  say  whether  these  three  species  are  of 
European  or  American  origin.  If  European,  as  is  quite  likely,  I  am  totally  unable 
to  identify  them  with  published  European  descriptions.  For  the  present,  therefore, 
the  American  names  must  hold. 


11 

pedibus  flavis  femoribus  posticis  nigris;   alis  immacnlatis."     (Kongl. 
Vetenskaps — Akacl.  Haiidlingar,  1825,  p.  365.) 

An  Indian  species,  Aphelinus  thece  Cameron,  has  been  reared  by  Mr. 
E.  E.  Green,  of  Punduloya,  Ceylon,  from  Aspidiotus  thece,  and  described 
by  Cameron  in  the  Mem.  and  Proc.  Manchester  Lit.  and  Philosoph. 
Soc,  series  4,  vol.  IV,  p.  183. 

HOST  RELATIONS  OF  THE  SPECIES  HERE  TREATED. 

LIST   OF   PARASITES    AND   HOSTS. 

Parasite.  Host. 

Eretmocerns  corni Aleyrodes  corni. 

Eretmocerus  californicus Aleyrodes  on  Quercus  agrifolia. 

Pteroptrix  flavimedia Aleyrodes  spp.  on  Iris. 

Fuchsia. 
Sonchus. 
Willow. 
Sambucus. 
Aquilegia. 
Perissopterus  pulchellus Asterolecanium  on  basswood. 

Chiouaspis  pinifolise. 

Prosopophora  on  cottonwood. 

Aspidiotus  sp.  on  currant. 
Perissopterus  inexicanus Ceroplastes  sp. 

Pseudococcus  yucca'. 

Lecanium  hesperiduni. 
Aphelinus  niali Schizoneura  lanigera. 

Glyphina  eragrostidis. 

Aphis  brassicaB. 

Pemphigus  fraxinifolii. 

Aphis  monardse. 

Sipbonophora  rostB. 
Aphelinus  my tilaspidis Mytilaspis  pomoruni. 

Chiouaspis  piuifolia'. 

Diaspis  carueli. 

Aspidiotus  perniciosus. 

Aphelinus  abnbrmis Mytilaspis  pomorum. 

Aphelinus  diaspidis Diaspis  rosse. 

Mytilaspis  sp.  on  Dycaste. 

Aspidiotus  juglans-regia3. 
Aphelinus  fuscipennis Aspidiotus  perniciosus. 

Aspidiotus  camellia?. 

Chionasjns  euonymi. 

Mytilaspis  gloverii. 

Mytilaspis  pomorum. 

Encarsia  luteola Aleyrodes  sp. 

Encarsia  coquillettii Aleyrodes  sp.  on  Sonchus. 

Encarsia  angelica Aleyrodes  sp.  on  willow. 

Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus Aspidiotus  aurantii  var.  citrinus. 

Aspidiotus  perniciosus. 

Aspidiotus  ficus. 
Coccophagus  lecanii Lecanium  quercitronis. 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis. 

Lecanium  -Druinosum. 


12 

Parasite.  Host. 

Coccophagns  lecanii Lecanium  persicae. 

Lecanimn  on  plum. 

Pseudocoecus  aceris. 

Lecanium  liesperidum. 

Coccoj)hagus  fraternns Lecanium  persicsB. 

Coccophagns  cognatus Lecanium  liesperidum. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  plum. 

Lecanium  persicsB. 
Coccophagns  immaculatus  ...Eriococcus  azaleas. 

Coccophagns  llavifrons Lecanium  sp.  on  Pinus  australis. 

Coccophagus  llavoscutellum..  Lecanium  liesperidum. 

Lecanium  spp.  from  California, 

I  tact  y  lop  ins  destructor. 

Lecanium  tulipifersB. 

Pnlvinaria  on  plum. 

Pulvinaria  on  Sullengia. 

Pnlvinaria  innumerabilis. 

L.«  auium  oe  plum. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Adenostoma. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Arctostaphylos. 

Coccophagns  californicus [cerya  pnrchasi. 

Coccophagus  Lunulatus Aspidiotus  aurantii. 

Coccophagus  scntatus Kermes  sp.  on  Qnercus  agri folia. 

Coccophagns  ochraceus Lecanium  sp.  on  Adenostoma  fasoionlatum. 

Prospalta  murtfeldtii Vspidiotus  uvae. 

Aspidiol  us  Bp.  on  cherry. 

Aspidiot  u>  sp.  on  currant. 
Prospalta  aurantii Aspidiotns  aurantii  \ rar.  citrinus. 

Aspidiotus  ancylns. 

Aspidiotus  pini. 

A  v] i idiot  us  juglans-regiaB. 

M\  t ilaspis  citricola. 

Mytilaspis  albus  var.  concolor. 

Mytilaspis  eucalypti. 

Lecanium  persicse. 

Chionaspis  sp.  on  undetermined  food  plant. 
Ablerus  clisiocampse Chionaspis  furfurus. 

Aspidiotus  Bp. on  pear  and  apple. 
Pbyscus  varicornis Aspidiotus  ancylns. 

Chionaspis  quercus. 

Chionasjds  americana  Johnson  MS. 

LIST  OF  HOSTS  AND  PARASITES. 

Family  Aphidid  i  . 
Hosts,  Parasites. 

A]»his  brassicsB Aphelinus  mali 

Aphis  monardae Aphelinus  mali 

Siphonophora  rosa> Aphelinus  mali 

Glyphina  eragrostidis Aphelinus  mali 

Pemphigus  fraxinifolii Aphelinus  mali 

Schizoneura  lanigera Aphelinus  mali. 

Family  Coccid^e. 

Aspidiotus  ancylns. Prospalta  aurantii. 

Physcus  varicornis. 


13 

Hosts.  Parasites. 

Aspidiotus  aurantii,  var.  citrinus Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus. 

Coccopliagus  lunulatus. 

Prospalta  aurantii. 

Aspidiotus  pini Prospalta  aurantii. 

Aspidiotus  ficus Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus. 

Aspidiotus  perniciosus Aphelinus  fuscipennis. 

Aphelinus  mytilaspidis. 

Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus. 

Aspidiotus  nvip Prospalta  murtfeldtii. 

Aspidiotus  camellia1 . . . Aphelinus  fuscipennis. 

Aspidiotus  juglans-regiae Aphelinus  diaspidis. 

Prospalta  aurantii. 

Aspidiotus  sp.  on  Sonchus Encarsia  coquillettii. 

Aspidiotus  sp.  on  cherry Prospalta  murtfeldtii. 

Aspidiotus  sp.  on  currant Prospalta  murtfeldtii. 

,  Perissopterus  pulchellus. 

Aspidiotus  sp.  on  pear  and  apple Ahlerus  clisiocampse. 

Diaspis  carueli Aphelinus  mytilaspidis. 

Diaspis  rosae Aphelinus  diaspidis. 

Mytilaspis  albus  var.  concolor Prospalta  aurantii. 

Mytilaspis  citricola Prospalta  aurantii. 

Mytilaspis  eucalypti Prospalta  aurantii. 

Mytilaspis  gloverii Aphelinus  fuscipennis. 

Mytilaspis  pomorum Aphelinus  mytilaspidis. 

Aphelinus  ahnormis. 

Aphelinus  fuscipennis. 

Mytilaspis  on  Dycaste  sp Aphelinus  diaspidis. 

Chionaspis  euonymi Aphelinus  fuscipennis. 

Chionaspis  furfurus Ablerns  clisiocampse. 

Chionaspis  pinifolia* Perissopterus  pulchellus. 

Aphelinus  mytilaspidis. 

Chionaspis  quercus Physcus  varicornis. 

Chionaspis  americanus Physcna  varicornis. 

Lecanium  hesperidum Perissopterus  mexicanus. 

Coccophagus  lecanii. 

Coccophagus  cognatus. 

Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 
Lecanium  persicae Coccophagus  lecanii. 

Coccophagus  fraternus. 

Coccophagus  cognatus. 

Prospalta  aurantii. 

Lecanium  pruinosuin Coccophagus  lecanii. 

Lecanium  quercitronis Coccophagus  lecauii. 

Lecanium  tulipiferae Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Arctostaphylos Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Adenostoma Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Adenostoma  fasciculatum Coccophagus  ochraceus. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  plum Coccophagus  cognatus. 

Lecanium  sp.  on  Pinus  australis ^ Coccophagus  flavifrons. 

Lecanium  spp.  from  California Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 

Asterolecanium  on  hasswood Perissopterus  pulchellus. 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis Coccophagus  lecanii. 

Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 
Pulvinaria  sp.  on  Sullengia Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 


14 

Hosts.  Parasites. 

Pulvinaria  sp.  on  plum Coccophagus  flavoscutellum. 

Pseudococcus  acei'is Coccophagns  lecanii. 

Pseudococcus  yucca' Perissopterus  mexicanus. 

Prosopophora  ou  oottonwood Perissopterus  pulchellus. 

Eriococcus  azalea' Coccophagns  immaculatus. 

Ceroplastes  .sp rerissoptcrus  mexicanus, 

Dactylopins  destructor Coccophagus  flavoscntellum. 

Icerya  purchasi Coccophagus  californicns. 

Kermes  sp.  on  Qnercns  agrifolia Coccophagns  scutatns. 

Family  Aleykodid  i  . 

Aleyrodes  corni Eretmocerus  corni . 

Aleyrodes  on  Iris Pteroptrix  lla  vimedia. 

Fuchsia Pteroptiix  lla  vimedia. 

Sonchus Pteroptrix  lla  vimedia. 

Willow Pteroptrix  flavimedia. 

Sambncns Pteroptrix  lla  vimedia. 

Aqnilegia Pteroptrix  flavimedia. 

Qnercns  agrifolia Eretmocerus  californicns. 

Willow l'.iicarsi.i  angelica. 

Aleyrodes  sp Bncarsia  lnteola. 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  GENERA. 

Tarsi  1 -jointed. 

Male  antennae  3-jointed;  female  antennae  5- jointed Eretmocerus 

Antennae  of  both  sexes  8-jointed Pteroptrix 

Tarsi  5-jointed. 

Anterior  wings  with  a  hairless  Line  extending  obliquely  and  transversely  to  base 
of  wing. 

Three  antenna]  joints  before  the  club  of  equal  length Ifeeidia 

Three  antenna]  joints  before,  the  club  of  unequal  length. 

Ovipositor  exserted  to  from  one-fifth  to  one-third  length  of  abdomen. 

Nbtal  Bclerites  normal,  wings  hyaline Cenirodora 

Mesopostscntellum  acutely  triangular;  forewings  with  an  irregular 

pattern  of  rather  broad  dark  1  Lnes Per%%%opteme 

Ovipositor  not  at  all,  or  but  slightly  exserted Iphelinus 

Anterior  wings  without  oblique  transverse  hairless  line. 

Male  antennas  4-jointed  (one  ring  joint);  female  antennae  6- join  ted  (3  ring 

joints) PUistocharis 

Antenna?  of  hoth  sexes  8-jointed. 

Club  apparently  2-jointed Encarsia 

Club  3-jointed. 

Stigmalvein  lacking;  wings  with  very  long  fringe  . .  Aspidiotiphagus 
Stigmal  vein  present ;  marginal  cilia  short. 

Marginal  vein  as  long  as  or  longer  than  submarginal- .  Coccophagus 

Marginal  vein  much  shorter  than  submarginal Prospalta 

Antenme  7-jointed. 

Club  composed  of  but  one  joint;  ovipositor  extruded  to  half  length  of 

abdomen Iblerus 

Club  2-jointed;  ovipositor  scarcely  extruded Physcus 


15 


Genus  ERETMOCERUS  Haldeman. 
Eretmocerus  Hald.,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  ix,  pp.  110,  111,  May,  1850. 

This  genus,  which  Haldeman  did  not  place,  was  put  by  Cresson,  in 
his  Synopsis,  in  the  Mymarinae,  which  subfamily  was  located  with  the 
Proctotrypidte.  The  reason  for  this  placing  was  probably  the  fact  that 
Haldeman  placed  the  genus  Amitus,  described  immediately  before  Eret- 
mocerus, in  the  Myinarina>.  Mr.  Ashmead,  in  his  monograph  of  the 
Proctotrypichp,  places  Amitus  in  the  proetotrypid  subfamily  Platygas- 
terinse,  and  in  making  the  necessary  studies  upon  this  genus,  recognized 
the  aphelinine  affinities  of  Eretmocerus,  the  antennae  figured  by  Halde- 
man resembling  very  considerably  the  antennae  of  the  genus  Plasto- 
charis  Foerster.  In  studying  a  series  of  parasites  reared  by  Mr. 
Coquillett  in  California  from  Aleyrodes,  I  have  been  delighted  to  recog- 


FlG 


1. — Eretmocerus  californicus   Howard:    iVmale,  showing  side  view  of  genitalia  below — greatly 

enlarged  (original). 


nize  a  form  which  belongs,  with  little  doubt,  to  Eretmocerus.  Halde- 
man described  the  genus  only  from  two  mutilated  specimens  reared 
from  Aleyrodes  corni,  and  which  he  states  were  u  imperfectly  examined.7' 
Among  Mr.  Coquillett's  specimens  were  fortunately  many  males,  so 
that  I  am  able  to  redescribe  the  genus  in  full.  The  differences  between 
the  form  which  I  have  studied  and  Haldeman's  description  are  as 
follows : 

Haldeman  states  that  the  tarsi  are  "  apparently  pentamerous,"  eyes 
hairy,  and  antennal  club  oar-shaped  (whence  the  generic  name). 

In  the  form  which  I  have  studied,  the  tarsi  are  4-jointed  (a  discrep- 
ancy owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  fact  that  I  have  been  able  to  see  them 
clearly  under  a  high  power),  the  eyes  are  not  hairy,  and  the  antennal 


16 

club  is  subellipsoidal.  The  two  latter  differences,  then,  are  specific 
simply,  and  the  first  is  apparently  founded  upon  imperfect  observa- 
tion on  the  part  of  Haldeman. 

The  generic  characters  are  plainly  brought  out  in  the  figures. 
Especial  attention  is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  the  marginal  vein  is  about 
equal  to  the  stigmal  in  length.  The  apical  cilia  of  the  forewings  are 
short;  the  lower  border  of  the  mesoscutar  parapsides  is  strongly 
curved,  the  male  genitalia  are,  in  most  specimens,  strongly  exserted, 
and  the  penis  is  not  perceptibly  notched.  The  female  genitalia  are  not 
produced  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  male  antennae  are 
3-jointed,  lacking  all  trace  of  the  two  ring  joints  seen  in  the  female. 
The  club  is  very  long,  twice  as  long  as  that  of  the  female,  subcylin- 
drical,  rounded  at  tip,  and  furnished  with  many  long  sensory  spots. 
The  mandibles  are  3-dentate. 

ANALYSIS    OF     I  III".    SPECIES    OF    F.KKTMOCEKUS. 

Eyes  hairy,  antenna!  club  of  female  oar  shaped cortii 

E\  68  naked,  antenna]  club  of  female  ellipsoidal calif  or  ulcus 

Eretmocerus  corni  Haldeman  (fig.  2). 

Eretmocerus  corni  Haldeman.     American  Journal   of  Science,  vol.  ix,  pp.  110, 
111,  May,  1850. 
Haldeman's  original  description  included  both  generic  and  specific 
characters  confused  together.     The  species  lias  not  been  found  since, 
and  we  can  only  quote  his  words : 

"Two  mutilated  specimens  of  another  species  of  parasite  were  raised 
with  the  preceding  and  imperfectly  examined.  The  color  is  pale  fla- 
vor; the  wings  have  a  subcostal  nerve  not  quite  straight,  ending  in 

a  short  stigmal  branch  about  the  middle, 
the  wings  m  all  other  respects  as  in  Ami- 
tus;  feet  slender  and  apparently  pentam- 

FIG.  2  -Antenna    of     Kret,  u.    corni  y.      C()veml  with  numerOUS 

Haldeman— very    greatly    enlarged    (  re-  >      •' 

drawn  from  Haldeman).  short  erect  bristles,  more  distinct  than  in 

Chelonus;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  closely  united,  thorax  large, 
abdomen  with  sides  parallel  and  the  apex  obtusely  rounded;  in  one 
specimen  (  &  ?)  the  abdomen  seems  but  half  the  width  of  the  thorax, 
and  in  the  other  its  sides  form  straight  lines  with  it;  antennas  (see 
annexed  figure)  Particulate,  shorter  than  the  body,  scapus  narrowed 
toward  its  apex,  second  articulation  obconic,  third  and  fourth  very 
short,  fifth  oar-shaped  (whence  the  generic  name),  longer  than  all  the 
preceding  united,  widened  toward  the  apex,  which  is  obtusely  rounded. 
It  may  possibly  be  parasitic  in  the  larva  of  the  Amitus  described  above, 
as  it  is  somewhat  less  in  size.  I  propose  to  name  the  genus  Eretmo- 
cerus, and  the  species  E.  corni? 

Eretmocerus  californicus  n.  sp.  (figs.  1  and  3). 

Female  (fig.  1). — Length,  0.8  mm.;  expanse,  1.5  mm.;  greatest  width 
of  fore-wing,  0.23   mm.     Antennal   scape   short,  inserted  just   above 


17 

border  of  mouth.  Flagellum  a  little  longer  than  width  of  head.  Pedicel 
large,  triangular,  followed  by  two  ring  joints  and  a  long,  stout,  ellip- 
soidal club.  General  color  uniform  pale  yellow;  eyes  black;  ocelli  coral 
red ;  wing  veins  nearly  hyaline.  Ovipositor  scarcely  visible  from  above. 
Male  (Jig.  3). — Differs  from  female  mainly  in  structure  of  antenna?. 
Scape  subjointed,  ring  joints  are  absent,  and  club  is  very  long  and  as 
stout  as  pedicel.  Club  is  flexible  and  is  usually  bent  downward,  the 
bend  occurring  a  little  below  the  middle;  it  is  a  little  longer  than  head 
and  thorax  together.  The  genitalia  are  strongly  exserted,  the  intromit- 
tent  organ  pointed  at  tip,  and  resembling  an  ovipositor. 


Fig.  3. — Eretmocerus  californicus  Howard:  male,  showing  genitalia  below,  wing  venation  and  front- 
view  of  head  at  left— greatly  enlarged  (original). 

Described  from  many  male  and  female  specimens  reared  in  June  and 
October  from  an  undescribed  AUyrodes  on  Quereus  agrifolia  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett. 


Genus  PTEROPTRIX  Westwood. 
Pteroptr'ur  Westwood. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  restore  YVestwood's  Pteroptrir  to  the  group  with 
which  he  originally  considered  it  to  be  affiliated.  In  his  original 
description  his  opening  statement  is  that  it  is  near  Agonioneurus 
(ApheUnus).  The  4  jointed  tarsi  of  this  insect  have,  however,  misled 
other  writers.  Foerster,  largely  on  this  account,  placed  it  in  the 
Tetrastichime.  but  showed  that  it  differed  from  the  majority  of  these 
forms  in  the  lack  of  the  furrows  of  the  scutellum,  and  suggested  its 
191— No.  1 2 


18 


affinity  with  the  TrichogramminsB.  He  seems,  however,  to  have  had 
another  and  true  tetrastichine  form  before  him  which  he  considered 
identical  with  Pteroptrix.  In  his  Nachtrag  he  changes  the  name 
Pteroptrix  (which,  by  the  way,  he  spells  Pterothrix,  as  amended  by 
Nees)to  Gyrolasia,  on  account  of  the  preoccupation  of  the  former  name 
by  a  genus  of  composite  plants.  On  account  of  the  probability  that  he 
had  before  him  a  true  tetrastichine,  we  can  retain  the  genus  Gyrolasia 
in  the  Tetrastichiinc,  and  since  we  have  what  is,  with  little  doubt, 
Westwood's  form,  which,  upon  close  study,  proves  to  be  an  aphelinine 
in  spite  of  its  4  jointed  tarsi.  Westwood's  original  name  maybe  revived 
under  its  original  form,  Foerster's  reasons  for  changing  the  name  being 
insufficient.  The  doctrine  that  "once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym" 
will  hardly  hold  here,  if  we  are  correct  in  our  supposition  that  Foerster 

bad  a  different  form 
before  him. 

The  main  characters 
by  which  the  genus 
may  be  distinguished 
are  as  follows  ■ 

Antennae  8- jointed, 
pedicel  b  r  o  a  d  and 
very  short,  joints  1 
and  2  of  flagellum 
very  short  and  nar- 
row, as  in  Aphelinus, 
third,  fourth,  fifth,  and 
sixth  joints  forming 
the  club,  third  some- 
times distinct  from 
the  club.  Mesoscutar 
parapsides  short,  reaching  only  to  teguhc;  scutellum  transversely 
elliptical;  marginal  vein  of  forewings  long,  much  longer  than  stigmal. 
Wings  with  rather  long  marginal  cilia.  Abdomen  rounded,  perfectly 
sessile ;  middle  tibial  spurs  short ;  tarsi  4- jointed ;  first,  second,  and  third 
joints  subequal  in  length,  fourth  joint  considerably  longer.  This  last 
is  an  unusual  character  and  would  indicate  the  possible  coalescence  of 
the  normal  fourth  and  fifth  joints. 


Fin.  4. — PUroptritt fiavimedia  (Howard):  male;  female  genitalia  a4 
right,  enlarged  middle  tarsus  al  left,  antenna  above— greatly 
enlarged  (original). 


Pteroptrix  flavimedia  (Howard)  (fig.  4). 

(hi  vol  a  sin    flavimedia    Howard.      Report  of   the    Entomologist,   Annual    Report 
Department  Agriculture,  1880,  p.  369,  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  5. 

Male  and  female. — Length,  0.7  mm.;  expanse,  1.9  mm.;  greatest 
width  of  fore  wing,  0.32  mm.  Antennae  short,  sparsely  covered  with 
short  hairs;  scape  slender;  pedicel  broader,  twice  as  long  as  broad; 
funicle  3-joiuted,  joint  1  very  minute  (a  true  ring  joint),  joint  2  nar- 


19 

rower  than  pedicel,  broader  than  long,  considerably  larger  than  joint  1. 
Joint  3  longer  than  1  and  2  together  arid  broader  than  long.  Club  very 
broad  at  base,  3-jointed,  acuminate  at  tip,  broadest  portion  near  end  of 
first  joint.  Joint  3  longest,  joint  1  next,  joint  2  shortest.  Head  with 
sparse  but  very  noticeable  stout  hairs.  Eyes  naked.  General  color 
deep  black,  with  slight  metallic  reflections  on  dorsum  of  thorax.  Sec- 
ond abdominal  segment  yellow,  but  when  abdomen  is  bent  upward  or 
shrunken  this  color  is  hidden.  Antennal  scape  black;  remaining 
joints  yellowish  brown ;  tarsi  yellowish ;  last  joint  dark  brown  or  black, 
femora  and  tibue  dark  brown,  except  front  tibiae,  which  are  lighter. 
Entire  abdomen  sometimes  light  brown,  particularly  with  male,  the 
venter  being  lighter  than  dorsum.  Mouth-parts  honey  yellow  or  light 
brown,  with  a  honey-yellow  band  on  presternum  at  insertion  of  front 
coxa\  Wing  veins  black,  very  distinct,  forewings  with  a  large  dusky 
patch  below  submarginal  vein. 

Described  from  many  male  and  female  specimens.  Types  were  reared 
in  this  office  from  specimens  of  Aleyrodes  collected  by  Professor  Corn- 
stock  on  Iris  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  and  from  an  Aleyrodes  on  Fuchsia 
collected  in  the  same  locality  by  Alex.  Craw  in  1879.  A  large  series  of 
the  same  species  was  also  bred  by  Mr.  Coquillett  eight  years  later  at 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  from  the  same  Aleyrodes  on  Fuchsia  (October  4); 
from  an  Aleyrodes  on  Sonchus  (September  1G-21);  and  from  another 
species  of  the  same  genus  on  willow  (September  17),  as  well  as  from 
an  Aleyrodes  on  Sambucus  (October  21).  Another  series  of  nine  speci- 
mens was  reared  by  Mr.  T.  I).  A.  Cockerell  from  Aleyrodes  on  Aquilegia 
at  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  November  20,  1894;  and  a  single  male  of  what 
maybe  the  same  species  was  also  reared  by  Mr.  Cockerell  from  mi  Aley- 
rodes at  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

Genus  MESIDIA  Foerster. 
Mesidia  Foerster.     Jlymenopterologische  Studien,  Heft.  II,  p.  30,  1856. 

This  genus  is  unknown  to  me.  A  very  brief  characterization,  how- 
ever, which  Foerster  gives  distinguishes  it  well  from  all  other  genera. 
The  forewings  have  the  oblique  hairless  line,  and  the  three  joints  before 
the  club  of  the  antenme  are  of  equal  length.  It  is  said  to  be  inter- 
mediate in  its  characters  between  Coccophagus  and  Aphelinus. 

Genus  CENTRODORA  Foerster. 

( ">  utrodora  Foerster.     Kleine  Monographien,  1X78,  pp.  66,  67. 

This  genus  is  also  unknown  to  me.  The  head  is  as  broad  as  the 
thorax,  the  antennae  G-join ted,  scape  of  male  broad;  with  the  female 
the  pedicel  is  of  the  usual  form,  with  two  ring  joints  following,  of  which 
the  first  is  smaller  than  the  second.  The  third  funicle  joint  is  some- 
what longer  than  the  pedicel,  and  the  fourth  is  very  long,  but  not  as 


20 

long  as  the  others  together.  The  parapsidal  sutures  of  the  mesoscu- 
tellum  are  plain;  the  mesoscutellum  and  the  mesoscutum  are  large,  the 
abdomen  is  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  and  the  ovipositor  extrudes 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  abdomen;  the  middle  tibia  with  a 
long  spur,  the  front  femora  of  the  male  strongly  thickened.  The  wings 
are  longer  than  the  abdomen,  and  narrow.  The  marginal  vein  is  as 
long  as  the  submarginal  and  reaches  the  middle  of  the  wings.  The 
stigmal  is  short;  the  hind-wings  only  have  long  apical  cilia. 


PERISSOPTERUS  new  genus. 
Type:   Aphelinus  pulchellaa  I  Tow. —Ann.  Kept.  Dept.  A. gr.,  1880,  p.  356. 

Antenna'  apparently  6-jointed,  inserted  below  middle  of  face;  scape 
not  long,  swollen  toward  tip;  pedicel  one- third  length  of  scape;  funicle 
joints  1  and  2  very  small,  almost  like  ring  joints;  funicle  joint  3  as  long 
as  pedicel,  broadening  toward  tip  and  forming  with  club  a  broad-ovate 
mass;    club  undivided,  about  twice  as  long  as  funicle  joint  3.     Face 


Fro.  5. — Winga  of  PeritsopU 


c  pulckelhu;  b,  mexieantu — greatly  enlarged  (ori 


excavated,  vertex  wide,  ocelli  at  angles  of  nearly  right-angled  triangle. 
Mesoscutar  parapsides  narrow,  very  oblique;  mesoscutellum  broad, 
rounded  at  tip;  mesopostscutellum  and  metascutum  plainly  divided 
transversely  into  three  sclerites,  the  central  one  of  each  triangular,  its 
rather  sharp  point  directed  posteriorly.  Forewings  with  a  narrow, 
oblique,  hairless  streak,  and  ornamented  with  an  irregular  pattern  of 
rather  broad,  dark  lines,  composed  of  stout  black  cilia  with  granular 
dark  dots  between:  the  cells  and  spaces  between  these  dark  lines  sil- 
ver}r  white  and  bearing  smaller  and  more  delicate  white  discal  cilia; 
submarginal  and  marginal  veins  subequal  in  length;  stigmal  given  off 
at  about  half  the  wing  length,  very  short  and  stout;  marginal  cilia  mod- 
erate. Hind  wings  rather  broad,  rounded  at  tip,  hyaline.  Abdomen 
very  concave  above  in  dry  specimens,  perfectly  sessile,  rounded  at  tip; 
ovipositor  extruded  tor  about  one-fifth  length  of  abdomen. 

This  remarkable  and  handsome  genus  approaches  Aphelinus  in  the 
structure  of  its  antennae  and  Centrodora  in  its  extruded  ovipositor. 
Its  middle  tibial  spur  is  stronger  than  is  common  among  the  Apheli- 


21 

ninae,  and  its  extraordinary  wing  markings,  as  well  as  the  peculiar  for- 
mation of  the  notal  sclerites  behind  the  mesoscutellum  distinguish  it 
widely  from  hitherto  described  genera.  The  type  described  by  the 
writer  as  Aphelinus  pulchellus  in  the  Annual  report  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  1880  is  known  from  a  single  female  specimen  only, 
which  was  reared  from  a  common  Asterolecanium  on  linden  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Upon  this  single  specimen  I  did  not  care  to  erect 
a  new  genus.  Recently,  however,  several  specimens  of  an  allied  though 
congeneric  species  have  been  reared  from  Goccidie  sent  in  by  Mr.  0.  H. 
Tyler  Townsend  from  Guadalajara,  Mexico.  One  specimen  he  reared 
himself  some  three  years  ago  from  a  Ceroplastes,  another  specimen  we 
have  reared  from  Pseudococcus  yuccce  collected  by  Mr.  Townsend  on 
Pelargonium  at  Aguas  Calientes,  Mexico,  and  three  other  specimens 
have  been  reared  from  specimens  of  Lecanium  hesperidum  collected  by 
Mr.  Townsend  on  lime  at  San  Luis,  Mexico. 

ANALYSIS   OF   THE    SPECIES    OK    PERISSOPTERUS. 

General,   color  white,   tinged  in    spots    with    dark,     reddish    orange,    dotted   with 
black pulchellu8 

General  color  light  orange-yellow,  dotted  with  black,  no  admixture  of  reddish  or 
Avhite mexicanm 

(The  specific  differences  between  the  two  species  in  the  wings,  as  shown  in  the 
figure,  will  enable  the  readiest  recognition  of  the  species.) 

Perissopterus  pulchellus  (Howard)  (figs.  5  a  and  0). 

Aplielinus  pulchellus   Howard.     Keport    of    the   Entomologist,    Annual   Report 
Dept.  Agric.     1880,  p.  356. 

Female. — Length,  1  mm.;  expanse,  2.2  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wings,  0.41  mm.  (For  some  unexplained  reason  the  measurements 
given  in  the  original  description  are  erroneous.  Those  just  given  were 
taken  recently  from  the  type.)  Head  and  thorax  quite  uniformly  but 
finely  punctate;  mesoscutellum  more  coarsely  than  other  parts.  Head 
and  thorax  white,  tinged  in  spots  with  orange,  except  at  sides  of  meta- 
thorax,  which  are  blackish;  propleura  white;  mesopleura  blackish; 
mesosternum  brown;  eyes  bluish  white;  antennal  scape  white,  with  a 
longitudinal  narrow  black  stripe  below;  pedicel  white,  with  a  black 
stripe  below,  dark  brown  at  base  above.  Joints  1  and  2  of  funicle 
dark  brown;  joint  3  white,  with  a  dark  brown  patch  at  base  and  above. 
Club  with  basal  two-thirds  dark  brown,  yellow  at  tip;  two  large  brown 
spots  on  lower  side  of  cheeks;  face  and  vertex  white;  hairs  on  vertex 
brown,  ocelli  reddish.  All  legs  white;  femora  spotted  with  black,  tibiae 
banded  with  black.  Hind  coxre  dusky,  middle  and  fore  coxa3  white; 
each  tibia  with  three  equidistant  black  bands.  First,  second,  and 
fifth  tarsal  joints  black;  third  and  fourth  yellowish;  middle  tibial  spur 
jet  black.  Abdomen  yellowish,  brown  above,  darker  in  middle,  some- 
times black;  sides  white,  with  irregular  subcircular  black  markings; 
ovipositor  black ;  wings  hyaline,  with  an  irregular  pattern  of  open  net- 


22 

work  in  fuscous;  cilia  upon  fuscous  portion  very  strong  and  black,  on 
the  remainder  small  and  white.  The  pattern  of  the  network  of  the  type 
specimen  is  shown  in  fig.  5  a,  but  it  varies  considerably,  as  is  shown 
by  recently  reared  additional  specimens.  The  clear  oblique  line  is 
narrow  and  perfectly  straight;  the  hind  wings  entirely  hyaline. 

Male. — Smaller  than  the  female,  which  it  otherwise  closely  resem- 
bles. The  general  color  is  darker  and  the  black  markings  are  broader. 
The  penis  is  long;  the  abdomen  of  one  specimen  is  entirely  black  above 
and  of  another  yellowish,  with  black  transverse  bands  at  joints. 

Originally  described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  from  Prosopo- 
phora  on  linden  in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1ST!).  Four  additional 
specimens,  two  females  and  two  males,  were  reared  in  April,  1895,  from 
the  same  host  insect.  Other  specimens  have  been  reared  from  Chion- 
aspti pinifolii  received  from  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  from  a  Prosopophora 


Fig.  6.— PeriMoptertu  puleheUiu,  n<\\    Bpecies,  female;  ventral  view  at  left,  dorsal  view  at  right 
iw  ingB  removed)— greatly  enlarged  (original). 

on  cottonwood  from  East  Atchison,  Mo.,  sent  in  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Connor, 
while «a  single  specimen  has  been  reared  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Johnson,  at 
Champaign,  111.,  from  a  species  of  Aspidiotus  on  currant,  and  is  now  in 
the  collection  of  the  Illinois  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History.  All 
the  specimens  vary  somewhat  in  wing  markings,  but  the  general  pat- 
tern remains  the  same  as  that  shown  at  fig.  5  a. 

Perissopterus  mexicanns  n.  sp.  (fig.  5  b). 

Female. — Length,  0.84  mm.;  expanse,  2.3  mm.;  greatest  breadth  of 
fore-wing,  0.41  mm.  Head  and  thorax  closely  and  finely  punctate;  eyes 
smooth;  dorsal  surface  of  abdomen  faintly  shagreened;  wing  markings 
of  type  sliown  in  figure.  General  color  light  orange-yellow,  without  the 
strong  reddish,  hue  and  admixture  of  white  seen  in  pulehellus.  Prono- 
tum,  tegulaj,  postscutellum,  metascutum,  under  side  of  abdomen  and 


23 

pleura,  whitish;  mouth-parts  also  whitish.  Antenna!  scape  silvery 
white,  with  two  oblique  black  stripes  below.  Pedicel  black  at  base,  the 
black  extending  farther  forward  on  the  upper  side;  otherwise  silvery 
white.  King  joints  black,  third  funicle  joint  concolorous  with  pedicel; 
club  black  at  base  and  tip,  with  an  orange  stripe  around  the  middle. 
All  legs  white,  all  femora  with  four  black  bands,  all  tibia3  with  three 
black  bands,  tibial  spurs  black.  First  and  second  dorsal  segments  of 
abdomen  blackish,  third  and  fourth  yellow,  fifth  black.  Mesoscutum 
and  scutellum  with  many  black  dots;  those  on  the  scutellum  number 
eight,  arranged  in  two  transverse  rows;  those  in  the  anterior  row  far 
apart,  and  those  in  the  posterior  row  close  together.  The  two  interior 
spots  in  the  first  row  and  the  two  outer  spots  in  the  second  row  are 
piliferous.     Dorsum  of  abdomen  black ;  ovipositor  black. 

Male. — Closely  resembles  female,  differing  only  in  the  genitalia  and 
the  smaller  size. 

Described  from  three  females  and  two  males  reared  from  Lecanium 
hesperidum,  Pseudocovcus  yuccce,  and  Ceroplastes  sp.  Guadalajara, 
Mexico:  C.  H.  Tyler  Townsend. 

Genus  APHELINUS  Dalman. 


Fig.  l.—Aphellaas  diaspidis  Howard— greatly  enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 

Apheliniis  Dalman.     Sv.  Akad.  Handl.,  1820,  181. 
Agonloneurus  West  wood.     Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vi,  1833. 
Myhia  Nees.     Hyinenopteroruin  Ictmeomonilms  Affininm,  1831. 
Aphelinus  Walker  (in  part).     Monographia  Chalciditum,  London,  1839. 
Coccobius  Ratzebnrg  (in  part).     Ichneumoneu  der  Forst-Insekten,  vol.  in,  195, 

1852. 
Eriophilus  Haldeman.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  VI,  102,  1860. 

In  this  old  and  well-known  genus  the  oblique  hairless  line  of  the 
front  wings  is  very  distinct.  The  ovipositor  is  very  slightly  extruded, 
or  is  entirely  hidden.  The  fringed  apical  cilia  of  the  fore- wings  is  very 
short;  the  body  is  robust,  eyes  naked  in  the  yellow  species  and  hairy 


24 

in  the  black  species.  The  posterior  border  of  the  mesoscutellum  is 
rounded  and  the  anterior  border  is  bounded  by  three  straight  lines. 
The  antenna-  are  6-jointed,  scape  long  and  slender,  pedicel  normal,  joints 
1  and  2  of  the  funicle  very  short,  joint  3  about  as  long  as  or  a  little 
longer  than  the  pedicel,  club  compact,  not  jointed,  subellipsoidal. 
The  middle  tibial  spur  is  very  pronounced,  mesoscutar  parapsides  rather 
small,  marginal  vein  very  long,  longer  than  submarginal;  stiginal  and 
postmargmal  short. 

ANALYSIS    <>1      1  111.    SPECIES    OF  APIIELIM's. 

Eyes  hairy ;  general  color  black;  pedicel  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Head  jet  black '. malt 

Head  bright  orange Jiaviceps 

Eyes  naked  ;  general  color  yellow  ;  pedicel  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Clnb  twice  as  long  as  penultimate  joint mytilaspidia 

Club  thrice  as  long  as  penultimate  joint. 

Scutellnm  pointed  at  base abnormis 

Scutellum  normal. 

Forewinga  with  only  a  faint  cloud  beneath  stigma diaspidi* 

ForewingH  with  a  distinct  fuscous  clond  occupying  the  whole  discal  region 
and  accented  below  stiginal  and  at  its  proximal  border  .  .fuscipennis 

Aphelinus  mali  (Haldeman). 

Ertophllus  mah  Haldeman.     Eroc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  VI,  p.  402, 1860. 
Aphelinus  malt  Howard.     Ann.  Rep.  Dept.  Agrie.,  1880,  p.  356. 
BlcLStothrix  rosa  AjBhmead.     Trans.  Am.  Entom.  Soc,  vol.  \m,  p.  130, 1886. 

Female. — Length,  1.2  mm.;  expanse, 2.3  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.41  mm.  Pedicel  twice  as  long  as  thick ;  clnb  nearly  three  times 
as  long  as  penultimate  joint;  head  and  thorax  smooth,  shining;  meso- 
scntuni  with  sparse,  irregularly  placed,  and  line  punctures;  mesoscutel- 
lum very  faintly  shagreened;  abdomen  perfectly  smooth;  mesopleura 
at  tip  faintly  shagreened,  smooth  at  base;  hind  coxae  also  faintly  sha- 
greened; eyes  plainly  hairy:  vertex  with  rather  dense  black  pile; 
sparse  hairs  of  thorax  black;  abdomen  ovate,  as  wide  as  thorax,  con- 
cave above.  Discal  cilia  of  forewings  proximally  bordering  hairless 
streak  much  longer  and  stouter  than  those  on  distal  side  of  streak. 
Of  these  proximal  cilia  there  are  only  two  or  three  irregular  rows,  the 
remainder  of  base  of  wing  being  hairless,  except  immediately  below 
marginal  vein,  and  excepting  also  the  normal  bristles  arising  from  the 
submarginal.  General  color  black,  not  metallic;  base  of  abdomen,  and 
sometimes  apex,  yellow  brown ;  antennae  honey  yellow.  Front  and 
middle  femora  and  middle  and  hind  tibia*,  dark  brown,  lighter  at 
extremities;  front  tibiae  slightly  dusky  at  base,  but  in  general  sordid 
yellow.  Hind  femora  pale  sordid  yellow;  all  tarsi  light;  wiugs  hya- 
line: submarginal  vein  dark  brown,  marginal  much  lighter. 

Male. — Similar  to  female,  slightly  smaller;  abdomen  acuminate. 
Proximal  cilia  bordering  hairless  streak  of  fore-wings,  consisting  of  a 
single  row  for  a  greater  part  of  the  wing  width. 


25 

Eedescribed  from  thirty-one  male  and  female  specimens  reared  by 
the  writer  from  Schizoneura  lanigera,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  February  15 
and  September  20,  1879  (previously  reared  from  the  same  species  by 
Haldeman  in  Pennsylvania,  Walsh  in  Illinois,  and  Eiley  in  Missouri); 
by  F.  M.  Webster  from  Glyphina  eragrostidis,  at  La  Fayette,  Ind.,  Sep- 
tember 6-10, 1885 ;  by  the  same  observer  from  Aphis  brassicce,  on  tur- 
nip; by  T.  A.  Williams,  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  from  Pemphigus  fraxinifolii, 
June  10,  1890;  and  by  the  same  observer  from  Aphis  monardce  at 
Ashland,  Nebr.,  May  24,  1890.  Mr.  Ashmead's  specimens,  which  he 
described  under  the  name  of  Blastothrix  rosw,  were  reared  from  Siphon- 
ophora  roscc  in  April,  1881,  at  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Aphelinus  flaviceps  n.  sp. 

Male. — Belongs  to  the  same  group  as  A.  mali,  which  it  resembles  in 
the  proportions  of  the  autennal  joints  and  in  the  hairy  eyes.  It  is  a 
species  of  the  same  general  size,  and  differs  from  A.  mall  in  the  follow- 
ing particulars:  The  pile  of  the  head  is  much  less  conspicuous,  and  is 
yellowish  instead  of  black ;  the  mesoscutum  is  more  or  less  thickly  punc- 
tate, the  punctures  being  arranged  in  rows;  the  mesoscutellum  is  more 
coarsely,  though  still  finely,  shagreened ;  mesopleura  plainly  shagreened 
over  entire  surface,  not  smooth  on  basal  half;  hind  coxa>  granulate. 
Entire  thorax  black ;  entire  head  uniform  orange-yellow,  except  occiput, 
which  has  a  dark  transverse  streak.  Abdomen  dark  in  the  middle 
above;  for  the  rest  concolorous  with  head.  All  legs  and  an  ten  me  uni- 
form orange-yellow.  Wings  hyaline,  veins  light,  the  cilia  at  proximal 
border  of  hairless  streak  larger  than  those  at  apical  border  (more  than 
twice  as  long  and  much  stouter);  they  are  irregularly  placed,  and  on 
the  lower  half  of  the  wing  form  approximately  two  rows. 

Described  from  one  male  specimen  collected  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Moun- 
tains, California,  by  A.  Koebele,  in  May.  Probably  parasitic  on  some 
Aphidid. 

Aphelinus  mytilaspidis  Le  Baron. 

Aphelinus  mytilaspidis  Le  Baron.     American  Entomologist,  vol.  n  (1870),  p.  360. 

Female. — Length,  0.04  mm.;  expanse,  1.28  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.22.  Eyes  naked;  pedicel  of  antennas  one  and  a  half  times 
as  long  as  thick,  club  twice  as  long  as  penultimate  joint ;  thorax  smooth, 
impunctate;  abdomen  ovate,  as  wide  as  thorax.  Cilia  at  proximal 
border  of  hairless  streak  of  forewings  larger  than  those  at  apical  border, 
but  hardly  twice  as  long.  There  are  at  least  seven  irregular  rows,  and 
they  extend  back  nearly  to  base  of  wing,  with  slight  interruption  at 
two-thirds  distance  from  tegula  to  hind  border  of  hairless  streak.  Gen- 
eral color  bright  lemon-yellow;  scape  of  pedicel  and  sometimes  funicle 
joints  1  and  2  of  antennas  dusky;  eyes  blackish,  ocelli  carmine,  mandi- 
bles brown,  all  legs  yellow,  wing  veins  bright  yellow;  wings  perfectly 
hyaline. 


26 

Male. — Similar  to  female,  slightly  smaller;  antenna]  club  somewhat 
truncate  at  tip. 

Described  from  many  male  and  female  specimens,  mostly  reared 
at  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1879  and  1880.  The  species  was 
reared  by  Le  Baron  from  Mytilaspis  pomorum  Bouche,  in  Illinois;  by 
Riley  from  the  same  species  in  Missouri;  and  it  is  probably  the  species 
which  caused  the  round  holes  observed  in  this  scale  by  Dr.  Fitch  in 
New  York.  At  the  Department  of  Agriculture  it  has  been  reared  from 
Mytilaspis  pomorum  from  Illinois  and  the  District  of  Columbia;  from 
Chionaspis pinifolii  (District  of  Columbia),  and  from  the  same  species 
by  Riley  in  Missouri;  and  from  Diaspis  carueli  Targioni  on  juniper. 

Aphelinus  abnormis  Howard. 

Aphelinus abnormis Howard.  Ann.  Rep.  Dept.  A.gnc,  L880,  p.  355. 
Female. — Length,  0.55  mm.)  expanse,  1.4  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.23  nun.  General  proportions  as  with  A.  mytilaspidis,  from 
which  it  differs  only  in  the  following  respects:  The  scutellum  is  pointed 
anteriorly,  seemingly  entering  a  reentering  angle  on  the  base  of  meso- 
scutum;  antenna!  clnb  three  times  as  long  as  penultimate  joint;  color, 
light  lemon-yellow, lighter  than  the  preceding  species;  antennae  dusky; 
legs  with  yellowish  femora  and  dusky  tibiae  and  tarsi;  wings  perfectly 
clear;  veins  transparent. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  from  Mytilaspis  pomorum 
on  Salix  capr&a,  District  of  Columbia.  No  other  specimen  of  this 
peculiar  form  has  ever  been  found.  There  is  a  possibility  that  it  may 
be  simply  a  dwarfed  and  distorted  specimen  of  A.  mytilaspidis. 

Aphelinus  diaspidis  Howard  (tig.  7). 

Aphelinus  diaspidis  Howard.  Aim.  Rep.  l>r]>t.  Agric,  1880,  p.  355. 
Female. — Length,  0.78  mm.;  expanse,  1.9  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.27  mm.  Differs  at  once  from  A.  abnormis  in  the  normal 
character  of  the  scutellum  and  from  A,  mytilaspidis  in  the  fact  that  the 
club  is  three  times  as  long  as  the  penultimate  joint,  instead  of  twice  as 
long.  It  further  differs  from  A.  mytilaspidis  in  the  following  particu- 
lars: The  entire  space  proximad  of  hairless  line  of  forewing  is  densely 
ciliated,  the  cilia  but  slightly  larger  than  those  distad  of  this  line.  At 
the  abrupt  upward  bend  of  the  submarginal  into  the  marginal  a  trian- 
gular clear  space  occurs,  the  distal  side  of  which  is  curved,  the  apex 
touching  the  beginning  of  the  marginal  vein.  The  forewings  have  a 
delicate  fuscous  patch  bending  outward  from  below  the  stigma  and 
covering  the  entire  disk  from  that  point  back  to  the  triangular  clear 
space.  The  incision  between  the  penultimate  joint  of  the  antennae  and 
the  club  is  not  well  marked,  joint  5  apparently  forming  part  of  the  club. 
Color  dull,  rather  dark  yellow;  eyes  black,  ocelli  very  dark  red,  antennas 
dusky,  darker  at  tip;  a  narrow  dark  transverse  line  on  the  occiput 


27 

behind  the  eyes.     Femora  and  tibiae  fuscous;  tarsi  nearly  white;  wing 
veins  fuscous.     Abdominal  segments  1  to  5  each  with   a  dusky  trans- 
verse dorsal  band  interrupted  toward  the  middle;  abdomen  subovate, 
somewhat  truucate  at  tip;  ovipositor  slightly  exserted. 
Male. — Unknown . 

Described  from  twelve  female  specimens  reared  from  Diaspis  rosa> 
from  Fort  George,  Fla.,  and  the  same  species  collected  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Cal.,  and  from  the  same  species  collected  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. All  specimens  were  reared  in  February.  Professor  Riley  reared 
nine  females  from  a  Mytilaspis  on  an  orchid,  an  undetermined  species  of 
Dycaste  from  Japan,  received  February  G, 1874,  from  Mr.  George  Thur- 
ber,  of  The  American  Agriculturist. 

Aphelinus  fuscipennis  Howard. 

Aphelinus  fuscipennis  Howard.     Annual  Rep.  Dept.  Agric,  1880,  p.  356. 

Female. — Length,  0.6  mm.;  expanse,  1.3  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.2  mm.  Closely  resembles  A.  diaspidis,  the  differences,  aside 
from  its  smaller  size  and  the  more  pronounced  infuscation  of  the  wing, 
being  purely  colorational.  General  color,  dull  honey  yellow;  antennae 
fuscous,  almost  black  at  tip;  eyes  blackish  j  ocelli  dark  crimson;  a  dis- 
tinct transverse  black  band  on  the  occiput  behind  the  eyes;  the  scutel- 
lum  dusky  at  tip;  abdomen  with  five  dusky  lateral  transverse  bands; 
legs  and  wing  veins  honey  yellow;  fore-wings  with  an  indefinite  fus- 
cous patch  below  stigma  and  another  well-defined,  darker,  somewhat 
crescent-shaped  streak  near  the  base,  bounded  by  the  basal  clear  space. 

Male. — Closely  resembles  the  female,  but  is  slenderer  and  in  general 
darker  in  color. 

Described  from  many  female  specimens  and  comparatively  few  males, 
reared  from  Aspidiotus  pemiciosus  at  San  Jose,  Cal. ;  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ; 
San  Francisco,  Cal.;  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  and  Eiverside,  Md.j  from 
Chionaspis  euonymi  from  Fort  George,  Fla.;  from  Mytilaspis  gloveril  in 
hothouses  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  from  Mytilaspis  pomorum  on 
horse-chestnut  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Professor  Berlese  has 
reared  this  species  in  Italy  from  an  Aspidiotus  on  Acacia  longifolia. 

Genus  PLASTOCHARIS  Foerster. 

Plastocharis  Foerster.     Hynienopterologische  Studien,  Heft,  ii,  145,  1856. 
Tryplwsius  Foerster.     Loc.  cit.,  83. 

Thysan us  Walker.      Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  1839,  p.  234.      (Changed   by  Foerster   on 
account  of  preoccupation.) 

The  best  description  of  this  genus  is  given  by  Foerster  in  his  Kleine 
Monographien,  page  68.  It  is  not  known  to  occur  in  this  country. 
The  male  antennre  have  one  ring  joint  and  a  very  long  flagellar  club. 
The  female  antennae  have  three  ring  joints  and  a  shorter  club.  The 
middle  tibia*  have  a  long  spur  and  the  tarsi  are  5-jointed.     The  base  of 


28 

the  wing  is  hairless,  and  the  oblique  line  is  therefore  lacking.  The 
fore  wings  on  their  last  third  have  a  very  long  fringe  of  hairs,  their 
length  not  equaling  the  wing  breadth.     Basal  half  of  fore*  ing  brown- 


Fig.  8. — Plaatoeharb  ater  Walker:  female:  enlarged  middle  tarsus  and  male  and  female  antenna  at 
right— greatlj  enlarged  (redrawn  from  Baliday  in  Walker's  notes). 

isli.     Hind-wings  with  very  long  marginal  cilia,  extending  around  upon 
the  fore  margin  nearly  to  the  vein;  ovipositor  is  not  extruded  (fig.  8). 

Genus  ENCARSIA  Foerster. 

Encarsia  Foerster,  Kleine  Afonographien,  1X7S,  pp.  65,  66. 
The  characters  briefly  given  by  Foerster  include  the  following: 
Head  not  so  broad  as  the  thorax;  side  of  the  ocelli  about  as  far  from 
the  middle  of  the  ocellus  as  from  the  border  of  the  compound  eyes. 
Antenna'  8  jointed,  flagellar  joints  of  equal  length  and  cylindrical, 
last  two  closely  joined.  Mesoscutum  broad,  with  sharp  parapsidal  fur- 
rows, scutellum  very  strongly  developed,  broad,  almost  semicircular. 
The  abdomen  as  long  but  not  as  broad  as  tin;  thorax  and  broadly  oval 
pointed.  Tarsi  5-jointed.  The  thickly  ciliated  wing  has  the  submar- 
ginal  not  much  longer  than  the  marginal,  the  postmaiginal  wanting,  and 
the  stigma!  very  short  and  forming  a  considerable  angle  with  the  costa. 
The  hairless  line  is  wanting;  the  hind  border  of  the  hind-wings  with 
long  cilia. 

But  one  European  species,  E.  tricolor,  is  known. 

ANALYSIS   OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    ENCARSIA. 

First  funicle  joint  not  swollen. 

Pedicel  one-third  longer  than  first  funicle  joint ;  joint  2  considerably  longer  than 

j  oint  1 lufeola 

Pedicel  considerably  shorter  than  first  funicle  joint;  joint  2  equal  in  length  to 

joint  1 coquilletti 

First  funicle  joint  somewhat  swollen,  longer  and  broader  than  pedicel,  and  broader 
and  slightly  stouter  than  second  funicle  joint angelica 


29 

Encarsia  luteola  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length, 0.63  ram. ;  expanse,  1.3  mm. ;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.19  mm.  Pedicel  stout,  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long,  and  about 
one-third  longer  than  first  funicle  joint.  Joint  2  of  funicle  one- third 
longer  than  joint  1;  joint  3  twice  as  long  as  joint  1;  joints  4  and  5  as 
long  as  3;  terminal  joint  a  trifle  longer;  all  joints  well  separated, 
subcylindrical,  increasing  very  slightly  in  width  to  club.  Thorax  with- 
out perceptible  sculpture.  Eyes  dark,  ocelli  coral  red,  wings  perfectly 
hyaline,  general  color  yellowish.  Vertex  with  black  transverse  line  be- 
tween the  eyes.  Upper  portion  of  head  somewhat  orange,  face  lighter. 
Dorsum  of  thorax  dark  orange,  becoming  somewhat  dusky  at  sides, 
particularly  at  insertion  of  wings;  abdomen  light  pale  yellow.  All 
legs  and  antennae  uniform  light  yellow,  club  of  antennae  slightly  dusky. 
Submarginal  vein  fuscous,  marginal  and  stigmal  faintly  yellowish. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  August  14,  1881,  from 
Aleyrodes  at  Washington,!).  0. ;  food-plant  unknown. 

Encarsia  coquilletti  n.  sp.  (fig.  9). 

Female. — Length,  0.88  mm.;  expanse,  1.7  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore- wing,  0.27  mm.  Pedicel  of  antennae  twice  as  long  as  broad,  a  little 
more  than  half  as  long  as  and 
about  as  broad  as  joint  1  of 
funicle;  remaining  joints  of 
funicle  subequal  in  length,  J 
slightly  rounded  at  extrem- 
ities, and  slightly  flattened 
laterally.  Dorsum  of  thorax 
faintly  shagreened ;  abdomen 
smooth ;  abdomen  broadly 
ovate.  Eyes  black,  ocelli 
reddish,  wings  faintly  dusky 
on  basal  half,  general  color 
black;  joints  between  seg- 
ments of  abdomen  lighter; 
all  tibiae  and  tarsi  dusky, 
femora  banded  in  the  middle 
with  black,  trochanters  pallid,  antennal  scape  dark  brown,  funicle 
light  brown. 

Male. — Differs  from  the  female  in  not  having  the  abdomen  broadly 
ovate,  wings  perfectly  hyaline,  legs  all  slightly  fuscous,  and  entire 
abdomen  yellow  or  light  brown. 


cp  s 

Fig.  9.— Encarsia  coouilletti  Howard:  male;  female  genitalia 
below;  enlarged  middle  tarsus  at  left — greatly  enlarged 
(original). 


Described  from  five  females  and  two  males  reared  by  Mr.  D.  W. 
Coquillett,  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  from  Aleyrodes  on  Sonchus,  September 

18-21. 


30 

Encarsia  angelica  n.  sp. 

Male. — Length,  0.74  mm.;  expanse,  1.7  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.25  nun.  .  Pedicel  as  broad  as  long,  less  than  half  as  long  as  joint 
1  of  fnnicle;  fnnicle  joint  1  as  wide  as  or  slightly  wider  than  pedicel, 
rounded  at  base,  more  truncate  at  tip,  appearing  swollen  in  compari- 
son with  next  joint;  joint  2  a  little  longer  than  joint  1  and  narrower, 
cylindrical;  joints,  3,  4,  and  5  each  a  trifle  longer  than  its  px^edecessor, 
otherwise  resembling  it.  Terminal  joint  a  little  shorter  than  its  prede- 
cessor, rounded  at  base  and  tapering  to  somewhat  pointed  tip.  Thorax 
and  abdomen  smooth.  General  color  brownish  yellow,  darker  on  pro- 
notum  and  anterior  portion  of  mesoscutnm  at  sides  of  parapsides  and 
inetanotum,  and  on  dorsum  of  abdomen;  a  dark  line  between  the  eyes 
and  under  ocelli.     Tegnlae  brown:    all  legs  uniform  pale  straw-yellow. 

Described  from  one  male  specimen  reared  from  Aleyrodes  on  willow 
September  17.  at  Los  Angeles,  CaL,  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett. 


Genus   ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS   Howard. 
Avpidiotiphagua  Howard.     Insect  Life,  voL VI,  p.  -:'><>.  1894. 

Fondle. — Antenna'  S- jointed;  scape  long,  slender;  pedicel  a  little 
longer  than  its  apical  width;  fnnicle  joints  1.  2  and  ;i  increasing  in 
width,  but  each  approximating  pedicel  in  length:  elnb  long,  distinctly 
3-jointed.  basal  joint  shortest,  apical  joints  subeqnal,  terminal  joint 
pointed.  Lateral  ocelli  equidistant  from  each  other  and  margin  of 
compound  eyes.  Parapsides  of  mesoscutnm  widely  separated,  very 
narrow  posteriorly,  broadening  out  rapidly  toward  tegulae;  mesoscu- 
telluni  like  that  of  Aphelinus,  its  scapulae  longitudinally  elongate  and 
extending  forward  to  lateral  widening  of  the  parapsides;  metanotum 
very  narrow.  Abdomen  short,  broadly  sessile  and  broadly  rounded  at 
tip.  Spur  of  middle  tibia'  very  slender,  as  long  as  the  short  first  tarsal 
joint.  Forewings  long,  narrow;  Bub  marginal  and  marginal  veins  sub- 
equal  in  length;  postmarginal  lacking;  stigma]  very  slight  and  parallel 
with  costa.  situated  at  half  the  wing  length  and  exactly  opposite  to  the 
termination  of  thickening  of  hinder  margin  of  wing,  this  being  also 
the  widest  point  of  the  wing;  cilia  of  wing  surface  rather  sparse,  a 
clear  rounded  space  immediately  below  stigma,  and  a  narrow  clear  line 
around  margin;  marginal  vein  bristly;  marginal  cilia  very  long,  longer 
than  wing  width,  those  on  costal  margin  just  beyond  stigma  nearly  as 
long  as  those  on  hind  margin.  Hind-wings  very  narrow,  with  long 
marginal  cilia  and  but  one  row  of  discal  cilia  on  outer  third:  marginal 
vein  ending  abruptly  and  extending  up  apparently  beyond  costa. 

Differs  from  Coecophagus  in  wings  and  from  Encarsia  in  antennae 
and  wings. 


31 
Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus  (Oraw).  (fig.  10). 

Coceophagus  citrinus  Craw.     Destructive  Insects,  Sacramento,  CaL,  1891. 
Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus  Howard.     Insect  Life,  yol.  vi,  p.  234, 1891. 

Female. — Length,  0.58  mm. ;  expanse,  1.16mm. ;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.09  mm.  Antennae  light  yellow-brown  ;  eyes  black,  ocelli  bright 
red  j  head  yellow;  occiput  dark  brown;  pronotum  dark  brown ;  mesono- 
tum  yellow  j  metanotum  yellow-brown  ;  abdomen  brown ;  legs  uniformly 
dusky  yellow;  wings  with  marginal  vein  dark  fuscous,  and  a  broad 
fuscous  band  extending  directly  across  wing  from  marginal  vein  as  a 
base.  Spiracular  hairs  on  pre- anal  abdominal  joint  very  long.  Thorax 
somewhat  wider  than  head  or  abdomen,  these  being  subequal  in  width. 

Eedescribed  from  fourteen  female  specimens  reared  January  18  and 
24,  February  2,  and  March  13,  1889,  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett  from 


FlG.  10. — Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus  (Craw.)— greatly  enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 

Aspidiotus  aurantii  Maskell,  var.  citrinus,  from  San  Gabriel,  Oal.  Mr. 
G.  W.  Johnson  has  also  sent  me  six  specimens  reared  at  the  Illinois 
State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History  from  Aspidiotus  ficus  occurring 
on  Citrus  decumana  in  the  university  greenhouse.  Professor  Berlese 
has  reared  this  species  in  Italy  from  an  Aspidiotus  on  Acacia  longifolia 
and  from  Diaspis  rosa\ 

Genus  CGCCOPHAGUS  Westwood. 

Coceophagus  Westwood.     Philosoph.  Mag.,  vol. Ill,  1833. 
Aplielinus  Walker  (in  part).     Monographia  Chalciditum,  London,  1839. 
Coccobius  Ratzeburg  (in  part).     Ichneumonen  der  Forst-Insekten,  vol.  in,  p.  195, 
1852. 

Ratzebnrg's  genus  Coccobius  includes,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
synonymical  list,  certain  species  of  Coceophagus  and  certain  species  of 
Aphelinus  as  well.  His  antennal  figure  is  that  of  Aphelinus,  but  his 
descriptions  include  species  Avhich  apparently  belong  to  Coceophagus, 
notably  C.  notatus. 

In  this  genus  the  antennre  are  8-jointed,  the  scape  rather  short  and 
stout;  pedicel  one-third  the  length  of  the  scape  and  about  the  same 


32 

thickness.  Joints  1,  2  and  3  of  the  funicle  increase  very  slightly  or 
not  at  all  in  thickness  and  decrease  slightly  in  length.  Club  very 
plainly  3-jointed,  a  little  broader  at  middle  than  at  base,  pointed  or 
rounded  at  tip,  and  rather  longer  than  fuuicle  joints  2  and  3  together. 
With  the  male  the  club  is  less  compact  and  is  narrower  than  with  the 
female.  Mesoscutum  large,  posterior  border  with  a  slight  re-entering 
angle.  Parapsidal  sutures  curved,  mesoscutellum  about  as  long  as 
broad,  rounded  behind;  wings  equally  hairy,  except  at  immediate  base. 
No  hairless  line:  marginal  vein  as  long  as  or  longer  than  sub  marginal; 
postniarginal  lacking;  stigmal  very  short.  Middle  tibial  spur  strong, 
not  as  long  as  first  tarsal  joint.     Eyes  invariably  hairy. 

The  species  of  CoccopJuHjus.  with  the  exception  of  C.  ochraceus,  are  all 
black  in  color,  and  frequently  with  a  portion  of  the  mesoscutellum  and 
metanotum  bright  orange  or  yellow.     With  certain  species  the  female 


Fig.  11. — Ooeeophagut  lunulatus  Eoward    greatly  enlarged  (from  Ensect  Life). 


has  the  scutellum  partly  yellow,  while  the  male  is  entirely  black.  Of 
the  sixteen  species  catalogued  by  Cresson.  annulipes  Ashmead,  as  there 
stated,  belongs  to  the  encyrtine  genus  Aphycusj  brunneus  Provancher 
and  compressicornu  Provancher  do  not  belong  to  this  subfamily,  but 
probably  to  the  Tetrastichime,  while  pallipes  Provancher  belongs  to 
Sympiesis.  Of  the  remaining  species  Fitch's  lecanii  will  hold,  and 
AshmeiuVs  flavoscutelhiiH  and  the  writer's  vividm  are  synonymical,  and 
Ash  mead's  species  has  priority.  There  remain  eight  of  the  writer's 
species,  certain  of  which  have  been  thrown  together  after  studying 
more  abundant  material,  as  will  appear  in  the  following  pages.  To 
these  he  has  since  added  califomicus  (Insect  Life,  vol.  I,  p.  2G9), 
aurantii  (loc.  cit.,  vol.  vi,  p.  231),  and  lunulatus  (loc.  cit.,  vol.  vi,  p. 
233).  Of  these  aurantii  should  be  placed  in  Prospalta,  as  indicated  in 
Insect  Life  (vol.  vn,  p.  7.) 


33 

ANALYSIS    OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    COCCOPHAGUS. 

Females. 
Wings  hyaline. 

General  color  dark  honey-yellow ochraceus 

General  color  black. 

Hind  border  of  mesoscutum  with  a  band  of  yellow;    sctitelluin  entirely 

black scutatus 

Hind  border  of  scutum  black;  scutellum  more  or  less  yellow. 

Head  rather  coarsely  punctulate;  apical  two-fifths  of  scutellum  yellow, 

except  for  black  spot  at  tip lunulatus 

Head  not  coarsely  punctulate. 

Scutellum  with  a  narrow  but  complete  marginal  yellow  band. 

califomicus 
Scutellum  with  apical  half  yellow;  tegulre  black. 

Punctures  of  scutum  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows;  front  and 

middle  tibiae  yellow lecanii 

Not  so  arrauged ;  all  tibia-  dark cognatus 

Scutellum  yellow  only  at  tip ;  all  tibiae  brown,  yellow  at  either  end; 

tegulaj  black fraternus 

Nearly  all  of  scutellum  and  postscutellum  yellow;  teguhe  brown. 

jlavoscutellum 
Scutellum  black;   face  yellow;  punctation  of  mesonotum  nearly  obsolete 

jiavifrons 
Body  entirely  black ;  mesonotum  with  sparse  round  punctures,  a  regular  row 

around  hind  border  of  scutum. immaculatus 

Wings  dusky ;  body  uniformly  purplish  black purpurem 

Males. 
Entire  body  black. 

A  regular  row  of  round  punctures  bordering  hind  edge  of  mesonotum.  immaculatus 
Mesoscutum  with  sparse  punctures,  but  without  such  a  regular  row. 

Teguhe   brown;  all  tibia'   and  tarsi   yellow;  hind  tibia-   occasionally  with 

dusky  patch  near  base flavoscutellum,  lecanii 

Teguhe  black ;  all  tibia1  dark  brown  in  middle,  whitish  at  either  end.  fraternus 
Mesoscutellum  tipped  with  yellow. 

General  color,  brown;  mesoscutum  irregularly  but  sparsely  punctate.,  .coguatus 

General  color,  black ;  punctation  nearly  obsolete Jiavifrons 

Scutellum  black;  mesoscutum  with  terminal  yellow  bands scutatus 

General  color  honey-yellow ochraceus 

Coccophagus  lecanii  (Fitch.) 

Platggaster  lecanii  Fitch.     Fifth  Report  Insects  of  New  York  (1858),  p.  25. 
Coccophagus  lecanii  E.  A.  Smith.     Amer.  Nat.,  1878,  p.  661;  Seventh  Rep.  State 

Entomologist  Illinois,  1878,  p.  130. 
Coccophagus  lecanii  (Fitch)  Howard.    Report  Entomologist,  Annual  Report  U.  S. 

Dept.  Agr.,  1880,  pp.  357-358;  Howard,  Report  on  the  Parasitic  Hymenoptera, 

Island  St.  Vincent,  Journ.  Linmean  Soc,  Lond.,  vol.  xxv,  1894,  p.  97. 
Coccophagus  ater  Howard.      Report  Entomologist,  Annual  Report  U.  S.  Dept. 

Agr.,  1880,  p.  359. 

Female. — Length,  1  mm.;  wing  expanse,  2.25  mm.;  greatest  width 

tore-wings,  0.-42  mm.     Antenna  as  long  as  the  thorax ;  head,  pronotnin, 

and  mesoscntum  finely  and  sparsely  punctured  and  furnished  with 

short  bristles,  punctures  of  mesoscutum  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows. 

191—^0.  1 3 


34 

Mesoscutum  also  has  a  fine  shagreening.  Mesoscutellum  and  parap- 
sides  of  mesoscutum  very  finely  shagreened,  without  larger  punctures; 
abdomen  smooth.  General  color  black,  shining,  teguhe  brown;  eyes 
dark  reddish  brown ;  antennae  light  brown,  with  darker  longitudinal 
raised  lines  on  flagellar  joints.  Hairs  of  thorax  whitish,  lighter  on 
mesoscutellnm.  Last  half  of  mesoscutellum  and  center  of  postscutel- 
luni  bright  lemon-yellow.  Wing  veins  dark  brown.  All  femora  brown 
or  black,  somewhat  yellowish  at  either  extremity.  All  tibiae  straw 
yellow,  with  the  exception  of  the  posterior  pair,  which  have  a  brown 
aunulus  near  base;  all  tarsi  straw-yellow,  with  the  fifth  joint  dark 
brown. 

Male. — Averages  about  half  the  size  of  the  female;  abdomen  small, 
much  narrower  than  thorax;  antennae  longer  than  thorax,  scutellum 
dark. 

Described  from  many  male  and  female  specimens.  Parasitic  upon 
Lecanium  quercitronis  Fitch.  New  York;  Pulvinaria  innumerabilis^ 
Illinois,  Miss  Smith:  District  of  Columbia  (Division  of  Entomology); 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  W.  Trelease;  Flatbash,  Long  Island,  New  York, 
J.  L.  Zabriskie;  Lecanium  pruinosum,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,D.  W.Coquil- 
lett;  Lecanium  persiccc,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Department  of  Agriculture); 
Pseudococcus  aceris,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.,  J.  G.  Jack;  Lecanium  lies- 
peridum,  District  of  Columbia  (Department  of  Agriculture);  Los  Ange- 
les, Cal.  (Department  of  Agriculture);  Lecanium  on  plum,  Medina, 
Ohio,  F.  M.  Webster. 

Coccophagus  fraternus  Howard. 

Coocophagu8  fratemus  Howard.     Report  Entomologist,  Annual  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept. 

Agric.,  1880,  p.  359. 
Coccophagu*  fuscipes  Howard.     Report  Entomologist,  Annual  Kep.  U.  S.  Dept. 

Agrie.,  1880,  p,  359. 

Female. — Length,  0.78  mm.;  expanse,  2  mm.;  greatest  width  fore- 
wings,  0.3(>  mm.  Thoracic  punctures  much  as  with  (J.  lecanii,  but 
mesoscutum  is  smoother  and  the  larger  punctures  are  not  arranged  in 
longitudinal  rows.  Thoracic  bristles  black,  except  those  on  meso- 
scutellum, which  are  white.  Tip  of  mesoscutellum  bright  yellow,  some- 
what orange,  dividing  line  between  yellow  and  black  very  irregular. 
Center  of  postscutellum  only  slightly  yellowish.  All  coxae  and  femora 
black,  whitish  at  tips.  All  tibiaj  dark  brown  in  middle,  whitish  at 
either  end. 

Male. — Somewhat  smaller  than  female;  antennae  longer,  club  propor- 
tionately considerably  longer,  each  of  the  joints  as  long  as  each  of  the 
immediately  preceding  funicle  joints.  Coloration  like  that  of  female, 
except  that  the  yellow  tip  of  mesoscutellum  is  wanting. 

Described  from  many  female  and  male  specimens.  Parasitic  upon 
Lecanium  persicce,  District  of  Columbia  (Department  of  Agriculture); 
Agricultural  College,  Michigan  (A.  J.  Cook). 


35 

Coccophagus  cognatus  Howard. 

Coccophagus  cognatus  Howard.     Report  Entomologist,   Ann.   Rep.  U.  S.    Dept. 
Agric,  1880,  p.  359. 

Female. — Length,  1.2mm.;  wing  expanse,  2.1  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.34  mm.  Antennae  not  quite  so  long  as  thorax.  General 
color  dark  brown,  nearly  black;  last  half  of  mesoscutellum  and  tip  of 
metascutellum  orange-yellow;  anterior  coxa?,  femora,  and  tibia?,  fus- 
cous; tarsi  whitish,  last  two  joints  slightly  dusky;  middle  femora  and 
coxa?  nearly  black,  tibia?  somewhat  dusky,  tarsi  as  with  fore  tarsi; 
hind  coxa?,  femora,  and  tibia?  dark,  tibia?  as  with  others. 

Male.— Length  of  body,  0.6  mm. ;  expanse  of  wings,  1.4  mm. ;  greatest 
breadth  of  fore-wing,  0.25  .  m.  Antenna?  nearly  as  long  as  head  and 
thorax  together.  General  color  brown;  scutellum  and  metascutellum 
just  tipped  with  light  yellow-brown.  In  all  other  respects  resembles 
the  female. 

Described  from  many  specimens.  Parasitic  upon  Lecanium  hesperi- 
dam,  district  of  Columbia  (Department  of  Agriculture);  Lecanium  on 
plum,  Bramley,  Ontario  (J.  Fletcher  and  T.D.  A.  Cockerell);  Lecanium 
pcrsicw.  Lake  Shore  and  Mapleville,  Md.  (Department  of  Agriculture). 

Coccophagus  immaculatus  Howard. 

Coccophagus  immaculatus  Howard.      Report  Entomologist,    Annual  Rep.  U.   S. 
Dept.  Agric.,  1880,  p.  358. 

•  Female. — Length,  1.2  mm.;  wing  expanse  2.35  mm.;  greatest  width 
of  fore- wings,  0.47  mm.  Antenna?  slightly  longer  than  thorax.  Meso- 
scutum  and  mesoscutellum  sparsely  furnished  with  round  punctures, 
of  which  there  is  a  regular  row  around  hind  border  of  mesoscutum. 
Between  the  punctures  is  a  faint  shagreening.  All  hairs  blackish, 
metauotum  honey-yellow.  General  color  black;  eyes  reddish  brown, 
with  a  yellowish  border  above;  ocelli  dark  red;  antenna?  light  yellowish 
brown,  with  dark  brown  longitudinal  carina?  on  each  joint  except  scape 
and  pedicel;  mesoscutellum  shining  black,  slightly  metallic  in  some 
lights;  wing  veins  dark  brown;  front  femora  black;  middle  and  hind 
femora  black,  except  at  base,  which  is  whitish;  front  tibia?  dusky,  light 
at  knees;  middle  and  hind  tibia?  light  yellow;  all  tarsi  whitish,  last 
joint  fuscous;  front  coxa?  dark  brown,  middle  and  hind  coxa?  and  all 
trochanters  yellowish;  ovipositor  yellow,  sheaths  brown. 

Male. — Length,  0.9  mm.;  wing  expanse,  2.3  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
forewing,  0.43  mm.  Antenna?  as  long  as  thorax;  club  compact,  the 
lines  separating  the  joints  of  the  club  somewhat  oblique.  Colors  as 
with  female,  except  that  metauotum  and  all  coxa?  are  black. 

Described  from  three  males  and  three  females.  Parasitic  on  Eriococ- 
cus  azalea^  District  of  Columbia  (Department  of  Agriculture).  The 
punctured  scutellum  is  unique. 


36 

Coccophagus  purpureas  Aslimead. 

Coccophagu8 purpureua  Ashmead.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  xiii,  p.  132,  1886. 
Female. — Length,  0.10  inch.  Robust  and  of  a  uniform  purplish  black 
color  throughout,  including  abdomen,  coxre  and  femora;  the  surface  is 
very  finely  punctate,  and  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  are  yellow;  wings,  except 
at  base,  brown. 

Captured  on  gall-berry  bushes. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  but  Mr.  Ashmead  tells  me  that  there  is 
no  doubt  it  is  a  true  Coccophayus.  It  differs  from  all  known  species  in 
the  infuscated  wings. 

Coccophagus  flavifrons  Howard. 

Coccophagus  flavi/rous  Howard.  Bulletin   5,    Bureau  Entomology,   U.   S.   Dept. 

Agric,  1885,  p.  25. 
Coccophagus    hoebelei   Howard.    Bulletin    5,    Bureau    Entomology,   U.   S.   Dept. 

Agric.,  1885,  p.  24. 

Female. — Length,  1  mm.;  expanse,  2  mm.;  greatest  width  fore-wings, 
0.35  mm.  Punctation  of  thorax  nearly  obsolete.  Scutellnm  perfectly 
smooth,  except  for  faint  Bhagreeuing.  Hairs  black;  eyes,  clypeus, 
occiput,  abdomen,  and  dorsum  of  thorax  black,  with  a  bluish  metallic 
luster  upon  abdomen.  Face,  antennal  scape,  all  tibia',  middle  femora, 
honey  yellow  ;  hind  femora  black  at  base,  yellowish  at  tip;  front  femora 
brownish  at  base,  yellow  at  tip;  tegulse  dark  yellow  or  brown;  edge  of 
mesoscutuin  just  above  teguhe,  also  brown;  wing  veins  fuscous. 

Male. — Somewhat  smaller;  uniform  black  except  tegulse,  which  are 
brownish;  antenna1  light  brown,  scape  black;  all  femora  black,  except 
at  tips;  all  tibiae  and  tarsi  yellow;  extreme  tip  of  meso-  and  metascu- 
telltim  yellowish. 

Described  from  three  females  and  one  male.  Parasitic  upon  Leca- 
nium  sp.  on  Pinus  australis  (A.  Koebele,  Department  of  Agriculture). 

Coccophagus  flavoscutellum  Ashmead. 

Coccophagus  Jlavoscutellum  Aslimead.     Florida  Agriculturist,  vol.  iv  (1881),  p.  65. 
Coccophagus  vividus  Howard.     Bulletin  5,  Bureau  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agri- 
culture, 1885,  p.  25. 

Female. — Length,  1.03  mm.;  wing  expanse,  1.96  mm.;  greatest  width 
of  fore- wing,  0.35  mm.  General  color,  shiny  black;  antennae  light  brown, 
with  the  customary  dark  brown  longitudinal  carinas;  greater  part  of 
mesoscutellum  and  visible  portion  of  metascutellum  bright  orange- 
yellow,  the  line  of  juncture  of  the  two  colors  on  the  mesoscutellum 
straight  and  sharp;  teguhe  yellow-brown;  all  coxa;  and  femora  brown, 
yellow  at  joints;  all  tibiae  and  tarsi  yellow,  occasionally  a  dusky  patch 
near  base  of  hind  tibiae;  fifth  tarsal  joint  brown.  Entire  mesoscutum 
very  finely  punctate. 

Male. — Length,  0.55  mm.;  wing  expanse,  1.47  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore  wing,  0.25  mm.  Color  as  in  female,  except  that  the  tegulae  are 
brown  and  the  scutellum  is  black,  sometimes  yellow  at  extreme  tip. 


37 

Kedescribed  from  many  male  and  female  specimens.  Parasitic  upon 
Lecanium  hesperidum,  Crescent  City,  Fla.,  H.  G.  Hubbard;  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  W.  H.  Ashmead;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  A.  Koebele;  Lecanium 
sp.,  New  Alameda,  Cal.,  H.  W.  Turner;  Dactylopius  destructor,  District 
of  Columbia,  Th.  Pergande;  Lecanium  sp.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  D.  W. 
Coquillett;  Lecanium  tulipiferw,  Molino,  Fla.  (Department  of  Agricul- 
ture) ;  Pulvinaria  on  plum,  Florence,  S.  C.  (Department  of  Agriculture); 
Pulvinaria  sp.  on  Sullengia,  Eockport,  Tex.,  E.  A.  Schwarz;  Pulvinaria 
innumerabilis,  Eoslyn,  N.  Y.,  L.  H.  West  (Department  of  Agriculture); 
Lecanium  sp.  on  Adenostema,  Alameda,  Cal.,  A.  Koebele;  Lecanium  sp. 
on  Arctostaphylos,  Sonoma,  Cal.,  A.  Koebele;  Lecanium  sp.  on  plum, 
Ottawa  County,  Ohio,  F.  M.  Webster. 

Coccophagus  californicus  Howard. 

Coccophagus  californicus  Howard.  Insect  Life,  vol.  I,  p.  269  (March,  188!t)- 
Female. — Length,  1.4  mm.;  expanse,  2.1  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.30  mm.  Abdomen  broader  than  thorax  and  one-third  longer. 
Pedicel  and  joints  2  and  3  of  funicle  subequal  in  length;  joint  1  of 
funicle  one-third  longer.  Eyes  rather  more  plainly  hairy  than  usual. 
General  color  dark  brown,  nearly  black,  no  punctation  visible.  Meso- 
scutellum lighter  in  color  than  rest  of  thorax,  except  at  immediate  base, 
its  posterior  edge  with  a  narrow  band  of  bright  lemon-yellow  extend- 
ing from  one  lateral  angle  around  the  curved  border  to  the  opposite 
lateral  angle,  of  nearly  equal  width  throughout,  at  its  widest  portion 
measuring  0.027  mm.;  all  coxas  brown;  all  trochanters  yellowish  white; 
all  femora  brown,  yellow  at  tip;  more  yellow  at  tip  of  front  femora,  less 
at  tip  of  middle,  and  still  less  at  tip  of  posterior  femora;  front  tibiae 
light  yellow,  very  slightly  dusky ;  middle  tibias  entirely  light  yellow; 
hind  tibia3  yellowish,  with  a  brownish  shade  near  base;  all  tarsi 
yellowish  white,  last  joint  dusky.  Wings  hyaline,  veins  light  brown 
distinct. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  from  a  female  Icerya 
purchasi  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  July  G,  1887,  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett. 

Coccophagus  lunulatus  Howard  (fig.  11.) 

Coccophagus  lunulatus  Howard.  Insect  Life,  vol.  VI,  p.  232  (Feb.,  ls94). 
Female. — Length,  0.93  mm.;  expanse,  2  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.39  mm.  Head  rather  coarsely  puuctulate,  opaque;  mesonotum 
very  finely  shagreened,  somewhat  glistening;  mesoscutellum  with  apical 
bristles  very  long;  abdomen  smooth,  shining.  General  color  black; 
apical  three- fifths  of  mesoscutellum  bright  orange,  with  an  irregular 
black  spot  at  tip,  and  with  the  dividing  line  between  the  orange  and 
black  irregular;  tegulae  black;  antennas  with  the  scape  black  and  the 
nagellum  dark  fuscous;  front  legs,  including  coxae,  light  orange  yellow, 
considerably  lighter  than  the  mesoscutellum ;  middle  and  hind  coxaB  and 
hind  femora  black ;  middle  and  hind  trochanters,  tibiae,  and  tarsi  and 


38 

middle  femora  ligh    orange-yellow.     Wings  hyaline,  veins  dark  brown, 
marginal  cilia  very  short. 

Described  from  one  female  reared  December  5, 1892,  from  Aspidiotus 
aurantii,  received  from  D.  W.  Coqnillett,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Coccophagus  scutatus  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  1.6  mm.;  expanse,  3.3  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.58.  Punctation  of  head  and  me  so  thorax  scaly,  more  marked  on 
niesoscutum.  Thoracic  bristles  long  and  sparse,  particularly  long 
on  hind  border  of  pronotum  and  border  of  mesoscutellum.  Parapsidal 
grooves  very  indistinct.  Occiput,  metanotuin,  and  abdomen  smooth  and 
shining.  Wing  veins  very  heavy.  General  color  black,  mesoscutelluin 
and  postscutellum  without  a  trace  of  yellow;  mesoscutum  with  broad 
transverse  band  of  orange  extending  from  tegula  to  tegnla,  the  ante- 
rior border  being  nearly  straight,  while  posterior  border  follows  the 
central  backward  curve  of  the  scutum.  Antenna'  dusky,  legs  pale 
fuscous,  coxa'  dark,  femora  with  a  middle  brownish  band,  middle  tibia 
darker  in  the  middle  and  hind  tibia  dark  brown  on  basal  half.  Wings 
clear,  veins  dark  brown. 

Male. — Rather  smaller,  but  closely  resembles  female.  The  meso- 
scntar  band  is  of  a  pale  orange;  the  antenna'  are  lighter  in  color;  the 
scape  yellowish;  front  and  middle  legs,  with  the  exception  of  basal 
half  of  coxa',  entirely  light  lemon  yellow.  All  of  hind  coxa'  and 
femora  concolorous  with  other  legs,  but  basal  half  of  hind  tibia  is 
nearly  black.  Lower  half  of  face  also  somewhat  yellowish,  particularly 
along  the  borders  of  the  antennal  groove. 

Described  from  live  females  and  one  male  reared  by  A.  Koebele  in 
October  from  a  Kermes  on  Querent  agrifolia  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Also 
nine  specimens  reared  by  D.  W.  Coquillett  from  the  same  host  at  Los 
Angeles. 

Differs  from  all  other  species  of  Coecophagu.s  known  to  me  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  scutal  band. 

Coccophagus  ochraceus  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  0.7  mm.;  expanse,  1.53  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.3  mm.  Differs  at  once  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus 
in  having  the  general  color  ochraceous  or  dark  honey-yellow  instead 
of  black.  Head  and  mesonotum  very  finely  and  sparsely  punctate, 
also  very  delicately  shagreened.  Normal  notal  hairs  blackish;  abdo- 
men smooth.  General  color,  as  just  stated,  dark  ocher-yellow.  Eyes 
dusky,  ocelli  dark  red.  Antenna?  yellowish,  except  pedicel,  which  is 
blackish.  Mesopleura  and  terminal  segments  of  abdomen  dark  brown, 
nearly  black.  All  legs  concolorous  with  thorax.  Wings  hyaline,  veins 
uniformly  fuscous. 

Male. — Punctation  of  notum  a  trifle  more  pronounced  than  with  the 
female,  mesoscutum  appearing  slightly  rugose;  antenna?  slightly  dusky. 


39 

Described  from  three  males  and  one  female,  reared  July,  1887,  at  Ala- 
meda, Cal.,by  A.  Koebele,  from  Lecanium  on  Adenostema  fascieulatum. 

This  species  interferes  with  a  suggested  generalization  made  by  the 
writer  in  a  paper  entitled  "  The  hairy  eyes  in  Hymenoptera r  (Proc. 
Entom.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  I,  p.  195)  to  the  effect  that  the  hairy  eyes  in  the 
subfamily  Aphelininae  are  associated  with  a  black  color.  This  holds 
with  the  typical  genus  Aphelinus,  in  which  all  the  yellow  species  have 
naked  eyes,  the  two  black  species  {A.  mail  and  A.  flaviceps)  having 
hairy  eyes.  Having  a  yellow  species  of  CoccopluKju*.  we  should  expect 
naked  eyes;  but  here  hairiness  of  the  eyes  seems  to  be  a  generic 
character. 

Genus   PROSPALTA  Howard. 


Prospalta  Howard.     Insect  Life,  vol.  vn,  p.  6,  1894. 


Fig.  12.— Prospalta  murtfehltii  Howard— greatly  enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 

Female. — Anterior  wings  with  no  oblique  transverse  hairless  line 
below  stigma.  Antennae  8-jointed;  club  3  jointed;  all  joints  subequal 
in  length ;  first  joint  of  club  widest.  Head  transverse ;  ocelli  at  corners 
of  an  oblique-angled  triangle.  Eyes  naked.  Thorax  wider  than  head; 
mesoscutar  parapsides  club-shaped,  broadening  suddenly  on  distal 
side:  axillae  extending  anteriorly  to  swelling  of  parapsides;  metascu- 
tellum  broad  and  short ;  legs  rather  stout;  all  tarsi  short;  first  joint 
of  hind  tarsi  only  as  long  as  second;  first  joint  of  middle  and  front 
tarsi  longer  than  second.  Ovipositor  slightly  extruded.  Wings  broad; 
submarginal  vein  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  wing;  marginal  much 
shorter  than  submarginal ;  stigmal  very  short,  its  anterior  border  nearly 
parallel  with  costa,  its  posterior  border  extending  into  disk  of  wing  at 
an  angle  of  45°  with  costa ;  outer  margin  of  fore-wing  with  rather  short 
cilia;  hind  margin  of  hind-wings  with  somewhat  longer  cilia.  First 
abdominal  joint  much  the  longest;  abdomen  as  a  whole  equaling  thorax 
in  length ;  whole  body  tapering  gradually  from  tegulae  to  tip  of  abdomen. 


40 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    PROSPALTA. 

Anterior  wings  with  two  fuscous  patches;  joint  1  of  funicle  wider  than  pedicel. 

murtfeldtii 
Anterior  wings  perfectly  hyaline;  joint  1  of  funicle  narrower  than  pedicel.. aurantii 

Prospalta  murtfeldtii  Howard  (fig.  12), 

Prospalta  murtfeldtii  Howard.  Insect  Life,  vol.  yii,  p.  t>,  1894. 
Female. — Length,  0.69  linn. ;  expanse,  1.7  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.3  mm.  Joint  1  of  funicle  wider  than  pedicel;  nagellum  gradu- 
ally widening  from  base  of  pedicel  to  base  of  club.  Surface  of  body 
nearly  smooth;  scutelluni  slightly  shagreened.  General  color  light 
yellow;  mesoscutum  with  brownish  patch  covering  entire  disk;  nieso- 
scutellum  with  two  large  brown  patches,  one  each  side  of  middle  line; 
axillae  each  with  a  brown  patch;  metanotum  brownish;  base  of  abdo- 
men brown;  tip  of  abdomen  also  brown;  antenna1  brown,  with  the 
exception  of  joints  2  and  3  of  the  funicle,  which  are  whitish;  all  eoxre 
and  femora  light  honey-yellow,  except  that  hind  femora  are  dusky 
at  base;  front  tibia1  with  a  dusky  ring  near  middle;  first  and  second 
tarsal  joints  of  forelegs  dusky;  middle1  and  hind  tibia1  each  with  two 
dusky  bands:  first  tarsal  joint  of  middle  and  hind  legs  dusky;  wings 
hyaline  witli  a  fuscous  basal  patch,  and  a  triangular  median  fuscous 
patch  with  its  apex  at  stigmal  vein  and  its  base  reaching  somewhat 
less  than  half  of  outer  hind  margin;  entire  disk  of  wing  densely,  finely, 
and  uniformly  ciliate;  apical  spur  of  tibia1  rather  short.  Hind-wings 
with  two  rows  of  discal  cilia  and  an  interrupted  third  row  on  outer 
third.     Hind  marginal  cilia  somewhat  longer  than  wing  width. 

Described  from  five  balsam-mounted  female  specimens  reared  by  Miss 
Mary  B.  Murtfeldt,  at  Kirkwood,  Mo.,  from  Aspidiotus  uvce.  deceived 
November  4,  1888. 

Since  the  original  description  was  published  I  have  received  a  series 
of  thirteen  specimens  of  this  insect  from  Mr.  W.  G.  Johnson,  of  the 
State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  at  Champaign,  111.  Eleven  of  this 
series  Mr.  Johnson  reared  from  a  new  species  of  Aspidiotus  on  cherry- 
twigs,  and  the  other  two  from  a  new  species  of  Aspidiotus  on  currant 
canes,  both  at  Champaign,  111.  The  specimens  received  from  Mr.  John- 
son were  all  mounted  dry,  on  tags,  while  the  type  specimens  from 
Miss  Murtfeldt  were  mounted  in  balsam.  It  becomes  apparent  that 
Miss  Murtfeldt' s  specimens  must  have  been  mounted  very  soon  after 
they  issued  from  the  host  insect.  The  colors  are  lighter,  in  general, 
than  those  of  the  matured  and  dried  specimens.  The  second  funicle 
joint  of  the  antenme  is  dusky,  like  the  first  funicle  joint,  and  not  white, 
like  the  third.  The  general  color  of  the  thorax,  instead  of  being  yel- 
low, is  dark  brown.  The  basal  joints  of  the  abdomen  are  yellowish, 
with  the  tip  brown.  The  obvious  conclusion  is  that  all  these  parasites 
should  be  allowed  to  mature  in  color  before  being  mounted  in  balsam. 


41 


Prospalta  aurantii  (Howard)  (fig.  13). 

Coccophagus  aurantii  Howard.    Insect  Life,  vol.  VI,  p.  231,  1894. 

Female. — Length,  0.7  mm.;  expanse,  1.16  mm.;  greatest  width  of 
fore-wing,  0.18  mm.  Joint  1  of  funicle  shorter  and  narrower  than 
pedicel  and  than  joint  2,  which  is  subequal  to  pedicel  in  length  and 
width,  joint  3  shorter  than  joint  2.  Surface  of  thorax  smooth.  Gen- 
eral color,  light  brownish  yellow;  occipital  line,  margin  of  pronotum 
and  a  median  stripe  on  mesoscutum,  scapula),  outer  edge  of  metano- 
tum,  abdomen,  especially  lateral  margin,  darker;  antennas  and  legs  light 
fuscous;  eyes  black,  ocelli  red;  wings  hyaline,  veins  slightly  dusky. 
Fore-wings  with  disk  densely,  finely,  and  uniformly  ciliate,  costal  margin 
with  very  short  marginal  cilia  beginning  at  stigma,  growing  gradually 
longer  at  tip  of  wing  and  on  lower  outer  margin  becoming  half  the 
width  of  wing;  broadest  portion  of  wing  beyond  stigma;  hind-wings 
as  with  preceding  species. 

Described  from  two  female  specimens  reared  May  9,  1887,  by  I).  W. 
Coquillettfrom  Asp  idiot  us  aurantii,  var.  ritrinus,  from  San  Gabriel.  Cal. 


Fig.  13.— Prospalta  aurantii  (Howard)— greatly  enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 

Specimens  of  this  species  occur  in  the  collection  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  reared  from  the  following  species  of  Coccidfle:  Aspidio- 
tus  ancylus  Putn.  var.,  on  linden,  District  of  Columbia;  Mytilaspis  cit- 
ricola  Pack,  on  orange,  Florida ;  Aspidiotus  pint  Comst.  on  Pinus  rigida, 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  Mytilaspis  albus,  var.  concolor  Ckll.,  Cockerell,  Las 
Cruces,  N.  Mex.;  Mytilaspis  eucalypti  Crawford  MS.,  Adelaide,  South 
Australia,  October  5. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Johnson  has  also  sent  me  from  the  collection  of  the  Illinois 
State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History  at  Champaign,  111.,  a  large  series 
of  this  species  reared  from  a  species  of  Ghionaspis  on  an  undetermined 
food-plant  (probably  introduced)  growing  on  the  university  campus. 
Professor  Berlese  has  also  sent  me  specimens  of  this  species  reared  in 
Italy  from  Aspidiotus  ederce  and  from  Leucaspis  pinifolim  on  Pinus 
canariensis. 

The  figure  of  this  insect  in  Insect  Life  (reproduced  above)  is  not 
coloration  al. 


42 

The  extraordinary  geographical  range,  as  indicated  by  this  summary 
of  the  specimens  at  hand,  would  seem  to  indicate  the  possibility  that 
this  species  is  originally  an  inhabitant  of  Europe,  and  that  it  has  been 
introduced  into  the  United  States  and  Australia.  It  is  evidently  a 
very  important  species.  It  is  the  so-called  "golden  chalcid"  referred 
to  in  California  reports. 


Genus  ABLERXTS  Howard. 

AbJerus  Howard.     Insect  Life,  vol.  vn,  p.  7,  1894. 

Female. — Fore- wings  with  no  transverse  hairless  streak  below  stigma. 
Antenna'  apparently  only  7-jointed,  club  appearing  unjointed;  antennae 
simple,  slightly  clavate;  scape  slender;  pedicel  as  long  as,  or  slightly 
longer  than,  funicle  joint  1  j  funicle  joints  1,  2,  and  1  subequal  in  length, 
3  rather  shorter;  club  as  long  as  three  last  funicle  joints  together, 
furnished  with  two  minute  papillar  projections  at  tip;  mesoscutar 
parapsides  clavate,  but  not  broadening  suddenly  into  a  club;  mesoscu- 

tellum  transverse;  ab- 
domen semiovate;  ovi- 
positor extruded  for 
more  than  half  the 
length  of  abdomen. 
Wings  short,  narrow; 
marginal  vein  nearly 
as  long  as  submargin- 
al;  stigmal  long,  slen- 
der, one-third  length 
of  marginal,  squarely 
truncate  at  tip,  extend- 
ing at  a  very  slight 
angle  into  disk  of 
wing;  marginal  vein 
with  three  principal 
bristles,  submarginal 
with  one;  cilia  of  bor- 
der of  wings  as  with 
Prospalta;  hind  border  of  fore-wings  with  a  longitudinal  hairless 
streak  and  a  slight  fold  extending  from  base  of  wing  nearly  to  middle; 
thickening  of  anal  margin  opposite  tip  of  marginal  vein  of  hind-wings 
seems  to  extend  forward  into  this  fold;  marginal  vein  of  hind- wings 
with  closely  set  row  of  minute  bristles.  First  tarsal  joint  of  all  legs 
as  long  as  two  succeeding  joints  together.  Middle  tibial  spur  as  long  as 
corresponding  first  tarsal  joint. 

Ablems  clisiocampse  (Ashmead)  (fig.  11). 

Centrodom  cUsiocampiv  Ashm.,  Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Washington,  vol.  in,  p.  10  (1894). 

Female. — Length,  exclusive  of  ovipositor,  0.7  mm.;  ovipositor,  0.18 
mm. ;  expanse,  1.5  mm. ;  greatest  width  of  fore-wing,  0.19  mm.    Hairs  of 


Fig.  14. 


■Ablerus  clisiocampce  (Aabmead)— greatly  enlarged  (from 
Insect  Life) . 


43 

anal  spiracle  nearly  as  long  as  ovipositor.  General  color  black,  some- 
what metallic,  notal  sclerites  of  thorax  having  a  greenish  luster,  while 
abdomen  appears  bluish;  antennae  black,  with  funicle  joints  2  and  4 
silvery  white,  and  apical  three- fourths  of  club  light  brown,  with  a 
somewhat  silvery  tinge.  Head  in  life,  and  shortly  after  the  insect  has 
issued,  whitish,  with  occiput  yellow-brown  and  occipital  line  black; 
brown  patch  including  ocelli.  Eyes  bright  red.  In  dry  mounts  the 
head  shrivels  considerably  and  becomes  light  brown  in  color.  Legs 
dark  brown;  all  tibiae  with  a  silvery  white  distal  apex.  Spurs  of  mid- 
dle tibiae  black;  tarsal  joints  1,  2  and  5  dark  brown  or  black;  3  and 
4  whitish.  Fore-wings  with  proximal  three-fourths  deeply  and  uni- 
formly infuscated,  except  two  light  longitudinal  streaks  near  base; 
apical  one-fourth  hyaline;  discal  cilia  very  minute,  but  closely  placed; 
sparse,  however,  toward  distal  anal  portion  and  toward  base  of  wing. 

Eedescribed  from  ten  freshly  issued  females  reared  July  6  and  7, 
1894,  from  female  specimens  of  Chionaspis  furfurus,  District  of  Colum- 
bia. Mr.  W.  Gr.  Johnson  has  also  reared  two  females  from  a  species  of 
AspkUotus  on  pear  and  apple  at  Champaign,  111. 

In  view  of  these  rearings,  as  well  as  from  the  well-known  and  quite 
uniform  host  habit  of  the  group,  it  becomes  probable  that  Mr.  Ash- 
mead's  type  came  from  a  scale  insect  in  the  near  vicinity  of  or  perhaps 
hidden  by  the  Clisiocampa  eggs  from  which  he  thought  he  reared  it. 

PHYSCUS  new  genus. 
Type:  Coccopliagus  varicornis  Howard. 

Female. — Antennae  7-jointed;  inserted  at  border  of  clypeus;  scape 
slender;  pedicel  as  long  as  first  funicle  joint;  second  and  third  funicle 
joints  subequal  and  each  longer  than  joint  1;  club  long,  ovate,  acute, 
2-jointed;  joint  of  division  before  middle.  Eyes  hairy.  Mesoscutar 
parapsides  very  narrow;  axillae  also  narrow;  scutellum  nearly  as  long 
as  broad.  Discal  cilia  of  fore-wings  uniform  in  distribution,  but  those 
proximad  of  stigma  shorter  and  considerably  more  delicate  than  those 
distad;  marginal  vein  about  as  long  as  submarginal;  stigmal  short,  but 
with  a  well-defined  neck  and  with  a  rounded  knob;  radial  angle  nar- 
row. Marginal  cilia  rather  short;  discal  cilia  of  hind-wing  very  deli- 
cate and  rather  sparse.  First  tarsal  joint  of  front  and  hind  legs  as 
long  as  two  following  joints;  first  tarsal  joint  of  middle  legs  as  long 
as  three  following  joints;  middle  tibial  spur  long.  Ovipositor  slightly 
extruded. 

Male. — No  fresh  or  balsam-mounted  males  are  at  hand,  and  charac- 
ters can  not  be  studied  from  the  poor  material  which  we  have. 

Physcus  varicornis  (Howard). 

Coccopliagus  varicornis  Howard.     Ann.  Rept.  Dept.  Agr.  1880,  p.  360. 
lemale. — Length,  0.7  mm.;  expanse,  1.4  mm.;  greatest  width  of  fore- 
wing,  0.25  mm.    Mesonotum  very  faintly  longitudinally  shagreened> 


44 

nearly  smooth,  sinning;  teguhe,  pleura,  and  abdomen  smooth.  Wings 
hyaline.  General  color  glistening  black;  antennal  scape  dusky:  pedi- 
cel nearly  white;  first  funicle  joint  dark  brown;  joints  2  and  .*>  nearly 
white,  somewhat  yellowish;  club  light  brown;  mesopostscutellum 
nearly  white;  all  coxa' black:  trochanters  nearly  white:  all  femora 
and  tibiae  black  or  dark  brown,  lighter  at  extremities;  tarsi  all  nearly 
white,  including  terminal  joints:  pile  on  sides  of  abdomen  and  hind 
femora  white,  showing  distinctly  against  the  black  surface. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen,  reared  March  1,  from  Aspidio- 
tus  ancylus  on  linden.  District  of  Columbia.  There  is  also  a  huge 
series  of  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  National  Museum  collection 
reared  from  Cltionaspis  quereus^  at  Alameda,  Cal.,  by  A.  Koebele,  in 
August.  Among  the  series  is  a  number  of  males,  but  none  are  in  con- 
dition for  description.  Such  antennal  fragments  as  remain,  however, 
show  that  the  antennae  are  probably  of  a  uniform  brown  color.  Mr. 
W.  (i.  Johnson  has  also  sent  me  from  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural 
History  at  Champaign,  111.,  a  series  of  five  specimens  reared  from  his 
manuscript  Chionaspis  americana  on  elm. 


Technical  Series  No.  2. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


THE 


GRASS  AND  GRAIN  JOINT-WORM  FLIES 


AND 


THEIR  ALLIES: 


A   CONSIDERATION   OF   SOME   NORTH   AMERICAN 
PHYTOPHAGIC   EURYTOMIN.E. 


BY 

L.    O.    HOWARD 

ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 
1896. 


LETTEE  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  C,  February  5, 1896. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  the  second  number 
of  the  technical  series  of  bulletins  of  this  office,  intended  especially  for 
working  entomologists,  and  to  be  distributed  also  to  learned  societies 
and  to  x>eriodicals  and  libraries.     The  phytophagic  Eurytoininre  here 
considered,  mainly  from  the  classificatory  standpoint,  work  in  the  stems 
of  grasses  and  small  grains  and  in  the  seeds  of  grapes. 
Eespectfully, 

L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  J.  Sterling  Morton, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Introduction 7 

Analysis  of  genera 7 

Genus  Isosoma 8 

Isosomorpha 20 

Eurytomocharis 21 

EA^oxysoma 22 

Decatomidea 23 

5 


ON  SOME  AMERICAN  PHYTOPHAGIC  ECRYTOMINi 

By  L.  O.  Howard. 

Ten  years  ago,  when  Prof.  F.  M.  Webster,  then  a  field  agent  of  this 
division,  was  engaged  in  studying  certain  grain-stalk  and  grassy-stalk 
insects  in  Indiana  and  Ohio,  and  at  about  the  time  when  he  succeeded 
in  securing  the  material  upon  which  Dr.  Eiley  established,  with  his 
assistance,  the  fact  of  dimorphism  and  alternation  of  generations  of 
Isosoma  tritici  and  I.  grfinde,  he  collected  and  reared  several  other 
species  of  Isosoma,  and  a  little  later  Mr.  Koebele,  in  California,  also 
an  agent  of  the  division,  reared  several  additional  species.  At  that 
time  the  writer  drew  up  a  rather  careful  paper  on  the  genus  as  it  was 
then  understood,  characterizing  all  the  new  forms,  and  had  competent 
figures  of  the  most  important  species  prepared.  The  manuscript 
was  then  laid  aside  in  the  hope  that  further  facts  would  be  ascertained 
concerning  the  life  history  of  some  of  the  species  which  would  render 
the  account  more  complete.  Other  matters  have  interfered,  however, 
with  the  proposed  studies,  and  as  the  importance  of  placing  the  facts 
already  collected  upon  record  and  of  describing  and  naming  the  new 
forms  seems  great,  the  whole  subject  has  been  carefully  gone  over 
again  in  the  light  of  recent  papers  which  have  been  published  (espe- 
cially by  Mr.  Ashmead),  and  which  involve  certain  generic  changes  in 
the  subfamily  Eurytoniime,  and  the  results  are  presented  herewith. 
The  writer  has  included  in  his  account  only  the  species  which  have  been 
reared  or  of  which  we  know  the  habits  with  some  certainty.  There 
are  several  additional  species  in  Mr.  Ashmead's  collection  and  in  the 
collection  of  the  National  Museum,  but  we  do  not  know  their  specific 
habits,  and  they  are  omitted  from  present  consideration  on  that  account. 

The  species  here  treated  are  included  in  five  genera,  the  females  of 
which  may  be  separaced  by  the  following  table: 

ANALYSIS  OF  GENERA. 

Females. 
Metathorax  much  lengthened. 

Metanotum  sloping,  rounded  behind Isosoma 

Metanotum  quadrate,  abruptly  truncate  behind Isosomorpha 

Metathorax  not  lengthened. 

Postmarginal  vein  longer  than  stigmal,  but,not  twice  as  long. 

Parapsidal  furrows  obliterated  posteriorly Decatomulea 

Parapsidal  furrows  complete,  distinct Eurytomocharis 

Postmarginal  vein  twice  as  long  as  stigmal Evoxysoma 

7 


Genus   ISOSOMA   Walker. 

There  is  no  longer  any  question  as  to  the  phytophagic  habits  of 
Walker's  genus  Isosoma,  although  they  were  questioned  by  E.  A.  Fitch 
as  late  as  1882.  The  careful  observations  of  early  American  writers, 
particularly  Harris,  Asa  Fitch,  Walsh,  and  Riley,  had  fixed  the  status 
of  Isosoma  hordei  as  a  plant-feeder  beyond  all  perad venture,  but  their 
conclusions  were  not  accepted  by  certain  English  entomologists  until 
Westwood  had  published  his  careful  studies  on  Isosoma  orchidearum 
and  until  Wcyhenbergh  had  called  attention  to  his  earlier  observations 
on  a  Dutch  species.  (See  the  writer's  paper  on  the  Biology  of  the 
Chalcididre,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  i)$i~>.)  In  addition  to  I. 
hordei  Harris,  the  fact  of  phytophagy  was  established  by  Asa  Fitch  for 
his  I.  secale^  tritici,  hordei.  and  fulvipes.  The  last  of  these,  as  we  have 
shown  by  comparison  of  the  type  specimens,  is  synonymous  with 
Harris's  I.  hordei,  and  the  third,  therefore,  through  preoccupation  of 
the  name,  needs  a  oew  designation.  Eiley  has  also  proved  conclusively 
that  his  I.  tritici  (here  treated  as  I.  grande)  is  phytophagic.  Of  the 
other  species  which  we  treat  below,  the  plant-feeding  habit  is  perhaps 
not  absolutely  proven  in  each  case,  but  the  insects  are  structurally 
so  closely  related  that,  taken  in  connection  with  the  proof  at  hand, 
this  habit  can  not  be  doubted.  The  true  European  Isosomas  have 
now  practically  all  been  accepted  as  plant-feeding  species.  Schlech- 
tendal,  in  his  "Die  (iallbildungen  der  deutschen  Gefiissptlanzen" 
(Jahresbericht  des  Vereins  far  Naturkunde  zu  Zwickau,  1890),  gives 
thirteen  species  of  this  genus  as  true  gall  makers  in  Europe. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  an  alternation  of  generations  connected  with 
a  peculiar  dimorphism  has  been  established  in  the  case  of  I.  tritici 
Riley  (=  I.  grande,  form  minutum)  and  7".  grande  Riley,  it  is  quite 
likely  that  a  similar  phenomenon  will  be  found  to  occur  with  more  than 
one  of  the  following  species,  in  the.  majority  of  cases,  however,  the 
males  have  been  associated  with  the  females,  and  where  species  have 
been  described  from  the  females  alone,  these  have  been  large  and  well- 
formed  individuals,  with  no  trace  of  degradational  characters,  such  as 
the  absence  of  wings,  which  would  indicate  that  they  are  parthenoge- 
netic  forms.  Moreover,  I.  tritici  Riley  has  a  somewhat  different  facies 
from  the  other  members  of  the  genus,  consisting  largely  in  its  smooth 
aspect  and  one  or  two  other  minor  points,  which  practically  associate 
it  with  Haliday's  genus  Philachyra.  While  the  writer  is  not  inclined 
to  give  Philachyra  generic  importance,  and  considers  that  its  species 
should  be  still  associated  with  the  true  Isosomas,  these  feeble  charac- 
ters may  still  be  associated  with  the  phenomenon  of  dimorphism,  and 

1  Walsh  considered  Fitch's  species  as  synonymous  with  hordei  since  they  were  dis- 
tinguished almost  entirely  by  the  coloration  of  the  legs.  Careful  study,  however, 
of  Fitch's  types,  now  iu  the  possession  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
shows  them  to  be  distinct  in  other  characters. 


9 

we  may  not  find  this  characteristic  present  with  more  typical  Isosomas. 
This  supposition  is  to  a  certain  extent  supported  by  the  fact  that  an 
examination  of  certain  of  Portschinsky's  species  of  Russian  Isosomas, 
sent  us  by  Professor  Portschinsky  some  years  ago,  shows  that  his 
I.  apterum  and  I.  eremitum  belong  to  the  smooth  Philachyra  group, 
and  that  the  former,  as  the  name  shows,  is  wingless.  It  may  further 
be  considered  suggestive  that  only  females  of  apterum  were  received 
from  the  Kussian  writer,  while  both  a  male  and  a  female  of  eremitum 
were  received.  Does  this  not  immediately  hint  at  a  possible  alterna- 
tion of  generations  with  these  two  so-called  species?  This  coincidence 
further  suggests  that  Philachyra  may  be  a  valid  genus  after  all,  even 
though  we  are  able  to  separate  it  from  Isosoma  by  no  other  morpho- 
logical character  than  the  smoothness  of  the  integument. 

ANALYSIS    OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    ISOSOMA. 

Females. 
Mesonotum  smooth,  polished,  shining. 

Winged grande,  form  grande 

Wingless grande,  form  minutum 

Mesonotum  coarsely,  more  or  less  umhilicately,  punctured. 

Pronotal  spot  wanting bromi 

Pronotal  spot  moderately  large  and  rather  distinct hageni 

Mesonotum  rugulose,  shagreened  or  coriaceous;  not  umhilicately  punctured. 

Thorax  nearly  smooth,  feehly  shagreened  or  coriaceous  and  more  or  less  shining. 

Central  furrow  of  metanotum  incomplete websteri 

Central  furrow  of  metanotum  complete. 

Metanotal  furrow  with  a  complete  median  longitudinal  carina. 

Cheeks  very  full  and  hairy hirtifrons 

Cheeks  not  especially  full  and  hairy maculatum 

Metanotal  furrow  with  no  median  carina. 

Metanotal  furrow  shallow  and  transversely  striate elymi 

Metanotal  furrow  strongly  emarginate ;  not  striate bromicola 

Metanotal  furrow  with  an  incomplete  median  longitudinal  carina.. Jitehi 
Thorax  more  coarsely  shagreened  or  finely  rugulose,  opaque  or  subopaque. 
Abdomen  shorter  than  thorax. 

Much  shorter  than  thorax,  subglobose agrostidis 

Nearly  as  long  as  thorax,  oblong  o\Tal '. captivum 

Abdomen  longer  than  thorax. 

Pronotal  spot  minute hordei 

Pronotal  spot  large,  distinct. 

Second  abdominal  segment  longer  than  fourth  and  fifth  together 

secale 
Second  abdominal  segment  shorter  than  fourth  and  fifth  together 

tritici 

Isosoma  (Philachyra)  grande  Kiley  (fig.  1). 

Isosoma  tritici  Riley,  American  Naturalist,  March,  1882,  p.  247. 
Isosoma  grande  Riley,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  1884.  p.  358. 

This  species  differs  at  once  from  all  the  other  American  forms  by  its 
smooth,  polished,  and  shining  mesothorax.  Next  to  hordei  it  is  the 
best  known  and  most  important,  economically  speaking,  of  the  North 
American  species.     It  is  the  only  species  of  Isosoma  for  which  a  true 


10 

alternation  of  generations  has  been  established.  The  small  wingless 
form,  originally  described  by  Eiley  as  tritici,  is  the  vernal  generation, 
and  consists  of  both  sexes.  The  large  winged  form,  described  as  grande, 
is  the  summer  generation,  and  consists  entirely  of  females.  The  species 
is  widespread,  occurring  through  the  middle  belt  of  country  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  has  been  reared  only  from  wheat  stalks. 

The  name  tritici  Eiley  falls  on  account  of  its  preoccupation  by  Fitch. 
Dr.  Eiley  was  familiar  with  Fitch's  name,  but  revived  it  for  the  present 
species,  thinking  with  Walsh  that  tritici  Fitch  was  a  synonym  of  hordei 
Harris.  Eiley's  name,  however,  even  in  that  event,  would  have  been 
rejected  under  the  law  of  "once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym."  The 
dimorphism  in  this  species  is  fortunate,  since  it  enables  us  to  retain 


Fh;.  l.—Itotoma  grande  Kiley. 

Eiley's  name  for  the  summer  form  as  the  specific  name.     The  species 
must,  therefore,  be  known  as  follows: 

Isosoma  grande  Riley. 

Form  grande=winge6  Bummer  generation. 

Form  minutum  '  {proposed  in  place  of  tHHd)=wmgleBS  spring  and  winter 
generation. 

Isosoma  californicum  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  5  mm.;  expanse,  8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  rather 
coarsely  umbilicate-puuctate;  petiole  distinct,  but  short  and  stout; 
abdominal  segments  5  to  8  shorter  than  4,  2  and  5  subequal,  3  and  4 
subequal;  mesoscutellum  pointed  at  tip,  axilla?  nearly  meeting;  meta- 
notuin  with  a  straight  central  longitudinal  groove  which  is  regularly 
concave  from  side  to  side  and  slightly  emarginate  at  borders;  each 
side  of  the  groove  the  metanotum  is  coarsely  umbilicate-punctate;  hind 
coxae  plainly  granulate  above.     Antenme  rather  short  and  stout;  joints 

1  For  a  good  figure  of  form  minutum,  see  Ann.  Rept.  Dept.  Agric.,  1881-82,  piate  xii, 
fig.  3 


li 

well  separated,  cup-shaped ;  funicle  joint  1  about  as  long  as  pedicel, 
but  longer  and  narrower  than  succeeding  joint;  joints  1-4  each  slightly 
wider  than  preceding  joint;  club  ovate,  as  long  as  two  preceding  funicle 
joints  together.  Abdomen  longer  than  thorax,  shining,  with  very  faint 
sculpturing;  penultimate  and  antepenultimate  segments  with  abundant 
white  pile,  which  also  occurs  on  the  pygidium  as  well  as  the  head  and 
thorax;  spur  of  stigmal  club  given  off  just  before  tip  and  reaching 
farther  toward  apex  of  wing  than  does  tip  of  club;  pronotal  spot  lack- 
ing, pronotum  uniform  jet  black,  as  is  the  rest  of  the  body;  the  place 
ordinarily  occupied  by  the  yellowish  pronotal  spot  somewhat  sunken, 
has  a  finer  sculpture,  and  is  lacking  in  the  white  pile  found  elsewhere 
on  the  thorax.  All  legs  uniform  dark  honey  yellow  except  coxa?,  which 
are  black;  scape  dark  honey-yellow;  wing  veins  light  brownish-yellow. 

Male. — Closely  resembles  female.  Antennae  long  and  stout;  scape 
slightly  exi>anded  below;  pedicel  small,  globose;  funicle  joints  strongly 
arched  above,  not  constricted  in  middle,  markedly  pedicellate,  and  each 
with  two  half  whorls  of  long  hairs;  funicle  joint  1  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  2;  2,  3,  4,  and  5  subequal  in  length;  club  elongate,  pointed,  as  long 
as  two  preceding  funicle  joints  together.  Punctation  somewhat  less 
distinct;  legs  black,  except  tarsi  and  tips  of  femora  and  tibia*,  which 
are  yellow;  petiole  stout,  as  long  as  first  abdominal  joint. 

Described  from  5  females  and  10  males  captured  April  20, 1891,  by 
Albert  Koebele,  in  the  upper  part  of  Shepherd's  Canyon,  Argus  Moun- 
tains, California,  upon  Eriocoma  cuspidata.  The  insects  were  collected 
in  numbers  at  rest  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  plant  just  before  dusk. 
Upon  examining  the  grass  stalks  Mr.  Koebele  found  that  they  contained 
holes  from  which  the  Isosomas  had  apparently  emerged. 

Isosoma  bromi  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  3.4  mm.;  expanse,  5.6  mm.  Head  and  thorax 
densely  umbilicate-punctate,  punctations  rather  finer  and  closer  than  in 
preceding  species;  pronotal  spot  wanting;  abdomen  without  a  trace  of 
sculpture,  not  longer  than  thorax,  but  more  swollen  than  in  preceding 
species;  mesoscutellum  and  metanotum  as  with  calif ornicum,  except 
that  the  metanotum  each  side  of  median  groove  is  not  so  coarsely  punc- 
tate; claw  of  stigmal  club  strongly  curved;  front  coxa?  honey-yellow, 
middle  and  hind  coxa?  black;  front  femora  and  tibia?  honey-yellow, 
middle  femora  honey-yellow,  tibiae  darker,  hind  femora  and  tibiae  dark 
brown,  yellowish  at  joints. 

Male. — Length,  3  mm. ;  expanse,  5.4  mm.  Antenna?  as  with  califor- 
nicum,  except  that  joint  1  of  funicle  is  less  than  twice  as  long  as  2,  and 
is  regularly  furnished  with  long  hairs  not  arranged  in  whorls.  Petiole 
slenderer  than  with  preceding  species,  little  longer  than  coxae,  and  not 
as  long  as  first  segment  of  abdomen. 

Described  from  2  females  and  1  male  reared  from  Bromus  ciliatus,  in 
May  and  August,  1887,  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  by  Albert  Koebele. 


12 

Isosoma  hageni  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  4  mm.;  expanse,  7  mm.;  head  and  thorax  rather 
coarsely  reticulate-punctate,  the  interspaces  of  the  reticulations  finely 
granulate.  Metanotuni  with  three  faint  subparallel  longitudinal  sub- 
median  carina?.  Pronotal  spot  moderately  large  and  rather  distinct. 
Abdomen  a  little  shorter  than  the  thorax,  second  segment  occupying 
about  one-third  of  its  dorsum;  segments  3,  4,  6,  and  7  subequal;  seg 
ment  5  a  trifle  longer.  Petiole  rugose,  stout;  hind  coxae  faintly  sha- 
greened.  Antenna1  not  in  good  condition  for  study  in  the  two  specimens 
at  hand — broken  in  one  and  with  the  pupal  sheaths  in  the  other. 
Stigmal  club,  rounded;  spur  distinct,  straight. 

Color,  black;  apical  third  of  front  femora  and  tibia  and  tarsi  of  the 
same  legs,  honey-yellow;  knees  and  tarsi  of  middle  and  hind  legs  also 
honey-yellow;  pubescence  of  entire  body  short  and  sparse,  light  in 
color. 


Fio.  2. —  Itotoma  agrottidi*  Howard. 

Described  from  two  female  specimens  from  the  collection  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  labeled  in  the 
handwriting  of  Dr.  Hagen,  "  In  quick  grass,  Boston,  March,  1883,  H.  H." 

Isosoma  agrostidis  n.  sp.  (fig.  2). 

Female. — Length,  2.8  mm.;  expanse,  5.2  mm.  Head  and  mesothorax 
finely  shagreened  and  also  very  sparsely  and  finely  rugulose;  meta- 
notuin  somewhat  coarsely  rugulose  and  without  a  median  furrow,  but 
with  a  rather  faint  median  longitudinal  carina;  mesoscutellum  rather 
rounded  at  apex,  not  sharply  pointed;  axillar  and  parapsidal  sutures 
nearly  meeting;  pronotal  spot  evident  but  small,  scarcely  seen  from 
above;  first  funicle  joint  of  antenna1  not  twice  as  long  as  second; 
remaining  joints  subequal,  somewhat  rounded;  club  joints  very  dis- 
tinct, terminal  one  acuminate  and  styliferous.  Abdomen  short  and 
stout,  considerably  shorter  than  thorax;  subglobose  in  shape,  its  sec- 


13 

ond  segment  occupying  nearly  half  of  the  whole  surface;  segments  3  to 
7  short,  subequal.  Entire  body  very  free  from  pilosity,  except  meta- 
uotal  fimbria,  which  is  pronounced  and  white,  and  except  hind  cox* 
which  have  slight  whitish  pilosity  on  the  outer  side.  Claw  of  stigmal 
club  straight,  issuing  from  tip  of  club  and  extending  considerably 
beyond  it,  club  itself  abruptly  truncate,  triangular.  Entire  body, 
including  legs,  black,  except  pronotal  spot,  femoro-tibial  knees  and 
tarsi,  which  are  dark  honey-yellow. 

Described  from  two  female  specimens  reared  by  Albert  Koebele,  from 
small  galls  occurring  rarely  upon  a  grass  of  the  genus  Agrostis,  col- 
lected at  Summit,  Placer  County,  Cal.,  in  September,  1885.  The  galls 
were  distinct  elliptical  swellings  about  7  to  10  mm.  long  and  from  2  to 
3  mm.  in  greatest  diameter,  and  occurred  upon  different  parts  of  the 
stalk. 

Isosoma  captivum  n.  sp.  (fig.  3). 

Female. — Length,  3.4  mm.;  expanse,  5.8  mm.  Head  and  meson otum 
uniformly,  finely,  and  closely  rugulose,  not  shagreened;   metanotum 


Fin.  S.—Isosoina  captivum  Howard. 

more  coarsely  rugulose  and  with  a  narrow  and  shallow  central  longi- 
tudinal groove  which  widens  slightly  posteriorly;  pronotal  spot  plain, 
moderately  large;  hind  coxa;  delicately  punctate.  Abdomen  shiny,  as 
long  as  thorax,  oblong-ovoid ;  the  second  segment  occupying  nearly 
one-third  the  whole  surface;  segments  1  to  G  subequal,  the  third  a  little 
shorter;  funicle  joints  2  to  5  subequal;  club  nearly  as  long  as  three 
preceding  joints;  joint  1  one-half  longer  than  2;  pile  sparse  and  short, 
more  marked  at  metanotal  fimbria  and  terminal  joints  of  abdomen  than 
elsewhere.  Color  uniform  black,  except  for  pronotal  spot,  tarsi,  middle 
and  hind  femoro-tibial  knees,  front  tibiae  and  apical  third  of  front  fem- 
ora, which  are  light  honey-yellow.  Stigmal  club  about  as  in  preceding 
species,  except  that  its  tip  is  more  rounded  instead  of  squarely  truncate. 
Male, — Length,  2.5  mm.;  expanse,  5  mm.  Punctation  rather  finer 
than  with  female;  petiole  as  long  as  first  abdominal  joint,  strongly 


14 

rugose;  flagelluni  of  antenme  long;  pedicel  not  globose,  slightly  elon- 
gate; joint  1  of  funicle  longest,  twice  as  long  as  pedicel;  joints  2,  3,  4, 
and  5,  each  a  little  shorter  than  its  preceding  joint;  not  so  strongly 
pedicellate  as  with  I.  californicum  and  I.  bromi,  moderately  arched 
above  with  the  hairs  arranged  in  two  indefinite  whorls;  club  separated 
into  two  subequal  pedicellate  joints^  giving  tunicle  the  appearance  of 
being  6-jointed  instead  of  5-jointed,  as  with  bromi  and  californicum; 
scape  short,  about  as  long  as  pedicel  and  flrst  funicle  joint  together; 
strongly  expanded  below  tip.     Coloration  like  that  of  female. 

Described  from  17  females  and  12  males  captured  by  Prof.  F.  M. 
Webster,  in  May,  1885-86,  at  Normal,  111.,  and  Lafayette,  IncL,  on  blue 
grass. 

Isosoma  elymi  French  (tig.  4). 

Isosoma  elymi  French,  Canadian  Kntomologist,  vol.  XIV,  p.  9,  1882. 

Female. — Length,  3.8  mm;  expanse.  7  mm.  Head  and  mesonotum  deli- 
cately shagreen ed,  not  rugulose;  metanotum  with  a  central  longitudi- 


Fig.  4. — Isosoma  elymi  French. 

nal  furrow,  rather  broad  and  shallow  and  transversely  striate;  each 
side  of  the  posterior  two-thirds  of  the  groove  is  a  broad,  flat  space, 
closely  and  finely  granulate;  above  this  space  is  a  coarsely  rugulose 
area;  pronotal  spot  very  large  and  conspicuous,  occupying  one-half  of 
the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  anterior  border  of  the  pronotum.  Entire  body 
rather  closely  but  finely  pilose.  Antenna'  unusually  hairy;  joint  1  of 
funicle  nearly  twice  as  long  as  joint  2,  which  is  about  the  same  length 
as  pedicel;  joints  3,  4,  and  5  about  equal  to  2;  club  as  long  as  three 
preceding  joints  together.  Abdomen  as  long  as  thorax;  joint  2  as  long 
as  3,  4,  and  5  together;  joints  4  and  5  subequal,  6  and  7  a  little  longer. 
Scape  and  legs  black;  apical  one-third  of  anterior  femora,  front  tibiae, 
all  tarsi,  and  knees  of  middle  and  hind  legs,  honey-yellow ;  the  prono- 
tal spot  lighter  yellow;  claw  of  stigmal  club  given  off  just  before  the 


15 

tip  and  not  extending  farther  than  tip  of  club  in  the  direction  of  apex 
of  wing. 

Redescribed  from  1  female  specimen  reared  from  Ely  mux  americanus 
at  Carbondale,  111.,  April,  1882,  by  Prof.  G.  H.  French. 

Isosoma  macula  turn  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  3.8  mm.;  expanse,  5.4  mm.  Sculpturing  of  head 
and  mesonotum  as  with  preceding  species;  metanotum  with  a  very 
shallow,  scarcely  margined,  central  longitudinal  furrow,  including 
throughout  nearly  its  whole  length  a  median  longitudinal  carina;  the 
rest  of  the  sclerite  irregularly  and  coarsely  rugulose,  the  elevations 
mainly  taking  a  longitudinal  direction;  hind  coxa3  faintly  granulate 
above;  pronotal  spot  very  large,  even  more  pronounced  than  with  pre- 
ceding species  and  covering  two-thirds  of  dorsal  aspect  of  fore  border 
of  pronotum;  axillae  meeting  at  tip.  Antennae  as  with  preceding  spe- 
cies, except  that  club  is  decidedly  flattened  from  sides.  Abdomen 
smooth  and   shining,  not  quite  as  long  as  thorax;  segments  3  to  5 


Fig.  5. — Isosoma  websteri  Howard. 

slightly  and  gradually  increasing  in  length ;  joint  6  a  little  shorter 
than  5;  flagellum  of  antennae  rather  shorter  than  preceding  species; 
relative  proportions  of  joints  about  the  same.  Body  sparsely  hairy; 
stigmal  club  as  with  preceding  species.  Coloration  as  with  preceding 
species. 

Described  from  two  female  specimens  collected  on  blue  grass  May 
19,  1886,  and  June  3,  1885,  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  by  Prof.  F.  M.  Webster. 

Isosoma  websteri  n.  sp.  (fig.  5). 

Female. — Length,  3.4  mm.;  expanse,  6.3  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
mesonotum  as  with  preceding  species;  metanotum  with  only  the  begin- 
ning of  a  central  furrow,  its  lateral  carinse  immediately  curving  around 
to  the  sides,  each  inclosing  an  oval,  flattened,  nearly  smooth  portion  of 
the  metascutellum;  a  median  carina  extending  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the 


16 

sclerite;  pronotal  spot  moderately  large  and  plainly  seen  from  above, 
occupying  a  little  more  than  one- third  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  pro- 
notal foreborder.  Abdomen  much  longer  than  thorax;  segments  3  to 
5  increasing  in  length;  6  and  7  as  long  as  5.  Antennae  with  joint  1  of 
funicle  twice  as  long  as  2;  joints  3,  4,  and  5  gradually  decreasing  in 
length,  subequal  in  width;  joint  5  more  closely  connected  with  club 
than  with  preceding  joint.  Color  and  wing  venation  as  with  preceding 
species. 

Described  from  7  female  specimens  collected  on  wheat  at  Normal,  111., 
by  Prof.  F.  M.  Webster,  in  May,  1884. 

Isosoma  hirtifrons  n.  sp.  (fig.  6). 

Female. — Length,  3.7  mm. ;  expanse,  7  mm.  Sculpturing  of  head,  pro- 
notum,  and  mesonotum  as  in  preceding  species,  except  that  there  are 
sparse,  large,  shallow  punctures  on  mesoscutellum ;  cheeks  much  fuller 
than  in  other  species;   metanotum  as  with  I.  maculatum.    Abdomen 


Fig.  fi  — Isosoma  hirtyfrons,  Howard. 

about  as  long  as  thorax;  segments  3  to  0,  increasing  in  length.  An- 
tenme  stout,  moderately  long,  very  hairy;  proportions  about  as  in  pre- 
ceding species.  Body  not  unusually  pilose,  except  face,  which  is  closely 
covered  with  short  white  pile;  pronotal  spots  very  plain,  but  not  large, 
occupying  about  one-third  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  fore-border  of 
the  pronotum.  Color  black,  except  for  all  femero-tibial  knees  and  pro- 
notal spot.  Claw  of  stigmal  club  given  off  some  distance  before  tip, 
delicate  and  short. 

Described  from  4  female  specimens  reared  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett 
March  13,  188G,  from  rye  stalks  which  he  collected  in  Mercer  County, 
Cal.,  June  21,  1885. 

Isosoma  bromicola  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  3.1  mm ;  expanse,  4.6  mm.  Punctation  of  head,  pro- 
notum and  mesonotum  like  that  of  I.  maculatum,  which  it  also  resembles 


17 

in  the  large  pronotal  spots.  Metaiiotum  with  a  distinct,  strongly  emar- 
ginate  central  longitudinal  groove,  the  space  either  side  finely  granulate, 
with  occasional  irregular  carinas.  Abdomen  longer  than  thorax;  seg- 
ment 2  as  long  as  3,  4,  and  5  together;  5  and  6,  subequal.  Antennae 
rather  long  and  straight;  pilose;  joint  1  of  funicle  only  slightly  longer 
than  joint  2;  club  not  quite  as  long  as  three  preceding  joints  together, 
strongly  flattened  from  side.  Face  very  slightly  pilose;  metanotal 
fimbria  sparse.  The  whole  insect  is  smaller,  slenderer,  and  more  deli- 
cate in  appearance  than  any  except  grande,  form  minutum. 

Male. — Length,  1.9  mm;  expanse,  3.4  mm.  Petiole  short,  not  as  long 
as  first  abdominal  segment  and  scarcely  as  long  as  hind  coxa1,  scape  of 
antennae  slightly  widened;  funicle  joints  very  slightly  rounded  above 
and  very  slightly  pedicellate;  each  more  than  twice  as  long  as  pedicel 
and  each  faintly  constricted  in  middle;  club  divided  into  two  pedicellate 
joints  as  with  I.  captivum.     All  legs  black  with  light-yellow  knees. 


Fig. 


■Isosoma  tritici  Fitch. 


Described  from  11  females  and  7  males  reared  by  Mr.  Albert  Koebele, 
at  Los  Angeles,  Oal.,  from  Bromus  ciliatus  collected  at  Millard's  Canyon, 
Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  The  adults  issued  in  March,  1887,  from  grass 
collected  September,  1886. 

Isosoma  tritici  Fitch  (fig.  7). 

Eunjtoma  tritici  Fitch,  Jour.  N.  Y.  State  Agricultural  Society,  1859,  vol.  x,  p.  115. 
Fsosoma  h ordei  Walsh,  Amer.  Entomologist  and  Botanist,  Oct.,  1870,  vol.  n,  p. 332. 
Decatoma  basilaris  Provancher,  Faun.  Ent.  Can.,  vol.  n,  p.  569. 
Isosoma  nigrum  Cook,  Rural  New  Yorker,  June,  1885,  p.  314. 

Female. — Length,  1  mm.;  expanse,  7.0  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
mesonotum  strongly  rugulose  but  not  umbilicate-punctate  except 
toward  tip  of  scutellum,  where  an  occasional  umbilicate  puncture 
occurs;  metanotum  also  strongly  rugulose  with  a  faint  trace  anteriorly 
of  a  median  longitudinal  furrow;  metanotal  spiracles  large  and  per- 
12284— No.  2 2 


18 

fectly  circular;  pronotal  spots  moderately  large  and  often  faint,  but 
plainly  discernible  from  above,  sometimes,  however,  quite  bright  and 
distinct.  Abdomen  longer  than  thorax,  nearly  as  long  as  head  and 
thorax  together:  abdominal  segments  4  and  5  together  longer  than 
2;  3  only  about  half  as  long  as  4,  and  5  as  long  as  two  preceding 
united;  first  funicle  joint  one-half  longer  than  second;  club  longer 
than  three  preceding  funicle  joints  together.  Body  slightly  but  plainly 
pilose  except  at  sides  of  metanotum,  where  the  fimbria  is  very  obvious. 
Legs  black  except  at  joints,  which  with  the  tarsi  are  yellow.  Claw  of 
stiginal  club  given  off  before  the  tip. 

Male. — Length,  2.\)  ram.;  expanse,  0  mm.  Petiole  shorter  than  hind 
coxa',  faintly  punctate;  flagellum  of  antennae  uniformly  pilose,  joints 
well  rounded  above,  not  strongly  pedicellate;  joint  1  three  times  as  long- 
as  wide  and  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  pedicel;  none  of  the  funicle 
joints  constricted  in  the  middle;  joints  2  and  3  each  nearly  as  long  as 
1  ;♦  joints 4 and 5 each  a  little  shorter;  club  plainly  divided  by  a  distinct 
incision  into  two  joints,  but  the  terminal  ovate  joint  is  not  pedicellate. 

Bedescribed  from  many  male  and  female  specimens  reared  in  Decem- 
ber and  January,  1885,  from  wheat  stalks  collected  in  Louisa  County, 
Ya.;  from  other  specimens  received  from  A.  J.  Cook,  Lansing,  Mich.; 
from  others  reared  by  -1.  II.  Comstock,  at  Ithaca,  X.  Y.,  from  straw  col- 
lected in  the  immediate  vicinity;  from  other  specimens  received  from 
J.  A.  Lintner,  Albany.  X.  V.;  from  specimens  from  the  Asa  Fitch  col- 
lect ion,  labeled  ••  Eurytoma  tritici  Fitch,  Maryland,  K.L.  liogers;"  from 
specimens  collected  on  grass  at  Lafayette,  hid.,  by  F.  M.  Webster; 
from  specimens  received  from  S.  ().  Diom,  Grantsville,  N.  C;  from 
many  specimens  reared  from  Elymus  americanus  by  Albert  Koebele,  in 
Los  Angeles,  Oal.,  and  from  many  more  specimens  reared  by  the  same 
gentleman  from  a  grass  which  was  supposed  by  Mr.  Koebele  to  be 
either  Bromus  (-Hiatus  or  a  species  <>t  Agropyrum,  in  the  Santa  Cruz 
Mountains,  California. 

Isosoma  hordei  Harris. 

Ichneumon  liordi  i  Harris,  New  England  Farmer,  July  23, 1830,  vol.  ix,  p.  2. 
Eurytoma  fulvijpes  Pitch,  Seventh  Rept.  Ins.  N.  Y.  (sep.  ed.),  1862,  p.  151. 
Isosoma  hordei  (var.j.  Walsh,  Amer.  Kntom.,  Oct.,  1870,  vol.  n,  p.  330. 

The  writer  is  able  to  positively  assert  that  Harris's  I.  hordei  is  iden- 
tical with  Fitch's  I.fulvipe*.  Fitch's  types  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  and  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Sam- 
uel Henshaw,  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  I  have  been 
able  to  critically  examine  Harris's  types,  consisting  of  2  males  and  2 
females,  fragmentary  it  is  true,  but  perfectly  recognizable.  The  spec- 
imens are  labeled  "281,"  and  the  record,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Hen- 
shaw, reads  "281  Eurytoma  hordei  H.  N.  E.  Farmer,  Insect  (parasitic?) 
in  Barley,  June  15, 1830.'' 

Female. — Length, 3.G  mm ;  expanse, 6  mm.  Pronotum  and  mesonotum 
minutely  but  strongly  rugulose,  smoother  than  I.  tritici;  metanotum 


19 

more  coarsely  rugulose,  the  larger  elevations  taking  a  longitudinal 
direction,  no  central  furrow  or  carina;  pronotal  spot  very  small,  not 
visible  from  above.  Abdomen  as  long  as  head  and  thorax  together; 
joints  4,  G,  and  7  subequal  in  length,  the  fifth  a  little  longer;  joint  3  a 
little  longer  than  4;  2  hardly  longer  than  3  and  4  united;  funicle  joints 
2  to  5  submoniliform,  but  still  a  little  longer  than  broad.  All  legs 
(except  coxae)  and  antennae  honey-yellow,  flagellum  and  femora  a  little 
darker;  claw  of  stigmal  club  straight,  given  off  well  before  tip  of  clnb; 
pilosity  sparse. 

Male. — The  only  males  which  I  have  seen  are  the  two  from  the  Harris 
collection.  These  are  both  in  very  bad  condition;  neither  has  an  abdo- 
men and  one  has  no  antenme.  With  the  other  but  three  funicle  joints 
remain  on  the  left  antenna  (the  others  being  broken  off)  and  four  on 
the  right,  but  the  latter  are  still  inclosed  in  the  pupal  sheath.  The 
three  funicle  joints  remaining  on  the  left  antenna  are  not  pedicellate, 
very  slightly  arched  above,  and  furnished  with  close,  moderately  short 
hair  not  arranged  in  whorls;  joint  1  longest,  2  and  3  successively 
decreasing.  Joint  4  is  still  shorter,  judging  from  the  sheathed  right 
antenna. 

Described  from  14  female  and  2  male  specimens,  two  females  from 
the  Fitch  collection,  labeled  in  Fitch's  handwriting  "Eurytoma  fnlvipes 
Fh.,"ten  females  reared  in  the  Division  of  Entomology,  January  23, 1883, 
from  stems  of  barley  received  from  W.  Couper,  "Canada  West/1  and  two 
females  and  two  males  from  the  Harris  collection,  reared  from  barley, 
June  15,  1830. 

Isosoma  secale  Fitch. 

Eurytoma  secalis  Fitch,  Amer.  Agric.  Aug.,  1861,  vol.  x\,  p.  236. 
Isosoma  hordei  (var. )  Walsh,  Amer.  Entom.,  Oct.,  1870,  vol.  II,  p.  330. 

Female. — Length,  3.G  mm.;  expanse,  6,6  mm.  i'unctation  as  with 
preceding  species ;  pronotal  spot  large,  plainly  seen  from  above.  Abdo- 
men as  long  as  head  and  thorax;  segments  4  and  5  subeqnal;  0  and  7 
together  shorter  than  5;  2  much  longer  than  4  and  5  together.  Color 
black;  scape  and  legs  black;  front  tibiae,  knees,  and  tips  of  middle  and 
hind  tibiae  and  all  tarsi  honey-yellow;  claw  of  stigmal  club  given  off 
near  tip  of  club,  somewhat  curved;  antenme  as  with  pieceding  species. 

Male. — Length,  3  mm.;  expanse,  5  mm.  Specimen  in  rather  poor 
condition.  Expansion  of  scape  more  abrupt  from  tip  than  with  other 
males  described;  funicle  joints  well  arched  above,  scarcely  pedicellate, 
each  with  two  indefinite  whorls  of  hair  and  with  no  median  constric- 
tion; each  joint  twice  as  long  as  wide;  clnb  plainly  divided  into  two 
joints,  but  no  trace  of  pedicel  to  terminal  joint,  resembling  hordei  in 
this  respect;  petiole  a  little  shorter  than  hind  cox se  and  shorter  than 
first  abdominal  segment. 

Kedescribed  from  one  female  and  one  male  from  Fitch's  collection 
labeled  Eurytoma  secale. 


20 

Isosoma  fitchi  n.  sp. 

Eurytoma  hordei  Fitch  (nee  Harris)  Seventh  Rept.  Ins.  New  York  (anthor's  edi- 
tion), p.  154,  18G2. 

Female. — Length,  3  mm.;  expanse,  5.8  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
mesonotum  faintly  shagreened,  nearly  smooth,  shining;  mesoscntellum 
with  a  few  sparse  punctures;  metanotum  with  a  complete  median  lon- 
gitudinal farrow  einarginate  on  the  anterior  half  and  with  a  central 
carina  extending  nearly  to  tip;  very  coarsely  rugulose  either  side  of 
furrow  with  a  faint  granulation  between  raised  lines;  pronotal  spot 
large,  plainly  seen  from  above  and  two  spots  together  occupying  about 
one-third  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  foreborder  of  the  pronotnm. 
Antenna'  with  well  separated  joints;  fnnicle  joints  2,  3,  4,  and  5  eqnal 
in  length  and  width:  joint  1  a  little  longer;  joint  5  as  well  separated 
from  club  as  from  preceding  joint:  club  a  little  longer  than  4  and  5 
together  but  of  the  same  width.  Abdomen  as  long  as  thorax;  joint  4 
shorter  than  (>;  5  longer  than  6;  7  and  8  subequal.  Color  black,  except 
for  pronotal  spot  and  knees,  which  are  luteous:  claw  of  stigmal  club 
given  otV  about  at  tip  of  club,  straight. 

Muh. — Length,  2.2  mm.;  expanse,  L2  mm.  Petiole  about  as  long  as 
hind  coxa-  and  nearly  eqnal  in  length  to  first  abdominal  segment. 
Antenna'  with  fnnicle  joints  very  slightly  arched  above,  each  joint  fully 
three  times  as  long  as  wide  and  slightly  constricted  in  middle;  other- 
wise as  with  /.  hordei. 

Described  from  2  females  and  1  male  in  the  Pitch  collection,  labeled 
in  Fitch's  handwriting"  Eurytoma  hordei  Harris,  Nos.  15223  and  15197. " 


Genus  IS0S0M0RPHA  Ashmead. 

Isosomorpha  muhlenbergiae  n.  sp. 

Female — Length, 2.2  mm.;  expanse, 4.8  mm.    Thorax  with  close  faint 

umbilicate-punctate  sculpturing;  metanotum  with  a  straight  central 
complete  groove  and  a  central  carina  indicated  anteriorly — groove,  how- 
ever, not  einarginate:  entire  thorax  with  a  close  and  very  short  white 
pile  except  in  metanotal  groove,  which  is  naked.  Abdomen  shorter 
than  thorax,  flattened  from  sides;  joint  1  very  long,  longer  than  all  the 
rest  together:  joints  2  and  3  subequal;  joints.")  and  <>  very  short;  joints 
2.3,4,  and  5  of  antennal  fnnicle,  equal  in  length  and  width,  subqu  ad  rate; 
joint  1  longer,  twice  as  long  as  pedicel;  club  long,  ovate,  a  little  longer 
than  fnnicle' joints  4  and  5  together.  Color  black;  front  coxa'  dark 
brown,  black  at  base:  all  legs  honey-yellow;  scape  slightly  yellowish 
at  base;  wings  hyaline:  stigmal  club  very  small;  claw  feeble. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  from  a  gall  on  M  allien - 
bergia  diffusa,  closely  resembling  deformation  made  by  Isosoma  hordei, 
and  collected  July  25,  1801,  by  J.  Gr.  Barlow,  at  Cadet,  Mo. 


21 


Genus  EURYTOMOCHARIS  Ashmead. 

Eurytomocharis  eragrostidis  n.  sp.  (fig.  8). 

Female. — Leugth,  1.8  mm;  expanse,  4  mm.  Head  and.  thorax  very 
faintly  shagreened,  with  minute  umbilicate  punctures  on  pronotuni 
and  larger  ones  on  mesoscutellum ;  metanotum  with  central  longitud- 
inal suture  complete,  but  not  emarginate.  Abdomen  shorter  than  tho- 
rax; joint  4  as  long  as  2  and  3  together;  2  and  3  subequal;  5  and  6 
short.  Antennae  with  globose  funicle  joints;  joint  1  of  funicle  a  little 
longer  than  pedicel,  others  subequal;  club  ovate,  a  little  longer  than 
funicle  joints  4  and  5  together.  All  legs,  including  coxae,  dark  yellow 
brown. 

Male. — Length,  1.2  mm;  expanse.  2.0'  mm.  Petiole  faintly  sculp- 
tured, as  long  as  hind  coxae;  antenna1  with  the  5  funicle  joints  strongly 
arched  above  and  pedicellate;  the  body  of  each  joint  nearly  as  wide  as 


Fig.  8. —  Eurytomocharia  eragrosHdis  Howard. 

long;  scape  broad,  slightly  widened  below;  pedicel  globose;  club  as 
long  as  two  preceding  funicle  joints  together,  not  obviously  divided. 

Described  from  very  many  male  and  female  specimens  reared  Sep- 
tember, 1885,  and  March,  1886,  from  stems  of  Eragrostis  poceoides, 
collected  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  by  F.  M.  Webster.  The  infested  grass 
stem  is  as  a  general  thing  not  at  all  or  very  slightly  swollen.  The 
larva  excavates  it  for  a  distance  of  an  inch  or  more  and  issues  from  a 
round  hole.  The  first  or  second  joint  below  the  head  seems  to  be  the 
portion  of  the  grass  most  commonly  attacked. 

Eurytomocharis  triodise  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length,  3.2  mm.;  expanse,  5  mm.  Resembles  closely  the 
foregoing  species,  except  that  it  is  considerably  larger.  Head,  pro- 
notum,  and  mesonotum  coarsely  umbilicate-punctate;  metanotum  with 
very  shallow  emarginate  central   furrow   with    transverse  rugosities 


22 

throughout  its  full  extent;  the  narrow  expanse  either  side  of  furrow 
granulate;  remainder  of  met  an  o  turn  coarsely  rugose.  Abdomen  as 
long  as  head  and  thorax  together;  fourth  segment  longer  than  .second 
and  third  together;  third  twice  as  long  as  second;  fifth  equal  in  length 
to  second.  Entire  thorax  with  close  white  pile.  Antenna4  about  as 
with  preceding  species,  except  that  joint  1  of  funicle  is  longer  than  2 
and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  pedicel;  club  of  stigmal  vein  triangular; 
claw  not  distinctly  differentiated.  Color,  black;  scape,  honey-yellow  : 
all  legs  brown,  lighter  at  joints;  femora  and  tibiae,  dark  in  the  middle. 
All  coxae  shagreened. 

Male, — Length,  2.1  mm.;  expanse,  3.2  mm.  Petiole  slightly  rugose; 
distinctly  longer  than  bind  coxae;  antenna'  as  with  preceding  species, 
except  that  joint  1  of  the  funicle  is  longer  than  2,  and  2  is  longer  than 
3,  while  club  is  not  so  long  as  two  preceding  joints  together. 

Described  from  8  females  and  1  male  reared  April  27  and  May  17, 
1888,  from  the  dry  stems  of  Triodia  cnprea  collected  on  the  Virginia 
side  of  the  Potomac  River,  near  Washington,  I).  0.,  by  Theodore 
Pergande. 


r  -ml^ 


Flu.  <i. —  Evoxyaoma  Ditto,  (Sannders). 

Genus  EVOXYSOMA  Ashmead. 

Evoxysoma  vitis  (Saunders)  (tig.  9). 

Isosoma  vitis,  Saunders,  Can.  En  torn.  1870,  vol.  n,  p.  26. 
Female. — Length,  3  mm.;  expanse,  5.(3  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
mesonotum  closely  and  rather  faintly  uinbilicate-punctate;  metanotum 
with  a  broad  central  longitudinal  depression  with  convex  sides,  deli- 
cately shagreened  in  center;  mesopleura  below  teguhe  delicately  sha- 
greened; all  coxai  also  shagreened.  Abdomen  as  long  as  head  and 
thorax  together;  joint  4  as  long  as  2,  3,  and  5  together;  2,  3,  5,  and  0 
subequal.  Antennae  snbmouiliform ;  funicle  joints  1  and  2  nearly  equal 
in  length,  1  slightly  longer;  remaining  joints  decreasing  in  length  very 
slightly;  club  nearly  equal  to  three  preceding  joints  together;  head  and 


25 

thorax  with  close,  fine,  white  pile,  which  is  also  present  on  terminal 
joints  of  abdomen.  Color  black,  antennal  scape  yellowish;  all  coxae 
black,  the  front  pair  somewhat  yellowish  at  tip;  front  and  middle  legs 
except  cox?b  honey-yellow;  hind  femora  brown  in  middle,  honey-yellow 
at  either  end;  hind  tibiae  honey-yellow,  slightly  brownish  in  middle; 
base  of  abdomen  below  brownish;  stigmal  club  well  rounded,  claw 
straight  and  short. 

Male.^— Petiole  thick,  shagreened,  longer  than  hind  coxae,  as  long  as 
first  abdominal  joint;  antenna.1  as  with  male  of  Eurytomocharis  triodice, 
except  that  the  fun icle  joints  are  somewhat  more  strongly  pedicellate. 
All  legs,  excepting  middle  and  hind  coxae,  honey-yellow\ 

Described  from  six  females  and  four  males  apparently  reared  from 
grape  seeds  by  0.  V.  Eiley.  The  specimens  are  all  in  the  old  Riley 
collection,  together  with  five  shriveled  grapes  from  which  they  have 
emerged.     The  series  is  probably  the  one  referred  to  in  the  Second 


*»>»»,. 


Fig.  10. — Decatomidea  cook!  Howard. 

Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri  (p.  92),  where  it  is  stated  that  they 
were  reared  from  infested  grapes  received  in  August,  1869,  from  A.  S. 
Fuller,  of  New  Jersey,  and  obtained  by  him  from  Canada.  The  evi- 
dence in  favor  of  the  phytophagic  habit  of  the  species,  as  given  by 
Saunders  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  is  apparently  conclusive,  but 
there  is  still  a  chance  that  this  species  and  the  next  one  are  parasitic 
or  inquilinous.  They  hardly  belong  structurally  to  the  phytophagic 
group  of  the  Eurytominae. 

Genus  DECATOMIDEA  Ashmead. 

Decatomidea  cooki  n.  sp.  (tig.  10). 

Female. — Length,  3.6  mm;  expanse,  5.8  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
mesonotum  densely  and  rather  coarsely  and  regularly  umbilicate  punc- 
tate; metanotum  with  a  very  broad  central,  slightly  emarginate,  and 


24 

very  shallow  shagreen ed  furrow.  Antennae  rather  long,  mouiliform; 
funicle  joint  1  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  pedicel  and  nearly 
three  times  as  long  as  thick;  joint  2  shorter  than  1,  twice  as  long  as 
thick;  joint  3  a  little  longer  than  2;  4  and  5  each  as  long  as  2;  club 
as  long  as  4  and  5  together.  Body  nearly  naked;  pile  sparse.  Color 
black;  antenmc  yellowish;  ail  legs  yellowish  except  hind  coxa1,  which 
are  blackish  above  and  below;  underside  of  thorax,  all  of  face,  includ- 
ing margin  behind  the  eyes. 'and  underside  of  abdomen,  yellow,  the 
yellow  of  the  abdomen  extending  dor  sally  nearly  to  the  middle  on  fifth 
and  sixth  segments;  fourth  segment  as  long  as  second  and  third 
together;  tit'th  longer  than  third,  but  shorter  than  fourth;  second  and 
sixth  equal. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen  reared  March  12, 1884, from  grape 
seeds  received  January  28,  1884.  from  A.  J.  Cook,  at  Lansing,  Mich. 
There  are  four  specimens  in  the  national  collection  received  by  Professor 
Riley  in  the  fall  of  1880  from  Dr.  Fran/  Loew.  of  Vienna.  The  females 
differ  from  the  single  female  reared  from  the  seed  sent  by  Professor  Cook 
only  colorationally ;  the  yellow  is  much  more  prevalent  and  the  black  is 
reduced  to  a  series  of  dorsal  markings.  Of  the  four  specimens  received 
from  Dr.  Lowe,  two  are  males  and  two  females.  The  accompanying 
figure  was  drawn  from  one  of  the  Loew  females.  With  the  males  the 
antennas  arc  elongate,  the  dorsal  whorls  of  hair  on  the  funicle  joints 
being  very  long,  two  distinct  whorls  to  each  joint,  and  the  segment 
somewhat  constricted  between  the  whorls;  not  strongly  pedicellate; 
joints  4  and  5  shorter  than  2  and  3;  club  not  longer  than  funicle  joint  5. 
Each  funicle  joint  is  at  least  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  the  dorsal 
elevation  is  not  strongly  marked.  In  coloration  the  males  are  darker 
than  the  females.  The  longitudinal  dorsal  thoracic  black  band  is 
broader  behind  although  narrower  on  the  pronotum,  where  it  is  sup- 
ported on  either  side  by  ;i  black  dot.  The  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  is 
entirely  black. 

Dr.  Loew  wrote  that  the  specimens  were  reared  from  seeds  of  Vitis 
californica.  The  seeds  were  imported  from  California  to  Vienna  in 
the  month  of  January.  The  imagos  emerged  from  the  seeds  at  some 
time  between  April  12  and  June  15.  A  very  great  number  of  seeds 
were  infested  and  the  larvre  consumed  the  entire  seed  contents. 


Tech.  Ser.  No.  3,  Div.  Entom.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


Frontispiece. 


Leaf  Galls  of  Pontania. 


1.  Pontania  resinicola  n.  sp. 

2.  P.  hyalina  Norton. 

3.  P.  desmodioides  Walsh. 


4.  P.  pomum  Walsh. 

5.  P.  piriformis  n.  sp. 
(3.  P.  monile  u.  sp. 


P.  bruneri  n.  sp. 


Technical  Series  No.  3. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY, 


REVISION 


OF    THE 


NEMAT1N/E  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


A  SUBFAMILY  OF  LEAF-FEEDING  HYMENOPTERA 
OF  THE  FAMILY  TENTHREDINIM. 


BY 


O.    L.    MAKLATT, 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE, 
1896, 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  I).  C,  February  25,  1X96. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  the  third  number  of 
the  technical  series  of  bulletins  of  this  Division.  It  has  been  prepared 
by  my  first  assistant,  Mr.  C.  L.  Marlatt,  and  consists  of  a  monographic 
revision '  of  the  Nematime,  an  important  subfamily  of  leaf-feeding 
hymenopterous  insects  of  the  family  Tenthredinidra.  The  larva?  of 
these  insects  are  all  plant-feeders  and  include  among  their  number 
some  very  important  enemies  of  cultivated  plants.  They  represent, 
economically,  the  most  important  group  of  the  family  to  which  they 
belong. 

Respectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  J.  Sterling  Morton, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

The  Nematin,e  of  North  America 7 

Introduction 7 

Geographical  distribution 7 

Food-plants « 7 

Life  history  and  habits 7 

Range  of  species  and  economic  importance 9 

Difficulties  arising  from  confusion  of  species  and  loss  of  types 9 

Sources  of  material 10 

Structure  and  terminology 10 

Classification 17 

Table  of  genera 18 

Genus  Cladius 19 

Trichiocampus 20 

Priophorus 20 

Camponiscus 20 

Anoplonyx 20 

Euura 20 

Pontania 20 

rteronus 41 

Amauronematus 75 

Croesus *_ 86 

Holcocneme 87 

Nematus 87 

Pachyncmatus 91 

Micronematus 110 

Lyga^onematus Ill 

Pristiphora 113 

Gynmonychus 122 

Dineura 125 

Hemichroa 125 

Appendix:  Description  of  species  the  types  of  which  are  lost  or  inaccessible. .  126 

Index  to  genera  and  species 133 

5 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Leaf  Galls  of  Pontania Frontispiece* 

Fig.  1.  Head  of  Peteronu*  extenticornu 11 

i'.  Mouth-parts  of  Packynemattu  ericksonii 12 

3.  Thorax  of  Pacht/nematus  eridksonii 1 :'- 

1 .    Types  of  claws 1  ."> 

5.  Abdomen  of  PaekynemaUu  erioktonii 10 

»!.   Venation  of  Ncma tines II! 

7.  Pontania  pisum  Walsh 33 

8.  Pteronus  ventralis  Say ,    51 

!>.  PachynematiU  extensicornis  Norton 97 

10.  Gymnonyohus  calif  amicus  n.  sp 123 

6 


THE  NEMATIM  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  subfamily  Ncmatincv  of  Thompson  or  Nematina  of  Cameron 
(Konow's  subtribe  Nematides)  comprises  a  very  large  group  of  closely 
allied  species,  distributed  in  the  classification  adopted  by  the  author 
among  nearly  a  score  of  genera.  They  range  from  very  small  insects  to 
medium  sized,  but  include  no  very  large  species,  or  in  length  from  2  to 
12  mm.  They  are  for  the  most  part  smooth,  shining,  and  rather  soft 
bodied,  and  are  variously  colored,  but  yet  presenting  frequently  a 
confusing  similarity  in  general  form,  and  particularly  in  coloration, 
rendering  their  generic  and  specific  references  in  some  cases  difficult. 
In  point  of  number  of  species  and  abundance  of  individuals  this  sub- 
family far  exceeds  any  other  of  the  corresponding  groups  in  the  family 
Tenthredini(he,  and  in  variation  and  peculiarities  in  larval  habits  and 
in  economic  importance  many  of  the  species  belonging  to  it  have  a 
very  great  interest. 

Geographical  distribution. — The  Nematinse  are  distinctly  northern  in 
their  range,  reaching  their  greatest  development  in  abundance  of  species 
and  specimens  in  the  transition  and  boreal  zones,  and  extend  north- 
ward into  circumpolar  regions — species  occurring  abundantly  in  Green- 
land, Iceland,  and  Spitzbergen.  Southward  they  become  less  and  less 
numerous,  and  are  practically  wanting  in  tropical  countries.  This  is 
illustrated  very  forcibly  in  Europe  by  the  occurrence  of  over  70  species 
of  the  old  genus  Nematus  in  Scotland  (Cameron)  and  95  in  Sweden 
(Thompson),  as  against  12  about  Naples,  Italy  (Costa);  and  the  same 
discrepancy  exists  between  the  temperate  and  subarctic  region  of 
America  and  the  Southern  States  and  Mexico. 

Food-plants — Their  food-plants  cover  a  wide  range,  some  species  affect- 
ing grasses,  one  or  two  very  destructive  ones  the  grains,  others  various 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs,  and  still  others  conifers.  The  majority  of 
the  species  occur,  however,  on  plants  of  the  families  Salicaceae,  Betu- 
laceae,  Rosacea?,  and  Conifera3,  in  the  order  given. 

Life  history  and  habits. — The  Nematines  are  among  the  first  sawflies 
to  appear  in  spring,  occurring  abundantly  on  trees  at  the  first  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves.  They  do  not  often  frequent  flowers,  except,  at  least, 
those  of  the  plants  upon  which  their  larvae  feed.  Many  willow  species, 
for  example,  occur  abundantly  on  the  earliest  spring  bloom  of  the  willow. 

7 


In  common  with  other  sawflies,  however,  they  rarely  leave  their  larval 
food-plants,  and  to  be  collected  successfully  a  knowledge  of  their  habits 
in  this  respect  is  very  desirable. 

In  number  of  broods  great  diversity  is  found,  and  the  normal  rule  of 
most  Tenthredinida1,  of  a  single  yearly  brood,  is  frequently  deviated 
from.  Some  species  are  known  to  be  limited  in  number  of  broods  only 
by  the  length  of  the  season,  as,  for  example,  Pteronus  centralis  Say,  the 
common  willow  species.  Two  annual  generations  are  common,  but 
many  species  are  single  brooded,  the  larva1  entering  the  soil  or  other 
material  or  remaining  in  their  galls  ;it  the  completion  of  growth  and 
continuing  in  dormant  condition  until  the  following  spring,  when  shortly 
before  they  emerge  as  perfect  insects  the  change  to  the  pupal  condition 
takes  place.  The  males  normally  appear  a  few  days  before  the  females, 
ami  the  duration  of  the  life  of  the  adults  of  both  sexes  is  short,  not 
often  exceeding  a  week  or  ten  days.  ( )f  a  large  percentage  of  the  species 
no  males  are  known,  and  in  the  case  of  many  species  careful  and 
repeated  breeding  records  indicate  that  males  are  very  rarely  produced. 

In  some  species  parthenogenesis  is  complete;  that  is,  the  eggs  from 
unimpregnated  females  produce  other  females.  In  other  instances  of 
parthenogenesis,  however,  either  males  only  are  developed  from  unfer- 
tilized ova  or  females  very  rarely. 

The  union  of  the  sexes  takes  place  very  shortly  after  the  appearance 
of  the  females  and  e^  deposition  closely  follows.  The  eggs  are  inserted 
either  singly  or  a  number  together  in  the  young  twigs,  larger  veins, 
petioles,  in  the  surface  parenchyma,  or  in  the  edges  of  the  leaves,  the 
single  exception  being  the  case  of  the  gooseberry  sawfly  {Pteronus 
ribesii),  which  merely  glues  its  eggs  to  the  leaf  without  making  any 
incision  whatever. 

Most  of  the  species  are  external  feeders  on  the  foliage  of  plants,  but 
the  species  of  two  genera,  Euura  and  P<>nt<nii<t,  so  far  as  their  habits 
have  been  studied,  are  gall  makers,  and  pass  their  early  life  in  the 
interior  of  the  plants,  either  in  the  stems  without  causing  abnormal 
growths  or  in  the  excrescences  or  galls  on  the  stems  and  leaves.  At 
least  one  American  species  develops  in  the  rolled  or  folded  edge  of  the 
leaf.  The  larva*  are  20-footed,  some  solitary,  others  gregarious — the 
latter  usually  more  brightly  colored  and  possessing  means  of  protec- 
tion in  glands  secreting  a  noxious  fluid.  Most  of  the  solitary  ones  are 
green  and  not  readily  observed.  They  usually  feed  from  the  underside 
of  the  leaves,  eating  from  the  edge  or  cutting  circular  holes  in  the  gen- 
eral surface,  and  in  some  cases  taking  everything  but  the  stronger 
veins.  Many  species  rest  quietly  during  the  day,  feeding  only  at  night. 
Some  have  the  habit  of  throwing  the  posterior  segments  violently 
upward  to  frighten  away  parasites  or  enemies;  others  adhere  to  the 
leaves  or  twigs  by  the  thoracic  feet  only,  coiling  the  posterior  segments 
under  the  middle  ones. 


The  nematine  larva,  after  its  final  molt,1  generally  enters  the  ground 
to  pupate,  spinning  a  double  or  single  silken  cocoon  more  or  less  incor- 
porated with  particles  of  earth  exteriorly.  In  the  case  of  the  species 
having  several  broods  annually,  the  cocoons,  at  least  of  the  summer 
generation,  are  frequently  constructed  above  ground,  either  among  the 
dry  leaves  and  rubbish  at  the  base  of  the  host  plant,  or  on  the  twigs,  or 
in  crevices  of  the  bark  of  the  latter.  Some  of  the  gall  species  pupate 
in  their  galls,  but  many  of  them  abandon  their  galls  to  undergo  their 
transformations  in  rotten  wood,  in  the  pith  of  plants,  in  deserted  galls, 
or  in  the  earth. 

Species  living  exposed  on  the  leaves  will  also  sometimes  enter  deserted 
galls,  either  to  transform  or  to  hibernate.2 

Range  of  species  and  economic  importance. — Some  few  species  are  known 
to  be  widely  distributed,  and  this  is  particularly  true  of  the  larch  saw- 
fly,  which  occurs  throughout  Canada  and  the  ^Northern  States,  and  also 
in  Europe.  Whether  this  species  (Lygwonematus  crichsonii  ITartig) 
can  be  called  an  introduced  species  or  net  is  a  question.  Its  wide  dis- 
tribution throughout  the  Northern  States  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it 
has,  perhaps  for  many  centuries,  occurred  on  both  continents.  The 
gooseberry  and  currant  sawflies,  however ' (Pteronus  ribesii  Scop,  and 
Pristiphora  appendiculata  Hartig),  are  undoubted  cases  of  importation. 
Tbe  economic  importance  of  the  group  is  well  illustrated  by  the  species 
just  mentioned,  the  last  two  being  among  the  most  serious  enemies  of 
several  small  fruits,  and  the  first  threatening  the  almost  total  destruction 
of  the  larch  forests  in  many  districts.  Other  examples  of  very  destruc- 
tive species  are  the  willow  sawfly  {Pteornus  ventral  is  Say),  the  wheat 
sawfly  (Pachyncmatns  extensicornis  Xort.),  the  Western  pear  sawfly 
(Gymnonychus  calif ornicits  n.  sp.),  and  the  cranberry  sawfly  (Pristiphora 
idiota  Kort.). 

Difficulties  arising  from  confusion  of  species  and  loss  of  types. — The 
classification  of  this  natural  and  distinctly  differentiated  subfamily  has 
been,  until  quite  recently,  in  a  very  experimental  and  unsatisfactory 
condition,  and  this  is  particularly  the  case  with  the  genus  Kcmatus, 
which,  cumbersome  from  the  number  of  species  referred  to  it,  has  been 
invariably  a  stumbling  block  to  every  student  of  the  Tenthredinidie. 
Following  the  lead  of  the  earlier  European  writers  on  the  group,  Amer- 
ican describers  of  species  in  the  old  genus  Ncmatus  have  based  their 
characterizations  almost  solely  on  mere  differences  in  coloration,  with 
such  references  to  structural  features  as  are  of  little  value  or  of  generic 
rather  than  specific  importance.  The  failure  to  note  the  variations  in 
the  structure   of  different  parts  of  the  insect  has  led  to  the  most 

lSee>  "The  Final  Molting  of  Tenthredinid  Larva',''  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  n, 
p.  115. 

2Seo  "Hibernation  of  Nematids  and  its  bearing  on  Inqnilinous  Species/'  Proc. 
Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  m,  p.  263. 


10 

confusing  assemblage  of  different  species  under  the  same  name,  and, 
worse  than  this,  the  bringing  together  of  representatives  of  different 
genera  under  a. single  species.  This  is  well  illustrated  in  the  species 
cornigcr  and  subalbatus,  under  which  names  specimens  were  found 
grouped  in  the  collections  of  the  American  Entomological  Society 
which  belong  to  at  least  four  distinct  genera.  In  cases  like  this  it  is 
sometimes  difficult,  particularly  where  the  type  specimens  are  lost,  to 
decide  to  which  genus  the  species  bearing  the  original  name  should  be 
assigned.  The  difficulties  of  the  case  have  been  greatly  enhanced  by 
the  fact  that  Norton,  who  has  described  most  of  our  species,  allowed 
many  of  his  types  to  be  destroyed  through  his  indifference  in  later  life, 
after  he  had  ceased  studying  the  group,  thus  vitiating  much  of  the  excel- 
lent work  of  his  earlier  years.  A  box  of  his  type  specimens  examined 
by  me,  which  had  recently  been  returned  to  the  Entomological  Society 
of  Philadelphia,  was  so  thoroughly  disintegrated  by  vermin  that  scarcely 
a  recognizable  fragment  remained. 

The  very  careful  work  done  in  the  last  few  years  by  Fr.  W.  Konow, 
of  Fuerstenberg,  Germany,  particularly  in  separating  the  old  bulky 
genus  Nematus  into  some  nine  genera,  has  made  it  possible  to  take  up 
this  group  much  more  satisfactorily  than  heretofore,  and  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  this  paper  Konow's  system  has  been  the  basis  of  the  classifi- 
cation adopted. 

Sources  of  material, — The  proper  placing  in  the  new  genera  of  the 
Species  formerly  included  in  Nematus,  which  in  scarcely  an  instance 
can  be  gathered  from  the  original  descriptions,  has  necessitated  the 
examination  of  all  the  old  types  of  Norton,  Cresson,  and  others,  and 
these  have  been  redescribed,  whenever  obtainable.  The  material  in 
the  genus  Nematus  in  the  collection  of  the  Ainericaif  Entomological 
Society,  which  includes  all  of  Cresson's  and  Norton's  types,  so  far  as 
they  have  been  preserved,  has  been  very  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal. 
I  have  also  had  the  National  collection  at  hand,  and  material  from  a 
number  of  private  collections,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the 
Nematines  from  Cornell  University,  kindly  loaned  by  Professor  Corn- 
stock,  and  the  types  of  Messrs.  Harrington,  Dyar,  Forbes,  Ashmead, 
and  McGillivray.  The  types  of  Provancher's  two  species  were  also 
very  kindly  obtained  for  me  by  Abbe  Iluard.  The  types  of  Kirby's 
species  and  of  a  few  others  described  abroad  I  have  been  unable  to 
examine  and  refer  generically,  and  the  original  descriptions  of  these, 
together  with  the  descriptions  of  the  lost  types  of  Norton,  are  included 
in  an  appendix. 

Structure  and  terminology. — In  recharacterizing  the  old  species  and 
working  up  the  large  amount  of  new  material  which  has  accumulated, 
parts  hitherto  rarely  used  have  been  referred  to  and  terms  repeat- 
edly employed  throughout  the  descriptions  which  would  be  unfamiliar 
to  most  students.  The  following  description  of  the  salient  characters 
used  in  the  descriptions  and  the  terminology  will  therefore  be  valuable. 


11 

The  bead  is  convex  in  front  and  more  or  less  concave  posteriorly. 
It  presents  in  the  characters  of  the  clypeus  and  of  the  occipital  and 
frontal  ridges,  together  with  the  antennre,  very  valuable  characters  for 
the  separation  of  genera  and  species.  The  difficulty  of  examining  the 
mandibles  in  dried  specimens  renders  the  use  of  these  parts  in  descrip- 
tions inadvisable,  and  this  holds  true  also  of  the  maxilla?  and  labium. 
There  is  also  usually  a  notable  variation  in  structure  between  the  right 
and  left  mandible.  (See  fig.  2.)  The  palpi  of  the  maxilla?  and  labium, 
the  former  6-jointed  and  the  latter  4-jointed,  are  usually  soft  and  lose 
shape  more  or  less  in  drying,  and  are  difficult  to  make  out  without 
softening  and  dissection.  The  clypeus,  if  emarginate  at  the  apex,  will 
present  good  differences  in  the  nature  of  the  emargination,  whether 


A 
c- 

</ 

e 

J— 


Fig.  1.— Head  of  Fteronus:  I,  front;  II,  rear;  III,  lateral;  and  IV,  dorsal  view:  a,  ocellar  basin; 
b,  antennal  fovea;  c,  socket  of  antenna;  d,  bypoclypeal  plate;  e,  clypeus;  /,  labrum;  g,  vertex;  h, 
front;  i,  face;  j,  upper  orbit  or  temple;  k,  posterior  orbit;  I,  eye;  ra,  lower  orbit  or  cheek;  n,  occiput; 
o,  occipital  foramen;  p,  oyc;  q,  cheek;  ;•,  mandible;  s,  occipital  fossa;  t,  maxilla;  u,  labium;  v, 
antenna  (original). 

broadly  or  narrowly,  deeply  or  shallowly,  and  also  in  the  character  of 
the  lobes  produced  by  this  emargination,  whether  they  are  rounded  or 
triangular,  and  their  width  relative  to  the  width  of  the  clypeus.  The 
vertex  frequently  presents  very  prominent  grooves  and  ridges,  and 
these,  particularly  the  ridges  surrounding  the  anterior  ocellus  and 
inclosing  quite  a  large  basin  in  front  of  it,  are  very  important.  The 
sides  of  this  basin  are  either  strongly  and  sharply  or  broadly  and 
roundly  elevated,  or  in  some  genera  they  are  subobsolete  or  wanting, 
as  in  Pristiphora.  The  anterior  wall  of  this  basin  is  usually  much  more 
strongly  raised  and  wider  than  the  lateral  walls,  and  frequently  extends 
beyond  the  basin  nearly  to  the  compound  eyes  on  either  side.  This  I 
have  termed  in  the  descriptions  the  frontal  crest.     Between  the  bases 


12 


of  the  antennse  and  immediately  in  front  of  this  crest  is  a  distinct 
depression  or  fovea — the  antennal  fovea — which  varies  remarkably  in 
different  specie^,  but  is  quite  uniform  within  species  limits.  In  some 
cases  this  fovea  breaks  through  the  frontal  crest,  uniting  more  or  less 
completely  with  the  ocellar  basin,  in  which  case  the  crest  is  said  to  be 
broken.  The  apex  of  the  more  or  less  prominent  ridge  between  the 
bases  of  the  antennae,  in  which  this  fovea  is  situated,  is  known  as  the 
antennal  tubercle. 

The  antenna-  are  always  9-jointed,  the  two  short  basal  joints  constitut- 
ing the  scape  and  the  others  the  llagellum.  The  antennae  arc  of  great 
value  in  generic  and  specific  characterizations,  both  in  the  matter  of 

length  relative  to  the  body  and 
in  general  shape  and  length  of 
joints.  They  are  usually  simple 
and  tapering,  in  some  genera 
filiform,  longer  in  the  male  than 
in  the  female,  and  frequentlyin 
the  males  with  the  basal  joints 
of  the  llagellum  more  or  less 
flattened  or  compressed.  In 
some  instances  the  basal  joints, 
particularly  in  the  males,  are 
toothed  or  branched. 

The  thorax,  except  in  punc- 
tuation and  hairy  vestiture, 
presents  few  structural  charac- 
ters of  value  in  specific  descrip- 
tion. It  is  important,  however," 
to  understand  the  terminology 
of  the  parts  to  properly  appreciate  the  color  descriptions.  It  presents 
a  large  number  of  sclerites — often  small  and  somewhat  obscure — which 
seem  never  to  have  been  very  carefully  described,  and  some  of  (he 
more  important  divisions  have  been  very  commonly  misapprehended. 
The  accompanying  illustration  (fig.  3)  shows  more  fully  than  will  be 
undertaken  in  the  text  the  superficial  anatomical  structure  of  this 
division  of  the  body.  When  softened  and  subjected  to  dissection,  the 
thorax  readily  separates  into  three  parts — not,  however,  on  the  lines 
commonly  supposed  to  represent  the  divisions  between  pro-,  meso-  and 
roetathorax.  The  pronotum  attaches  to  the  mesothorax  and  the  so- 
called  epistemum  of  the  metathorax  is  seen  to  be  mesothoracic. 

To  the  dorsal  region  of*  the  prothorax  the  pronotum,  or  first  division 
of  the  thorax,  is  generally  assigned.  This  sclerite,  as  just  indicated,  is 
most  intimately  and  inseparably  fused  with  the  mesothorax  and  is 
scarcely  at  all  attached  to  the  lateral  and  ventral  sclerites  of  the  pro- 
thorax,  which  support  the  head  and  to  which  the  anterior  legs  are 
joined.     On  this  ground,  Kirby  refused  to  consider  this  sclerite  protho- 


Pio.  2. — Month-parts  of  Paehynematus  erichsonii:  (A)  a, 
labrum;  &,  clypeus;  e,  hypoclypeal  plate ;  d,d,  anten- 
nal sockets;  e,  antennal  fovea  (B)  Labium :  a,  men- 
tnm;  6,  ligula;  e,  c,  palpi.  (C)  Right  mandible.  il>> 
Left  mandible.  (K)  Maxilla:  a.  cardo;  b,  stipes;  c, 
galea;  d,  lacinia;  <\  palpus  (original). 


13 

racie,  but  Burmeister  and  later  authors  have  given  good  reasons  for 
considering  it  to  represent  the  dorsal  are  of  the  prothorax  or  the  pro- 
notnm,  and  it  is  so  designated  in  this  paper. 

Belonging  to  the  mesothorax  are  the  tegulae,  anterior  and  lateral 
lobes  of  the  mesoscutuin,  mesoscutelluin,  and  lnesopostseiltellum  (for 
brevity  the  second  and  third  divisions  are  referred  to  as  the  anterior 
and  lateral  lobes  and  the  scutelluin).  The  mesopostscutellum  is  found 
to  enter  very  deeply  into  the  interior  of  the  thorax,  doubtless  to  fur- 
nish attachments  for  the  powerful  wing  muscles  (fig.  3,  i),  and  forms  an 
invagination  which  nearly  cuts  the  body  in  half  at  this  point.  The 
division  of  the  body  at  this  point  is  analogous   to  the  separation  in 


TZ 


Fig.  3. — Thorax  of  Pachynematus  erichsonii:  I,  dorsal  view ;  II.  ventral;  III,  lateral;  and  IV,  lateral 
with  segments  separated.  Prothorax:  a,  episternum;  b,  sternum;  c,  coxa;  d,  prohotum.  Hemothorax: 
e,  anterior,  ami/,  lateral  lobes  of  scutum;  r/,  scutelluni;  h,  postscutellum ;  i,  mesophragma  -.j,  epimeron; 
A-,  posterior  plate  of  epimeron  (?) ;  I,  coxa.  Metathorax :  m,  scutum;  n,  scutelluin;  o, epimeron ;  p, 
coxa;  t,  tegula  (original). 


Coleoptera  between  the  j)rotliorax  and  mesothorax,  the  last  thoracic 
division  in  sawflies  being  intimately  joined  with  the  abdomen,  as  are 
the  last  two  divisions  in  beetles.  Belonging  to  the  metathorax  are  the 
metascutum  and  nieta scutelluin. 

This  last  sclerite — the*  metascutellum—  is  commonly  designated  in 
descriptions  as  the  "  basal  plates,7'  and  these  have  always  been  mat- 
ters for  dispute  among  entomologists.  Of  the  Europeau  writers,  Andre, 
following  Latreille  and  Audouin,  considers  them  as  constituting  the 
dorsal  arc  of  the  first  abdominal  segment;  Cameron,  as  representing 
a  fourth  thoracic  segment  (an  impossibility  from  our  accepted  standard 
of  the  structure  of  insects),  and  West  wood,  on  grounds  which  seem 


14 

entirely  valid,  shows  that  they  really  represent  the  terminal  sclerite  of 
the  metathorax,  namely,  the  inetascutellum.  This  is  plainly  apparent 
from  an  examination  of  the  genus  Cephus,  where  the  parts  are  very 
plainly  differentiated  and  their  relationshix)  easily  deciphered.  There  is 
a  suture  or  fold  separating  the  narrow  anterior  margin  of  this  sclerite, 
but  the  portion  so  separated  is  intimately  joined  to  the  posterior  por- 
tion and  need  not  be  separately  designated.  This  sclerite  is  strongly 
incised  at  the  apex  centrally  and  this  incision  is  covered  with  a  white 
membrane,  which,  in  descriptions,  is  commonly  referred  to  as  the 
white  blotch  of  the  so-called  basal  abdominal  segment.  The  universal 
occurrence  of  this  white  blotch  and  its  slight  variation,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  larger  groups  of  genera,  make  it  ordinarily  of  little  value  in 
descriptions  of  species.  In  the  comparisons  of  older  descriptions  the 
white  spot  on  the  basal  segment  will  be  understood  to  mean  this 
blotch,  and  in  harmonizing  these  with  the  characterizations  of  species 
in  the  following  pages  it  must  also  be  remembered,  in  referring  by  num- 
ber to  the  segments  of  the  abdomen,  that  the  so-called  iirst  segment 
belongs  to  the  thorax. 

The  pair  of  white  spots  occurring  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  meta- 
scutum,  termed  cenchri,  also  occur  uniformly  in  all  Tenthredinidae  and 
present  no  important  variation  in  genera,  and  although  they  have  been 
referred  to  in  most  of  the  older  descriptions,  it  has  not  been  deemed 
necessary  to  mention  them  m  the  characterizations  of  the  following 
pages.  These  spots,  uniformly  oval  and  whitish  in  color  and  bearing 
a  hexagonal  surface  sculpturing,  have  not  been  understood  so  far  as 
their  function  is  concerned.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  them  to  be  sound 
organs,  and  that  by  the  rubbing  of  the  base  of  the  subcostal  veins  of 
the  hind  wings  over  them  a  vibration  of  the  cenchral  plate  or  of  the 
plate  and  vein  results,  which  produces  sounds  audible  to  the  insect  ear. 
The  structure  of  the  cenchri  has  been  hitherto  erroneously  given ;  they 
consist  uniformly  of  projecting  plates  attached  basally,  which  x>rotect 
or  cover  openings  into  the  thorax.  In  the  case  of  the  Lydime,  the 
plate  projects  or  is  distinctly  raised  above  the  general  surface,  so 
that  the  free  edge  is  plainly  noticeable.  The  idea  has  therefore  been 
that  in  the  Lydime  the  true  cenchri  are  covered  by  an  overhanging 
plate.  In  this  subfamily,  however,  these  plates  are  the  cenchri,  there 
being  no  membrane  or  structure  beneath  them;  and  in  other  subfami- 
lies the  posterior  free  edge  fits  down  more  closely  into  the  opening  of 
the  cavity,  so  that  the  fact  that  it  has  a  free  posterior  and  lateral 
margin  may  only  be  discovered  by  dissection. 

The  lateral  and  ventral  aspect  of  the  thorax  includes,  for  the  pro- 
thorax,  an  episternum  and  a  central  sternal  plate;  for  the  mesothorax, 
an  epimeron  and  an  episternum,  and  other  sclerites  which  are  rudi- 
mentary or  unimportant.  The  meso-epinieron  is  very  large  and  repre- 
sents the  bulk  of  the  side  and  venter  of  the  thorax.  The  divided 
sclerite  immediately  back  of  it,  which  supports  on  its  upper  extremity 


15 

the  anterior  wings,  has  by  some  authors  been  considered  to  represent 
the  episternnm  of  the  metathorax.  As  already  indicated,  it  is  inti- 
mately fused  with  the  mesothorax,  and  its  place  here  is  still  further 
shown  by  its  relation  to  the  anterior  wings.  The  epimeron  of  the 
metathorax  is  comparatively  small,  and  the  episternnm  is  apparently 
wanting,  unless  the  sclerite  just  above  the  metepimeron  may  be  so 
considered. 

The  leg  includes  a  large  coxal  joint,  2-jointed  trochanter,  and  the 
femur,  tibia,  and  tarsus  occurring  in  the  order  named.  In  two  genera 
the  legs  are  characteristically  shaped — Croesus  having  the  apex  of  the 
hind  tibia'  and  the  metatarsus  broad  and  flattened,  resembling  the  con- 
dition obtaining  in  social  bees,  and  Holcocneme  having  these  parts 
somewhat  enlarged  and  the  posterior  tibiae  distinctly  grooved  exteriorly. 
This  last  character  is,  however,  present  in  other  genera,  though  less 
distinctly.  The  tibial  spurs,  of  which  there  are  two  at  the  apex  of  each 
tibia,  do  not  vary  sufficiently  to  be  of  much  value  in  generic  or  specific 
descriptions.  The  forward  one  of  the  anterior  pair  of  legs  is  much 
stronger  than  the  others,  and  doubtless  serves  the  role  of  an  antennal 
scraper,  as  does  the  corresponding  spur  in  other  Ilymenoptera. 

The  claws,  while  affording  primarily  generic  characters,  are  of  some 
value  in  the  characterization  of  species.  Three  distinct  tyx^es  of  claws 
are  noted,  viz,  the  first,  in  which  the  claw  is 
more  distinctly  cleft,  the  two  teeth,  which 
have  been  termed  rays  throughout  the  de- 
scriptions, extending  in  a  direction  nearly 
parallel,  the  inner  ray  being  commonly  not 
much  shorter  than  the  outer  (fig.  4,  d,  e,  /); 
the  second  form  of  claw  consists  in  the  pro- 
jection of  a  minute  tooth  well  within  the 
apex  of  the  claw  and  extending  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  claw  (fig.  4,  by  c) ;  and  the 
third,  a  simple  claw,  without  branch  or  tooth 
(fig.  4,  a). 

The  abdomen  is  ovate  or  elliptical,  less 

,        ,  .  .       T,  .,  ,.,       Fig.  4. — Typos  of  claws:  a,  Gymno- 

commonly  elongate,  as  in  huura,  and  usually  nye1mScaUfornicxts;  &,  Pachynema- 
more  or  less  depressed.     It  presents  in  the     tus  extmswomis;  c,  Lyjaoncmatus 

/*  -i         •         i  t  •  ,*  j  l  -n   i  !      erichsonii;  d,  Amauronematus  luteo- 

female  nine  dorsal  arcs,  it  the  small  terminal  tergum;  'e/Fteronus  corneUi;  f% 
sclerite  attached  to  the  large  overlapping  p<mtania  agttis  (original), 
eighth  arc  is  considered  to  be  distinct.  This  last  sclerite,  the  ninth, 
bears  laterally  within  the  margin  at  its  base  the  two  uivjomted  append- 
ages known  as  cerci.  The  female  has  but  six  ventral  arcs,  the  terminal 
ones  being  metamorphosed  into  the  ovipositor  and  its  basal  supports.1 
The  male  abdomen  has  seven  prominent  dorsal  arcs,  with  a  thin  and 
frequently  concealed  termiual  arc,  and  seven  ventral  arcs,  the  last 
(hypopygium)  being  very  long,  more  or  less  curved  upward  at  the  tip, 


lFor  structure  of  this  organ  in  Ilymenoptera,  see  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.Wash.,  vol.  n,  p.  201. 


16 


and  incloses,  with  the  terminal  dorsal  arc  (pygidium),  the  claspers  and 
sexual  organs.  To  use  these  latter  in  description  requires  dissection, 
and  they  have  not,  therefore,  been  referred  to. 

In  the  female  the  sheath  of  the  ovi- 
positor has  been  referred  to  through- 
out the  descriptions,  and  the  more 
prominent  variations  consist  in  its 
width  and  in  the  character  of  the 
upper  and  lower  margin  and  of  the 
apex.  The  hairy  vestiture,  particularly' 
that  of  the  extreme  apex  and  the  lower 
margin,  also  presents  good  specific  char- 
acters. The  cerci  are  either  very  short, 
a,  robust,  or  spindle-shaped,  or  are  very 
elongate  and  slender. 

In  the  males  the  apex  of  the  seventh 
dorsal  segment  and  the  terminal  ven- 
tral segment  are  useful,  particularly  in 
generic  separation,  and  also  present  spe- 
bered  1  to 9;  «.  Bpicuie  plate;  b.  basal  por-  ciiic  features,  particularly  in  the  ternii 

^^SSSSTiSSSS^  ":l1  Prolongation  from  the  center  of  the 
enlarged  (original).  seventh  dorsal  segment,  which  projec- 

tion, following  Konow,  is  referred  to  in  the  descriptions  as  the  proci- 
dentia. The  narrow  projecting  tip  of  this  segment  is  usually  thickened 
and  prominent,  and  varies  in  its  width  relative  to  its  length  and  in  the 
character  of  the  constriction,  or 
otherwise,  of  its  base. 

The  subject  of  the  venation  of 
Tenthredinidae  has  been  fully 
discussed  elsewhere  and  need 
not  be  referred  to  at  length  here.1 
The  normal  venation  of  the  Ne- 
matines  is  indicated  in  the  ac- 
companying' figure  (fig.  0).  Of 
importance  in  specific  character-  Fl°-  o.— neuration  of  nematines:  Longitudinal 

veins. — a,  costal;  b,  subcostal;  c,  median;  d,  anal ;  e, 


Fig.  5. — Abdomen  <>t  PachynemaAMaeriehaonii 
Lateral  and  ventral  views:  Segments  nnm 


ization  are  the  intercostal  cross 
vein  in  its  relation  to  the  basal 
vein,  and  its  angle  with  the 
costa;  the  second  recurrent  vein, 
as  to  Avhether  interstitial  with 
the  second  transverse  cubital  or 
received  beyond  or  within  the 
latter;  and  in  the  posterior  wings,  the  relation  of  the  outer  veins  of  the 
discal  cells.  The  shape  of  the  cells  of  the  anterior  wings  is  of  compara- 
tively little  importance,  with  the  exception  of  the  third  cubital,  which 


accessory;/,  axillary;  g,  inferior;  h,  radial;  i,  cubi- 
tal;,;', subdisra!.  (Jross  veins.— k,  transverse  costal; 
m.  n.  o,  first  to  third  transverse cubitals j  j>,  basal;  g 
and  r,  first  and  second  recurrcnts;  .s- and  t,  lirst  and 
second  transverse  medians.  Cells. — 1,  costal;  2,  sub- 
costal; 3,  median;  4,  lam  -relate :  5,  anal;  G,  radial;  8-11, 
lirst  to  fourth  cubitals ;  12-14,  first  to  third  diseals;  15, 
16,  first  and  second  posteriors.  (In  tbe  bind  wing  cells  8 
and  13  are  usually  termed  tbe  discal  cells).    (Original.) 


1  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  ill,  pp.  78-82. 


17 

sometimes  presents  good  specific  characters  in  the  matter  of  its  length 
compared  with  its  width,  and  of  the  length,  respectively,  of  its  basal 
and  apical  cross  veins.  In  a  few  species  the  relative  length  of  the 
discal  cells  of  the  hind  wings  is  of  importance.  In  general,  however, 
the  neuration  of  the  wings  of  the  Xematines  (I  refer  here  more  particu- 
larly to  the  genera  developed  from  the  old  genus  Xematus)  is  strikingly 
uniform — so  much  so  that  repeatedly  in  the  descriptions  reference  is 
made  to  what  is  termed  normal  venation.  This  venation  will  be  under- 
stood by  a  reference  to  the  figure  which  is  drawn  to  represent  such 
venation,  and,  briefly,  consists  in  the  intercostal  cross  nerve  being 
inclined  and  about  its  own  length  anterior  to  the  basal  nerve ;  the  sec- 
ond recurrent  being  received  well  within  the  second  cubital  cell;  the 
third  cubital  more  than  half  as  wide  at  base  as  at  apex  and  about 
twice  as  long  as  wide  at  base;  the  upper  discoidal  cell  of  the  hind  wings 
exceeding  the  lower  and  about  twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  stigma 
varies  considerably  in  different  genera,  and  also  within  the  limits  of 
species.  This  variation  relates  to  its  width  compared  to  its  length  and 
the  character  of  its  apex,  whether  suddenly  or  rather  obtusely  pointed, 
or  distinctly  acuminate,  and  also  in  the  character  of  its  lower  border, 
whether  regularly  circularly  rounded  or  nearly  straight  or  more  or  less 
angulated. 

The  features  of  coloration,  which  have  hitherto  been  used  almost 
exclusively  in  the  differentiation  of  species,  are  often  constant  and  fur- 
nish reliable  characters,  but  can  not  be  implicitly  relied  upon.  For  the 
ready  separation  of  species  and  for  use  in  synoptic  tables,  color  will 
always  be  more  valuable  than  structural  characters,  especially  to  the 
beginner  (see  p.  23).  The  surface  characters  of  the  species,  such  as 
punctuation  and  hairy  vestiture,  are  of  both  specific  and  generic  value, 
but  are  less  striking  and  significant  in  this  subfamily  than  in  most  of 
the  other  divisions  or  in  other  families  of  Hymenoptera. 

Secondary  sexual  characters. — The  correct  association  of  the  males 
and  females,  in  the  absence  of  breeding  records,  is  a  difficult  matter,  on 
account  of  the  striking  variation  in  the  sexes  in  shape,  structure  of 
certain  parts,  and  particularly  in  coloration.  The  most  important  sec- 
ondary sexual  characters  are :  Color,  the  male  being  usually  much  darker 
than  the  other  sex;  form,  the  male  in  general  being  much  more  elongate; 
and  shape  of  antennae,  which  in  the  male  are  commonly  very  much  longer 
than  in  the  female  and  frequently  compressed  basally. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

The  following  characteristics  distinguish  the  Xematina?  from  allied 
groups:  Antenme  9-jointed,  usually  elongate,  slender,  tapering,  rarely 
with  processes  on  basal  joints,  frequently  more  elongate  in  the  males 
than  in  the  females,  and  somewhat  compressed;  anterior  wings  with 
simple,  seldom-divided  radial  cell,  in  which  latter  case  the  second 
cubital  receives  both  recurrent  veins;  basal  nervure  converging  with 
13449— No.  3 2 


18 

the  first  recurrent  nervure;  liind  wings  always  with  two  discal  cells  and 
with  complete  lanceolate  cell. 

The  following  table  of  genera  is  based  in  part  on  the  classification 
given  by  F.  W.  Konow,1  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  facilitate  the  recog- 
nition of  the  new  genera,  most  of  which  are  represented  among  our 
North  American  species. 

The  revision  of  genera  with  redescriptions  of  old  species  is  limited 
to  the  genera  formerly  included  in  the  genus  Xcmatus. 

Of  the  other  genera  a  list  of  the  American  species  only  is  given, 
together  with  a  few  notes  on  synonymy. 

1  A1U.E    OF    GENERA, 

Anterior  wings  with  simple  radial  cell. 

Lanceolate  cell  widely  contracted  in  the  middle. 

Second  and  third  cubital  cells  each  receiving  a  recurrent  vein. 

Third  to  fifth,  sometimes  sixth  and  seventh,  antennal  joints  of  the  male 
with  a  more  or  less  prominent  branch  at  tho  tip;  antenna-  of  the 
female  somewhat    compressed   and  a\  ith  sharp   projection  at  tip  of 

basal  joints I.  Cladius  Illig. 

Joints  of  antenme  without  projections  at  tip;  third  antennal  joint 
curved  at  the  base,  in  the  male  with  a  short,  blunt  fork  beneath,  and 

in  the  female  with  a  sharp  projection II.  Trichiocampue  Htg. 

Antenna'  without  peculiarities III.  Priophorus  Latr. 

Second  cubital  cell  receiving  both  recurrent  reins. 

Claws  bitid IV.  Camponiscus  Newm. 

Claws  simple V.  Anoplonyx  gen.  now2 

Lanceolate  cell  petiolate. 

Third  transverse  cubital  wanting VI.  Euura  Newm. 

Third  transverse  cubital  present. 

Claws  bifid,  clypeus  usually  emarginate. 

Tip  of  the  eighth  dorsal  segment  of  tho  male  with  a  small,  blunt, 
more  or  less  awl-shaped,  projection;  antenna:  of  female  filiform, 
small  species,  2  to  5  mm.  long,  stigma  often  having  clear  base, 
sheath  often  pointed  at  tip,  gall  inhabiters..  ATI.  I'ontania  Cost. 
Eighth  dorsal  segment  of  male  broader,  obtusely  pointed,  or  not  at 
all  produced  at  tip;  antenna'  distinctly  tapering  toward  tip; 
stigma  not  lighter  at  base;  sheath  not  pointed  at  tip;  body  more 
robust. 

Last  ventral  segment  of  male  obtusely  triangularly  produced  at 

tip;   sheath   of  female  of  the    usual  form;    posterior   tibke 

simple. 

Mesonotum  and  pleura1  shining;  antenna>  long  and  slender, 

usually  lighter  colored  beneath;  head,  viewed  from  the 

front,    almost  round;    labium    but    slightly  projecting; 

sheaths  usually  narrow  and  delicate. .  VIII.  Pleronus  Jur. 

1  Deutsche  entomologische  Zeitsehrift  for  1890,  pp.  225-255. 

2Ano})lonyxgei\.  now  (av,  without;  oTtX or,  weapon;  ovvq.  claw)  is  separated  from 
Camponiscus  Newm.  (of  which  Leptopus  Hartig  is  a  synonym)  by  the  very  important 
character  of  a  simple  claw  without  branch  or  inner  tooth.  The  typo  of  both  New- 
man's and  Hartig's  genus  is  Camjioniscus  hiridiventris  Fall.,  in  which  the  claws  are 
deeply  notched,  the  rays  being  subequal.  Anoplonyx  will  include  Camponiscus  pec- 
toralis  Lep.,  C.  bicolor  Lep.,  and  C.  ovatus  Zadd.  The  other  two  species  of  this  genus, 
C.  auritce  Z.  &  B.,  and  C.  carinthiacus  Z.  &  B.,  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to 
examine;  they  may  belong  with  C.  luridiventris  or  possibly  come  in  the  new  genus. 


19 

Mesonotuni  and  pleurae  opaque,  with  very  dense  and  fine 

punctures ;  antenna;  short,  tapering  decidedly  toward  tip ; 

head  more  or  less  triangular   and  with  long,  projecting 

labium ;  stigma  narrow,  tapering  posteriorly,  lengthened ; 

sheath  rather  thick  and  stout.  IX.  Amauronematus  Knw. 

Last  ventral  segment  of  male  excavated  at  tip,  not  obtusely 

triangularly  produced;   sheath  of  female  very  broad  or  the 

posterior  tibise  and  tarsi  thickened. 

Posterior  tibia*  and  tarsi  very  broad  and  flattened. 

X.  Croesus  Leach. 
Posterior  tibia'  and  tarsi  not  flattened. 

Posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi   thickened,   tibiae   externally 

with  longitudinal  furrow XI.  llolcocneme  Knw. 

Posterior  tibia'  and  tarsi  simple;  sheath  very  thick  and 

stout XII.  Nematus  Jur. 

Claws  with  short  tooth  within  tip,  tooth  projecting  nearly  at  right 
angle. 

Clypeus  emarginate. 

A^ertex  with  distinct  pentagonal  area. 

XIII.  P achy  nematus  Knw. 
Vertex  without  pentagonal  area.   XIV.  Micronematm  Knw. 
Clypeus  truncate. 

Pentagonal  area  more  or  less  distinct ;  eighth  dorsal  segment 
carinated,  subproduced :  sheath  simple ;  elongate  species. 

XV.  Li/gao  nematus  Knw. 

Pentagonal    area   wanting;    sheath    with    distinct    scopa; 

first  transverse  cubital  frequently  wanting ;  short,  ovate 

species XVI.  Pristiphora  Latr. 

Claws  simple,  without  branch  or  tooth. 

XVII.   Gymnoni/chns  gen.  nov.1 
Anterior  wings  with  divided  radial  cell. 

Lanceolate  cell  petiolate XVIII.  Dineura  Dahl. 

Lanceolate  cell  contracted XIX.  Hemichroa  Steph. 


I.  Genus  CLADIUS  Illiger. 

Cladiu8  111.     Fauna  Etrusca,  2d  ed.,  p.  27,  1807. 

Cladius pectinicornis  Fourcroy.     Entom.  Paris.,  II,  p.  371,  1785. 

Cladius  isomera  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vm,  p.  223,  1861. 

Tbe  only  representative  of  this  genus  in  this  country  is  the  well- 
known  enemy  of  the  cultivated  rose,  described  as  new  by  Norton 
under  the  name  C.  isomera.  An  examination  some  years  since  of 
Norton's  species  in  comparison  with  the  European  G.  pectinicornis  indi- 
cated at  once  the  identity  of  the  two.  The  common  European  enemy 
of  the  rose  had  evidently  been  early  imported  with  rose  plants  into 
New  England,  and  the  attention  of  Harris  and  Norton  was  drawn  to  it 
at  a  time  when  comparisons  were  out  of  the  question,  and  it  was  very 
naturally  described  as  a  new  species.  For  a  full  account  of  its  habits, 
with  figures,  see  Insect  Life,  vol.  V,  p.  6. 

1  From  yvj.iv  6$,  naked,  and  ovv£,  claw. 


20 


II.  Genus  TRICHIOCAMPU£  Hartig. 
Tnehiooampus  Htg.,  Fam.  Blattw.  u.  Hol/.w  .,  p.  17G.  1n:>7. 

Sl'ECIES. 

gregarius  Dyar.     Can.  Ent.,  xxvn,  p.  191,  $ ,  1895. 

vim'uuiUs  Fallen.     Svensk.  Yet.-Akad.  Handl.,  xxix,  p.  117,  1808. 

Aithicomcru-s    luteaceus   Liutiier.      ltli  Rept.  X.  Y.  State   En  torn.,  pp.  94-9G, 
1888. 

III.  Genus  PRIOPHORUS  Dahlbom. 

Priaphoriu  Dahl.     Conspect.  TcntL.  Scand.,  p.  1.  L835. 

species. 

cequalis  Norton.     Trans,  Am.  lint.  Soc.,  in,  p.  78,    I,  1*71'. 
rimpUcioomia  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  n,  p.  3G7,  $ ,  1869. 
eolitaria  Dyar.     Can.  Ent.,  xxvu.  p.  192,  9.  1895. 

IV.  Genus  CAMPONISCUS  Newman. 

CamponUcui  Newm.     Entomologist,  i\'.  ]».  215,  1869. 
No  American  species. 

\  .  Genus  ANOPLONYX  Gen.  Nov. 
No  American  Bpecies. 

VI.  Genus  EUURA  Newman.1 
Euuta  Ni'wni.     Entom.  Mag.,  IV,  p.  259,  183/. 

BPECIES. 

albiricia  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  VIII,  p.  1,   9,  1880. 
mexioana  Cameron.     Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Loud.,  1884,  p.  482,   9. 
nigra Provancher.     Addit.  Fann.  Can.  Hymen.,  p.  346,  9,  1888. 
orbitalitt  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  I,  p.  144,  9,  $,  1862. 
salicicola  Smith.     N.  A.  Entom.,  i,  p.  41,  1879. 
saU<i.s-no(h(8  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  VI,  p.  253,  $ ,  I860. 
salicis-orum  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  VI,  p.  252,   9 ,   $ ,  18GG. 
perturbans  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  VI,  p.  254,   9,  $ ,  18GG. 

VII.  Genus  PONTANIA  Costa. 
Pontania  Costa.     Fauna  Napoli,  Tenthred.,  1859,  p.  20. 

Body  small,  smooth,  clypeus,  emarginate  at  tip,  tarsal  claw  bifid,  stigma  usually 
lighter  at  base,  eighth  dorsal  segineut  of  male  with  procidentia  produced,  narrow, 
obtusely  poiuted,  more  or  less  awl  shaped,  black.  Eemale  antenna-  subfiliform, 
sheath  often  pointed.     Gall  inhabiters.     Species  three  to  live  millimeters  long. 

]I  have  a  considerable  amount  of  material  in  this  genus  and  hope  soon  to  give  it 
a  thorough  revising.  Until  this  is  doue,  uubred  material  can  not  often  be  satisfac- 
torily placed. 


21 

This  genus,  as  characterized  above  by  Konow,1  includes  a  group  of 
small  Nematines  which,  so  far  as  their  habits  have  been  discovered, 
breed  in  galls  on  the  leaves  of  various  species  of  willow.  So  far  as  I 
am  aware,  all  willow-leaf  galls  are  caused  by  these  insects.  The  Euuras, 
which  come  closest  to  them  in  habit,  always  produce  galls  in  twigs  or 
buds  or  inhabit  twigs  without  resulting  gall  formations,  and  never 
attack  the  leaf  proper. 

The  European  species,  now  known  as  Pontania  gallicola  Steph.,  is 
the  type  of  the  genus,  and  was  described  by  Linnaeus  in  1761  as  Gynips 
caprece,  evidently  from  the  gall  alone,  and  was  referred  to  Gynips  until 
1835,  when  the  name  Nematus  gallicola  was  given  it  by  Stephens,  using 
Westwood's  manuscript.  The  adult  insect  seems  now  for  the  first  time 
to  have  been  characterized.  It  was  subsequently  described  by  Ilartig 
as  Nematus  vallisncria  (1837),  and  in  1859  the  genus  Pontania  was 
erected  for  Ilartig's  species  by  Costa.  This  genus  was  not  very  gener- 
ally adopted  until  revived  by  Konow. 

The  habits  of  a  number  of  our  species  have  been  detailed,  notably  by 
Mr.  Walsh,2  and  particularly  the  hitter's  species — pomum*  pisum,  and 
desmodioides.  A  quantity  of  material  in  various  species  has  also  been 
bred  at  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  habits  of  the  genus 
based  on  these  records  may  be  brieily  summarized,  as  follows: 

The  galls,  induced  by  the  egg  punctures  of  the  females  in  young,  ten- 
der leaves,  begin  to  develop  in  early  summer  and  are  usually  globular 
and  fleshy  and  greenish  in  color,  but  later  in  the  season  frequently 
become  rosy  tinted  or  brownish.  The  larva  reaches  full  growth  early 
in  the  fall  (September),  and  by  this  time  has  completely  eaten  out  the 
interior  of  the  gall,  leaving  it  a  mere  shell  filled  with  frass.  The  gall 
is  almost  invariably  abandoned  at  this  time  by  the  larva,  and  the  species 
studied  at  the  Department  seem  to  prefer  to  enter  soft  or  rotting  wood 
or  the  pith  of  plants  to  construct  their  hibernating  cocoons.  In  the 
absence  of  such  material  they  will  form  cocoons  in  the  earth,  and  if 
supplied  with  neither  earth  nor  wood  they  will  sometimes  hibernate 
within  their  own  galls  or  enter  others  of  their  own  species  or  of  other 
insects.  Pupation  and  transformation  to  the  adult  take  place  in  the 
early  part  of  March  and  during  April,  extending  into  May.  Indoors, 
in  breeding  cages,  where  they  are  subject  to  unnatural  conditions,  they 
may  issue  as  early  as  February,  but  this  is  exceptional. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Chittenden,  who  has  reared  a  number  of  these  insects  from 
cocoons  in  dead  wood  of  maple,  says  of  the  adults  (males  of  Pontania 
pisum)  that  they  are  extremely  active  and  pugnacious.  "  Confined  in  a 
small  vial,  they  began  to  fight  at  once,  and  when  separated  but  a  single 
specimen  issued  from  the  melee  in  perfect  condition,  the  remainder 
being  minus  antennae  and  legs." 

1  Deutsche  Entom.  Zeitschrift,  1890,  p.  237. 

2  See  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pnila.,  VI,  pp.  248-264;  Am.  Entom.,  vol.  n,  pp.  45-50. 

3  The  cumbersome  and  uunecessary  term  salicis  has  been  omitted  in  the  case  of  this 
and  the  other  species  to  which  it  has  hitherto  been  prefixed. 


22 

The  larvre  are  rather  slender,  ranging  from  6  to  10  mm.  in  length, 
few,  however,  exceeding  7  or  8  mm.  They  have  apparently  18  feet — 
G  thoracic  and  JL2  abdominal — the  anal  pair  of  abdominal  feet  being  rudi- 
mentary. Up  to  maturity,  the  body  is  yellowish  white,  the  head  res- 
inous or  brownish,  tips  of  mandibles  darker,  and  the  eyes,  with  narrow 
border,  dark  brown,  almost  black.  The  last  joint  of  the  thoracic  legs 
and  the  claws  are  resinous.  Just  before  abandoning  their  galls  the 
larva'  undergo  the  final  molt,1  assuming  a  body  tint  of  a  dull  grayish 
purple,  the  head  becoming  by  contrast  and  in  fact  of  a  lighter  brown. 
This  obscure  coloring  is  unquestionably  a  most  valuable  safeguard 
against  discovery  by  predaceous  insects  or  birds  during  the  wandering 
of  the  helpless,  delicate  larva  in  search  of  hibernating  quarters.  The 
cocoon  is  ovate,  of  silken  threads,  more  or  less  agglutinated,  thin,  and 
delicate.  The  life  history  of  Pontania  pisum  Walsh,  illustrated  in  figure 
7  (p.  33),  is  typical  of  the  genus. 

The  fact  noted  above,  of  the  habit  of  the  larvaB  of  entering  wood, 
pith,  or  other  like  dry  material  to  pupate,  probably  explains  records 
made  by  Walsh  and  others  of  certain  species  which  have  been  desig- 
nated as  inqnilinous,  either  in  the  galls  of  other  Nematines  or  in 
cecidomyiid  galls.  I  am  convinced  thai  these  records  are  all  doubtful, 
and  that  the  larvae  of  these  insects,  on  abandoning  their  own  galls,  had 
simply  entered  the  others  lor  hibernation.  The  fact  that  a  species  had 
been  reared  from  a  cecidomyiid  gall,  for  instance,  was  taken  as  suf- 
ficient evidence  that  it  Mas  inqnilinous,  and  a  new  species  was  erected. 
This  is  illustrated  in  the  case  of  Nematus  hospes  Walsh,  which  is  said 
by  the  describer  to  be  " absolutely  indistinguishable  from  the  normal 
type,  the  gall-making  Nematus  s.  pomum."  This  species  was  reared 
from  a  gall  of  Cecidomyia  s.  strobiloides  O.  S.  It  is  unquestionably 
identical  with  pomum,  and  in  fact  I  have  recently  received  from  Cor- 
nell University  two  specimens  undoubtedly  of  ponnim,  labeled  as  hav- 
ing been  reared  from  the  cecidomyiid  gall  referred  to.  The  same  is 
true  of  Nematus  inquilinus  Walsh,  which  was  reared  from  the  gall  of 
Cecidomyia  rhodoides  Walsh.  This  species  is  identical  with  Pontania 
desmodioides  Walsh,  and  the  larva  had  merely  entered  the  cecidomyiid 
gall  to  hibernate.2 

In  going  over  the  material  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia, the  accumulations  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  the 

1  See  "Final  Moulting  of  Tentlirodiuid  LarvaB/'  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  n, 
p.  115. 

^Nematus  mendicus  Walsh,  which  was  reared  from  deserted  galls  of  pomum  and 
from  the  leaf  galls  of  Cecidomyia  brassicoides  Walsh,  helongs  to  the  genus  Ptcronus. 
The  larva'-  apparently  entered  the  galls  in  question  to  hihernate,  and,  with  very 
little  doubt,  developed  exposed  on  the  leaves,  as  is  the  case  with  the  other  species 
of  I'teronus  living  on  willow.  Nematus  fur  Walsh,  which  was  bred  from  the  gall  of 
Cecidomyia  batatas  Walsh,  seems  also  not  to  be  a  Pontania.  The  type  specimen  can 
not  be  found,  but  on  the  authority  of  Norton  it  is  probably  identical  with  Nematus 
luteotergum,  which  would  bring  it  within  the  genus  Amauronematus. 


23 

material  submitted  by  Mr.  Gillette,  and  the  Cornell  University  material, 
I  find  26  good  species  represented,  covering  localities  practically  embrac- 
ing all  temperate  America.  Of  these  8  have  been  reared  from  or  asso- 
ciated with  galls,  and  two  galls  are  described  from  which  adults  have  not 
yet  been  obtained.  The  genus  is  a  very  difficult  one,  and  the  species  are, 
on  account  of  their  small  size  and  general  similarity,  difficult  of  separa- 
tion. They  are  closely  related  to  the  following  genus  (Pteronus),  and  the 
males  in  particular  are,  in  some  instances,  distinguished  with  difficulty 
from  Pteronus.  With  the  females  the  shape  of  the  sheath  furnishes 
an  excellent  character  for  the  division  of  the  genus  into  four  groups, 
and  structural  characters  are  available  for  the  ready  separation  of  most 
of  the  species.  The  males,  however,  are  separated  with  greater  diffi- 
culty, and  frequently  where  in  the  other  sex  two  species  are  most 
divergent  the  males  are  indistinguishable  except  in  comparatively 
trifling  colorational  details.  Dissection  of  the  sexual  organs  would  prob- 
ably yield  good  characters,  but  this  is  impossible  without  destroying 
the  specimens,  and  would  not  be  practicable  for  the  ordinary  student. 
With  the  males,  therefore,  separation  of  the  species  is  based  largely  on 
colorational  features.  In  most  cases  where  males  have  been  associated 
with  females,  breeding  records  are  the  authority  for  such  references. 
In  general,  the  males  agree  with  the  females  in  possessing  the  short, 
slender,  filiform  antennae  characteristic  of  the  genus.  Two  species  only, 
so  far  as  known  to  me,  have  very  elongate  antenme,  and  the  rather 
robust,  flattened  antennae  characteristic  of  the  males  of  some  of  the 
allied  genera  are  very  rare  in  Pontania. 

In  recharacterizing  the  old  species,  I  have  had  the  specimens  them- 
selves before  me  and  have  not  used  the  original  descriptions  at  all. 
Therefore,  and  particularly  in  the  case  of  Walsh's  species,  which  were 
characterized  from  fresh  or  living  specimens,  some  divergences  in  the 
matter  of  coloring  will  be  noted  by  comparison.  In  general,  it  may  be 
said  that  what  in  the  living  or  fresh  specimens  is  hyaline  or  greenish 
white  becomes  yellow  or  even  ferruginous  with  drying  and  age.  It 
seems  to  me  desirable  to  use  the  comparatively  permanent  color 
characters  presented  by  the  dry  specimens  rather  than  the  transitory 
coloring  of  the  newly  emerged  insect. 

A  number  of  parasites  and  inquilinous  insects  of  other  orders  have 
been  reared  from  the  galls,  but  it  is  not  definitely  ascertained  in  every 
case  whether  the  hosts  of  the  former  are  the  gall  makers  or  the  inquili- 
nous insects.  Mr.  Walsh  reared  a  little  curculionid,  Anthonomus  syco- 
phanta  Walsh,  from  the  galls  of  pomum,  desmodioides,  and  Euura  nodus 
Walsh.  A  small  tineid,  Batrachedra  s.  pomonella  Clein.,  was  reared 
by  Walsh  from  the  galls  of  pomum,  desmodioides,  and  a  cecidomyiid 
gall,  G.  s.  rhodoides.  The  Department  rearings  from  galls  include  a 
dipterous  insect,  undetermined,  and  two  chalcidids,  one  a  species  of 
Sympiesis  and  the  other  Eurytoma  studiosa  Say,  both  probably  para- 
sitic on  Anthonomus  sycophanta,  which  was  reared  from  the  same  galls. 


24 

Bassus  euurce  Aslim.  has  been  reared  from  Pontania  resinicola,  and 
Pinypla  euurce  Ashm.  from  Pontania  pyrif or  mis.  These  last  arc  undoubt- 
edly parasitic  upon  the  larva'  of  the  gall  makers. 

TABLE    OF    SPECIES. 

Fern  a  hs. 

Sheath  broad  at  base,  sharply  acuminate  at  tip.  and  emarginate  beneath I 

Sheath  as  above,  except  that  the  tip  is  obtusely  rounded II 

Sheath  broad  and  rounded  at  tip,  scarcely  tapering Ill 

Sheath  narrow,  elongate,  regularly  tapering  to  somewhat  pointed  tip IV 

I.   Color  in  general  black. 

Head,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  femora  black  :   tegul.e  and  mouth  parts  pale. 

1.  crcssoni  n  sp. 
Same,  except  that  angles  of  pronotum   are  yellow  and  the  femora  are  pale 

laterally 2.  parra  Cr 

Same,  except  that  pronotum  and  legs  are  whitish  and  the  orbits  aro  broadly 

yellow  except  on  narrow  inner  margin 3.   nigrita  n.  sp. 

Same  as  last,   except    that  orbits  are    entirely    yellow;    antenna*    yellow 

beneath  and  sheath  but  slightly  emarginate 4.  pallioomU  Nort. 

Color  in  general  lateous. 

Claws  very  minutely  cleft  at  tip. 

I  fiit  i  al  lobe  of  metanotum  black  ;  outer  veins  of  posterior  discals  not 

interstitial 5.  agilis  Cr. 

( Vntral  lobe  pale ;  outer  veins  interstitial 6.  mellina  (  !r. 

(  la  k  s  coarsely  notched .  - .' 7.  nevadeneia  ( !r. 

II.  Color  black 8.  exoavata  n.  sp. 

Color  in  general  resinous. 

Frontal  cresl  well  developed. 

Stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin. 

Crest  bulbous ;  pectus  pale 9.  resinioola  n.  sp. 

Crest  narrow;  pectus  black 10.  pectoralia  n.  sp. 

Stigma  narrow,  acuminate 11.   acuminata  n.  sp. 

Frontal  crest  obsolete 12.  robitsta  n.  sp. 

III.  ('(dor  in  general  black. 

Orbits  black;  stigma  narrow  elongate 13.  hincaidi  n  sp. 

<  )rbits  broadly  yellow  ;  stigma  brown 11.  pisum  Walsh. 

Orbits  posteriorly  yellow;  stigma  yellow 15.  bruneri  n.  sp. 

( lolor  in  genera]  resinous. 

Mesonotum  black,  except  scutellum;  sheath  broad,  paddle  shaped. 

1(1.  pacifica  n.  sp. 
Mesonotum  mostly  pale;  sheath  somewhat  blade  shaped. 

17.  pomum  Walsh. 

IV.  Clypeus  nearly  truncate,  or  very  broadly  and  shallowly  emarginate. 

Pronotum  and  venter  of  abdomen  black. 

Tegulse  black «18.  aira  n.  sp. 

Teguhv  pale 19.  hyalina  Nort. 

Pronotum  and  venter  of  abdomen  pale 20.  truncate  u.  sp. 

Clypeus  distinctly  and  more  narrowly  emarginate. 
Dorsum  of  thorax  and  abdomen  black. 

<  >rbits  black,  or  rarely  slightly  reddish  brown. 

Venter  of  abdomen  black 21.  atriventria  n.  sp. 

Venter  of  abdomen  pale 22.  calif ornica  n.  sp. 

Orbits  broadly  yellow. 

Stigma  and  costa  brown 23.  gracilis  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  hyaline 24.  stigmatalis  n.  sp. 


25 

Dorsum  of  thorax  and  abdomen  marked  with  yellow. 

Orbits,  scutellum,  and  lobes  of  thorax  more  or  less  yellow;    robust 

species 25.  dcsmodioides  Walsh. 

Same,  with  yellow  transverse  bands  on  abdomen,  and  venter  altogether 

yellow 26.  sulphured  n.  sp. 

Males. 

Antenna?  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  body  of  the  insect. 

Claws  very  minutely  divided 5.  agilis  Cr. 

Claws  coarsely  notched 7.  nevadensis  Cr. 

Antennae  not  often  exceeding  one- half  the  body  in  length. 
Black  species. 

Orbits  black,  rarely  slightly  rufous  posteriorly. 

Pronotum  black ;  stigma  short,  robust 22.  calif  ornica  n.  sp. 

Pronotum  black;  stigma  elongate,  narrow 13.  lincaidi  n.  sp. 

Pronotum  with  pale  margins. 

Lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  rounded  or  subobsolete. 
Third  and  fourth  joints  of  antenna'  of  equal  length. 

Hind  femora  pale 9.  resinicola  n .  sp. 

Hind  femora  more  or  less  dark 2.  parva  Cr. 

Third  j oint  longest 27.  rugulosa  n.  sp. 

Lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  sharply  defined 8.  excavata  n.  sp. 

Orbits  yellow;  body  black  dorsally. 

Venter  of  abdomen,  except  centrally,  black;  vertex  hairless,  shining. 

14.  pisum  Walsh. 
Venter  with  vertex  clothed  with  yellowish  hairs.  25.  dcsmodioides  Walsh. 
Venter  of  abdomen  altogether  pale. 
Epimcra  black. 

Outer  angles  of  pronotum  pale 17.  pomum  Walsh. 

Pronotum  altogether  pale 4.  pallicomis  Nort. 

Epimera  pale. 

Body  robust ;  stigma  pale 12.  robusia  n.  sp. 

Body  elongate;  stigma  brown. 

Claws  very  minutely  cleft  at  extreme  tip.  28.  placenta  Nort. 

Claws  coarsely  notched 29.  pallifrons  Cr. 

Resinous;   vortex,  mesonotum,  metanotum,  and  basal  abdominal  segments  cen- 
trally black , 26.  sulphurea  n.  sp. 

Table  of  galls. 

Galls  springing  from  lower  side  of  leaf. 

Conical  or  pear  shaped 30.  pyriformis  n.  sp. 

Globular,  attached  minutely 14.  pisum  Walsh. 

Globular,  broadly  attached. 

Singly  on  either  side  of  midrib 17.  pomum  Walsh. 

In  rows  on  or  near  midrib , 31.  monile  n.  sp. 

Galls  bisecting  leaf. 

Singly,  or  rarely  more  than  two  on  leaf. 

Usually  remote  from  petiole;  averaging  three-eighths  inch  long;  on  Salix 

longifolia 15.  bruneri  n.  sp. 

Near  or  joining  petiole;  averaging  one-half  inch  long. 
Approaching  shape  of  seed  of  Desmodium : 

,On  Salix  calif  ornica  ? 22.  calif  ornica  n.  sp. 

On  Salix  humilis  ? 25.  dcsmodioides  Walsh . 

On  Salix  sp 2.  parva  Cr. 

More  robust,  approaching  globular 23.  gracilis  n.  sp. 

LIBRARY 


26 

Many  together  on  leaf. 

Paired  at  base  of  blade  of  leaf;  extending  from  middle  to  edge. 

9.  rcsinicola  n.  sp. 

Distributed  irregularly  along  blade  on  either  side  of  midrib,  rarely  on  edge 

of  leaf 19.  hyalina  Nort. 

INDEX    TO    SPECIES   OF   PONTANIA. 


acuminata  n.  sp.  9 11 

agilis  Cr.  $  9 5 

atra  n.  sp.  9 18 

atriventris  n.  sp.  9 21 

bruneri  n.  sp.  9 15 

californiea  n.  sp.  $  9 22 

cressoni  n.  sp.  9 1 

desmodioides  Walsh  ^9 25 

excavata  n.  sp.  $  9 8 

gracilis  n.  sp.  9 23 

hyalina  Norton  9 19 

kincaidi  n.  sp.  9 13 

mellina  Cr.  9 6 

monilo  n.  sp.  (gall) 31 

nevadensis  Cr.  ^9 7 

nigrita  n.  sp.  9 3 


pacilica  n.  sp.  9 10 

pallicornis  Norton  ^9 4 

pallifrons  Cr.  $ 29 

parva  Cr.  $  9 2 

pectoralis  n.  sp.  9 10 

pisnm  Walsh  $  9 14 

placenta  Norton  $ 28 

pomum  Walsh  $  9 17 

pyriformis  n.  sp.  (gall) 30 

rcsinicola  n.  sp.  $  9 9 

robusta  n.  sp.  $  9 12 

rugulosa  n.  sp.  $ 27 

stigmatalis  n.  sp.  9 21 

sulphurea  n.  sp.  $  9 26 

truncata  n.  sp.  9 20 


1.  Pontania  cressoni  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm. ;  not  very  robust;  clypeus  deeply  emarginate; 
lobes  small,  pointed;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined,  breaking  rather 
broadly  into  prominent  antennal  fovea;  antennae  normal,  third  joint 
a  little  longer  than  fourth;  sheath  acuminate,  emarginate  beneath; 
claws  deeply  cleft;  venation  normal,  except  that  outer  veins  of  discal 
cells  of  posterior  wings  are  interstitial.  Color  black,  shining,  including 
pronotum,  orbits,  and  femora;  teguhc,  mouth  parts,  tibiae  and  tarsi  pale, 
more  or  less  infuscated,  especially  at  tips  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their 
tarsi ;  wings  nearly  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa  brown,  the  former  hyaline 
at  base. 

One  female,  Washington.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

2.  Pontania  parva  Cresson. 

1880.     Nemattu parvus  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  5. 

Female. — Length  3.5  to  4  mm.;  not  robust;  clypeus  shallowly  and 
broadly  exavated ;  lobes  short,  minute;  mouth  parts  with  very  long  and 
'rather  numerous  light  hairs;  lateral  furrows  of  vertex  very  broad  and 
deep ;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined ;  frontal  crest  indistinct,  broken  by 
the  broad,  oval,  deeply  excavated  antennal  fovea;  antennae  very  slender, 
joints  4  and  5  as  long  as  or  longer  than  3;  sheath  strongly  acuminate  at 
tip,  circularly  emarginate  beneath,  rounded  above;  cerci  tapering;  claws 
small,  deeply  and  finely  notched,  rays  almost  parallel;  venation  normal. 
Color  black,  shining;  mouth  parts,  spot  beneath  antenna1,  outer  third  of 
pronotum,  tegulae,  apices  of  coxae,  trochanters,  and  legs  for  the  most  part 
yellowish ;  upper  and  lower  margins  of  femora,  tips  of  tibiae,  particularly 


27 

posterior  pair,  and  tips  of  tarsi,  including  all  of  posterior  pair,  reddish 
brown;  all  of  legs  somewhat  infuscated;  veins  brown;  basal  half  of 
stigma  and  extreme  base  of  costa  pale;  in  some  specimens  the  legs 
beyond  the  trochanters  are  altogether  light,  except  posterior  tibia3  and 
tarsi. 

Male. — Length  3.5  mm. ;  agrees  with  the  female  in  general  structure  and 
colorational  characters;  lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  more  flattened 
and  rounded;  the  stigma  uniformly  brownish;  the  antennae  distinctly 
fulvous  beneath. 

Gall. — Length  8  mm.;  breadth  G  mm.  Of  type  of  desmodioides,  but 
rather  smaller  and  projecting  most  on  lower  surface  of  leaf.  In  the 
specimen  examined,  two  occur  on  the  leaf,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
midrib,  and  each  extends  from  the  latter  to  the  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sur- 
face, especially  lower,  tuberculate  and  rosy.  Exit  hole  of  adult  on 
lower  side,  just  at  surface  of  leaf  and  at  end  next  to  petiole. 

Ten  females. — Nevada  4,  California  3,  Oregon  2,  and  Arizona  and 
Montana  1  each.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  Also  one  specimen  collected 
by  T.  Kincaid  at  Olympia,  Wash.  (Coll.  Cornell  TJniv.)  One  male 
from  California.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  Galls  on  willow  leaf  collected 
by  Mr.  Ehrhorn,  Mountain  View,  Cal.  Two  adults  reared^  which,  with 
galls,  are  in  collection  of  William  H.  Ashmead. 

3.  Pontania  nigrita  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4  mm. ;  clypeus  circularly  excavated ;  lobes  rounded; 
mouth  parts  with  rather  long,  whitish  hairs;  walls  of  ocellar  basin  dis- 
tinctly defined;  frontal  crest  somewhat  broken  by  the  very  elongate, 
distinctly  limited  antennal  fovea;  antenna}  with  joints  3  to  5  sub- 
equal;  sheath  broad,  strongly  acuminate  at  tip;  cerci  robust,  tapering; 
claws  deeply  notched,  rays  nearly  equal;  third  cubital  cell  quadrate,  not 
longer  than  wide;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  interstitial. 
Color  black,  shining;  face  below  antennae,  posterior  and  upper  orbits, 
most  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  all  of  legs  except  extreme  bases  of  posterior 
coxae  and  extreme  bases  of  posterior  tibiae  whitish  or  resinous;  tips  of 
posterior  tarsi  and  tips  of  cerci  dusky;  bases  of  all  wing  veins  reaching 
the  body  and  extreme  base  of  stigma  light;  balance  of  veins  brown. 

One  female.     Michigan.     (Coll.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

4.  Pontania  pallicornis  Norton. 

1861.     Nematus pallicornis  Norton.     Boston  Proc,  vm,  p.  160. 

1867.     Nematus  pallicornis  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  i,  p.  203  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  65). 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  somewhat  robust;  clypeus  circular  and  mod- 
erately broadly  notched,  lobes  small;  mouth  parts  with  scattering  whit- 
ish hairs;  vertex  roughened;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined ;  frontal 
crest  strongly  developed,  very  slightly  broken  by  the  antennal  fovea, 


28 

which  is  oval  and  not  deeply  excavated;  antennae  short,  scarcely 
tapering;  sheath  rather  broad,  acuminate,  but  not  very  sharply  pointed, 
hairs  rather  long  and  abundant;  cerci  pointed;  claws  very  large,  deeply 
cleft;  venation  about  normal;  intercostal  vein  nearly  at  right  angles 
with  costa,  and  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  interstitial,  or 
nearly  so.  Color  black,  shining;  face  below  antenna',  orbits,  mouth 
parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  and  legs,  except  extreme  bases  of 
coxre,  yellowish  ferruginous;  antennae  ferruginous  beneath,  especially 
toward  apex;  veins  light  brown;  base  of  stigma  and  base  of  costa  pale; 
abdomen  inclined  to  rufous  beneath. 

Male. — Length  4.5  mm.;  antennae  much  longer  and  antennal  fovea 
somewhat  narrower  than  in  female;  tip  of  abdomen  strongly  recurved; 
color  as  in  female,  except  that  bases  of  posterior  coxa'  only  are  black, 
and  the  abdomen  ventrally  with  more  or  less  of  the  apex  of  the  last 
dorsal  segment  is  yellowish  ferruginous.  The  antenna'  also  are  almost 
altogether  yellowish,  except  scape  and  basal  joints  of  the  llagellum 
above. 

Five  females  and  live  males.  Illinois,  Texas,  and  New  TTampshire. 
(Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

5.  Pontania  agilis  Oesson. 

1880.     Nematus  agilu  Cfresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vin,  p.  9. 

Female. — Length 5 mm.;  very  robust;  clypeus  broadly  and  shallowly 
excavated;  lobes  minute,  rounded;  vertex  elevated,  but  with  ocellar 
basin  not  very  distinctly  limited;  ridges  rounded;  frontal  crest  not  dis- 
tinctly raised;  antennal  fovea  circular,  shallow;  claws  very  minutely 
and  microscopically  cleft  at  extreme  apex;  sheath  strongly  acuminate, 
broad  basally;  cerci  tapering;  venation  normal.  Color  yellowish  ferru- 
ginous, resinous,  shining;  antennae,  spot  including  ocelli,  small  circu- 
lar spot  on  occiput,  stripe  on  each  of  the  lobes  of  mesothorax,  base  of 
scutellum,  metathorax,  more  or  less  of  first  segment  of  abdomen,  black; 
veins  yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa  yellow,  the  former  edged  with 
brown  at  tip. 

Male. — Length  1  to  4.5  mm.;  very  slender,  graceful;  head  and  mouth 
parts  about  as  in  female;  antenna'  very  long,  slender,  longer  than  entire 
body;  claws  cleft  as  in  female.  Color :  Large  spot  on  vertex,  extending 
considerably  beyond  ocelli  and  backward  over  occiput,  mesothorax, 
metathorax,  abdomen,  dorsally  except  sides  of  the  terminal  segments, 
scape  and  nagelluin  above,  black;  balance  of  insect,  including  venter, 
legs,  lower  surface  of  antennae,  except  extreme  tip,  yellowish  ferrugi- 
nous; veins  brown;  stigma  yellow,  edged  with  brown. 

One  female  and  five  males.  Nevada  and  Washington.  (Coll.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc.) 


29 

G.  Pontania  mellina  Cressou. 

1880.     Nematus  melliniis  Cressou.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vm,  p.  10. 

Female. — Length  5.5  min.;  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  distinctly 
but  rather  broadly  emarginate;  lobes  short,  broad,  rounded;  ocellar 
basin  deeply  excavated;  sides  and  frontal  crest  strongly  raised,  but 
rather  thick  and  rounded,  the  former  somewhat  broken  5  antennal  fovea 
deep,  not  sharply  defined;  antennae  scarcely  longer  than  head  and 
thorax,  slender,  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  venation  in  general  normal; 
intercostal  very  near  basal;  the  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings 
interstitial ;  stigma  not  very  broad,  tapering  from  oval  base  circularly 
to  apex;  sheath  sharply  acuminate,  fringed  with  rather  long  hairs; 
cerci  long,  scarcely  tapering;  claws  very  minutely  notched  at  extreme 
apex.  Color  yellowish,  tinged  with  ferruginous,  a  little  darker  around 
vertex,  mesonotum,  and  mesepimera;  antenna1,  small  spot  about  ocelli, 
sometimes  limited  to  ring  about  each  ocellus,  minute  spot  on  occiput, 
spot  on  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  on  either  side  of  mesoscutellum, 
apex  of  latter,  and  most  of  metauotum  except  basal  plates  black; 
dorsal  margin  and  tip  of  sheath  brownish;  veins  yellowish  brown; 
stigma  and  costa  yellow,  unicolorous. 

Two  females.    Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

This  species,  though  somewhat  larger,  is  very  closely  allied  to  agilis 
Cresson. 

7.  Pontania  nevadensis  Cresson. 

1880.     Nematus  nevadensis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vni,  p.  9. 

Female. — Length  4.5  to  5  mm.;  very  robust,  shining;  vertex  slightly 
roughened;  clypeus  broadly,  shallowly  excavated;  hairs  of  clypeus  and 
labrum  almost  wanting;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  very  sharply  raised; 
frontal  crest  large,  distinct,  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  circular,  rather 
deeply  excavated;  antennae  short,  not  as  long  as  head  and  thorax, 
joint  3  very  slightly  longer  than  4  and  5;  sheath  broad  basally,  strongly 
acuminate;  cerci  moderate,  tapering;  claws  very  large,  deeply  cleft. 
Color  sulphur  yellow;  antennae,  quadrate  spot  on  vertex,  extending 
back  over  occiput  with  lines  running  to  base  of  antenna1,  mesonotum, 
metanotum,  and  stripe  on  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  becoming 
obsolete  after  the  fourth  or  fifth  segment  black;  spot  beneath  base  of 
wings  and  upper  margin  and  apex  of  sheath  brownish  black;  antennae 
inclined  to  fulvous  beneath  toward  tips;  veins  yellowish  brown;  stigma 
lighter,  except  lower  apical  margin;  costa  lighter  at  base. 

Male. — Length  4.5  mm. ;  very  slender,  graceful;  antennae,  nearly  as 
long  as  entire  body,  joints  3  to  5  subequal,  fourth  a  little  longer  than 
third;  procidentia  projecting  about  half  its  length;  legs  long;  claws 
not  very  large,  but  deeply  cleft.  Color  resinous  yellow,  inclined  to 
ferruginous  on  the  thorax  beneath ;  antennae  above  at  base  and  scape, 


30 

large  spot  on  vertex  extending  over  occiput,  mesonotuin,  metanotum, 
broad  stripe  on  each  dorsal  segment  of  abdomen,  not  extending  to 
lateral  or  posterior  margin,  black,  inclining  to  brown  on  abdomen;  veins 
light  yellowish  brown  ;  stigma  almost  hyaline. 

Three  females  and  three  males.  Nevada,  California,  Montana,  and 
Vancouver  Island.     (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

The  male  from  Montana  was  placed  by  Cresson  with  his  types  of 
agilis,  from  which  it  is  easily  separated  by  the  character  of  the  claws, 
and  from  general  structural  characters  may  be  safely  referred  to 
nevadensis. 

8.  Pontania  excavata  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4 mm.;  moderately  slender,  glistening;  clypeus  nar- 
rowly and  rather  deeply  incised;  lobes  rounded;  mouth  parts  with 
rather  long  hairs;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined;  frontal 
crest  widely  broken  by  the  extension  of  the  shallow  antennal  fovea 
posteriorly  into  ocellar  basin;  antennae  short,  joints  3  to  5  subequal, 
third  slightly  longest;  sheath  rather  robust,  strongly  convex  on  upper 
margin  and  distinctly  excavated  on  lower,  acuminate  but  not  sharply 
pointed,  hairs  long,  scattering;  claws  deeply  divided,  rays  equal  and 
scarcely  divaricating;  intercostal  vein  nearly  interstitial  with  basal,  very 
slightly  inclined;  second  recurrent  interstitial  with  second  transverse 
cubital.  Color  black;  mouth  parts,  extreme  angles  of  pronotum, 
tcgulae,  tips  of  coxa',  and  balance  of  legs  for  the  most  part  resinous; 
upper  and  lower  edges  of  femora,  tips  of  posterior  tibia',  and  tips  of  tarsi, 
extending  on  the  posterior  pair  to  the  tip  of  the  basal  joint,  brownish; 
antennae  somewhat  lighter  beneath,  especially  toward  tip;  veins  yel- 
lowish brown;  stigma  at  base  and  costa  at  base  and  apex  hyaline. 

3hde. — Agrees  in  general  with  the  female;  ocellar  basin  even  more 
sharply  defined  and  the  frontal  crest  unbroken;  venation  normal. 
Color  as  in  female,  except  that  the  legs  are  lighter  and  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  abdomen  beneath  is  inclined  to  yellowish;  antenme  distinctly 
fulvous  beneath;  joints  long,  nodose  at  tips. 

Four  females  and  one  male.  California,  Colorado  (C.  P.  Gillette),  and 
Yeta  Pass,  Colo.     (Colls.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  and  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

0.  Pontania  resinicola  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  rather  robust;  clypeus  deeply,  angularly 
emarginate;  lobes  triangular,  rounded  at  tips;  mouth  parts  with  very 
few  and  inconspicuous  hairs,  shining;  frontal  crest  very  broadly  and 
bulbously  elevated,  semicircular,  shallowly  notched  at  center;  ocellar 
basin  not  distinctly  limited  laterally,  or  lateral  walls  wanting;  antennal 
fovea  elongate;  antennae  short,  filiform,  third  joint  longest;  claws 
deeply  bifid,  rays  nearly  parallel;  sheath  moderately  broad,  very 
slightly  sinuate  on  lower  margin,  tapering  regularly  to  apex,  armed 


31 

with  rather  long,  curved  hairs;  cerci  long,  slightly  tapering;  upper 
discal  cell  of  hind  wings  usually  much  shorter  than  lower  and  termi- 
nating within  apex  of  latter.  Color  resinous  yellow;  quadrate  spot  on 
vertex,  broad  stripe  on  dorsum  of  thorax  extending  to  scutellum, 
metanotum  and  more  or  less  of  basal  segments  of  abdomen  centrally 
decreasing  posteriorly,  and  upper  margin  of  sheath  brownish-black; 
scape  and  upper  half  of  antenna,  tips  of  mandibles,  and  balance  of 
sheath  fuscous;  veins  brown,  costa  and  stigma  centrally  yellow. 

Male. — Length  4  mm. ;  rather  slender,  tapering  distinctly  from  head 
and  thorax  to  tip  of  abdomen;  structurally,  as  in  the  female,  with  the 
lateral  walls  of  the  ocellar  basin  perhaps  even  less  apparent — practi- 
cally obsolete.  Color  black,  shining,  including  orbits;  mouth  parts, 
angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  and  legs  brownish  yellow;  tips  of  posterior 
tibiae  and  tarsi  somewhat  infuscated;  antenna  beneath  fulvous;  veins, 
including  all  of  stigma  and  costa,  rather  dark  brown;  wings  hyaline. 

Gall. — (Frontispiece,  fig.  1.)  On  leaves  of  Salix  califomica  collected  by 
Albert  Koebele  at  Donner,  Placer  County,  Cal.,  September  5, 1885.  The 
galls  occur  in  clusters  of  two  to  eight  on  the  basal  portion  of  the  leaf, 
beginning  usually  at  the  very  apex  of  the  petiole.  They  are  commonly 
paired — if  but  two,  one  on  either  side,  or  two  or  four  on  a  side,  as  the  case 
may  be — occasionally  occurring  singly.  In  general  size  and  appearance 
the  individual  galls  resemble  those  of  desmodioides,  but  are  rather  more 
robust  or  globular,  projecting  equally  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf  and 
occupying  the  leaf  entirely  from  the  midrib  to  the  edge.  Where  two 
or  more  occur  together,  they  are  merged  into  each  other,  forming  a  com- 
pound gall.  In  color  they  are  red  or  pink  on  the  upper  side  and  light 
yellowish  green  on  the  lower.  The  larva  is  large  and  rather  robust, 
indicating  a  fairly  good-sized  insect.  I  have  doubtfully  referred  the 
gall  to  Pontania  resinicola,  the  largest  Californian  representative  of  the 
genus,  although  the  galls  from  which  the  adults  were  reared  by  Mr. 
Koebele  were  not  saved  by  him  and  the  ones  sent  to  Washington 
yielded  only  an  ichneuinonid  parasite  (Bassus  euurce  Ashm.,  Ins.  Life, 
vol.  in,  p.  4G0)  and  a  tortricid. 

Two  females  and  seven  males.  Albert  Koebele,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
(Coll.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

10.  Pontania  pectoralis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  rather  robust;  clypeus  very  broadly  and 
shallowly  emarginate;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  sharply 
and  distinctly  defined,  former  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  broad  oval; 
fourth  joint  of  antemne  a  little  longer  than  third;  claws  deeply 
notched,  rays  nearly  equal;  sheath  of  ovipositor  stout  and  broad 
basally,  slightly  emarginate  on  lower  apical  edge,  tip  obtusely  rounded; 
cerci  short,  tapering;  third  cubital  three  times  as  long  as  wide  at 
base;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  posterior  wings  nearly  interstitial; 
stigma  very  broad  basally,  regularly  tapering  to  pointed  apex.     Color 


32 

in  general  resinous;  base  of  antenna1,  space  about  ocelli,  stripe  on  each 
lobe  of  mesonotum,  apex  ot  scutelluin,  metanotum,  dorsal  segments  of 
abdomen,  except  last,  extending  over  sides  to  ventral  arc,  large  spot 
on  pectus,  and  sheath,  especially  dorsally,  brownish  black;  outer  two- 
thirds  of  antennae  reddish  brown;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  all  the 
tarsi,  slightly  darker;  wings  hyaline;  veins  light  yellowish  brown; 
base  of  stigma  hyaline. 

One  female.     Algonquin,  111.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

11.  Pontania  acuminata  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  rather  robust;  abdomen  strongly  taper- 
ing from  just  beyond  middle;  clypeus  rather  shallowly,  somewhat 
angularly,  notched;  vertex  coarsely  punctured  and  roughened;  frontal 
crest  prominent,  broadly  curved,  almost  straight;  sides  of  ocellar 
basin  low,  but  well  defined;  antenna!  fovea  shallow,  indistinct, 
expanding  apical ly;  antennal  joints,  3  and  4  subequal;  intercostal 
vein  at  right  angles  with  costa;  stigma  very  elongate,  narrow,  dis- 
tinctly acuminate;  sheath  broad,  slightly  concave  on  upper  margin, 
and  decidedly  produced  at  tip,  which  is  obtusely  pointed,  and  with 
rather  dense  tuft  of  hairs;  cerci  robust,  but  slightly  tapering;  claws 
deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color:  Antennae,  spot  on  head  back  of 
ocelli  and  extending  over  occiput,  center  of  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apical 
halt  of  scutelluin,  metanotum  and  basal  plates,  more  or  less  of  abdo- 
men basally  and  centrally  to  apex,  sheath,  and  sides  of  the  metatho- 
ra.x  black:  mesepimera  reddish  brown;  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi 
strongly  infuscated,  anterior  tarsi  less  so;  body  generally  otherwise 
reddish  ferruginous,  somewhat  infuscated;  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pro- 
notum,  tegulae  and  anterior  legs  and  base  of  all  legs,  yellowish;  veins, 
including  stigma  and  costa  nearly  to  base,  dark  brown. 

One  female.     Michigan.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.) 

12.  Pontania  robusta  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm. ;  very  robust ;  clypeus  not  very  deeply  emar- 
ginate,  lobes  broad,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  with  not  very  distinct  lat- 
eral walls, Inxmdly  uniting  with  very  large,  shallow  antennal  fovea,  the 
two  depressions  appearing  almost  as  one;  antennae  short,  joint  4  a 
little  longer  than  3;  sheath  short,  broad,  rounded  at  tip,  emarginate 
beneath;  venation  normal,  except  that  outer  veins  of  posterior  discal 
cells  are  interstitial;  claws  rather  deeply  cleft,  rays  parallel.  Color  in 
general  resinous  yellow,  shining;  antennae  above,  quadrate  spot  on 
vertex,  including  ocelli  and  extending  over  occiput,  quadrate  spot  on  the 
center  of  mesonotum,  line  down  center  and  the  tip  of  the  scutellum, 
together  with  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen,  except  lateral  margins, 
brownish  black;  antennae  fulvous  beneath;  mouth  parts  whitish,  with 
the  tips  of  the  mandibles  reddish  brown;  wings  hyaline;  veins  brown, 


33 

costa  and  stigma  very  light,  almost  hyaline,  the  latter  with  narrow 
brown  bordering  line. 

Male. — As  in  female,  except  that  the  occiput  is  infuscated  and  the 
mesothorax  is  entirely  black. 

One  female  and  one  male.  Michigan  and  District  of  Columbia  (?). 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.) 

13.  Pontania  kincaidi  new  species. 

Female.— Length  G  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypens  very  broadly 
but  not  deeply  einarginate;  ocellar  basin  with  distinctly  defined  wails; 


Fin.  7. — Pontania  pisum  Walsh:  a  and  b.  gall;  c.  larva:  d,  same,  in  contracted  dormant  state  in 
cocoon ;  e,  cocoons  in  barks  .  /,  pupa ;  g,  adult  female ;  h,  lateral  view  of  tip  of  abdomen  of  same ;  a,  b, 
and  e,  natural  size;  rest  enlarged  (original). 

crest  very  prominent,  curved  forward,  unbroken ;  antennalfovea  extend- 
ing laterally  over  base  of  antenna?;  antenna'  short,  joints  regularly 
diminishing  in  length  from  third  to  tip;  venation  normal;  stigma  nar- 
row, elongate,  acuminate;  sheath,  scarcely  tapering,  rounded  at  tip; 
claws  deeply  and  coarsely  notched.  Color  black,  shining;  clypeus  and 
mouth  parts,  extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  tegnlse  and  legs  yellowish 
ferruginous,  decidedly  infuscated;  wings  hyaline  or  very  slightly 
clouded;  veins  dark  brown;  stigma  a  little  lighter  toward  base. 
Four  females.  Trevor  Kincaid,  Olympia,  Wash.  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 
13449— No.  3 3 


34 

14.  Pontania  pisum  Walsh  (fig.  7.) 

I860.  Xematus  salicis  pisum  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  vi,  p.  259. 

1866.  Nematus  quercicola  (Walsh)  Cresson.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  VI,  p.  260. 

1867.  Xematus  salicis  pisum  Norton.    Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  204.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  66.) 
1880.  Xematus  salicis  pisum  Thomas.     10th  Rep.  State  Ent.  111.,  p.  68. 
1895.  Xematus  pisum  Marlatt.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  in,  p.  264. 
1895.  Xematus  quercicola  (Walsh)  Marlatt.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  m,  p.  266. 

Female. — Length  4  mm.;  slender,  head  wider  than  thorax;  abdomen 
spindle  shaped;  elypens  rather  deeply  and  angularly  notched,  lobes 
triangular;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  limited,  lateral  ridges  not  very 
sharply  raised;  frontal  crest  prominent,  slightly  notched  at  center; 
antenna!  fovea  shallow,  elongate;  antennae  short,  moderately  robust, 
joints  3  to  5  subequal;  sheath  broad,  very  slightly  emarginate  beneath, 
rounded  above,  apex  rounded;  cerci  rather  long,  tapering;  claws 
deeply  notched,  rays  subequal;  third  cubital  cell  quadrate;  upper 
discal  cell  not  exceeding  lower.  Color:  Antennae,  spot  on  vertex 
extending  more  or  less  over  occiput,  thorax,  most  of  abdomen,  includ- 
ing sheath,  black;  orbits  and  face  below  and  including  frontal  crest, 
most  of  prouotum,  tegulae,  legs  except  extreme  base  of  posterior  coxae, 
more  or  less  of  central  portion  of  venter  of  abdomen,  including  all 
terminal  segments  and  the  terminal  dorsal  segment  with  cerci,  yellow- 
ish ferruginous;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  infuscated;  antennae 
very  slightly  paler  beneath  and  toward  tips;  veins  and  stigma  brown; 
costa  lighter  at  base. 

Male. —  Length  3.5  mm.;  very  slender  and  graceful;  antennae  longer 
than  in  female  and  more  robust;  joints  3  to  5  subequal.  Color  black; 
face  below  frontal  crest,  orbits,  angles  of  prouotum,  tegulae,  legs  except 
bases  of  posterior  cox;e,  central  portion  of  abdomen  beneath,  and  hypo- 
pygium  yellow;  veins  as  in  female;  antennae  fulvous  beneath  and  also 
entirely  ;it  apex. 

"Gall. — The  gall  made  by  it  is  found  on  Salix  discolor.  A  suhspherical,  pea-like, 
hollow,  pale  yellowish-green  gall,  always  growing  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf  and 
almost  always  from  one  of  the  side  veins  (in  one  case  from  tho  inidrih),  and  attached 
to  the  leaf  by  only  a  minute  portion  of  its  surface;  0.18  to  0.28  inch  in  diameter,  and 
a  few,  immature,  only  0.08  inch  in  diameter.  Almost  invariably  there  is  hut  one  gall 
to  the  leaf,  hut  on  four  leaves  there  were  two,  and  occasionally  two  are  confluent. 
Surface  in  some  smooth  and  even,  without  pubescence;  in  others  a  little  shriveled, 
generally  studded  in  the  medium-sized  ones  with  four  to  twelve  small,  robustly  con- 
ical nipples,  w  hich  in  the  larger  ones  have  burst  into  a  scabrous  blown  scar.  Only 
in  three  out  of  sixty-two  was  there  any  rosy  cheek,  as  in  8.  pomum.  The  point  of 
attachment  is  marked  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  by  a  brown  subhemispherical 
depression. 

"Larva. — August  25.  Apparently  18-footed,  no  anal  prolegs  being  visible.  When 
at  rest,  it  elevated  its  entire  abdomen  behind  the  true  legs  in  the  air.  Length  0.17 
to  0.23  inch;  color  whitish  hyaline;  head  slightly  dusky ;  mouth  dusky;  eye-spots 
circular  and  black;  anal  segment  equal  in  length  to  two  of  the  others  and  apparently 
divided  in  two  by  a  transverse  medial  suture.  The  larva  goes  under  ground  to  trans- 
form, for  out  of  fifty  galls  all  but  three  were  bored,  and  in  those,  when  opened,  larvae 
which  had  perished  when  immature  were  found." — Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  VI, 
p.  259. 


35 

Four  females  and  five  males.  Illinois  and  New  York.  (Colls.  Am. 
Ent,  Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

Galls :  KicMeld  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Th.  Pergande,  collector,  September 
22, 1886 ;  adults  (males)  issued  January  27  to  February  5,  1887.  East 
Steamburg,  N.  Y.,  E.  L.  Horton,  collector,  September  25, 1894;  adult 
issued  March  28,  1895. 

15.  Pontania  bruneri  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  abdomen  much  broader 
than  thorax;  clypeus  distinctly  but  broadly  emarginate,  lobes  small; 
lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  rounded,  indistinct;  frontal  crest  very 
slightly  broken,  prominent;  third  and  fourth  joints  of  antennae  sub- 
equal;  sheath  broad,  scarcely  tapering,  somewhat  obliquely  rounded 
at  tip;  second  recurrent  interstitial  with  second  cubital;  third  cubital 
indistinct;  upper  discal  of  posterior  wiugs  considerably  shorter  than 
lower.  Color  black,  shining;  mouth  parts,  posterior  orbits,  angles 
of  pronotuin,  teguhe,  legs  except  bases  of  coxa*,  brownish  yellow; 
veins  light  brown;  stigma  and  costa  yellowish,  the  former  nearly  hya- 
line basally.  The  abdomen  in  one  specimen  is  yellowish  beneath  at 
apex. 

Gall. — (Frontispiece,  fig.  7.)  Galls  occurring  singly  on  the  edges  of  the 
leaves  of  Salix  longifolia,  having  the  form  and  general  characteristics 
of  the  gall  of  P.  desmodioidts.  Length  from  7  to  10  mm.;  smooth, 
fleshy  gall,  extending  from  the  midrib  considerably  beyond  the  narrow, 
linear  leaf,  with  a  prominent  and  distinct  suture  indicating  what  was 
the  edge  of  the  leaf;  in  color  yellowish,  inclined  to  reddish. 

Three  females,  reared  from  galls  collected  by  Lawrence  Bruner  on 
Robinson's  ranch,  Wyoming,  September  15,  1881.  The  galls  at  this 
time  were  mostly  abandoned,  only  six  of  them  still  containing  larva?. 
Adults  issued  between  February  18  and  March  3,  1882.  (Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

10.  Pontania  pacifica  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  rather  robust;  clypeus  broadly,  circularly 
emarginate,  lobes  medium;  frontal  crest  very  strongly  developed, 
broken;  lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  subobsolete;  antenna?  with  joint 
3  very  little  longer  than  4;  sheath  broad,  not  tapering,  broadly  rounded 
at  tip;  claws  deeply  cleft;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  upper 
discal  does  not  exceed  the  lower.  Color  in  general  resinous;  antenna?, 
large  spot  on  vertex,  including  ocelli,  occiput,  mesonotum  except 
scutellum,  metanotum  and  the  basal  segment  of  abdomen,  lower  half 
of  mesepimera,  and  sheath  brownish  black ;  veins  dark  brown ;  stigma 
somewhat  lighter  basally;  wings  very  slightly  infuscated. 

One  female.     Southern  California.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 


36 

17.  Pontania  pomum  Walsh. 

1866.  Nematus  salicis  pomum  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  VI,  p.  255. 

1866.  Nematus  hospes  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vi,  p.  261. 

1867.  Xematus  salicis  pomum  Norton.     Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  216.     (Cat., 

etc.,  p.  78.) 

1867.  Xematus  hospes  Norton.    Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  218.    (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  80.) 

1869.  Xematus  salicis  jfomum  Walsh  and  Riley.     Am.  Ent.,  n,  p.  45. 

1877.  Xematus  salicis  pomum  Riley.     9th  Rept.  Ins.  Mo.,  p.  20. 

1881.  Xematus  salicis 2>omum  Thomas.     10th  Ent.  Rept.  111.,  p.  68. 

1882.  Xematus  salicis  jmmum  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  xin,  p.  292. 

1883.  Xematus  salicis  pomum  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.  Hyni.,  p.  711. 
1895.  Pontania  hospes  Marlatt.     Proc  Ent.  Soc  Wash.,  in,  p.  266. 

Female. — Length  5  to  5.5  mm.;  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  rather 
deeply,  but  angularly  emarginate,  lobes  triangular,  rounded;  ridges  of 
vertex  about  ocellar  basin  rounded,  subobsolete;  frontal  crest  broad, 
rounded,  slightly  notched;  antennal  fovea  very  shallow,  elongate; 
antenna'  short,  not  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  joint  3  a  little  longer 
than  4  or  5;  sheath  very  broad  and  robust,  scarcely  tapering,  rounded 
at  tip;  cerci  rather  long,  tapering;  claws  not  very  deeply  cleft,  inner 
ray  much  shorter  than  outer;  venation  normal,  except  that  outer  veins 
of  the  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  are  usually  interstitial.  Color  yellow- 
ish ferruginous;  antennae,  quadrate  spot  inclosing  ocelli,  with  branches 
running  to  base  of  antennae,  stripe  on  center  of  mesonotum  extending 
to  mesoscutelluin,  spot  on  either  side  of  scutellum  and  thorax  posterior 
to  same,  with  basal  plates  and  narrow  basal  margin  of  the  dorsal  seg- 
ments becoming  indistinct  toward  tip  of  abdomen,  and  sheath  brownish 
black;  antenna'  indistinctly  rufous  beneath  toward  tips;  posterior  tarsi 
slightly  infuscated  at  tips;  veins  brown;  stigma  and  costa  more  inclined 
to  yellowish,  former  not  especially  lighter  at  base;  black  stripe  on 
mesonotum  is  sometimes  interrivpted  or  occasionally  almost  wanting. 

Male. — Length  4  mm.;  more  slender  and  elongate  than  female;  struc- 
turally as  in  female,  except  that  the  antenna'  are  longer;  joints  3  to  5 
subequal.  Color  brownish  black,  shining;  head  and  thorax  opaque  from 
rather  coarse  puncturing;  face  below  base  of  antenna',  orbits,  angles 
of  pronotum,  teguhe,  legs  except  bases  of  coxa?,  and  abdomen  beneath 
yellowish  ferruginous:  tips  of  anterior  tarsi  and  all  posterior  tarsi 
fuscous;  antenme  rufous  beneath,  especially  toward  tips;  wings  as  in 
female,  but  slightly  darker. 

Call. — (Frontispiece,  fig.  4.)  The  gall  ,9.  pomum  found  on  Salix  cordataand  very  rarely 
on  8.  discolor.  A  smooth,  lleshy,  sessile,  globular,  or  slightly  oval  monothalamous 
gall,  like  a  miniature  apple,  0.30  to  0.55  inch  diameter,  growing  on  one  side  of  the 
midrib  of  a  leaf,  and  extending  to  its  edge  or  beyond  it.  The  principal  part  of  the 
gall  projects  from  the  under  side  of  the  leaf;  very  rarely  it  is  bisected  by  the  leaf. 
Color  greenish  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  rosy  cheek,  especially  the  upper  surface, 
and  often  with  little  dots.  Fully  mature  July  31.  An  analogous  gall  is  formed  in 
Europe  ou  various  willows  by  Xematus  (jallicola  Westw. 

Larva. — May  24  it  is  only  about  0.10  inch  long;  June  11  it  is  white,  0.10  to  0.13 
inch  long;  July  24,  0.15  inch  long;  July  30,  0.15  to  0.20  inch  long,  pale  greenish 
white,  head  pale  brown.  Legs  freely  movable.  There  was  no  earth  in  the  jar  in 
which  the  galls  were  placed,  and  most  of  the  cocoons  were  spun  in  the  galls  and  a 
few  between  them. — Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  VI,  p.  255. 


37 

Six  females  and  five  males.  Illinois.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  Also  two 
females  (Cornell  University),  labeled  as  having  been  reared  from  gall  of 
Cecidomyia  strobiloides. 

18.  Pontania  atra  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4  mm.;  slender,  elongate;  clypens  nearly  truncate ; 
ridges  about  anterior  ocellus  rounded  or  subobsolete;  fovea  very  shal- 
low, indistinct;  antennae  slender,  fourth  joint  distinctly  longer  than 
third;  sheath  slender,  tapering,  rounded  at  tip;  claws  with  inner  ray 
considerably  shorter  than  outer,  not  very  deeply  notched ;  stigma  narrow, 
elongate.  Color  shining  black,  including  mouth  parts,  pronotum,  and 
tegula?.  Trochanters,  apical  half  of  femora,  tibia?,  and  tarsi  inclined 
to  pallid,  but  strongly  infuscated.  Veins,  including  stigma,  very  dark 
brown. 

One  female.  Michigan,  April  21.  G.  C.  Davis,  collector.  (Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

19.  Pontania  hyalina  Norton. 

1864.  Messa  hyalina  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  p.  8. 

1867.  Messa  hyalina  Xorton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  222.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  84.) 

Female. — Length  4  mm.:  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  very 
shallowly,  if  at  all,  excavated,  almost  truncate;  vertex  nearly  smooth; 
ridges  indistinct,  rounded;  antennal  fovea  very  large  and  deep,  nearly 
circular;  antenna?  somewhat  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slender, 
scarcely  tapering,  third  joint  very  much  longer  than  fourth,  third  to 
fifth  joints  nodose  at  apex;  sheath  very  elongate,  narrow,  tapering  reg- 
ularly to  tip,  more  than  half  as  long  as  abdomen;  claws  deeply  cleft, 
rays  subequal;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  and  usually  sec- 
ond recurrent  and  second  transverse  cubital  interstitial;  third  cubital 
cell  quadrate.  Color  black;  tips  of  clypeus,  labrum,  mouth  parts,  extreme 
angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  legs  except  extreme  bases  of  coxa1,  yellow; 
tips  of  posterior  tibia?,  their  tarsi,  and  the  cerci  dusky;  upper  and  lower 
edges  of  femora  sometimes  infuscated;  veins  yellowish  brown ;  basal 
half  of  stigma  hyaline. 

Gall. — (Frontispiece,  fig  2.)  Fleshy  galls,  occurring  in  two  parallel 
rows,  one  on  either  side  of  the  midrib,  sometimes  touching  but  not  origi- 
nating from  the  latter,  and  rarely  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  leaf; 
sometimes  as  many  as  twenty  on  a  single  leaf;  in  other  cases  confined 
to  a  row  on  one  side  of  the  leaf,  or  occasionally  occurring  singly;  shape 
irregular,  elongate-ovate,  projecting  equally  on  both  surfaces  of  the  leaf; 
length  7  to  10  mm.,  the  abortive  ones  smaller.  Color  on  upper  side 
more  or  less  brownish  red;  beneath  white,  with  slight  purplish  tinge. 
The  galls  result  from  the  punctures  of  the  females  in  the  very  tenderest 
leaves,  the  wound  closing  and  becoming  invisible.  The  eggs  and  larvaa 
are  subject  to  the  attacks  of  mites,  Thrips,  a  curculionid  (Anthonomus 
sycophanta  Walsh),  and  a  lepidopterous  larva  which  eats  out  the  entire 
interior  of  the  gall,  tenthredinid  larva  and  all. 


38 

Many  specimens.  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Penn- 
sylvania, New  Jersey,  and  Canada.  (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

Galls:  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  C.  V.  Riley,  collector,  July  16-25, 1883,  "on 
Salix  fragilis,  a  large  tree,  50  to  70  feet  high,  with  a  rough  bark  and 
trunk,  smooth  branches,  and  galls  very  plentiful  on  younger  leaves  all 
over  the  tree."  The  adults  were  obtained  between  April  29  and  May 
21,  1881 ;  also  chalcidid  and  other  parasites. 

Magnolia,  Mass.,  July  10,  1883;  gallmaker  not  reared.  Hymenop- 
terous  parasites  issued  July  20,  1883. 

Richfield  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Theo.  Pergande,  collector,  February  8, 1880; 
adults  issued  March  3  to  April  21,  1887;  also  chalcidid  parasites  and 
a  dipterous  guest  fly. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  J.  C.  Leach,  collector,  July  25,  1891. 

Pointe  au  Pic,  Quebec,  Canada,  E.  Corning,  collector,  August  28,1891. 

20.  Pontania  truncata  new  species. 

Female. — Length  1  mm.;  moderately  robust;  clypeus  almost  squarely 
truncate,  scarcely  excavated;  ridges  about  ocellar  basin  and  frontal 
crest  rounded,  almost  obsolete;  antennal  fovea  large,  circular;  an  tenure 
scarcely  tapering,  not  longer  than  the  head  and  thorax;  claws  not  very 
deeply  notched,  inner  ray  considerably  shorter  than  outer;  sheath 
narrow,  elongate,  not  acuminate,  rounded  at  tip;  venation  normal. 
Color  black,  shining;  clypeus,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae, 
venter  of  abdomen,  and  legs,  except  bases  of  posterior  coxai,  yellowish 
ferruginous;  sheath  brownish  at  apex  and  on  margin;  antenme  fulvous 
beneath,  except  on  scape  and  first  joint  of  flagellum. 

One  female.     Southern  California.    (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

21.  Pontania  atriventris  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  clypeus  distinctly 
emarginate,  lobes  minute,  pointed;  frontal  and  lateral  ridges  of  vertex 
rounded,  subobsolete;  antennae  with  joints  3  to  5  subequal,  fourth  joint 
slightly  longest;  sheath  narrow,  elongate,  tapering;  claws  deeply  cleft; 
venation  normal.  Color  black,  shining,  including  orbits  and  venter  of 
thorax  and  abdomen ;  legs  beyond  coxa}  yellowish  brown ;  femora  darker, 
with  upper  and  lower  edges  and  the  tips  of  posterior  tibhe  and  tarsi 
infuscated ;  clypeus  and  mouth  parts  pale;  wings  hyaline;  veins  brown ; 
basal  half  of  stigma  hyaline. 

Three  females.     Mount  Hood,  Oreg.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

22.  Pontania  californica  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  clypeus  rather  deeply 
and  not  broadly  excavated,  lobes  rounded;  head  rather  strongly  punc- 
tured ;  ridges  about  ocellar  basin  not  well  defined ;  antennal  fovea  Droad, 


39 

circular,  shallow,  breaking  through  rudimentary  frontal  crest;  antennos 
short,  not  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  scarcely  tapering;  sheath  very 
narrow,  elongate,  not  acuminate,  rounded  at  tip;  inner  ray  of  claw  con- 
siderably shorter  than  outer;  venation  normal.     Color  black,  shining 
labrum,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguke,  legs  except  bases  of 
posterior  cox;e,  abdomen  beneath,  except  sheath,  yellowish  ferruginous 
sheath  brownish  rufous,  smooth,   shining;    antenme   with    flagelluin 
inclined  to  rufous  beneath ;  veins  brown,  stigma  and  costa  paler  basally 
tarsi  somewhat  infuscated. 

Male. — Length  4  mm. ;  structurally  agrees  with  female ;  also  colora 
tional  characters,  except  that  the  pronotum  is  entirely  black,  coxa3  alto 
gether  black,  and  the  venter  of  abdomen  yellowish  brown  centrally 
including  hypopygium. 

Gall. — Gall  of  the  type  desmodioides,  not  differing  in  the  dried  speci 
mens  in  any  noticeable  manner  from  the  latter.     Length  8  to  12  mm 
Normally  but  one  gall  occurs  on  a  leaf.     The  galls  were  received  from 
Mr.  H.  T.  Turner,  Eastlake,  Cal.,  August  26, 1883,  and  the  adults  issued 
between  September  18,  1883,  and  March  24,  1884. 

Nine  females  and  3  males,  8  of  which — G  females  and  2  males — were 
reared  from  willow-leaf  galls  collected  by  Mr.  Turner  in  California. 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.) 

One  male  collected  at  Alameda,  Cal.,  in  March  by  Mr.  Koebele,  and 
the  others  collected  in  Southern  California,  (Colls.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus. 
and  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

23.  Pontania  gracilis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  slender,  elongate  species;  abdomen  cen- 
trally considerably  broader  than  thorax;  head  very  much  narrower 
than  thorax;  clypeus  distinctly, circularly  emarginate;  ridges  of  vertex 
rounded,  subobsolete;  frontal  crest  broken;  antennae  with  joints  3  to  6 
subequal,  fourth  slightly  longest;  sheath  elongate,  narrow,  tapering; 
claws  deeply  cleft;  venation  normal.  Color  in  general  black,  shining; 
orbits,  face  beneath  antenna*,  pronotum,  tegulte,  legs,  and  venter  of 
abdomen  reddish  yellow;  wings  hyaline;  veins,  including  all  of  stigma, 
dark  brown. 

Gall.^Galls  somewhat  similar  to  desmodioidcs,  but  much  more  robust, 
nearly  spherical,  extending  from  midrib  to  considerably  beyond  edge  of 
leaf;  diameter  9  to  13  mm.;  surface  smooth. 

Galls  collected  in  Virginia  by  Mr.  Pergande  September  29,  1885; 
adults  issued  April  19  and  29,  188G. 

Two  females.    Virginia.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

24.  Pontania  stigmatalis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4  mm. ;  robust ;  clypeus  distinctly  but  rather  broadly 
and  circularly  emarginate,  lobes  small,  pointed ;  ridges  of  vertex  sub- 


40 

obsolete;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  uniting  more  or  less  with  the  slight 
depression  about  anterior  ocellus;  antennae  very  slender,  rather  elon- 
gate for  the  genus,  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  sheath  long,  narrow,  regu- 
larly tapering 'to  rather  acute  tip;  venation  normal;  claws  deeply  cleft, 
rays  subequal.  Color  black,  shining ;  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pro- 
notum,  tegulse,  and  legs,  including  tips  of  coxa',  whitish;  upper  and 
lower  margins  of  femora  are  narrowly  dark  brown  and  the  tips  of  the 
tibioe  and  tarsi,  particularly  posterior  pair,  brownish;  the  posterior 
orbits  are  reddish  yellow;  wings  hyaline;  veins  light  brown,  costa  and 
stigma  hyaline. 

One  female.    Mount  Hood,  Oreg.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

25.  Pontania  desmodioides  Walsh. 

L866.  Nematua  .sal ids  desmodioides  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Phila.,  VI,  p.  257. 

18G6.  Nematus  inquilinus  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  vi,  p.  2(50. 

18G7.  Nematus  salicis  desmodioides  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  .Soc,  i,  p.  I'll.    (Cat., 

etc.,  p.  < 
1867.  Nematus  inquilinus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  213.     (Cat.,  etc., 
p.  75.) 
Nematus  inquilinus  Provancher.    Can.  Nat.,  x,  p.  57. 
1883.  Nematus  inquilinus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Jlvm.,  p.  190. 
1895.  Pontania  inquilina  Marlatt.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Wash.,  Ill,  p.  266. 

Female. — Length  5mm.j  rather  robust;  head  and  thorax  strongly 
punctured,  s  >mewha1  opaque;  clypeus  deeply  and  narrowly  emargi- 
nate,  lobes  rounded;  ocellar  basin  well  defined,  side  walls  thick;  frontal 
crest  Large,  slightly  notched;  antennal  fovea  elongate,  deeply  exca- 
vated: (daws  rather  deeply  and  evenly  cleft;  sheath  narrow,  long,  reg- 
ularly tapering,  scarcely  excavated  beneath;  cerci  slender,  tapering; 
wings  with  normal  venation,  except  that  the  third  cubital  cell  is  nearly 
quadrangular.  Color  of  antenna-,  large  spot  including  ocelli,  stripe  on 
anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum,  band  in  front  of  scutellum,  most  of  meta- 
notum,  and  abdomen  dorsally  except  sides  and  apex  dark  brown, 
approaching  black  (mesonotum  sometimes  nearly  altogether  black, 
except  Bcutel) ;  occiput,  balance  of  mesonotum,  and  the  mesepimera 
reddish  brown,  inclined  to  resinous:  face,  orbits,  pronotum,  scutellum, 
abdomen  beneath,  and  legs  yellowish  ferruginous;  veins  and  stigma 
yellowish  brown,  the  former  scarcely  lighter  basally. 

Male. — Length  4  mm.;  structurally  about  as  in  female;  vertex  with 
numerous  yellowish  hairs;  the  ocellar  basin  less  distinctly  defined  and 
the  antennal  fovea  more  triangular  and  deepening  anteriorly;  venation 
as  in  female,  except  that  the  intercostal  vein  is  posterior  to  basal. 
Color  brownish  black;  spot  beneath  antenna',  clypeus,  mouth  parts, 
lowTer  and  inner  orbits,  pronotum,  tegulse,  legs  for  the  most  part,  broad 
stripe  on  venter  of  abdomen  and  dorsal  apex  of  same,  yellowish; 
posterior  tarsi  infuscated;  posterior  orbits  reddish  yellow,  fuscous; 
veins  yellowish  brown ;  stigma  unicolorous. 

Gall. — The  gall  is  found  on  S.  humilis.  It  is  smooth,  flattish,  fleshy,  sessile,  yellow- 
ish green,  monothalainous,  semicircular  in  general  shape  like  the  seed  of  aDesmodiuni 


41 

or  the  quarter  of  an  orange.  It  is  about  equally  divided  between  the  two  surfaces 
of  the  leaf;  no  rosy  cheek.  Generally  there  is  but  one  gall  on  a  leaf;  one  leaf  was 
seen  with  three  upon  it.  Length  0.23  to  0.50  iuch.  One  hundred  and  thirty-one 
specimens.     Gall  mature  July  30. 

Larva. — Three  or  four  of  these  July  30,  did  not  apparently  differ  from  those  of 
s.  pomum  examined  the  same  day.  When  the  larva  quits  feeding  iu  the  gall,  there 
remains  nothing  of  it  but  a  shell  as  thin  as  paper.  All  the  imagoes  bred  pupized 
inside  the  gall;  but  there  was  no  earth  within  the  breeding  vase. — Walsh,  Proc.  Ent. 
Soc.  Phila.,  vi,  p.  257. 

Two  females,  a  bred  specimen  from  Illinois  (Walsh's  type?)  and  a 
collected  specimen  from  Massachusetts,  and  one  male  (Walsh's  type!) 
apparently  reared  with  the  female  described  above.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.) 

Ncmatus  inquilinus  Walsh  is  unquestionably  identical  with  this  species. 

Galls  probably  belonging  to  this  species  have  been  received  from  the 
following  localities:  Lafayette,  Ind.,  F.  M.  Webster,  August  15,  1890, 
from  which  were  obtained  two  parasites,  Sympiesis  sp.  and  Murytoma 
studiosa  Say,  supposed  to  be  parasitic  on  Anthonomus  sycophanta  Walsh ; 
Eichfield  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Th.  Pergande,  collector,  September  28,  188G. 
Cadet,  Mo.,  J.  G.  Barlow,  collector,  September  24,  1890. 

26.  Pontania  sulphurea  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4  mm.;  rather  slender,  glistening;  head  and  thorax 
somewhat  coarsely  punctured  ;  clypeus  circularly  emarginate,  lobes 
triangular;  ridges  of  vertex  inclosing  ocellar  basin  present,  but  not  dis- 
tinctly denned ;  frontal  crest  small;  antennal  fovea  very  shallow,  almost 
wanting;  antennae,  scarcely  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  filiform,  joints 
3  and  1  subequal;  sheath  very  narrow,  elongate,  tapering  toward 
rounded  tip;  claws  large,  deeply  notched;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of 
hind  wings  interstitial;  cerci  very  short,  tapering  rapidly  from  base. 
Color  sulphur  yellow;  antennas,  quadrate  spot  on  vertex  inclosing 
ocelli,  large  spot  on  each  of  anterior  lobes  of  mesonotum,  the  post  scu- 
tellum  and  two  or  three  spots  on  the  succeeding  sclerite,  band  on  basal 
plates,  and  on  proximal  segments  of  abdomen  brownish  black,  lighter 
on  abdomen;  antenna1  fulvous  beneath,  dusky  toward  tips;  sheath 
edged  with  brown  on  the  dorsal  and  apical  margins;  veins  light  yel- 
lowish brown;  stigma  and  costa  lighter  basally. 

Male. — Agrees  in  general  characters  with  the  female.  The  dorsum  of 
thorax  is  black,  and  the  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  black  cen- 
trally, forming  a  narrow  dark  stripe  extending  more  than  half  way  to 
the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 

One  female  and  one  male.    Montana  and  Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 

Soc.) 

27.  Pontania  rugulosa  new  species. 

Male. — Length  4  mm.;  rather  slender;  head  roughened,  coarsely 
punctured,  thorax  with  finer  puncturing;  clypeus  deeply,  narrowly 
emarginate,  lobes  triangular;  lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct  or 


42 

wanting;  frontal  crest  sharply  defined,  prominent,  slightly  notched  in 
the  center;  antenna!  fovea  very  minute,  almost  wanting,  circular; 
antennae  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  joints  3  and  4  subequal,  joints  3 
to  5  nodose  at  tips;  procidentia  projecting  more  than  its  width  beyond 
terminal  segment;  hypopygium  narrow,  rounded  at  tip;  claws  deeply 
.cleft;  third  cubital  cell  very  short,  quadrate;  upper  discal  cell  of  hind 
wing  not  exceeding  lower.  Color  black;  clypeus,  mouth  party,  angles 
of  pronotum,  tegula\  hypopygium,  and  legs,  except  bases  of  coxa',  yellow- 
ish ferruginous;  tips  of  anterior  tarsi  faintly  and  tips  of  posterior  tibia1- 
and  their  tarsi  more  strongly  infuscated;  antennae  fulvous  beneath; 
veins  dark  brown ;  stigma  unicolorous,  brown ;  costa  lighter  at  extreme 
base. 

Two  males,  one  reared  ( ?)  from  willow  gall.  Michigan.  (Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

28.  Pontania  placenta  Norton. 

1867.  Xemalus  plaeenlus  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.,i,  p.  213.    (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  75.) 

Male. — Length  4.5  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  very 
broadly  excavated,  lobes  small;  vertex  rounded,  smooth,  with  a  deep 
furrow  beyond  lateral  ocelli ;  ridges  limiting  ocellar  basin  wanting  or 
indistinct,  as  also  frontal  crest;  antennal  fovea  large,  very  shallow, 
indistinctly  limited;  antenna'  slender,  not  much  longer  than  head  and 
thorax;  claws  microscopically  cleft  at  apex;  procidentia  not  or  scarcely 
projecting.  The  following  veins  arc  interstitial :  Intercostal  with  basal, 
second  recurrent  with  second  transverse  cubital  and  outer  veins  of 
discal  cells  of  posterior  wings.  Color  of  antenna',  large  spot  on  head 
about  ocelli,  occiput,  mesonotuin  and  nietanotum,  abdomen  above  except 
narrow  lateral  edge,  more  or  less  of  metepisternum,  and  bases  of  pos- 
terior coxa',  black ;  balance  of  body  yellowish  ferruginous. 

One  male.    Canada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

29.  Pontania  pallifrons  Cresson. 

1880.  Xematus  pallifrons  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vni,  p.  6. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  clypeus  almost  squarely 
truncate;  mouth  parts  with  short  white  hairs;  vertex  smooth,  shining; 
ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined;  frontal  crest  rather  large,  unbroken; 
antennal  fovea  very  small,  circular,  more  deeply  excavated  at  lower 
end;  antemne  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  robust  and 
tapering;  claws  large,  deeply  divided,  inner  ray  much  shorter  than 
outer;  apex  of  abdomen  not  strongly  recurved;  procidentia  short, 
strongly  constricted  at  base,  apical  angles  acuminate;  cerci  rather 
long,  spindle  shaped;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  intercostal  vein 
is  at  right  angles  to  costa;  stigma  very  elongate,  narrow.  Color  black, 
shining;  face  below  ocellar  basin,  orbits,  pronotum,  teguhe,  all  of 
venter,  and  legs  yellowish  ferruginous;  metepisternum  and  extreme 


43 

bases  of  posterior  coxre  brownish  black;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and 
tarsi,  and  cerci,  infuscated;  antennae  unicolorous,  brownish  black. 

.     One  male.     Cresson's  type.     Texas.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

30.  Pontania  pyriformis  new  species.     (Frontispiece,  fig.  5.) 

Gall. —Galls  occurring  on  leaves  of  Salix  californica(f).  Collected  by 
Albert  Koebele,  Donner,  Placer  County,  Cal.,  September  5, 1885.  Galls 
occur  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf,  attached  to  or  near  the  midrib, 
usually  singly,  but  sometimes  two  separately  on  the  leaf,  or  more  fre- 
quently partly  coalescing,  in  which  case  one  is  usually  abortive.  They 
are  pear  shaped,  attached  rather  broadly  (J  to  J  greatest  diameter)  at 
the  larger  end,  and  rather  acutely  pointed,  sometimes  slightly  curved 
at  tip,  or  more  rarely  bifurcate.  They  consist  of  a  mere  shell,  con- 
taining with  the  larva  very  little  frass,  as  though  the  larva  had  sub- 
sisted more  on  secretions  than  on  the  solid  interior  of  the  gall — the  gall 
giving  now  no  indication  of  ever  having  been  fleshy  and  solid.  The 
full-grown  larva  escapes  through  the  base  of  the  gall  at  its  point  of 
attachment,  emerging,  therefore,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf.  The 
larva  is  white,  with  light-brown  head  and  black  eye-spots,  7  to  8  mm. 
long.  Six  specimens  of  Pimpla  euurce  Ashrn.1  were  reared,  but  no 
gall-flies. 

31.  Pontania  monile  new  species.     (Frontispiece,  fig.  6.) 

Gall. — Gall  occurring  on  the  leaves  of  willow.  Collected  at  the  mouth 
of  the  American  Fork  Caiion,  Utah,  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz,  June  29, 
1891. 

Smooth,  globular,  fleshy  galls,  6  to  8  mm.  in  diameter,  occurring  from 
2  to  0  together  in  a  row  on  the  underside  of  the  midrib  of  willow  leaf. 
The  area  of  attachment  is  about  one-half  the  greatest  diameter  of  the 
gall,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  appears  as  a  slight  convexity. 
When  closely  placed,  the  galls  lose  somewhat  of  the  spherical  shape, 
but  rarely  grow  together.  The  larva  begins  eating  out  the  interior  of 
the  gall  near  the  base,  and  is  rather  robust,  10  mm.  in  length,  with 
light,  resinous  head  and  dark  eye-spots;  light,  yellowish- white  body. 

An  exactly  similar  gall,  except  occurring  1  or  2  together,  is  repre- 
sented in  the  collection,  bearing  the  label  January  10,  1884,  without 
locality.  It  was  collected  in  a  later  stage  of  development,  and  the  inte- 
rior is  completely  excavated.  In  most  cases  the  larva  had  abandoned 
the  gall,  issuing  near  the  base.  The  specimens  probably  came  from 
the  Northwest. 

A  gall  similar  to  the  last  was  also  received  from  Mr.  Lawrence 
Bruner,  Robinson's  Eanch,  ^Vyoming,  collected  September  15,  1881, 
with  the  statement  that  it  occurred  on  the  leaves  of  Populus  angusti- 
folia.  Examination  of  the  leaves  seems  to  indicate  that  they  are  wil- 
low rather  than  poplar,  and  the  gall  may  be  doubtfully  referred  to  the 
type  described  above. 

1  Insect  Life,  in,  p.  463. 


44 


VIII.  Genus  PTERONUS  Jurine. 

Jnrine,  Nouvellc  Methode  do  Classer  les  Hymenopteres  et  Pipteres,  T.  i,  p.  61. 
Konow,  Deutsche  entoniologische  Zeitschrift,  xxxiv,  1890,  Heft  n,  p.  237. 

Body  large,  hard;  clypeus  incised  at  tip;  claws  bifid;  antenna'  long,  frequently 
pale  beneath ;  stigma  usually  unicolorous ;  mesonotnm  and  mesoplenrse  usually  not 
or  sparsely  punctured;  head  subrotund ;  labium  not  or  slightly  prominent;  eighth 
dorsal  abdominal  segment  of  male  subtriangular,  produced  at  apex ;  procidentia 
truncate  at  apex;  hypopygium  narrow  at  apex  and  subtruncately  rounded;  sheath 
of  female  small,  narrow;  apex  never  acuminate. 

The  genus  as  characterized  above  by  Konow  is  perhaps  the  largest  in 
point  of  number  of  species  of  the  several  genera  erected  from  the  old 
genus  Nematus.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  genus  following  it,  but  differs 
notably  in  the  characters  of  the  head  and  wings  and  in  the  general 
appearance.  The  males  of  the  smaller  species  are  not  so  readily  sepa- 
rated from  the  males  of  Pontania.  The  genus  has  its  type  species  in 
Pteronus  myosotidis  Fab.,  the  only  species  remaining  of  those  originally 
assigned  to  it  by  Jurine.  The  life-history  of  a  few  of  t  lie  American 
species  is  familiar,  as,  for  instance,  that  of  Pteronus  centralis  Say  (the 
willow  sawfly)  and  1\  ribe&ii  Scop,  (the  gooseberry  sawfly).  In  habits, 
the  other  species  are  for  the  most  pari  probably  similar  to  these.  Some 
confusion  which  has  grown  up  with  reaped  to  some  of  the  light-colored 
forms  is  referred  to  in  the  table  for  the  separation  of  the  species. 

TABLE   OF    SPEC]  I  3. 

Females. 

A.  Prevailing  color  black ;  pectus  always  black. 

Stigma   narrow,  usually  straight  on   lower  margin  or  strongly  acuminate, 
elongate,  more  than  three  times  as  Long  as  wide. 
Bead,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  above. 
Stigma  and  femora  brown  or  black. 

Abdomen  beneath  black 1.  vicinal  is  Cr. 

Abdomen  pale  beneath. 

Orbits  black  2.  oceiden talis  n.  sp. 

Orbits  pale 3.  latus  n .  sp. 

Stigma  and  femora  pale 4.  pacificus  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  black;  abdomen  more  or  less  pale. 

Abdomen  with  broad  lateral  pale  stripe 5.  I hnbat u s  Cr. 

Abdomen  with  broad,  transverse  yellow  band 6.  latifasciatus  Cr. 

Stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin,  not  much  more  than  twiee  as  long  as 
wide. 
Head  and  thorax  black ;  venter  of  abdomen  pale;  dorsal  arcs  always  more 
or  less  black,  except  sometimes  terminal  ones. 

Femora  black 7.  ventralis  Say, 

Hind  femora  only  black 8.  marlattii  Dyar. 

Femora  pale ;  orbits  black  or  strongly  infuscated. 

Coxa'  black;  abdomen  black  above,  except  narrow  apex  of  some 

of  dorsal  arcs 9.  atriceps  n.  sp. 

Coxa^  pale;  abdomen  with  narrow  transverse  brown  stripes  on 
dorsal  arcs,  sometimes  limited  to  basal  segments,  mostly  pale; 
sheath  pale 10.  coloradensis  n.  sp. 


45 

Coxa  pale;   abdomen  Avith  broad  central  black  stripe  and  with 
apex  beneath  strongly  infuscated;  sheath  black. 
Second  recurrent  interstitial  with  first  cubital. 

11.  harringtoni  n.sp. 
Second  recurrent  received  well  within  second  cubital  cell. 

12.  fylesin.  sp. 
Femora  pale;  orbits  pale  or  reddish. 

Sheath  broad;  rounded  or  truncate  at  apex ;  stigma  brown. 

13.  Mncaidi  n.  sp. 

Sheath  narrow,  tapering;  stigma  yellow 14.  fovcatus  n.  sp. 

Sheath  narrow,  tapering;    stigma  bicolorous;    mesepimera  with 

pectoral  black  spot 15.  bicolor  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  black;  abdomen  pale,  except  sometimes  basal  dorsal  arc 
and,  rarely,  terminal  arcs. 

Hind  femora  black,  at  least  apically. 

Hind  tibia}  with  brown  gradually  increasing  in  intensity   from 

base  to  tip ;  orbits  and  mouth  parts  pale 16.  tricolor  n.  sp. 

Hind  tibhe  with  basal  one-third  or  one-half  white;  head  black. 
Elongate;  basal  arc  black. 

Terminal  segments  black ;  legs  pallid  and  black. 

17.  rufocinctus  Harrington. 
Terminal  segments  yellow ;  legs  reddish  yellow  and  black. 

18.  erytlvrog  aster  Norton. 
Short  ovate;  basal  arc  indistinctly  or  not  at  all  infuscated. 

Three  terminal  arcs  pale 19.  corylus  Cr. 

Three  terminal  arcs  black 20.  dyarin.  sp. 

Hind  femora  pale. 

Veins  and  stigma  dark  brown. 
t  Angles  of  pronotum  and  the  coxas  black..  21.  fulvicrus  Prov. 

Angles,  etc.,  pale. 

Lateral  lobes  mesonotum  mostly  black ;  basal  segment  of 

abdomen  infuscated 22.  populi  n.  sp. 

Lateral  lobes  mesonotum  reddish ;  basal  segment  pale. 

23.  hudsonii  Dyar. 
Veins  and  stigma  yellowish. 

Orbits  and  spot  below  bases  of  antenna'  pale. 

24.  auratus n.sp. 
Orbits  and  spot  below  bases  of  antenna'  black. 

25.  calif ornlcus  n.  sp. 
Head  and  thorax  more  or  less  pale  above. 
Antenna'  yellow  or  ferruginous. 

Hind  femora  mostly  black 26.  antennatus  n.  sp. 

Hind  femora  pale 27.  ribesii  Scop. 

Antenna  black ;  legs  pale 28.  edwardsii  Cr. 

AA.  Prevailing  color  of  dorsum  black ;  pectus  and  venter  pale  (except  dusky  spot  on 
pectus  of  hyaUnns  and  minute  one  in  case  of  rufus,  and  sometimes  venter  of 
abdomen  black  in  mUltaris). 
Head  altogether  black. 

Thorax  with  lateral  lobes  reddish ;  abdomen  black  dorsally .  29.  militarisGr. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  reddish,  except  mesoscutellum,  metanotum  and  basal 

central  area  of  abdomen 30.  thoracicus  Harr. 

Head  black  ;  mouth  parts  and  orbits  pale. 
Stigma  and  costa  brown. 
Scutelluni  black. 

Head  nearly   spherical,  viewed   latterly;  clypeus   narrowly  and 
deeply  excavated,  short,  robust 31.  odoratus  Dyar. 


46 

Head  normal,  triangular;  clypeus  rather  broadly  excavated,  elon- 
gate     30.  cornelli  n.  sp. 

Scutellum  pale. 

Posterior  tibia^  and  tarsi  dark  brown 33.  trilineatus  Nort. 

Legs  altogether  resinous 34.  magus  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  pale. 

Scutellum  entirely  or  for  most  part  black. 

Costa  enlarged  at  apex;  small,  robust  species..  35.  quercns  n.  sp. 
Costa  normal ;  elongate  species. 

Lobes  of  mesonotum  altogether  black 36.  hyalimis  n.  sp. 

Lobes  with  light  sutures 37.  rertebratus  Say. 

Scutellum  pale 38.  integer  Say. 

AAA.  Dorsum  pale  or  with  few  black  spots.1 
Stigma  pale. 

Crest  strongly  bituberculate. 

Claws  normal 39.  mendicus  Walsh. 

Claws  minutely  cleft 40.  vancouverensis  n.  sp. 

Crest  unbroken,  straight 41.  koebclei  u.  sp. 

Crest  unbroken,  curved  anteriorly  ;  stigma  narrow,  straight  on  lower  mar- 
gin   42.  pingnidorsum  Dyar. 

Stigma  brown;  body  without  dark  markings 43.  u n ico lor  n.  sp 

Males. 
Procidentia  very  broad  and  large.2 

Elongate,  slender;  orbits  black 44.  longicornis  n.  sp. 

Short,  robust ;  orbits  reddish 27.  ribesii  Scop. 

Procidentia  narrow  ;  sometimes  subobsolete. 
Black;  pectus  always  black. 

Body  altogether  black,  except  sometimes  mouth  parts,  pronotum,  and  tegula). 
Legs,  particularly  femora  and  posterior  tibia',  strongly  infuscated. 

Ridges  about  ocellar  basin  prominent 45.  iridescens  Cr. 

Ridges  about  ocellar  basin  obsolete 46.  decoratus  Prov. 

Legs  pale,  except  tips  posterior  tibial  and  their  tarsi. 
Clypeus  distinctly  einarginate;  procidentia  minute. 

Stigma  short,  robust;  apical  half  hind  tibia'  infuscated. 

47.  lombardaj  n.  sp. 
Stigma  rather  elongate,  acuminate;  extreme  tips  of  hind  tibiae 
sharply  brown. 

'Three  species  of  the  lnteus  group  described  by  Norton  are  distinguishable  by  the 
color  characteristics.  The  types  are  lost,  with  the  possible  exception  of  trivitfatus. 
Stigmatus  may  prove  to  be  a  good  species.  Mendicus  and  trivittatus  are  closely 
allied,  and  probably  identical,  the  older  name,  mendicus,  holding.  Monochroma  may 
prove  to  be  a  light  form  of  mendicus.  These  species  all  fall  in  the  table  with  mendi- 
cus, with  which  they  are  closely  allied.  Stigmatus  and  monochroma  may  be  good  spe- 
cies, and  the  original  descriptions  of  them  are  appended  (Nos.  47  and  48).  The  fol- 
lowing synopsis  indicates  the  color  differences  of  this  group: 
Dorsum  pale,  except  tip  of  scutellum,  metanotum,  and  stripe  down  tergum 

9  49.  stigmatus  Nort. 
Dorsum  with  a  black  spot  about  ocelli  and  three  on  lobes  of  mesonotum ;  body  other- 
wise pale 9  39.  trivitfatus  Nort. 

Dorsum  with  two  spots  on  mesonotum,  tip  of  scutellum,  and  spots  on  metanotum 

black 9  39.  mendicus  Walsh. 

Insect  altogether  pale,  including  antenna? 9  50.  monochroma  Nort. 

"In  this  character  the  two  following  species  depart  in  this  sex  from  the  character- 
ization of  the  genus. 


47 

Venter  black ;  second  recurrent  interstitial. 

11.  harringtoni  n.  sp. 
Venter  pale ;  second  recurrent  not  interstitial. 

12.  fylesi  n.  sp. 
Clypeus  nearly  truncate;  procidentia  long  and  projecting,  keeled. 

20.  dyari  n.  sp. 

Legs  pale,  pygidiuni  pale 48.  dubius  n.  sp. 

Body  black,  except  venter  of  abdomen,  femora,  and  sometimes  terminal  dorsal 
arcs. 
Abdomen  entirely  black  dorsally. 

Orbits  pale ;  mesepimera  black 13.  kincaidi  n.  sp. 

Orbits  black ;  upper  half  of  mesepimera  pale 30.  thoracicus  Harr. 

Abdomen  with  more  or  less  of  dorsal  segments  laterally  and  apically  pale. 
Procidentia  minute,  usually  slightly  emarginate  at  tip;   abdomen 
usually  nearly  interrupted  with  yellow  centrally.  7.  ventralis  Say. 
Procidentia  medium,  rounded  at  tip ;  abdomen  not  as  above. 

10.  coloradensis  n.  sp. 
Black  above  for  most  part ;  pectus  and  venter  pale. 
Stigma  and  costa  brown. 

Dorsum,  including  scutellum,  black. 

Head  nearly  spherical,  viewed  laterally ;  clypeus  narrowly  and  deeply 

excavated ;  short,  robust 31.  odoratus  Dyar. 

Head  normal,  triangular ;  clypeus  rather  broadly  excavated ; 

elongate 32.  cornelli  n.  sp. 

Dorsum  black,  scutellum  pale 41.  vancouverensis  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  pale. 

Procidentia  as  long  as  wide 39.  mendicus  Walsh. 

Procidentia  twice  as  long  as  wide 37.  vertebratus  Say. 


INDEX   TO    SPECIES    OF   PTERONUS. 


antennatus  n.  sp.  $ 

atriceps  n.  sp.  9 

auratus  n.  sp.  9 

bicolor  n.  sp.  9 

californicus  n.  sp.  9 

coloradensis  n.  sp.  $  9 

cornelli  n.  sp.  $  9 

corylus  Cresson  9 

decoratus  Provancher  $  

dorsivittatus  Cr.  =  vertebratus. 

dubius  n.  sp.  $ 

dyari  n.  sp.  $  9 

edwardsii  Cresson  9 

ery throgaster  Norton  9 

foveatus  n.  sp.  9 

fulvicrus  Provaucber  9 

fylesi  n.  sp.  $  9  

barringtoni  n.  sp.  $  9 

hudsonii  Dyar  9 

hyalinus  n.  sp.  9 

integer  Say  9 

iridescens  Cresson  $ 

kincaidi  n.  sp.  $  9 

koebelei  n.  sp.  9 

latifasciatus  Cresson  9 

latus  n.  sp.  9 

limbatus  Cresson  9 

lombardse  n.  sp.  <? 


26 
9 
24 
15 
25 
10 
32 
19 
46 

48 
20 
28 
18 
14 
20 
12 
11 
23 
36 
38 
45 
13 
41 
6 
3 
5 
47 


longicornis  n.  sp.  $ 

magus  n.  sp.  9 

marlattii  Dyar  9 

mendicus  Walsh  $  9 

militaris  Cresson  9 

monochroma  Norton  9 

occidentalis  n.  sp.  9 

odoratus  Dyar  $  9 

pacificus  n.  sp.  9 

pinguidorsum  Dyar  9 

populi  n.  sp.  9 ■ 

quercus  n.  sp.  9 

ribesii  Scop  $  9  • 

robiniie  Forbes  =  trilineatus. 

rufocinctus  Harrington  9 

salicis  Ashm.  =  fulvicrus. 
similaris  Norton  =  trilineatus. 

stigmatus  Norton  9 

thoracicus  Harrington  $  9 

tricolor  n.  sp.  9 

trilineatus  Norton  9 

trivittatus  Norton  =  mendicus. 

unicolor  n.  sp.  9 

vancouverensis  n.  sp.  $  9 • 

ventralis  Say  <?  9 

vertebratus  Say  $  9 

vicinalis  Cresson  9 ■ 


44 
34 

8 

w 

21) 
50 

2 
31 

4 
42 
22 
35 
27 

17 


49 
30 
16 
33 

43 
40 

7 
37 

1 


48 

1.  Pteronus  vicinalis  Cresson.1 

1880.  Xematus  vicinalis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  4. 

Female.-~LeTigth.  S.5  mm. ;  very  large,  robust,  shining,  obscured  by 
some  rather  dense  punctuation  on  head  and  thorax ;  clypeus  rather  deep- 
ly, circularly  emarginate;  ridges  about  ocellar  basin  flattened,  indistinct; 
frontal  crest  broad,  slightly  notched:  antennal  fovea  shallow,  indis- 
tinct; antennae  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  scarcely  taper- 
ing, joints  3  to  5  subequal;  intercostal  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  inclined ; 
stigma  narrow,  acuminate;  sheath  broad,  tapering,  obtusely  pointed; 
cerci  slender,  not  tapering;  claws  large,  deeply  notched,  rays  equal. 
Color  black;  clypeus,  apices  of  coxa',  trochanters  and  tibia1  except  apices 
of  posterior  pair,  and  anterior  tarsi  whitish,  infuscated;  posterior  tarsi, 
with  tips  of  posterior  tibia',  nearly  black;  veins  very  dark  brown,  includ- 
ing stigma  and  costa,  the  latter  to  base;  teguhe  dark  brown,  strongly 
infuscated:  wings  somewhat  infuscated. 

One  female,  Cresson's  type.     California.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

2.  Pteronus  occidentalis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7.5  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus 
broadly  and  shallowly  emarginate.  approaching  truncate;  antennal 
fovea  broad,  circular;  antennae  distinctly  tapering,  not  much  longer 
than  head  and  thorax,  third  joint  distinctly  longer  than  fourth;  upper 
middle  cell  of  hind  wings  as  long  as  or  more  commonly  longer  than 
lower;  intercostal  vein  very  close  to  basal  vein;  third  cubital  cell  long, 
sides  almost  parallel:  stigma  long,  narrow;  sheath  rather  sharply 
pointed:  claws  evenly  and  rather  finely  cleft.  Color  black;  triangular 
space  below  antenna,  tip  of  clypeus  and  the  mouth  parts,  pronotum, 
teguhe,  legs  except  middle  portion  of  femora  and  tips  of  hind  tibia', 
and  more  or  less  of  all  tarsi  whitish;  tarsi  and  tips  of  hind  tibiae 
strongly  infuscated,  brownish;  venter  of  abdomen,  except  tip,  pale; 
veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  dark  brown;  wings  nearly  hyaline. 

Xine  females,  three  bred  from  willow  larva',  collected  in  Placer  County, 
Cal.,  and  the  others  collected  about  Los  Angeles.    (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

3.  Pteronus  latus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  very  robust  and  broad,  viewed  from  above; 
abdomen  scarcely  constricted  at  base,  sides  nearly  parallel;  clypeus 
very  broadly  and  shallowly  emarginate;  antennal  fovea  triangular, 
distinctly  excavated;  ocellar  basin  well  defined;  frontal  crest  slightly 
notched  at  center;  antenna*  moderately  robust,  tapering,  joints  3  and  4 
subequal;  venation  normal;  stigma  rather  narrow,  tapering  gradually 
to  apex;    sheath  broadly  rounded  on  lower  margin,  pointed  at  tip; 

'This,  with  the  following  five  species,  is  allied  to  the  genus  Amauroncmatus  in  the 
character  of  the  stigma,  hut  seem  to  he  thrown  out  of  the  latter  genus  hy  lacking 
any  unusual  development  of  lahium  and  other  mouth  parts,  as  well  as  other  charac- 
ters of  the  genus. 


49 

claws  evenly  but  not  very  coarsely  notched.  Color  black ;  area  about 
bases  of  antenna},  orbits,  and  mouth  parts,  pronotuin,  tegular,  legs  for  the 
most  part,  and  venter  of  abdomen  pale;  femora,  tips  of  hind  tibiae  and 
their  tarsi,  brown;  veins  and  stigma  brown,  wings  hyaline,  slightly 
brownish  beneath  stigma. 

Two  females.  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.) 

4.  Pteronus  pacificus  new  species. 

Female. -^-Length  6.5  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly  but  dis- 
tinctly emarginate;  walls  of  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined;  frontal 
crest  unbroken;  fovea  deep,  oval;  antennae  short,  slender,  scarcely 
tapering,  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  third 
cubital  cell  is  only  about  half  as  wide  at  base  as  at  apex;  stigma 
narrow,  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin,  acuminate;  sheath  broad, 
tapering  to  obtuse  tip;  claws  not  very  deeply  notched.  Color  black; 
clypeus,  mouth  parts,  extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae.  terminal 
dorsal  segment,  more  or  less  of  venter  of  abdomen,  together  with  legs 
except  bases  of  coxa?,  dull  resinous;  posterior  orbits  reddish;  wings 
hyaline;  stigma  light  yellow;  veins  otherwise  light  brown. 

Four  females.  Olympia,  Wash.  ,Trevor  Kiucaid,  collector.  (Coll. 
Cornell  Univ.) 

5.  Pteronus  limbatus  Cresson. 

1880.  Ncmatus  limbatus  Cresson.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vin,  p.  8. 
Female. — Length  7  mm.;  rather  short  and  robust,  finely  punctured, 
but  shining;  clypeus  very  slightly  and  broadly  notched;  frontal  crest 
very  prominent,  broadly  curved,  unbroken;  sides  of  ocellar  basin 
strongly  and  sharply  raised;  antennal  fovea  small,  indistinct;  antennae 
short,  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  tapering,  third  and  fourth 
joints  subequal;  intercostal  vein  a  little  anterior  to  basal,  not,  or  but 
slightly,  inclined,  second  recurrent  interstitial  with  second  transverse 
cubital  (in  one  specimen  latter  vein  is  wanting),  and  outer  veins  of  mid- 
dle cells  of  hind  wings  also  interstitial ;  second  and  third  transverse 
cubitals  of  nearly  equal  length;  stigma  elongate,  narrow,  terminating 
rather  abruptly;  sheath  short,  broad,  obtusely  pointed;  cerci  short, 
robust,  scarcely  tapering;  claws  deeply  notched,  rays  about  equal. 
Color  of  head,  thorax,  broad  stripe  along  dorsal  center  of  abdomen, 
sheath,  cerci,  and  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibia?  and  their  tarsi 
brownish  black;  upper  orbits  and  sides  of  mesonotum  tinged  with 
reddish;  clypeus  and  mouth  parts,  most  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  lateral 
third  of  dorsum  of  abdomen,  all  of  venter  of  abdomen,  and  legs  yel- 
lowish ferruginous;  tips  of  anterior  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  veins, 
including  costa  nearly  to  base,  and  stigma  brown. 

Two  females,  Cresson's  types.     Illinois.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
13449—^0.  3 4 


50 

6.  Pteronus  latifasciatus  Cresson. 

1880.  Xematus  latifasciatus  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  7. 
1880.  Nematua  latifasciatus  Provanoher,     Add.  Faun.  Can.  llym.,  p.  24. 
1895.  Xeniatus  latifasciatus  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Eut.  Soc,  XXII,  p.  301. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  somewhat  elongate,  shining ;  clypeus  shal- 
low ly  and  broadly  emarginate,  lobes  short,  broad ;  frontal  crest  and  sides 
of  pentagonal  area  strongly  raised;  antennal  fovea  large,  oval,  deeply 
excavated ;  antenna1  unusually  slender  and  long,  almost  equaling  thorax 
and  abdomen  in  length,  third  and  fourth  joints  subequal;  intercostal 
oblique  and  almost  its  own  length  anterior  to  basal  vein;  upper  cell  of 
hind  wings  extending  nearly  one-fourth  its  length  beyond  lower;  stignia 
narrow,  elongate;  sheath  moderately  robust,  obtusely  pointed,  with 
straight  upper  margin;  cerci  very  slender  and  nearly  as  long  as  second 
transverse  cubital  vein;  claws  very  deeply  notched,  rays  almost  equal. 
Color  of  head,  thorax  with  basal  plates,  four  terminal  segments  of  abdo- 
men dorsally  and  sheath,  tips  of  bind  femora,  apical  half  of  hind  tibia*, 
hind  tarsi,  and  extreme  bases  of  hind  coxae  brownish  black;  tips  of  ante- 
rior tarsi  dusky:  tips  of  cl\  pens,  labrum,  bases  of  mandibles,  palpi,  and 
basal  half  of  hind  tibia-  whitish;  upper  margin  of  pronotnin,  tegulse, 
first  four  segments  of  abdomen  dorsally  except  apex  of  fourth,  all  of 
venter,  and  legs  yellowish  ferruginous;  wing  veins,  including  costa, 
brown. 

One  female,  Oresson's  type.     New  Hampshire.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
Mr.  II.  (J.  Dyar  has  characterized  the  larva  (1.  c.)  from  specimens 
found  on  birch. 

7.  Pteronus  ventralis  Say. 

1821.  Nematua  ventralis  Say.     Keating's  N.nr.  Exp., II,  App.,p.  315. 

L859.  Nematua  veniralia  LeConte.     Say,  Ent.,  n,  p.  211. 

1861.  Nematua  ventralia  Norton.     Proc.  Best.  Soc  Nat.  Hist.,  vin,  ]>.  15!). 

1867.  Nematua  ventralia  Norton.     Trans.  Am. Ent. Soc,  I,  p.  201.    (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  63.) 

1869.  Nematua  ventralia  Scudder.    Ent.  Corr.  Harr.,  p.  270. 

1870.  Nematua  ventralia  Riley.     Am.  Eat.  and  Hot.,  n,  p.  276. 

1^7:;.   Nematua  ventralia  Sylvester.     Bept.  U.  8.  Dept.  Agric.,  p.  254. 
1881.  Xematus  ventralis  Thomas.     10th  Rep.  Ent.  111.,  1880,  p.  68. 
1885.  Nematua  rent  rati*  Forbes.     11th  Rep.  Ent.  111.,  1884,  p.  117. 

1888.  Ncmatus  ventralis  Howard.     Insect  Life,  i,  p.  33,  fig.  5. 

1889.  Xeniatus  ventralis  Lngger.     Bull.  9,  Minn.  Exper.  8ta.,p.  51. 
1889.  Xeniatus  centralis  Orcntt.      Hull.  13,  Dakota  Exper.  Sta.,  p.  13. 

1889.  Xeniatus  ventralis  Hruuer.     Hull.  14,  Nebr.  Exper.  Sta.,  p.  78. 

1890.  Xematus  ventralis  Packard.      Rep.  U.  8.  Ent.  Comm.,  v,  pp.  524,588. 

1891.  Xematus  ventralis  Orcutt.     Hull.  22,  S.  Dak.  Exper.  Sta.  (March). 
1895.  Xematus  ventralis  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  XXII,  p.  301. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  only  moderately  robust;  abdomen  broadest 
beyond  middle,  shining;  clypeus  broadly  and  shallowly  emarginate, 
lobes  rounded;  frontal  erest  large,  indistinctly  broken;  ocellar  basin 
well  defined;  antennal  fovea  deep,  elongate,  triangular;  antennae  slen- 
der, distinctly  tapering,  smooth,  third  joint  usually  slightly  exceeding 


51 

fourth;  upper  middle  cell  of  hind  wings  short,  quadrate,  terminating 
at  or  usually  within  apex  of  lower  cell;  intercostal  vein  very  slightly 
inclined,  interstitial,  or  nearly  so,  with  basal;  second  recurrent  inter- 
stitial, or  nearly  so,  with  second  transverse  cubital  vein;  third  cubital 
cell  not  strongly  divaricating  apically;  stigma  broad,  rounded  beneath, 
widest  at  center;  sheath  pointed,  slightly  excavated  aboVe  and  rounded 
beneath;  moderately  robust;  cerci  robust,  obtusely  pointed;  claws 
large,  deeply  cleft,  rays  snbequal.  Color  brownish  black,  including 
dorsum  generally,  coxae,  femora  except  tips,  tips  of  hind  tibiae,  all  of 
hind  tarsi,  sheath,  cerci,  and  more  or  less  of  apex  of  abdomen  beneath; 
balance  yellowish  white,  viz,  inner  and  outer  orbits,  face  below  base 
of  antenna},  pronotum  except  two  or  three  dusky  spots  (sometimes 
wanting),  teguhc,  lat- 
eral edges  of  thorax  and 
abdomen,  and  venter; 
palpi,  more  or  less  of  ex- 
treme tips  of  fore  tibiae, 
and  commonly  some  of 
fore  tarsi  dusky;  wings 
very  faintly  smoky; 
veins,  including  stigma, 
brown,  costa  pale  on 
basal  half. 

Male. — Length  7  mm. ; 
rather  elongate;  struc- 
turally as  in  female; 
procidentia  as  long  as 
broad,  narrow,  taper- 
ing, squarely  truncate 
or  slightly  emarginate 
at  apex,  constricted  at 
base ;  h  y  p  o  p  y  g  i  u  m 
emarginate  as  viewed 
from  end ;  antenna}  com  - 
pressed  laterally,  stouter  than  in  female.  Color  as  in  female,  except 
that  the  inner  orbits  are  black  and  the  legs  are  dark  reddish  yellow, 
except  bases  of  coxa}  and  rwsterior  tarsi;  abdomen  reddish  yellow 
beneath  and  dorsally  over  segments  2  and  3  and  less  on  following  ones; 
bases  of  all  dorsal  segments  dark,  terminal  ones  particularly  so;  hind 
tibia}  very  slightly  infuscated,  particularly  at  tips. 


Fig.  8. — Pteronus  ventralis.:  a,  larva?  feeding;  b,  larva,  enlarged; 
cocoon,  and  d,  adult — both  enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 


Many  bred  specimens  of  both  sexes.  Washington,  D.  C.  (Coll.  IT.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

A  male  and  a  female  from  Carbondale,  111.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc), 
differ  from  the  above  in  that  the  female  has  the  upper  middle  cell  of 
the  hind  wings  exceeding  the  lower,  and  in  the  male  the  same  termi- 
nates at  aoex  of  lower.     Three  males  from  Michigan  (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat. 


52 

Mus.)  vary  from  above  in  Laving  an  elongate  upper  middle  cell  in  hind 
wings,  which,  however,  does  not  exceed  lower,  and  in  that  the  inter- 
costal is  a  little  anterior  to  basal. 
Food-plants:  Populus  and  Salix. 

8.  Pteronus  marlattii  Dyar. 

1894.  Nematus  marlattii  Dyar.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxn,  p.  305. 
Female. — Length5.fi  mm. ;  moderately  robust,  shining ;  clypeus  broadly 
and  shallowly  notched;  ocellar  basin  deep  and  with  well-denned  walls; 
frontal  crest  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  large,  triangular,  deeply  exca- 
vated;  antenmc  slender,  third  and  fourth  joints  subequal;  venation 
normal;  stigma  broad,  ovate,  widest  at  center,  rounded  on  lower  margin; 
sheath  broad,  obtusely  pointed,  upper  margin  slightly  emarginate; 
claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  of  head,  thorax,  epimera  and 
dorsum  of  abdomen  for  the  most  part,  and  outer  half  of  posterior 
femora  black;  apices  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi  dusky;  face 
below  antenna',  mouth  parts,  orbits,  angles  of  pronotum  narrowly, 
tegulse,  narrow  apical  margin  of  dorsal  segments  and  last  two  segments, 
venter  except  epimera  and  some  dusky  spots  on  lateral  margin  of 
abdomen,  and  iei^s  except  as  noted  pallid,  inclined  to  yellowish;  apex 
of  sheath  brownish:  antenna}  ferruginous  beneath  and  toward  apex; 
veins,  including  stigma  and  cost  a,  the  latter  nearly  to  base,  brown. 

Characterized  in  manuscript  by  me  from  a  specimen  collected  in  New 
Hampshire  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  8oc.)j  hist  published  by  Dyar  from  a 
Specimen  bred  from  larva  on  alder  (I>var\s  Coll.). 

9.  Pteronus  atriceps  new  species. 

Female. — Length  o'.r>  mm.:  moderately  robust;  clypeus  very  broadly 
and  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes  minute;  frontal  crest  strongly  devel- 
oped, entire;  lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  not  strongly  raised;  fovea 
elongate,  deep:  antenna-  medium,  with  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  third 
cubital  cell  not  more  than  one-third  as  Avide  at  base  as  at  apex,  about 
four  times  as  long  as  wide  at  base;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma 
broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin,  tapering  gradually  from  near  base  to 
tip;  sheath  broad  basally,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  tip,  upper  margin 
straight:  claws  not  very  deeply  notched,  inner  ray  nearly  as  long  as 
outer.  Color  black,  shining;  tips  of  clypeus,  mouth  parts,  teguhe, 
legs  except  coxa',  and  venter  of  abdomen,  including  lateral  edges  of 
dorsal  sclerites,  yellow ;  upper  posterior  orbits  and  outer  angles  of  pro- 
notum reddish;  legs  slightly  infuscated,  particularly  the  tarsi;  sheath 
dark  brown;  veins  brown,  stigma  unicolorous,  brown. 

One  female.     ^Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

10.  Pteronus  coloradensis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  rather  elongate,  surface  shining;  clypeus 
deeply,  circularly  emarginate,  lobes  rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of 


53 

pentagonal  area  distinctly  raised,  former  unbroken;  antennal  fovea 
deep,  triangular;  antennae  slender,  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  third 
and  fourth  joints  equal;  intercostal  vein  its  own  length  anterior  to 
basal  vein ;  upper  cell  of  hind  wings  exceeding  lower ;  stigma  broad, 
rounded  on  lower  margin;  second  transverse  cubital  one-third  length 
of  third,  or  third  cubital  cell  strongly  divaricating;  sheath  very  nar- 
row and  obtusely  pointed  at  tip,  smooth,  without  or  with  very  minute 
hairs;  cerci  short;  claws  deeply  and  almost  evenly  notched.  Color  of 
head  except  faint  ferruginous  touches  about  orbits,  thorax,  the  first 
dorsal  sclerite  of  abdomen,  and  bases  of  posterior  coxae  black ;  following 
dorsal  sclerites  of  abdomen  with  interrupted  brown  stripes  on  each ; 
antenna3  brownish,  lighter  beneath,  especially  toward  tips ;  extreme  tips 
posterior  femora,  apical  two-thirds  of  their  tibiae  and  all  their  tarsi,  tips 
of  anterior  pairs  of  tarsi,  and  narrow  margin  of  sheath  fuscous;  clypeus 
and  mouth  parts  light  resinous;  legs  and  abdomen,  except  as  noted, 
light  ferruginous;  wing  veins  light  brown,  stigma  and  costa  paler 
basally. 

Male. — Length  G  mm. ;  slender,  elongate ;  clypeus  broadly  emarginate, 
lobes  short,  pointed;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  very  minute,  but  dis- 
tinctly defined;  crest  unbroken,  not  strongly  raised;  fovea  very  shallow, 
triangular;  antennas  robust,  strongly  tapering,  somewhat  flattened, 
joints  3  to  5  subequal,  third  a  little  longer  than  others ;  venation  nor- 
mal; procidentia  narrow,  projecting  somewhat  more  than  its  width, 
rounded  at  tip;  claws  rather  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  black, 
shining;  mouth  parts  and  legs,  venter  of  abdomen,  including  more  or 
less  of  apical  edge  of  dorsal  segments  and  nearly  all  of  terminal  seg- 
ments, yellowish  ferruginous;  angles  of  pronotum  widely,  andtegula3 
pallid;  wings  hyaline,  veins  brown,  including  stigma  and  costa;  hind 
tibiad  and  their  tarsi  brownish;  posterior  orbits  very  faintly  reddish, 
strongly  infuscated;  antenna}  reddish,  especially  beyond  basal  joints 
and  on  lower  edge. 

Three  females  and  two  males.  Colorado  and  Montana.  (Coll.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc.) 

11.  Pteronus  harringtoni  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly  and  not 
deeply  notched;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined;  crest  strong, unbroken; 
fovea  deep,  with  lateral  channels  running  from  it  over  bases  of  antennas; 
antennae  short,  tapering,  joints  3  and  4  nearly  equal;  intercostal  at 
right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  with  costa;  second  recurrent  interstitial, 
stigma  rounded  on  lower  margin,  somewhat  acuminate  at  apex;  cerci 
very  short;  claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  equal.  Color  black;  angles  of 
pronotum,  tegulae,  legs  for  the  most  part,  and  venter  of  abdomen, 
together  with  marginal  third  of  dorsum,  reddish  yellow;  tip  of  clypeus 
and  mouth  parts  yellowish,  infuscated;  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibiae 


54 

and  posterior  torsi  brownish  black;  wings  with  dusky  band  extending 
transversely  below  the  stigma;  stigma  and  veins  dark  brown. 

Male. — Length  0  mm.;  rather  slender;  characters  of  head  and  antennae 
as  in  female;  procidentia  short,  narrow,  slightly  constricted  basally, 
truncate  at  apex;  venation  as  in  female.  Color  black;  border  of  pro- 
notum  and  teguhe  yellowish;  legs  as  in  female:  basal  half  of  venter 
of  abdomen  beneath  reddish,  strongly  infuscated;  dusky  band  on 
wings  somewhat  lighter  than  in  female. 

One  female  and  one  male  received  from  Mr.  Harrington,  who  reports 
that  this  species  has  been  somewhat  abundant  on  willows  on  the 
experimental  farm  at  Ottawa,  Canada.  lie  was  at  first  of  the  opinion 
that  it  might  prove  to  have  been  introduced  from  Europe,  but  it  seems 
to  be  distinct  from  any  European  species  and  also  to  be  new  to  our 
fauna.  I  take  pleasure,  therefore,  in  dedicating  it  to  Mr.  Harrington. 
A  male  specimen  lias  since  been  submitted  to  me  for  identification  by 
Kev.  Thomas  W.  Fyles,  of  South  Quebec,  Canada.  (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

12.  Pteronus  fylesi  new  species. 
1891.  Nematus  pallidiventria  Fallen.     Fyles,  Can.  Ent.,  xxin,  p.  135. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  circularly  emargi- 
nate,  lobes  rounded;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  well  developed;  frontal 
crest  unbroken;  fovea  <»val :  antennae  slender,  tapering,  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  third  and  fourth  joints  nearly  equal;  venation  normal; 
stigma  broad,  regularly  tapering  toward  apex;  sheath  broad,  tapering, 
slightly  produced,  and  with  a  rather  dense  tuft  of  short  hairs  at  extreme 
tip;  cerci  short;  claws  deeply  and  evenly  cleft.  Color  black;  triangle 
beneath  bases  of  antenna',  clypeus  for  the  most  part,  labrumand  other 
mouth  parts,  pronotum,  teguhe,  abdomen  except  broad  dorsal  stripe, 
and  legs  for  the  most  part  reddish  yellow;  sheath,  cerci,  extreme  tips 
of  posterior  tibia',  and  the  posterior  tarsi  dark  brown;  anterior  tarsi 
slightly  infuscated;  extreme  bases  of  coxa'  brown. 

Male. — Length  (I  mm.;  slender;  structural  characters  in  general  as 
in  female;  antennae  somewhat  stouter,  slightly  compressed;  procidentia 
short,  narrow,  truncate  at  apex.  Color  as  in  female,  except  that  the 
dorsum  of  abdomen  is  entirely  black  and  the  venter  is  slightly  infus. 
cated,  especially  toward  apex. 

Two  females  and  one  male  received  from  Rev.  Thomas  W.  Fyles,  of 
South  Quebec,  Canada.  The  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Fyles  in 
the  Canadian  Entomologist,  as  noted  above,  the  identification  having 
been  made  for  him  by  the  Abbe  Provancher.  I  have  compared  the 
species  with  specimens  of  pallidiventris  Fallen,  and  there  is  a  merely 
superficial  color  resemblance;  pallidiventris  belongs  to  the  genus  Pris- 
tipliora,  and  is  a  totally  distinct  insect.  This  species  seems  to  be 
distinct  from  any  Europeau  species,  and  while  allied  somewhat  closely 


55 

to  limbatus  Cresson  and  harringtoni  n.  sp.,  yet  differs  sufficiently,  par- 
ticularly in  the  male  sex,  to  warrant  the  creation  of  a  new  species.  It 
is  possible  that  this  is  an  introduced  species,  but  if  so  it  seems  not  to 
have  been  described  abroad.  It  was  found  abundantly  on  Russian 
willow  introduced  into  Canada  by  the  late  Charles  Gibbs. 

13.  Pteronus  kincaidi  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  rather  robust;  abdomen  broad,  scarcely 
tapering  until  near  tip;  clypeus  distinctly  emarginate,  lobes  broad  and 
rounded;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  nearly  obsolete;  frontal  crest 
strongly  developed,  slightly  broken  by  backward  extension  of  elongate 
antennal  fovea;  antenme  short,  scarcely  tapering,  joint  4  a  little  longer 
than  3;  venation  normal;  stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin; 
claws  deeply  and  evenly  cleft;  sheath  very  broad,  robust,  scarcely 
tapering,  rounded  at  apex;  cerci  short,  tapering.  Color  black;  space 
between  antenme  and  face  beneath  including  narrow  orbits,  pronotum, 
tegulae,  venter  of  abdomen  extending  over  onto  the  sides  of  dorsum, 
especially  on  the  posterior  margin  of  the  segments,  and  the  legs  rather 
dark  resin  yellow;  extreme  bases  of  coxae  and  the  hind  tarsi  particu- 
larly, with  extreme  tips  of  hind  tibiae  infuscated;  sheath  dark  brown; 
wings  hyaline;  veins,  including  costa  and  stigma,  dark  brown. 

Male. — Males  agree  with  the  females  in  general  characteristics;  proci- 
dentia short,  narrow,  and  rounded  apically,  rather  broad  basally ;  hind 
tibia3  rather  strongly  infuscated,  especially  toward  tip;  dorsal  arcs  of 
abdomen  entirely  black ;  antenme  more  elongate  and  somewhat  more 
robust. 

Nine  females  and  five  males  collected  in  April  and  May  by  Trevor 
Kincaid,  Olympia,  Wash.    (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

14.  Pteronus  foveatus  new  species. 

Female. — Length5.5mm. ;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly 
emarginate,  lobes  sharp  pointed;  ridges  about  ocellar  basin  strongly 
and  sharply  defined ;  frontal  crest  unbroken ;  antennal  fovea  large,  cir- 
cular, deeply  and  sharply  excavated ;  antennae  a  little  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  scarcely  tapering,  joints  slender,  3  and  4  subequal;  sheath 
narrow,  tapering,  upper  edge  straight,  tip  rounded,  hairs  minute;  claws 
not  very  deeply  cleft,  rays  equal;  venation  about  normal;  third  cubital 
cell  more  than  twice  as  Wide  at  apex  as  at  base;  stigma  narrow,  elon- 
gate, subacuminate.  Color  of  antenna,  large  spot  extending  back  from 
occiput  including  ocelli  with  branches  running  down  in  front  of  eyes, 
base  of  the  head,  thorax,  bases  of  first  six  dorsal  segments  of  abdomen 
except  on  outer  edges,  and  the  epimera  except  anterior  upper  angles 
of  the  mesepimera  black;  antennae  slightly  rufous  toward  tip;  sheath 
brownish;  body  otherwise  yellowish  ferruginous,  including  spot  below 
antennas,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotuin,  tegukaj,  lateral  edges  and 


56 

posterior  margin  of  dorsal  segments,  two  terminal  segments,  venter, 
and  legs ;  veins  dark  brown,  including  costa  nearly  to  base;  stigma 
yellowish,  nnicolorous,  border  brownish. 

One  female.     Washington.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
15.  Pteronus  bicolor  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  to  6  mm.;  robust:  clypeus  broadly  em argin ate, 
lobes  small, pointed;  ocellar  basin  with  rather  faint  lateral  walls;  frontal 
crest  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  broad,  shallow;  antenna1  slender, 
scarcely  tapering,  joints  3  and  1  subequal;  venation  normal;  stigma 
broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  toward  tip; 
Sheath  tapering  to  obtusely  pointed  tip,  straight  on  upper  side;  claws 
evenly  but :  not  deeply  divided.  Color  black  above,  pale  beneath,  the  black 
limited  to  dorsal  area  of  antennae  and  all  of  the  two  basal  joints,  large 
spot  including  ocellar  basin,  ocelli,  the  occiput,  thorax  and  abdomen 
above,  spot  on  upper  half  of  mesepimera  and  large  spot  on  pectus, 
together  with  tip  of  sheath;  face  white;  orbits  and  venter  pallid,  includ- 
ing also  lateral  edges  of  terminal  abdominal  segments  above  and  all  of 
last  segment  :  wings  hyaline;  veins  brown;  stigma  pale  basally. 

Two  females.  Mount  Hood,  Oreg.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc),  and  Olympia, 
Wash.  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.). 

1G.  Pteronus  tricolor  new  species. 

male, — Length  7  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly 
and  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes  triangular;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of 
pentagonal  area  sharply  denned,  former  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  cir- 
cular; intercostal  vein  more  than  its  own  length  anterior  to  basal  vein; 
third  cubital  cell  not  much  more  than  one-half  as  wide  at  base  as  at 
apex;  stigma  moderately  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin;  upper  mid- 
dle cell  of  hind  wings  exceeding  lower:  sheath  smooth,  polished, 
pointed,  bordering  hairs  very  minute.  Color  of  head  and  thorax  for 
most  part,  first  dorsal  segment  of  abdomen  and  lighter  bands  on  two 
following  segments  (nearly  wanting  on  third),  apex  of  sheath,  apical 
three-fourths  of  hind  femora,  hind  tibia'  and  tarsi  (the  former  gradually 
paling  toward  bases),  brownish  black;  the  orbits  and  portions  of  the 
center  of  thorax,  including  scutellum,  light  yellowish  brown;  balance 
of  abdomen  ferruginous;  clypeus  and  mouth  parts,  outer  angles  of 
pronotum,  teguke,  anterior  legs  and  posterior  pair,  except  as  noted, 
yellowish  white;  anterior  femora  and  tarsi  very  slightly  tinged  with 
reddish;  stigma  and  veins,  including  costa,  except  extreme  base  of  lat- 
ter, brown. 

One  female.     New  Hampshire.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
17.  Pteronus  rufocinctus  Harrington. 

1893.  Nematus  rufocinctus  Harrington.     Can.  Ent.,  xxv,  p.  58. 
Female. — Length  8  mm. ;  rather  elongate,  shining;  clypeus  very  shal- 
lowly emarginate,  approaching  truncate ;  ocellar  basin  with  very  sharply 


57 

defined  and  strongly  raised  walls;  frontal  crest  prominent,  sharp, 
unbroken;  fovea*  distinctly  defined,  oval;  second,  third,  and  fourth 
joints  of  antennae  subequal;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  third 
cubital  cell  is  quadrate;  sheath  short,  obtusely  pointed,  quite  densely 
clothed  with  hairs;  cerci  slender,  slightly  tapering;  claws  deeply  cleft, 
rays  subequal.  Color  bhick;  center  of  basal  segment  of  abdomen 
above  and  all  of  three  following  segments  and  more  or  less  of  the  base 
of  the  succeeding  segment  reddish  yellow;  tip  of  clypeus  and  month 
parts,  anterior  legs  for  the  most  part,  coxa?  except  bases,  trochanters, 
bases  of  femora,  and  basal  half  of  tibia?  of  hind  legs  pallid;  angles  of 
pronotuni  and  the  teguhe  pallid,  infuscated;  femora  of  fore  and  mid- 
dle legs  rather  strongly  infuscated;  stigma  and  veins  dark  brown; 
wings  nearly  hyaline;  spot  in  second  cubital  cell  prominent. 

Redescribed  from  Harrington's  type  specimen.     (Coll.  Harrington.) 

18.  Fteronus  erythrogaster  Norton. 

1864.  Nematus  erythrogaster  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  p.  8. 

1867.  Nematu8  erythrogaster  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  205.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  67.) 
1886.  Nematus  erythrogaster  Provancher.     Add.  faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  23. 

Female. — Length  7.5  mm. ;  moderately  robust,  shining;  head  and  tho- 
rax finely  punctured;  clypeus  shallowly  and  broadly  emarginate,  lobes 
triangular,  rather  pointed;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  pentagonal  area 
strongly  raised,  former  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  circular,  deeply  exca- 
vated; antenna?  moderate,  somewhat  longer  than  head  and  thorax; 
intercostal  very  near  basal  vein;  second  cubital  cell  more  than  two- 
thirds  as  wide  at  base  as  at  apex;  upper  cell  of  hind  wings  exceeding 
lower;  stigma  broad,  ovate,  not  attenuated;  sheath  rather  robust,  rugose 
and  with  numerous  hairs.  Color  of  head  and  thorax  for  the  most  part, 
basal  plates,  first  segment  of  abdomen  dorsally,  sheath,  cerci,  extreme 
bases  of  hind  coxa?,  tips  of  hind  femora,  apical  two-thirds  of  hind  tibia?, 
and  all  of  hind  tarsi  black;  extreme  tips  of  clypeus  and  the  labrum, 
palpi,  outer  angles  pronotum,  teguhe,  abdomen,  and  legs,  except  as 
noted,  rufous;  basal  third  of  hind  tibiae  whitish;  veins  and  stigma  in 
general  brown;  costa  and  some  of  posterior  veins  light. 

Two  females.  Maryland  (Coll.  Am.  But.  Soc),  and  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
N.  Banks,  collector  (Coll.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.). 

19.  Pteronus  corylus  Cresson. 

1880.  Nematus  corylus  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  viii,  p.  8. 
1895.  Nematus  corylus  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxu,  p.  306. 

Female. — Length  6  to  7  mm.;  head  and  thorax  rather  coarsely  punc- 
tured, somewhat  shining;  clypeus  very  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes 
very  short  and  broadly  rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin 
distinctly  elevated,  former  unbroken,  or  rarely  indistinctly  so;  antennal 
fovea  broad  and  shallow,  antenna?  long,  tapering,  third  joint  longer 
than  fourth;  venation  normal,  second  transverse  cubital  nearly  as  long 


58 

as  third;  stigma  robust,  rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath  not  very 
robust,  rounded  at  apex,  and  with  rather  long  and  dense  hairs;  cerci 
long,  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  third  cubital  cross  vein;  claws 
deeply  cleft,  rays  nearly  equal.  Color  of  head,  thorax,  base  of  first 
dorsal  sclerite,  sheath,  extreme  tips  of  posterior  femora,  apical  half — 
sharply  defined — of  posterior  tibiae,  and  their  tarsi  black;  sometimes 
the  dorsal  middle  of  segments  2  to  4  and  rarely  6  and  the  cerci  brown- 
ish black:  bases  of  antenna1,  tips  of  clypeus,  and  the  labrum,  palpi, 
outer  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhv,  legs,  and  abdomen  yellowish  ferru- 
ginous; posterior  femora  and  abdomen  darker;  veins  and  stigma 
brown;  costa  yellowish. 

Four  females,  Cressoifs  types,  Pennsylvania  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc), 
and  seven  females  bred  from  larva1  on  alder,  Cadet,  Mo.,  October  5, 1884 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).  Adults  emerged  during  latter  part  of  March 
and  early  in  April.  The  last  larval  stages  and  the  cocoon  are  described 
by  Mr.  II.  C.  Dyar.  who  states  that  the  larva'  are  gregarious  edge 
feeders  on  alder. 

20.  Pteronus  dyari  new  species. 

Female. — Length  0  mm. :  very  robust:  clypeus  nearly  truncate;  ocel- 
lar  basin  well  defined,  with  prominent  anterior  angle;  antennal  fovea 
very  shallow,  indistinct;  head  and  thorax  coarsely  punctured;  anten- 
nae but  little  shorter  than  the  body,  tapering,  third  joint  longest;  vena- 
tion normal;  stigma  stout,  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath 
short,  stout,  scarcely  projecting;  claws  deeply  notched,  rays  subequal. 
Color  black,  shining;  mouth  parts  strongly  infuscated;  angles  of  pro 
notum,  teguhe,  first  to  fifth  segments  of  abdomen  ventrally  and  dorsally, 
yellowish  ferruginous;  coxa'  except  bases,  trochanters,  basal  half  of 
posterior  tibia',  whitish;  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  and  anterior  and  pos- 
terior faces  of  anterior  femora,  together  with  bases  of  middle  pair,  pal- 
lid; wings  nearly  hyaline,  or  very  slightly  infuscated;  veins,  including 
stigma  and  costa  to  base,  very  dark  brown. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm.;  structurally  as  in  female;  procidentia  long, 
projecting;  antenna'  more  robust,  tapering.  Color  as  in  female,  except 
that  the  abdomen  is  wholly  black  and  the  legs  are  yellowish,  except 
extreme  tips  of  posterior  femora  and  apical  half  of  posterior  tibire  and 
their  tarsi. 

One  female  and  one  male.  H.  G.  Dyar,  collector,  New  York.  (Coll. 
Dyar.) 

21.  Pteronus  fulvicrus  Provancher. 

1882.  Nematus  fulvicrus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  xm,  p.  291. 

1883.  Nematus  fulvicrus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  740. 
1890.  Neniatus  salicis  Ashmead.     Bull.  Colo.  Biol.  Assn.,  i,  p.  15. 
1894.   Nematus  salicicola  Dalla  Torre.     Cat.  Hym.,  I,  p.  257. 

Female. — Length  8.5  mm.;  robust;  clypeus  broadly  but  not  very 
deeply  notched;   walls  about  ocellar  basin   distinctly  defined;    crest 


59 

prominent,  unbroken;  fovea  shallow;  antennae  tapering,  somewhat 
longer  than  head  and  thorax,  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  second  recurrent 
vein  interstitial  with  second  transverse  cubital ;  venation  otherwise  nor- 
mal stigma  moderately  broad;  claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  equal;  sheath 
robust,  obtusely  pointed,  straight  on  upper  margin.  Color  black;  lab- 
rum  pallid;  tips  of  anterior  femora,  all  hind  femora,  and  abdomen 
except  apical  segment  orange  yellow,  inclined  to  reddish  on  legs;  legs 
otherwise  black  or  strongly  infuscated;  veins  dark  brown,  including 
costa  and  stigma;  wings  slightly  smoky,  especially  centrally. 

Three  females  collected  in  Colorado:  One  (Ashmead's  type)  in  Mr. 
Ashmead's  collection;  the  others  in  collection  of  Cornell  University. 
I  have  since  obtained  the  original  type  of  Provancher,  through  the 
kindness  of  Abbe  V.  A.  Huard,  and  confirmed  the  synonymy  as  above. 
The  type  specimen  now  lacks  the  abdomen,  and  was  labeled  by  Pro- 
vancher ruficrus  (485),  although  published  as  fidvicrus.  It  was  cap- 
tured at  St.  Hyacinthe  (Can.),  and  is  in  the  Provancher  collection. 

22.  Pteronus  populi  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  clypeus  broadly  but  not  deeply  notched, 
lobes  broad,  rounded;  frontal  crest  very  prominent,  unbroken;  sides  of 
pentagonal  area  distinctly  raised;  antennal  fovea  broad,  shallow,  not 
distinctly  defined ;  antenna'  slender,  slightly  tapering,  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  third  and  fourth  joints  equal;  intercostal  vein  a  little  in 
advance  of  basal,  not  inclined;  first  transverse  cubital  hyaline;  upper 
middle  cell  of  hind  wings  extending  one-fifth  its  length  beyond  lower; 
second  transverse  cubital  more  than  half  as  long  as  third;  stigma  not 
broad,  rounded  regularly  on  lower  margin;  sheath  rather  broad,  exca- 
vated slightly  above,  pointed,  and  with  rather  dense  whitish  hairs  at 
tip;  cerci  short;  claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  nearly  equal.  Color  of  bead 
and  thorax  for  the  most  part,  basal  plates,  base  of  first  dorsal  segment, 
terminal  segment  including  sheath  and  cerci,  extreme  bases  of  coxae, 
hind  tibiae,  hind  tarsi,  and  veins  including  costa  brownish  black;  tip 
of  clypeus,  labrum,  posterior  orbits,  outer  angles  of 'pronotum,  tegulae, 
spot  on  side  of  mesothorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  except  as  noted  yellow- 
ish ferruginous ;  orbits,  mesothorax,  abdomen,  and  femora  inclined  to 
reddish;  tibae  and  tarsi  of  anterior  legs  very  slightly  infuscated. 

One  female  from  Massachusetts  reared  in  May,  1888,  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Jack,   from   larvae  found   on   Populus   tremuloides.     (Coll.  IT.  S.  ISTat. 

Mus.) 

23.  Pteronus  hudsonii  Dyar. 

1894.  Xematus  hudsonii  magnus  Dyar,     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxn,  p.  306. 

Female. — Length  10  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypeus  very  shal- 
lowly  notched,  almost  truncate;  fovea  distinctly  excavate,  triangular; 
frontal  crest  very  prominent,  unbroken ;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined; 


60 

antennal  joints  3  and  4  subequal,  or  fourth  a  little  longer  than  third; 
venation  normal;  stigma  very  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin ;  sheath 
narrow,  tapering;  claws  rather  coarsely  and  evenly  notched.  Color  of 
head,  antenna?,  anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum,  scutellurn,  metanotum, 
terminal  segment  of  abdomen,  sheath,  and  thorax  ventrally  black, 
shining;  hind  tibiae,  except  basal  third  and  their  tarsi,  dark  brown ; 
angles  of  pronotum,  teguhv,  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  abdomen,  and 
legs  except  as  otherwise  noted  yellowish  ferruginous;  clypeus  and 
mouth  parts  except  mandibles,  pale;  veins  dark  brown;  wings  hyaline, 
fore  wings  slightly  infuscated  below  stigma. 

One  female,  Dyar's  type.     (Coif.  Dyar.) 

This  species  was  reared  by  Mr.  Dyar  from  a  larva  collected  on  poplar. 

24.  Pteronus  auratus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  not  very  robust, shining;  clypeus  broadly, 
shallowly  notched,  lobes  broad,  rounded;  frontal  crest  prominent, 
extending  nearly  to  orbits,  angulated;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  very 
minutely  raised:  antennal  fovea  triangular,  distinctly  defined;  antennae 
long,  Blender,  third  and  fourth  joints  subequal;  venation  normal,  third 
cubital  cell  less  than  one-half  as  wide  at  base  as  at  apex;  stigma  mod- 
erately broad,  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath  narrow, 
obtusely  pointed,  bordering  hairs  very  short,  minute;  cerci  scarcely 
tapering;  claws  rather  minutely  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  as  in  cali- 
fornicus,  except  that  the  coxa'  are  entirely  light  and  the  bases  of  anten- 
n;e,  spot  beneath,  angles  of  pronotum,  and  teguLe  are  whitish. 

One  female.     Washington.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  californicus,  but  differs  from  it  in  what 
appear  to  be  good  structural  characters. 

26.  Pteronus  californicus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  0.5  nun.;  robust,  glistening;  clypeus  very  broadly 
and  shallowly  notched,  lobes  rather  pointed;  frontal  crest  strongly 
developed,  rectilinear,  extending  nearly  to  orbits,  unbroken;  sides  of 
ocellar  basin  minutely  but  distinctly  raised;  antennal  fovea  deep, 
broad-oval ;  intercostal  very  oblique,  anterior  to  basal ;  second  recurrent 
nearly  interstitial;  second  transverse  cubital  more  than  one-half  as 
long  as  third;  upper  middle  cell  of  hind  wings  exceeding  lower;  stigma 
robust;  sheath  narrow,  obtusely  pointed;  cerci  slender,  tapering;  rays 
of  claws  unequal.  Color  of  head,  thorax,  basal  plates,  base  of  first 
dorsal  sclerite,  and  bases  of  coxrc  black;  tip  of  sheath,  posterior  tarsi, 
and  wing  veins,  including  costa  nearly  to  base,  brown;  stigma  lighter; 
clypeus,  bases  of  mandibles  and  labrum,  yellowish  white;  outer  angles 
of  pronotum,  teguloe,  palpi,  legs  and  abdomen,  including  cerci,  yel- 
lowish ferruginous;  upper  orbits  with  slightly  reddish  tinge. 

One  female.    California.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 


61 

26.  Pteronus  antennatus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  G  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypetis  circularly 
but  shallowly  notched,  lobes  minute;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined, 
sides  sharply  raised;  frontal  crest  broad,  rounded,  unbroken;  antennal 
fovea  deep,  circular;  antenna1  very  long,  slender,  almost  as  long  as 
body,  joints  3  and  isubequal;  third  cubital  cell  nearly  twice  as  wide  at 
apex  as  at  base ;  stigma  very  broad,  regularly  rounded  beneath ;  sheath 
strongly  tapering  toward  rounded  apex,  nearly  straight  on  upper  mar- 
gin, with  very  short,  inconspicuous  pubescence;  cerci  short,  spindle 
shaped;  claws  not  deeply  notched,  rays  subequal.  Color  of  base  of 
antenna?,  more  or  less  about  ocelli,  occiput,  pronotum  except  outer 
angles,  spot  on  anterior  and  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  spot  about 
cenchri,  basal  plates  and  base  of  first  segment  of  abdomen,  thorax 
beneath  except  centers  of  mesepiinera,  hind  femora  except  bases,  tips 
of  hind  tibiae  and  their  tarsi,  brownish-black  (one  specimen  has  the 
thorax  dorsally  and  the  epimera  altogether  black);  otherwise  reddish 
ferruginous;  coxa>,  trochanters,  bases  of  femora  and  anterior  legs  for 
the  most  part,  and  the  mouth  parts  lighter  yellowish;  veins,  including 
costa  nearly  to  base,  brown;  stigma  brown,  paler  basally;  extreme 
apex  of  sheath  brown. 

Two  females.    Xew  Hampshire.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
This  species  comes  very  near  tricolor. 

27.  Pteronus  ribesii  Scopoli. 

1763.  Tenthredo  ribesii  Scopoli.     Ent.  Cam.,  p.  280.1 
1866.  Nematus  ribis  Walsh.     Tract.  Ent.,  I,  p.  78. 

1866.  Xematus  ventricosus  Walsh.     Pract.  Ent.,  I,  pp.  117-125. 

1867.  Xernatus  ventricosus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  208.      (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  70.) 

1867.  Nematus  trimaculatus  Fitch.     Trans.  X.  Y.  Agr.  Soc,  xxvn,  pp.  909-932. 

1867.  Xematus  trimaculatus  Fitch.     12th  Rept.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp.  909-932. 

1867.  Xematus  ventricosus  Walsh.     Pract.  Ent.,  II,  pp.  67,  116. 

1869.  Xematus  ventricosus  Walsh  and  Riley.     Am.  Ent.,  u,  pp.  12-22. 

1869.  Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  u,  pp.  13-17. 

1869.  Xematus  ventricosus  Walsh.     Can.  Ent.,  ir,  pp.  9-12;  31-33. 

1869.  Xematus  ventricosfis  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  n,  pp.  47,  93, 112. 

1869.  Xematus  ventricosus  Bowles.     Can.  Ent.,  II,  p.  115 

1870.  Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  II,  pp.  146-149. 
1870.  Xematus  ventricosus  Packard.     Packard's  Guide,  p.  219. 

1870.  Xematus  ventricosus  Glover.     Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  77. 

1871.  Xematus  ventricosus  Bowles.     Can.  Ent.,  in,  p.  7. 

1871.  Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  in,  pp.  25-27. 

1871.  Xematus  ventricosus  Jones.     Can.  Emt.,  in,  p.  37. 

1872.  Xematus  ventricosus  Packard.     3d  Mem.  Peabody  Acad.,  pp.  1-17. 
1874.  Xematus  ventricosus  Riley.     6th  Rept.  Ins.  Mo.,  pp.  43, 149. 


'  The  above  bibliography  omits  all  European  literature  except  the  first  description 
and  the  last  generic  reference,  and  also  many  of  the  shorter  or  less  important  Ameri- 
can writings. 


62 

1874.  Xematua  ventricosus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  vi,  pp.  186-192. 

1874.   Xematus  ventricosus  Cook.     4th  Ann.  Rept.  St.  Pom.  Soc.  Mich.,  pp.  379-380. 

1874.  Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  VI,  pp.  101-104. 

1877.  Xematus  ventricosus  Riley.     9th  Rept.  Ins.  Mo.,  pp.  7, 10,  21-22. 

1877.  Xematus  ventricosus  Packard.     9th  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.,  1875, 

p. 787. 

1878.  Xematus  ventricosus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  5G. 

1879.  Xematus  ventricosus  Riley.     N.  Y.  Tribune,  June  11, 1879. 

1880.  Xematus  ventricosus  Fuller.     Am.  Ent.,  ill,  p.  92. 
1880.  Xematus  ribesii  Fletcher.     Entom.  Mag.,  xvi,  p.  278. 

1880.  Xematus  ventricosus  Thomas.     5th  Rept.  (10)  Ins.  111.,  p.  68. 

1881.  Xematus  ventrii  osus  Coquillett.     11th  Rept.  Ins.  111.,  pp.  5,  46-48. 

1882.  Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Can.  Ent.,  xiv,  p.  147. 

1883.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     Proc.  Am.  Assn.,  xxxi,  pp.  471-472. 
1883.   Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     Psyche,  iv.  pp.  48-51. 

1883.   Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     Can.  Ent.,  XV,  p.  200. 

1883.    Xt mains  ventricosus  Provancher.     Petite  Faune  Ent.  Can.,  II,  p.  188. 

1883.  Nematua  ventricosus  Fylea.    Can.  Ent.,  xv, p.  205. 

1883.  Xematus  ventricosus  Riley.     Stoddart's  Encyclo.  Amor..  I,  pp.  135-142. 

1883.   Xematus  ventricosus  Saunders.     Ins.  Inj.  to  Fruits,  pp.  339-312,  360. 

1885.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     2d  Rept.  Ins.  X.  V.,  pp.  217-221. 

1886.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     N.  E.  Homestead,  xx,  p.  189. 

1886.  Xematus  ventricosus  Forbes.     Entom.  Amer..  n,  p.  173. 

1887.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     Popular  Gardening,  II,  p.  120. 

1887.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.    Albany  Express,  xli, p. 2. 

1888.  Nematua  ribesii  Fertiald.    Mass.  Hatch  Exp. Sta.  Bull., 2, p. 7i 
1888.  Xematus  ventricosus  Lintner.     5th  Rept.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp.  156-157. 

1888.  Xematus  ventricosus  Harvey.     Ann.  Kept.  Maine  Exp.  Sta.,  pp.  182-184. 

1888.  Xematus  ventricosus  Weed.     7th  Ann.  Rept.  Ohio  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  152. 

1889.  Xematus  ribesii  Fletcher.     Can.  Ent.,  XXI,  p.  150. 

18S9.  Xematus  ventricosus  Weed.     Rail.  Ohio  Exp.  Sta.,  II,  No.  1,  p.  ti. 
1889.  Xematus  ventricosus  Hall.     Ins.  Life.  I,  p.  319. 
1889.   Xematus  ventricosus  Beckwith,     Ball.  IV,  Del.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  15. 
1889.  Xematus  ventricosus  Riley  and  Howard.      Ins.  Life,  I,  p.  229. 

1889.  Xematus  ventricosus  Hnlst.     Cull,  xi.vi.  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  8. 

1890.  Pteronus  ribesii  Konow.     Deutsch.  Ent.  Zeit.,  xxxiv,  p.  246. 

1890.  Xematus  ventricosus  Hopkins.     Ann.  Rept.  \V.  Va.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  153. 

1891.  Xematus  ribesii  Co<»k.     Rept.  Mich.  Exp.  Sta.  1890-91. 

1891.  Xematus  ribesii  Fletcher.     Bull.  11,  Can.  Cent.  Farm  (May). 

1892.  Xematus  ventricosus  Garman.     Bull.  40,  Ky.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  (March). 

Female. — Length  7  to  7.5  mm.;  very  robust,  short-bodied  species; 
head  rugose,  punctured,  thorax  less  so;  clypeus  very  broadly  and  shal- 
lowly  emarginate,  sometimes  almost  truncate,  lobes  short  and  not  very 
broad;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  not  well  defined,  former 
entire  or  indistinctly  broken ;  antenna!  fovea  rather  deep  at  apex,  oval ; 
antennae  slender,  slightly  tapering,  third  joint  longest;  intercostal  vein 
considerably  anterior  to  basal,  usually  at  right  angles  to  costa;  second 
recurrent  frequently  interstitial ;  third  cubital  cell  usually  not  longer 
than  outer  transverse  vein;  upper  middle  cell  of  hind  wings  frequently 
not  reaching  apex  of  lower  or  outer  veins  interstitial,  rarely  upper  cell 
exceeding  lower  cell;  stigma  moderately  robust,  rounded  on  lower  mar- 
gin; sheath  rather  narrow,  rounded  at  extremity,  hairs  short;  cerci 
very  slender  and  long,  not  tapering;    claws  with  rays  nearly  equal. 


63 

Color  of  head  above  clypeus  except  triangle  below  antenna?,  orbits, 
more  or  less  of  antenna?  above,  center  of  lobes  of  mesonotuin  more  or 
less  of  scutellum,  lower  half  of  mesepimera,  metepisterna,  extreme 
tips  of  posterior  tibia?,  posterior  tarsi,  and  tip  of  sheath  brownish  black; 
balance  of  body  and  legs  luteous;  mouth  parts,  coxa4,  and  trochanters 
pallid. 

Male. — Length  6  mm.;  body  short,  robust,  in  general  as  in  female; 
clypeus  scarcely  emarginate,  slightly  produced  at  center,  giving  trilo- 
bed  appearance;  antenna?  more  robust  than  in  female,  joints  3  to  5  sub- 
equal;  procidentia  very  broad,  as  broad  as  long,  constricted  at  base; 
hypopygium  very  much  narrowed  toward  apex,  which  is  obtusely 
rounded.  Color  of  head  above  clypeus,  thorax,  including  all  of  epi- 
mera,  basal  plates,  more  or  less  of  central  dorsal  area  of  abdomen,  and 
extreme  bases  of  posterior  coxa'  brownish  black ;  antenna?,  tips  of  poste- 
rior tibia?  and  their  tarsi,  veins,  and  stigma  brownish;  antenna?  lighter 
beneath ;  mouth  parts,  pronotum  tegulae,  base  of  costa,  legs,  abdomen 
beneath,  and  more  or  less  of  lateral  dorsal  region  luteous;  orbits, 
lateral  lobes,  mesonotuin,  and  basal  edges  of  scutellum  more  or  less 
tinged  with  rufous. 

Twelve  females  and  five  males,  from  Canada  to  Missouri.  (Colls.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  and  Am.  Ent.  Soq.) 

28.  Pteronus  edwardsii  Cresson. 

1880.  Nematus  edwardsii  Cressou.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vin,  p.  7. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  very  slightly  emar- 
ginate, almost  truncate,  lobes  very  broad ;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocel- 
lar  basin  indistinctly  elevated,  vertex  nearly  smooth ;  antennal  fovea 
broad,  triangular,  shallow;  antenna?  tapering,  almost  as  long  as  the 
entire  body,  joint  4  slightly  longer  than  3;  intercostal  vein  posterior 
to  basal,  very  little  inclined;  upper  middle  cell  of  hind  wings  very  little 
exceeding  lower;  stigma  elongate,  acuminate;  sheath  very  broad,  short, 
obtusely  pointed;  cerci  rather  robust,  tapering.  Color  of  head  and 
thorax  except  basal  plates,  posterior  tarsi  and  tips  of  posterior  tibia4, 
sheath,  and  cerci  brownish  black,  tinged  with  rufous — the  latter  color 
occurring  on  the  pronotum,  teguke,  lateral  margin  of  lobes  of  meso- 
notum,  sides  of  scutellum,  and  upper  half  of  mesepimera;  spot  below 
antenna?,  clypeus,  labrum,  palpi,  legs,  and  abdomen,  including  basal 
plates, yellowish  ferruginous;  antenna?  uuicolorous,  black;  wing  veins, 
including  stigma  and  costa,  brownish. 

One  female,  Cresson's  type.    Marin  County,  Cal.    (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

29.  Pteronus  militaris  Cresson. 

1880.  Nematus  militaris  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  7. 
1886.  Nematus  militaris  Provancher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  23. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  14  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining; 
clypeus  deeply  notched,  lobes  narrow;  frontal  crest  prominent,  some- 


64 

times  slightly  broken;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  indistinct;  mouth  parts 
with  rather  long  yellowish  hairs;  antennae  very  slender,  slightly  taper- 
ing, as  long  a-s  abdomen,  fourth  joint  a  little  longer  than  third;  inter- 
costal nerve  frequently  interstitial  with  basal,  nearly  at  right  angles 
with  costa;  upper  cell  of  hind  wings  exceeding  lower;  third  cubital  cell 
scarcely  at  all  divaricating  apically;  stigma  not  very  robust,  tapering 
apically;  sheath  obtusely  pointed,  straight  on  upper  edge,  narrow; 
cerci  as  long  as  terminal  joint  of  antennas,  slender;  head  and  thorax, 
particularly  on  lower  side,  with  short,  sericeous  pile;  claws  rather 
minutely  cleft,  inner  ray  shortest.  Color  of  head  except  palpi  and 
sometimes  lobes  of  clypeus,  anterior  margin  of  pronotum,  band  along 
center  of  mesonotuin,  metanotum,  metepisterna,  basal  plates,  abdomen 
above,  including  sheath  and  cerci,  and  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  their 
tarsi  black;  fore  tarsi  dusky;  balance  of  thorax,  venter  of  abdomen, 
and  legs  pale,  ferruginous;  the  venter  of  abdomen  more  or  less  obscure 
with  fuscous,  sometimes  very  dark,  approaching  black;  veins  and  stigma, 
including  costa  to  base,  dark  brown. 

Two  females  from  New  Hampshire  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  and  one  each 
from  Illinois  and  Washington  (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.). 

30.  Pteronus  thoracicus  Harrington. 

1893.  Nematus  thoracicus  Harrington.    Can.  Ent.,  xxi,  p.  58. 
1895.  Nematus  thoracicus  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,xxu,  p.  307. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  robust;  clypeus  deeply  notched,  lobes  nar- 
row; walls  of  ocellar  basin  rounded,  crest  unbroken;  antennal  fovea 
shallow,  circular;  venation  about  normal;  stigma  broad,  rounded  on 
lower  margin;  sheath  rather  short  and  robust,  regularly  rounded  at 
tip;  claws  evenly  but  not  deeply  notched.  Color  reddish  yellow;  an- 
tenna1, head  except  tip  of  clypeus  and  more  or  less  of  mouth  parts, 
apical  halt  (sometimes  all)  of  scutellum,  metanotum,  center  of  basal 
dorsal  arcs  of  abdomen,  and  sheath  black;  tips  of  hind  tibia'  and  the 
hind  tarsi  usually  infuscated;  veins,  including  stigma,  brown;  wings 
hyaline. 

Male. — Length  4.5  mm.;  structurally  in  the  main  as  in  female;  proci- 
dentia apparently  nearly  wanting.  Color  black;  pronotum,  teguhe, 
legs,  and  upper  half  of  mesepimera  and  venter  of  abdomen  yellowish 
ferruginous;  hind  tarsi  infuscated. 

Eedescribed  from  the  type  specimen  of  female  loaned  by  Mr.  Har- 
rington and  two  bred  specimens  (male  and  female)  received  from  H.  G. 
Dyar,  who  reports  the  larvae  (which  he  also  describes)  to  feed  singly  on 
the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Amelanchier  canadensis. 

I  have  also  examined  five  specimens,  two  from  Washington  and  three 
from  Mount  Hood,  Oreg.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc).  In  some  specimens  the 
tergum  is  strongly  infuscated  and  with  more  or  less  black  on  lobes  of 
mesothorax. 


65 

31.  Pteronus  odoratus  Dyar. 

1894.  Nematus  salicis  odoratus  Dyar.     Can.  Entv  xxvi,  p.  187. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  short,  robust,  shining;  head  nearly  spherical 
viewed  laterally;  clypeus  rather  narrowly  and  deeply  emarginate; 
ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined,  sides  acute,  finely  raised;  frontal  crest 
broad,  somewhat  broken  at  middle;  antennal  fovea  broad,  circular,  shal- 
low; antenna1  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  not  very  robust,  tapering, 
joints  3  and  4  subequal;  venation  normal;  stigma  broadest  at  base, 
tapering  regularly  and  acuminately  to  apex;  sheath  narrow,  rounded 
at  apex;  cerci  very  short,  robust;  claws  not  deeply  notched,  rays  sub- 
equal.  Color  of  antennae,  spot  on  vertex  including  ocelli  extending 
back  over  occiput,  mcsonotum,  metanotum,  abdomen  dorsally  except 
narrow  lateral  margin  and  apex,  and  apex  of  sheath  black;  scutellum 
basally  and  sutures  of  mesothorax  inclined  to  reddish;  posterior  tibia1 
and  their  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  antenna'  inclined  to  ferruginous 
toward  tip,  especially  beneath;  entire  venter  and  otherwise  except  as 
noted  pallid;  veins  and  stigma  except  extreme  base  of  costa  dark 
brown. 

Male. — Length  5  mm. ;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  projecting, 
notch  a  complete  semicircle,  lobes  long,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  distinctly 
defined;  frontal  crest  not,  or  very  slightly,  notched;  antennal  fovea 
large,  circular,  deeply  excavated;  antennae  very  robust,  flattened,  taper- 
ing, joints  3  and  4  subequal;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  third 
cubital  cell  is  nearly  quadrangular;  stigma  elongate,  regularly  rounded 
on  lower  margin;  procidentia  short,  narrow,  rounded  at  apex;  hypo- 
pygiuin  liexed  so  as  to  appear  strongly  notched  at  apex;  claws  minutely 
notched,  rays  subequal.  Color  of  antenna1,  head  above,  frontal  crest 
extending  over  occiput,  mesonotum,  metanotum,  and  abdomen  except 
narrow  lateral  margin  black;  face,  mouth  parts,  orbits,  lateral  dorsal 
margin  of  abdomen  above,  and  entire  venter  light  yellowish;  posterior 
tibiae,  particularly  at  apex,  and  their  tarsi  strongly  infuscated;  nagelluin 
rufous  beneath;  veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  the  latter  to  base, 
dark  brown. 

This  well-marked  species  seems  to  be  the  one  characterized  by  Dyar 
(1.  c),  who  also  describes  the  eggs  and  larval  stages.  The  eggs  and 
larvae  were  found  at  Woods  Hole,  Mass.,  on  willow. 

Seven  females,  one  collected  in  August  in  Maine  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc), 
three  from  Michigan,  and  three  from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.). 
The  male  is  characterized  from  a  specimen  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  without 
locality  label,  evidently  one  of  Walsh's  judging  from  the  pinning,  and 
probably  collected  in  Illinois. 

32.  Pteronus  cornelli  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly, 
circularly  emarginate,  lobes  rounded,  not  broad;  ocellar  basin  deeply 
13449— No.  3 5 


66 

and  distinctly  excavated;  lateral  walls  rounded;  frontal  crest  strongly 
developed,  divided  by  narrow  depressed  line  at  middle;  antenna!  fovea 
deep;  antennae  slender,  strongly  tapering,  joints  4  and  5  subequal; 
venation  normal;  sheath  narrow,  tapering  to  rounded  tip;  claws  deeply 
and  evenly  notched.  Color  of  antennae,  large  spot  including  ocelli  and 
extending  over  vertex,  dorsum  of  thorax,  and  abdomen  black;  posterior 
tibiae  darker  at  tips,  with  tarsi  brown;  sheath  brown;  veins  brown, 
stigma  scarcely  paler;  face,  orbits,  pronotum,  teguhe,  entire  venter, 
with  lateral  edges  of  dorsum  of  abdomen,  pallid  or  resinous. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  slender;  antenna*  not  much  stouter  than  in 
female;  procidentia  short,  narrow,  projecting  about  its  own  width. 
Color  as  in  female,  except  that  the  antenna'  are  fulvous  beneath  and 
the  pectus  is  strongly  infuscated. 

Eleven  females  and  live  males  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.),  labeled  "Lot  S5, 
sub.  \)(ti,"  dated  May  to  July,  1890. 

33.  Pteronus  trilineatus  Norton. 

1867.  Sennit  us  trilineatus  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,   i.  p.  215.      (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  77.) 

L872.  Nematus  trilineatus  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  iv,  p.  7!». 

1877.  Nematus  trilineatus  Gloyer.  Sept.  U.  8.  Dept.  Auric,  p.  92. 

1880.  Nematus  eimilaris  Norton.  Kept,  Ent.  U.  B.  Dept.  Agric  1879,  p.  224,  I'l 

III,  fig- 1. 

1881.  Nematus  trilineatus  Thomas.     lOtli  Kept.  Ent.  111.,  18S0;  p.  68. 

,1885,   Nematus  robinia   Forbes.     11th  Bept.  State   Ent.  111.,  1881,  p.  116,  PI.  12, 

fig.  5. 
1886.  Nematus  similaris  Harrington.     Can.  Ent.,  win,  p.  39. 
1886.  Nematus  similaris  Provancher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,p.  24. 
L890.  Nematus  eimilaris  Packard.     Kept.  U.  S.  Ent   Comm.,  v,  p.  369,  fig.  L36, 
1890.  Nematus  robinia  Packard.     Kept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  v,  p.  370. 
L895.   Nematus  Hmilaris  Dyar.    'Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxn,  p.  301  (larva). 

Female. — Length  <i.o  to  7  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus 
bmadly,  circularly,  but  deeply  emarginate,  lobes  large,  triangular; 
frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  distinctly  denned,  former  un- 
broken, curving  anteriorly;  antenual  fovea  triangular,  sharply  defined; 
antennae  long,  slender,  tapering,  third  and  fourth  joints  equal  or  lat- 
ter longest;  venation  normal;  intercostal  vein  slightly  inclined;  third 
cubital  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  wide  at  base;  stigma  moderately 
robust,  widest  at  center;  sheath  narrow,  smooth,  tapering  on  both 
edges  to  rounded  tip;  cerci  slender,  not  tapering;  rays  of  claws  nearly 
equal.  Color  reddish  yellow;  antennae,  spot  on  head  surrounding 
ocelli  and  extending  over  occiput,  anterior  and  lateral  lobes  of  meso- 
uotuin,  small  spot  beneath  anterior  wings,  metanotum  (except  meta- 
scutellum,  sutures,  and  lateral  margin),  abdomen  (except  lateral  margin 
of  segments  and  last  segment),  apical  half  of  sheath,  and  posterior 
tibia'  and  tarsi  brownish  black;  antenme  fulvous  beneath  toward  tips; 
tips  of  anterior  tarsi  dusky;  veins,  including  costa  to  base  and  stigma, 
brown,  latter  darker  basally. 

Twelve  females  from  Canada,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Kansas, 


67 

South  Carolina,  and  Montana  (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.), 
and  eight  bred  specimens,  including  Norton's  type  specimen  of  similar  is 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).  Forbes's  N.  robinice,  the  type  of  which  I  have 
examined,  is  undoubtedly  a  light-colored  specimen  of  this  species.  It 
differs  in  lacking  the  black  on  the  anterior  lobe  of  the  mesonotum  and 
the  small  spot  beneath  the  anterior  wings. 

34.  Pteronus  magus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  very  robust,  stout,  shining;  clypeus  very 
broadly  and  shallowly  notched,  lobes  small,  pointed;  ocellar  basin 
distinctly  defined,  sides  faintly  raised;  crest  stout;  fovea  elongate, 
rather  deeply  excavated;  autenna3  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slen- 
der, tapering,  joints  3,  4,  and  5  subequal,  fourth  slightly  longest; 
venation  normal;  stigma  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath 
broad,  obtusely  pointed,  densely  hairy  at  apex  and  on  lower  margin ; 
claws  large,  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  of  spot  on  head  includ- 
ing ocelli  extending  rather  narrowly  over  vertex,  large  spot  on  anterior 
lobes  of  mesonotum,  spot  on  apex  of  scutellum,  metanotum,  and  abdo- 
men dorsally  for  the  most  part  black;  head  except  as  noted,  pronotum, 
entire  venter,  the  lateral  edge  of  abdomen  dorsally,  more  or  less  of  pos- 
terior margin  of  some  of  the  middle  segments,  yellowish  ferruginous; 
antennae  black  basally;  flagelluin  reddish,  more  or  less  infuscated, 
especially  at  base  above;  sheath  brown;  veins  brown,  stigma  and  costa 
lighter,  yellowish  brown. 

One  female.     Canada,     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  *  e— >x~~^  ,l-<-'i-» 

35.  Pteronus  quercus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm.;  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  nearly  trun- 
cate, vertex  smooth;  ocellar  basin  indistinctly  defined,  sides  rounded; 
frontal  crest  broad,  unbroken;  fovea  defined  only  on  anterior  margin; 
antennae  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slender,  scarcely 
tapering,  third  joint  longest;  intercostal  interstitial,  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  costa;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  very  broad,  ovate; 
apex  of  costa  greatly  thickened,  half  as  broad  as  stigma ;  sheath  robust, 
densely  clothed  with  long,  whitish  hairs  at  apex  and  on  lower  margin; 
cerci  short;  claws  large,  deeply  cleft.  Color  of  spot  on  vertex  includ- 
ing ocelli  extending  back  over  occiput,  mesonotum,  metanotum,  and 
abdomen  except  narrow  lateral  margin  black  dorsally;  antennae  brown- 
ish, inclined  to  ferruginous  beneath;  body  otherwise  pallid;  legs,  meso- 
epimera,  border  of  spot  on  vertex,  slightly  inclined  to  reddish;  veins 
yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa  yellowish. 

One  female,  bred  from  larva  found  in  June  on  oak  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
by  Mr.  Trelease.     Adult  emerged  March  22.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 
This  insect  may  fall  in  the  genus  Pontania. 

36.  Pteronus  hyalinus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm. ;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypeus  very  broadly, 
but  not  deeply. emarginate;  ocellar  basin  with  distinctly  defined  walls; 


68 

crest  prominent,  unbroken;  fovea  deeply  excavated  but  not  distinctly 
limited;  antennae  very  slender,  tapering-,  joint  4  a  little  longer  than  3; 
venation  normal,  except  that  the  intercostal  vein  is  nearly  interstitial 
witli  basal;  sheath  narrow,  tapering-  to  rounded  tip;  claws  coarsely  but 
not  very  deeply  notched,  rays  subequal.  Color  of  antennae,  large  sf)ot 
including  ocelli  extending  over  vertex,  mesonotum,  metanotum,  and 
abdomen  dorsally  black;  orbits,  face  beneath  frontal  crest,  pronotuin, 
teguhe,  lateral  area  of  thorax,  abdomen  above,  venter  and  legs  alto- 
gether yellowish  or  pallid;  pectus  brown;  tips  of  posterior  tibia1,  tarsi 
and  extreme  edge  of  sheath  brownish;  stigma  and  costa  hyaline;  veins 
otherwise  brown. 

One  female,  reared  by  Mr.  11.  G.  Dyar  from  a  solitary  larva  taken 
feeding  on  edge  of  leaf  of  white  birch.  The  larva  was  described  by 
Mr.  Dyar  under  the  name  of  Nematus  lateralis  Norton.  (Trans.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc,  xxii,  1895,  p.  307.) 

37.  Pteronus  vertebratus  Say. 

1836.  Nematus  vertebratus  Say.     Host.  Jouru.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  p.  218. 

1859.  Nematus  vertebratus  Leconte,  Say,  Ent.,  n.  p. 678. 

1861.  Nematus  vertebratus  Norton.     Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. ,  vm,  p.  158. 

IStjT.  Nematus  vertebratus  Norton.  Trans.  Am,  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p,  215.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  77.) 

1880.   Nematus  dorsivittatus  ( Iresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  10. 

L895.   Nematus  dorsivittatus  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxii,  p.  303. 

Female. — Length  (J  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining-;  clypeus  distinctly 
but  not  very  broadly  emarginate,  lobes  rounded;  sides  of  ocellar  basin 
distinctly,  rather  sharply  raised  ;  frontal  crest  rounded,  broken  at  mid- 
dle; antenna]  fovea  circular,  shallow;  antennae  very  long,  slender, 
considerably  longer  than  head  and  thorax;  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  vena- 
tion normal:  stigma  moderate,  circular  on  lower  margin;  sheath  rather 
pointed,  lower  margin  regularly  rounded,  upper  straight  or  slightly 
concave,  bordering  hairs  very  minute;  cerci  slender,  scarcely  tapering; 
claws  not  very  deeply  notched,  rays  subequal.  Color  light  yellowish; 
autenme,  spot  on  vertex  including  ocelli  extending  back  over  occiput, 
lobes  of  mesonotum  except  lateral  edges,  metanotum,  and  tergum 
centrally  except  apex  of  last  sclerite  black  or  dark  brown;  antenme 
lighter  beneath ;  upper  margins  of  hind  tibia*  and  their  tarsi  more  or  less 
infuscated;  extreme  tip  of  sheath  brownish;  veins  brownish,  including 
costa  nearly  to  base;  stigma  uuicolorous,  pale. 

Male. — Length  4  mm.;  slender,  sinning;  antenme  as  long  as  the  body 
of  the  insect;  structurally  in  general  as  the  female;  antennal  joints 
decreasing  uniformly  in  length  from  third  to  tip;  fovea  somewhat  tri- 
angular, extending  laterally  over  base  of  antenna1;  procidentia  narrow, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide,  slightly  notched  at  tip.  Color  of  antennae 
basally  above,  spot  including  ocelli  and  extending  over  occiput,  meso- 
notum, metanotum,  and  dorsum  of  abdomen  black;  face  below  frontal 
crest,  orbits,  pronotuin,  teguhe  and  entire  venter,  yellowish;  antennae 


69 

fulvous  beneath  and  toward  tip,  somewhat  infuscated  above;  poste- 
rior tibiae  and  tarsi  infuscated;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa  pale. 

Two  females.  Nevada  and  California.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
What  is  possibly  the  male  of  this  species  is  described  from  speci- 
mens received  from  Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar,  labeled  "  S.  F.  3H.1'  Cresson's  dor- 
si  rittat  us  can  not  be  distinguished  from  this  species  from  the  descrip- 
tion, and  seems  synonymous  with  it.  The  type  of  vertebratus  is  lost. 
According  to  Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar,  who  describes  the  egg  and  the  larval 
stages  from  specimens  collected  at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  this  species  is  a 
solitary  edge  feeder  on  poplar. 

38.  Pteronus  integer  Say. 

1836.  Nematus  integer  Say.     Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  p.  218. 

1859.  Nematus  integer  Leconte.     Say  Ent.,  n,  p.  679. 

1861.  Nematua  integer  Norton.     Proe.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vni,  p.  158. 

1867.  Nematus integer  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  216.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  78.) 

1883.  Nematua  integer  Packard.     Kept.  V.  S.  Ent.,  pp.  119-150. 

1890.  Nematua  integer  Packard.     Kept.  II.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  v,  pp.  838-840. 

Female. — Length  G  to  6..~>  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  circularly 
emarginate,  lobes  small,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  limited; 
frontal  crest  large,  slightly  broken  at  middle;  antennal  fovea  expand- 
ing basally;  antennae  very  long,  slender,  distinctly  tapering;  stigma 
not  very  broad;  venation  normal;  cerci  robust,  tapering;  sheath  rather 
narrow,  slightly  concave  above,  rounded  at  apex;  claws  not  very  deeply 
notched,  inner  ray  distinctly  shorter  than  outer.  Color  of  spot  on  head, 
including  ocelli  and  extending  to  bases  of  antenna1,  center  of  anterior 
lobes  of  mesonotum,  metanotum,  and  central  portion  of  abdomen  dor- 
sally  brownish  black;  antenna'  dark  brown,  reddish  beneath  and  apic- 
ally;  tibia1  and  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  sheath  narrowly  tipped  with 
brown;  body  otherwise  x>allid;  veins,  including  costa,  light  yellowish 
brown ;  stigma  yellowish  hyaline. 

Two  females.     Colorado  and  New  Jersey.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

39.  Pteronus  mendicus  Walsh. 

1866.  Nematus  mendicus  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  vi,  p.  261. 

1867.  Nematus  trivittatua  Norton.     Trans.  Am.   Ent.   Soc,  i,  p.  218.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  80.) 
1867.  Nematus  mendicus  Norton.-    Trans.  Am.   Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  220.     (Cat.,   etc, 

p.  82.) 
1878.  Nematus  mendicus  Provanclier.     Nat.  Can.  x,  p.  58. 
1883.  Nematus  mendicus  Provancher.     Faun.     Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  191. 
1895.  Nematus  mendicus  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxn,  p.  302. 

Female. — Length  5  to  G  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus 
broadly  but  not  deeply  notched,  lobes  rounded;  ocellar  basin  with  dis- 
tinctly defined  but  rounded  lateral  walls;  frontal  crest  prominent, 
broken  at  middle,  or  strongly  bitubercnlate;  antennal  fovea  broad, 
shallow ;  autennaj  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  very  slender,  tapering, 


70 

joints  3  and  4  subequal;  venation  normal;  stigma  broad,  regularly 
rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath  tapering,  straight  or  slightly  concave 
on  upper  margin;  cerci  short,  robust;  claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  unequal. 
Color  very  light  yellowish;  very  narrow  border  of  ocelli,  small  spot  on 
occiput,  sometimes  line  on  anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum,  spot  on  lateral 
lobes  of  mesonotum  (sometimes  subobsolete),  apex  of  scntellum,  spot 
between  eenchri,  brownish  black  ;  posterior  tibia'  and  tarsi  very  slightly 
infuscated;  antennae  brown  ferruginous,  the  latter  color  predominating 
toward  tip;  sheath  sometimes  tipped  with  brown;  veins  light  yellowish 
brown;  costa  and  stigma  greenish  hyaline. 

Male. — Length  4.5  too  mm.;  slender,  shining;  structural  characters 
in  general  of  female;  procidentia  narrow,  projecting,  squarely  truncate 
at  apex,  about  as  wide  as  long.  Color  of  antennae  above  and  basally, 
large  spot  on  vertex  including  ocelli  and  extending  over  occiput  and 
covering  entire  base  of  head,  mesonotum,  metanotuin.  and  abdomen 
except  lateral  margins  of  segments  black;  upper  orbits,  venter,  abdo- 
men, and  legs  for  the  most  part  yellowish  ferruginous:  lower  orbits  and 
face  below  frontal  crest  and  month  parts  pallid;  tibiae  and  tarsi,  particu- 
larly posterior  pair,  in  fnsrated  ;  lower  surface  of  llagelhun  rufous;  veins 
brown:  costa  and  stigma  somewhat  lighter,  yellowish  brown. 

Nine  females,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York  (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc),  and  from  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Iowa  (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.). 
Three  males.  Massachusetts  and  California.  (Coll.  Am.  Bnt.  Soc.) 
For  a  discussion  of  the  habits  of  this  species,  which  Mr.  Walsh  erro- 
neously supposed  to  be  inquilinous  in  the  galls  of  other  Nematines,  see 
Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  in,  p.  267.  Mr.  II.  C.  Dyar  has  described  the 
early  stages  from  material  collected  on  willow  in  New  York  City  and  at 
Plattsburg,  N.  Y. 

40.  Pteronus  vancouverensis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6.5  to  7  mm.:  not  very  robust,  shining:  clypeus 
broadly  emarginate,  lobes  broad:  antennal  basin  with  sharply  raised 
defining  walls ;  crest  prominent,  bilobed  or  bituberculate;  fovea  not 
distinctly  defined;  antennae  slender,  elongate,  fourth  joint  a  little  longer 
than  third:  venation  normal;  sheath  narrow,  tapering,  pointed;  claws 
very  minutely  but  evenly  cleft.  Color  pallid,  inclined  to  resinous; 
antenna*  black  above,  yellowish  beneath;  anterior  lobes  of  mesonotum 
brownish,  infuscated  centrally;  tip  of  scntellum  with  spot  on  either 
side  and  spots  on  center  of  metanotuin  black:  costa  and  stigma 
hyaline,  veins  otherwise  dark  brown;  extremities  of  legs  very  slightly 
infuscated,  together  with  extreme  tip  of  sheath. 

Male. — Length  G  mm.;  .slender,  shining;  procidentia  projecting  con- 
siderably more  than  its  width,  narrow,  squarely  truncate  at  tip;  claws 
minutely  and  evenly  cleft.  Color  of  antenna?  above,  large  spot  includ- 
ing ocelli  and  extending  over  vertex  and  occiput,  lobes  of  mesonotum 
except  scutellum  and  metanotuin,  most  of  basal  abdominal  segment 


71 

above,  together  with  transverse  stripe  on  each  of  succeeding  seg- 
ments, dark  brown  or  black ;  mouth  parts,  orbits,  and  area  about  base 
of  antennae,  pronotum,  tegulae,  scutellum,  venter  with  most  of  lateral 
dorsal  area  of  abdomen  and  sutures  of  segments,  and  legs  yellowish 
resinous;  face  paler;  hind  tibiae  and  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  antennae 
yellowish  beneath. 

Four  females.  Vancouver  Island,  Alameda  and  Placer  County,  Cal., 
and  Nevada.     (Colls.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  and  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

One  male.  Alameda,  Cal.,  Mr.  Koebele,  collector.  (Coll.  0 .  S.  Nat. 
Mus.) 

41.  Pteronus  koebelei  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  deeply  emarginate, 
lobes  broad,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  sharply  defined;  crest  unbroken 
at  middle,  straight;  antenna!  fovea  very  broad,  extending  laterally 
from  base  of  antennae;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  sides  of  the 
third  cubital  cell  are  parallel;  stigma  broad,  regularly  rounded  on  lower 
margin;  sheath  regularly  tapering  on  upper  and  lower  margins  to 
rounded  apex,  hairs  very  minute  except  at  extreme  apex,  where  a  small 
tuft  of  longer  hairs  occurs;  cerci  long,  slender,  slightly  tapering;  claws 
deeply  notched,  rays  nearly  equal.  Color  light  greenish  yellow,  with 
purple  tinge  on  head  and  thorax;  spot  including  ocelli,  more  or  less  of 
base  of  head,  spot  on  anterior  extremity  of  the  middle  lobe  of  meso- 
notum  extending  backward  in  a  narrow  line,  spot  on  lateral  lobes  of 
mesonotum,  one  on  either  side  of  scutellum,  two  just  within  the  cen- 
chri,  and  small  spots  on  basal  plates  black;  antennae  black,  sometimes 
ferruginous  beneath;  legs,  especially  tarsi,  with  distinct  greenish  cast; 
veins  brown,  stigma  and  costa  greenish  yellow. 

Five  females.     California  and  Oregon.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

42.  Pteronus  pinguidorsum  Dyar. 

1895.  Nematus  pinguidorsum  Dyar.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxn,  p.  303. 
Female. — Length  8  mm.;  robust,  shining;  clypeus  deeply,  circularly 
emarginate,  lobes  broad,  circular,  rounded  at  tip;  ocellar,  basin  dis- 
tinctly defined,  lateral  walls  not  very  sharply  raised,  crest  unbroken, 
fovea  deep,  extending  laterally  over  bases  of  antennae ;  antennae  slender, 
tapering,  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  venation  normal;  stigma  narrow, 
sides  almost  parallel,  rather  abruptly  truncate  at  tip ;  sheath  robust, 
obliquely  truncate  at  tip ;  claws  strong,  deeply  notched.  Color  light 
yellow,  inclined  to  pallid;  small  spot  connecting  ocelli,  antennae 
above,  and  anterior  edge  of  cenchri  dark  brown  or  black;  anterior 
lobes  of  mesonotum  brownish  purple,  head  above  tinged  with  purple; 
antennae  beneath  yellowish;  posterior  tibiae  toward  tips  and  all  tarsi 
very  slightly  infuscated;  extreme  tip  of  sheath  brown;  stigma  yellow ; 
veins  dark  brown;  wings  hyaline. 


72 

One  female,  Dyar's  type.  Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar  characterizes  the  last 
larval  stages  from  solitary  larva?  found  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves  of 
white  birch  at  Keene  Valley,  N.  Y. 

43.  Pteronus  unicolor  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  clypeus  broadly 
and  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes  small,  rather  pointed;  ocellar  basin 
distinctly  denned;  frontal  crest  narrow,  unbroken;  antennal  fovea 
broad,  rounded,  subtriangular,  deeply  excavated;  venation  normal; 
stigma  elongate,  acuminate;  sheath  tapering  on  lower  margin  to  rather 
pointed  apex,  superior  margin  straight  or  but  slightly  convex;  claws 
deeply  notched,  rays  equal.  Color  uniformly  yellowish  ferruginous, 
the  latter  color  most  noticeable  on  vertex,  dorsum  of  thorax  and  abdomen 
and  the  tips  of  hind  femora,  all  the  tibiae  and  tarsi;  veins  brown,  except 
extreme  base  of  stigma,  which  is  white;  costa  somewhat  paler  than 
other  veins,  especially  at  base. 

One  female.     California.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

44.  Pteronus  longicornis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  G  to  7  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  shal- 
lowly and  broadly  emarginate;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  and  frontal  area 
rounded,  indistinct;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  indistinct;  antenna?  very 
long,  slightly  tapering,  nearly  as  long  as  body,  joints  nodose  at  tips,  lower 
ones  flattened,  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  procidentia  very  broad,  one-third 
as  wide  as  last  segment,  rounded  at  tip,  strongly  constricted  basally; 
claws  deeply  notched,  rays  subequal;  intercostal  vein  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  costa  and  its  own  length  anterior  to  basal  vein ;  third  cubital 
cell  nearly  twice  as  wide  at  apex  as  at  base  and  three  to  four  times  as 
long  as  wide  at  base;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  rather  broad, 
ovate,  rounded  beneath,  with  slight  angle  near  center.  Color  black; 
clypeus,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  narrow  lateral  mar- 
gin of  abdomen  with  posterior  margin  of  the  central  segments  and  the 
two  terminal  segments,  venter  of  abdomen,  and  legs  yellowish  ferru- 
ginous; tips  of  the  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi,  black;  veins,  includ- 
ing stigma  and  costa,  the  latter  nearly  to  base,  dark  brown. 

Many  specimens.  Michigan,  New  York,  and  Long  Island  (Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.),  and  Massachusetts  and  Canada  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

45.  Pteronus  iridescens  Cresson. 

1880.  Nematus  iridescens  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  5. 

Male. — Length  5  to  6  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining;  clypeus  circu- 
larly and  rather  deeply  emarginate;  ocellar  basin  large,  lateral  walls 
and  frontal  crest  distinctly  defined,  the  latter  unbroken;  antennal 
fovea  very  shallow,  indistinct,  elongate;  antennae  robust,  flattened, 
short,  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  tapering,  joints  3  and  4 


73 

subequal;  procidentia  narrow,  truncate,  not  projecting;  claws  not  very 
deeply  notched,  rays  subequal;  intercostal  vein  at  right  angles  to  costa; 
third  cubital  cell  elongate,  scarcely  divaricating 5  stigma  not  very 
broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin;  venation  otherwise  normal.  Color 
black:  clypeus,  labrum,  palpi,  extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae, 
apices  of  coxa*,  tips  of  femora,  including  nearly  all  of  anterior  x>airs, 
anterior  tibiae,  and  tarsi  more  or  less  light  yellowish;  posterior  tibia' 
and  tarsi  infuscated,  anterior  tarsi  indistinctly  so;  veins  dark  brown, 
including  costa  nearly  to  base;  stigma  brown,  unicolorous. 

Two  males,  Cresson's  type  specimens,  from  Nevada  and  one  from 
southern  California.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

4G.  Pteronus  decoratus  Provancher. 

1888.  Nematus  decoratus  Provancher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  309. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm. ;  rather  robust,  shining ;  clypeus  very  broadly, 
rather  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes  small,  rounded;  ridges  about  ocellar 
basin  indistinct  and  rounded ;  vertex  smooth,  glistening ;  antennal  fovea 
scarcely  present;  antennae  rather  stout,  tapering,  not  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  procidentia  minute,  scarcely  project- 
ing; venation  normal;  stigma  not  very  broad;  apex  of  costa  greatly 
enlarged,  almost  as  large  as  stigma;  claws  deeply  cleft,  inner  ray  par- 
allel with  outer.  Color  black,  shining;  orbits,  face  below  antennae, 
pronotum,  tegulae,  and  legs  for  the  most  part  pallid;  femora  except  line 
on  under  side,  apices  of  hind  tibiae  together  with  lower  edges  of  same, 
and  the  hind  tarsi  brown;  hind  coxa3  brown,  except  at  tip;  wings 
nearly  hyaline,  veins  yellowish  brown,  stigma  and  costa  somewhat  paler. 

Redescribed  from  Provancher's  type  specimen,  kindly  loaned  me  by 
Abbe  Huard.  The  specimen  was  collected  in  Florida  by  Mr.  Ashmead. 
It  is  distinct  from  any  other  known  species  of  the  genus  and  represents 
the  extreme  southern  range  of  this  group  of  sawflies.  In  characters 
of  the  vertex  it  is  not  typical  of  the  genus  to  which  it  is  assigned, 
although  in  characters  of  claw  and  otherwise  it  seems  to  be  a  Pteronus. 

47.  Pteronus  lombardse  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm.;  rather  slender,  shining;  clypeus  shallowly 
but  distinctly  emarginate;  vertex  smooth,  glistening;  ridges  about 
ocellar  basin  rounded  but  distinct;  venation  normal ;  intercostal  very 
slightly  inclined ;  stigma  moderately  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin ; 
procidentia  narrow,  short,  blunt;  claws  rather  minutely  notched,  rays 
subequal.  Color  black;  clypeus,  labrum,  palpi,  tegulae,  and  legs  from 
trochanters  outward  except  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  yellowish  ferru- 
ginous; posterior  tibiae,  except  bases,  and  their  tarsi  strongly  infus- 
cated; veins  and  stigma  dark  brown;  wings  very  faintly  infuscated, 
almost  hyaline. 


74 

Three  males,  one  from  Lanskig,  Mich.,  labeled  "  Lombardy  poplar," 
and  two  specimens  bred  from  larvae  on  willow  by  Mr.  Dyar  (Coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.). 

Mr.  Dyar,  for  whom  I  determined  as  above  some  bred  males,  thinks 
this  may  prove  a  seasonal  form  of  ventral  is  (Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc, 
xxu,  1805,  p.  305).  Mr.  Dyar's  specimens  were  obtained  in  New  York 
on  Salix,  and,  together  with  the  types,  present  what  seem  to  be  .n'ood 
specific  differences  from  ventralis. 

48.  Pteronus  dubius  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm.;  clypens  broadly  emarginate,  almost  trun- 
cate; frontal  crest  very  large,  strongly  angled  anteriorly,  lateral  walls 
of  basin  tapering  rapidly  posteriorly;  antenna!  fovea  narrow,  breaking 
slightly  through  crest;  antennae  robust,  flattened,  joints  4  and  5  a  little 
longer  than  3j  venation  about  normal;  second  recurrent  interstitial  or 
nearly  so  in  fore  wings  and  the  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  interstitial 
in  hind  wings;  stigma  rather  narrow,  rounded  on  lower  margin;  pro- 
cidentia short,  not  very  broad,  apex  rounded;  claws  deeply  divided, 
rays  subeqnal.  Color  black,  shining:  clypens  and  other  mouth  parts 
and  extending  to  eyes  whitish;  narrow  line  on  venter  of  abdomen, 
including  all  of  hypopygium  and  the  legs,  ferruginous  yellow;  bases 
of  coxae  black:  wings  hyaline;  veins  and  stigma  brown. 

One  male.     Welleslev,  Mass.,  March  20.     (Coll.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

40.  Pteronus  stigmatus  Norton. 

1861.   Nematus  stigmatus  |  Harris*  Norton.     Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vm,  p.  161. 

lstiT.  Nematus  stigmatus Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p. 221.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  83.) 
Female. — Color  greenish  Lnteons;  body  short  and  stoat;  antennae  moderate,  the 
two  basal  joints  black;  a  small  black  spot  about  each  of  ocelli ;  clypens  hardly 
emarginate;  labrnm  angnlate,  hairy;  part  of  mesothorax,  the  metathorax,  the  first 
seven  segments  of  tergam  and  ovipositor  sheaths,  and  a  spot  on  pleura  below  wings 
black;  legs  pale;  tips  of  tarsi  and  claws  blackish;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa 
pale  green. 

One  female.     Massachusetts.     (Harris's  Coll.) 
•  It  has  the  size  and  form  of  K.  monochroma. 

50.  Pteronus  monochroma  Norton. 

1801.   Nematus  monochroma  (Harris)  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vm, 

p.  161. 
1867.   Nematus  monochroma  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  I,  p.  221.     (Cat.,  etc., 
p.  83.) 
Female. — Color  honey  yellow;  body  stout;  antenna?  wanting,  except  two  basal 
joints,  which  are  color  of  body;  ocelli  black,  set  in  an  irregular  depression;  clypens 
retracted,  crenate;  labrnm  angnlate;  face  immaculate;  teguhe,  collar,  venter,  and 
coxa'  paler  than  rest  of  bodj";   pleura  dark,   almost  piceus;   legs  color  of  body; 
wings  hyaline ;  stigma  and  costa  pale  yellow. 

One  female.      Massachusetts.     (Harris's  Coll.) 
Resembles  N.  luteus,  of  Europe. 


75 

The  last  two  species,  Nos.  49  and  50,  I  have  been  unable  to  recog- 
nize in  the  material  examined.  The  type  specimens  are  lost,  and  I 
quote  without  alteration  Norton's  original  descriptions. 

IX.  Genus  AMAURONEMATUS  Konow. 

Amauronemafus  Konow.     Deutsche  Entom.  Zeits.,  xxxiv,  1890,  p.  237. 

Body  large;  clypeus  emarginate  at  apex;  claws  bifid;  antenna1  short,  subsetaceous, 
usually  black;  stigma  elongate,  ovate  at  base,  elongate-acuminate  toward  apex; 
head,  mesonotum,  and  mesopleura  finely  and  closely  punctured  and  more  or  less 
opaque;  head  subtriangular;  labium  long,  protruding;  sheath  of  female  thick, 
usually  large. 

This  genus,  characterized  as  above  by  Konow,  includes  a  group  of 
distinctly  differentiated  and  closely  allied  species,  the  American  repre- 
sentatives of  which  may  be  separated  by  the  aid  of  the  following  table: 

TABLE    OF   SPECIES. 

Inner  tooth  of  claw  small  and  comparatively  inconspicuous 1.  luteipes  Cr. 

Inner  tootli  or  ray  of  claw  large  and  nearly  parallel  with  outer. 
Body  black  dorsally ;  wings  smoky. 
Legs  altogether  black. 

Venter  of  abdomen  black;  clypeus  nearly  truncate  at  apex. 

2.  concolor  Xort. 
Venter  of  abdomen  pale;  clypeus  distinctly  emargiuate. 

3.  comstocki  n.  sp. 
Tibia-  yellowish. 

Clypeus  and  labruni  pale;  walls  of  oeellar  basin  distinctly  defined. 

4.  gracilis  n.  sp. 
Clypeus  and  labrum  black;  walls  of  oeellar  basin  somewhat  indistinct. 

5.  rapax  Cr, 
Body  black  dorsally;  wings  hyaline. 
Abdomen  black  ventrally. 

Legs,  except  apical  half  of  hind  tibiae,  red 6.  rufipes  n.  sp. 

Legs  black  except  at  joints 7.  cooTci  n.  sp. 

Legs  with  tips  of  the  femora  and  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  pale. 

Pronotum  and  teguhe  black;  clypeus  circularly  emarginate. 

8.  borealis  Marlatt. 
Pronotum  and  teguhe  pale  margined;  clypeus  nearly  truncate. 

9.  nigrofemoratm  Cr. 
Pronotum  broadly  margined  and  tegnlse  altogether  pale;  clypeus 

deeply  emarginate,  lobes  triangular 10.  orbitalis  n.  sp. 

Abdomen  pale  ventrally 11.  oregonensis  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  usually  more  or  less  marked  with  black. 
Abdomen  black  dorsally. 

Stigma  broadest  at  base;  lobes  of  clypeus  broad,  rounded. 

12.  fulvipes  Nort. 
Stigma  widest  at  middle;  lobes  of  clypeus  small,  triangular. 

13.  pectoralis  Cr. 

Abdomen  yellow ;  wings  smoky;  legs  black 14.  luteotergumfZoTt. 

Abdomen  yellow;  wings  clear  or  nearly  so;  legs  pale. 

Antenna1  moderately  robust,  strongly  tapering;  sheath  elongate,  narrow, 
scarcely  tapering,  tip  rounded. 


76 

Crest  broken;  mesonotum  with  three  black  stripes.  15.  discolor  Cr. 
Crest  slightly  or  not  at  all  broken ;  mesonotum  pule  or  with  a  single 

narrow  stripe 16.  Jincaitis  Harr. 

Antenna*  moderately  robust,  strongly  tapering ;  sheath  strongly  tapering 
toward  tip,  latter  obtusely  pointed. 

Anterior  lobes,  mesonotum,  and  tip  of  scutel  black. 

Stigma  and  costa  dark  brown 17.  ehalceus  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  yellow 18.  coquilletti  n.  sp. 

Anterior  lobes,  etc.,  pale 19.  brunnew  Nort 

*     Antennae  moderately  robust,  strongly  tapering;  sheath  as  above,  but 
sharply  produced  at  tip ;  clypeus  deeply  emarginate. 

20.  excavatus  n.  sp. 
Antennae  long  and  slender,  setaceous 21.  califonticus  n.  ep. 

INDEX    TO   SPECIES   OF   AMAUKONEMATUS. 

borealis  Marlatt,  $ 8  I  gracilis  n.  sp.,  9 4 

brunn ens  Norton,  9 19     lineatus  Harrington,  9 16 

on li  torn ic us  n.  sp.,  $ 21      luteipes  Cresson,  9 1 


ehalceus  n.  sp.,  9 17 

comstoeki  n.  sp.,  9 3 

concolor  Norton,  J 2 

cookin.  sp.,  $ 7 

coquilletti  n.  sp.,  9 18 

discolor  Cresson,  9 15 

excavatus  n.  sp.,  9 20 

fulvipes  Norton,  9 12 


Inteotergum  Norton,  9 14 

nigrofemoratns  Cresson,  9 9 

orbitalis  n.  sp.,  9 10 

oregOD.enslsn.8p.,  9 H 

pectoralis  Cresson,  9 13 

rn  pa  x  Cresson,  $ 5 

rnfipesn.  sp.,  $ 6 


1.  Amauronematus  luteipes  Cresson. 

1880.   Nematua  luteipes  Cresson.     Trans,  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  viii,  p.  6. 

Female. — Length  G.5  mm.;  exp.  al.  14  mm.;  very  robust,  shining; 
finely  pubescent;  clypeus  deeply  and  circularly  emarginate,  lobes  nar- 
row, rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct  or 
wanting;  antenna]  fovea  very  shallow,  almost  wanting;  antenna'  short, 
not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  rather  slender,  scarcely  taper- 
ing, joints  3,  4,  and  5  subequal;  intercostal  vein  nearly  interstitial  with 
basal;  third  cubital  cell  scarcely  longeron  upper  margin  than  wide  at 
base;  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  with  outer  veins  interstitial  or  nearly 
so ;  sheath  narrow,  obliquely  truncate  at  apex;  inner  ray  of  claw  minute, 
tooth  like,  and  very  near  apex.  Color  brownish  black;  clypeus,  labrum, 
bases  of  mandibles,  orbits,  particularly  posteriorly,  angles  of  pronotum, 
tegulae  and  legs  except  bases  of  coxre,  more  or  less  of  apical  margin 
of  segments  of  abdomen,  particularly  ventrally,  yellowish  fulvous; 
sheath  and  cerci  fulvous;  veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  brown; 
wings  slightly  infuscated. 

One  female.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

In  the  structure  of  the  claw,  this  species  diverges  somewhat  from  the 
genus  to  which  it  is  now  assigned  and  approaches  the  structure  occur- 
ring in  Fachynematus.  In  general  characters,  however,  it  falls  under 
Amauronematus. 


77 

2.  Amauronematus  concolor  Norton. 

1867.  Nematm  concolor  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  196.    (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  58.) 
1867.  Nematus  violaceipennis. Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  201.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  63.) 
1886.  Nema tus  concolor  Provancher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  22. 

Male. — Length  G.o  to  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  15  to  10  mm.;  slender  species; 
clypeus  very  slightly  emarginate,  almost  truncate;  crest  and  sides  of 
ocellar  basin  nearly  obsolete,  indistinct;  antennal  fovea  small,  very 
elongate;  antennae  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  rather  robust,  flat- 
tened, fourth  joint  longer  than  third ;  intercostal  its  own  length  anterior 
to  basal,  strongly  inclined;  third  cubital  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
wide  at  base;  venation  otherwise  normal;  procidentia  very  minute  and 
squarely  truncate  or  broadly  excavated  at  apex;  hypopygium  broad  and 
squarely  truncate  at  apex,  or  slightly  emarginate.  Color  black,  with 
hairy  pubescence  on  sides  of  thorax;  clypeus,  labium,  cheeks,  and  bases 
of  mandibles  whitish;  upper  and  outer  orbits  faintly  tinged  with  rufous; 
wings  infuscated;  veins,  including  costa  and  stigma,  brown. 

Two  males.  Maine  and  Michigan.  (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mas.) 

A  single  male  collected  in  Massachusetts  agrees  exactly  with  the 
above  in  all  structural  characters,  and  differs  only  in  that  the  abdomen 
is  lighter,  inclining  to  reddish,  strongly  infuscated,  especially  on  the 
tip  and  base.  This  is  Norton's  Nematus  violaceipemiis,  which  undoubt- 
edly belongs  to  concolor.  I  have  seen  a  specimen  also  from  Natick, 
Mass.,  collected  April  19.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

3.  Amauronematus  comstocki  new  species. 

Female. —  Length  9  mm.;  rather  elongate,  slender;  clypeus  very  shal- 
lowly  emarginate;  walls  of  ocellar  basin  rounded,  indistinct,  frontal 
crest  almost  wanting ;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  elongate ;  antennae  short, 
joints  3  to  5  subequal,  fourth  longest;  wing  venation  normal,  stigma 
slightly  angulated  near  middle;  sheath  obliquely  truncate  at  tip. 
Color  dull  black;  oral  region,  together  with  outer  orbits  and  triangle  at 
base  of  antenme,  most  of  pronotum,  and  venter  of  abdomen  yellowish 
white;  labium  and  palpi  dark  brown,  pronotum  marked  with  one  or 
more  circular  brown  spots;  apical  ventral  segments  more  or  less  brown; 
sheath  black;  legs  uniformly  black,  including  joints;  wings  strongly 
infuscated;  veins  black. 

One  female.  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  May  2.  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 
This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  gracilis  in  general  appearance, 
but  seems  to  be  distinct  by  the  structural  characters  of  the  vertex  as 
well  as  colorationally.  A.  concolor  Norton,  of  which  males  only  are 
known,  approaches  this  species  very  closely,  and  breeding  records  may 
eventually  show  the  two  speciesto  be  identical. 


78 

4.  Amauronematus  gracilis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  elongate,  slender;  clypeus  rather  broadly 
and  shallowly  emarginate,  lobes  triangular;  walls  of  ocellar  basin  dis- 
tinctly defined;  crest  narrow,  not  extending  laterally,  slightly  broken 
by  deeply  excavated,  elongate  autennal  fovea;  fourth  joint  of  antennae 
longer  than  third;  upper  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  very  elongate  and 
considerably  exceeding  lower;  sheath  somewhat  elongate,  rounded  at 
apex;  cerci  very  long  and  filiform.  Color  dull  brownish  black;  tri- 
angle between  bases  of  antenna4,  orbits  and  oral  region,  angles  of  pro- 
notum,  more  or  less  of  apical  ventral  segments,  joints  of  legs,  includ- 
ing most  of  the  anterior  tibiae,  yellowish;  stigma  and  wing  veins  dark 
brown;  wings  slightly  infnscated;  labium  and  palpi  brown. 

Two  females.     Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  May  8,  and  Natick,  Mass.,  April  19. 

(Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

5.  Amauronematus  rap  ax  (J  res  son. 

1880.  Nematus  rapax  Cresson.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  VIII,  p.  4. 
Male. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  17  mm.;  clypeus  circularly  but  not 
deeply  eniarginate;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  subobso- 
lete;  antennal  fovea  broad,  shallow,  not  sharply  limited,  and  extending 
indistinctly  into  ocellar  basin;  antenna'  robust,  flattened,  not  longer 
than  head  and  thorax,  joints  3  to  5  Bubequal,  fourth  and  fifth  slightly 
longer  than  third;  venation  normal;  stigma  broadest  near  base,  taper- 
ing uniformly  to  attenuated  apex;  procidentia  small,  strongly  keeled, 
truncate;  hypopygium  narrow  at  tip,  slightly  eniarginate;  outer  ray  of 
claw  distinctly  longer  than  inner.  Color  black,  with  hoary  pubescence, 
particularly  on  thorax  and  legs;  tips  of  femora,  tibia',  and  two  anterior 
pairs  of  tarsi,  fulvous ;  outer  orbits  tinged  with  rufous;  wings  distinctly 
but  not  strongly  infnscated. 

One  male.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

(J.  Amauronematus  rufipes  new  species. 

Male. — Length  1)  mm.;  very  slender,  elongate;  clypeus  very  broadly 
eniarginate;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined  but  not  deeply  excavated; 
frontal  crest  not  strongly  developed,  fovea  triangular;  antennae  very 
long  and  slender,  fourth  joint  longest,  nearly  a  third  longer  than  third 
joint;  first  cubital  cross  vein  wanting;  stigma  very  elongate,  narrow, 
acuminate;  upper  cell  of  lower  wings  exceeding  lower  by  one-third  its 
length;  procidentia  short,  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long,  truncate; 
claws  coarsely  notched.  Color  black,  shining;  basal  joint  of  maxillary 
palpi,  all  of  legs  except  apical  half  of  imsterior  tibia?,  reddish;  tarsi 
inclined  to  yellowish,  more  or  less  infuscated,  particularly  posterior 
pair;  wings  hyaline;  veins  dark  brown ;  costa,  including  tegulae,  some- 
what paler. 

• 
One  male.     Indiana.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 


79 

7.  Amauronematus  cooki  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  clypeus  moderately  and  rather  narrowly 
emarginate,  lobes  small,  rounded;  frontal  crest  not  extending  at  all 
laterally,  slightly  broken  by  the  shallow  antennal  fovea;  sides  of  pen- 
tagonal area  rounded,  indistinct;  furrows  running  from  occiput  to  base 
of  antennae  wide  and  deep;  antenna4  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  joints 
4  and  5  subequal,  longer  than  3;  venation  normal;  procidentia  short, 
squarely  truncate  with  sharp  angles,  keeled;  claws  deeply  notched. 
Color  black;  clypeus,  oral  region  and  beneath  eyes  whitish;  joints  of 
legs,  with  more  or  less  of  anterior  face  of  tibia  and  apices  of  femora, 
yellowish;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  and  veins,  including  costa  nearly  to 
base,  dark  brown ;  extreme  angles  of  pronotum  sordid  yellowish. 

One  male.     Michigan.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

8.  Amauronematus  borealis  Marlatt. 

1892.  Xematns  borealis  Marlatt.     Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1892,  p.  133. 

Male. — Length  o*  mm.;  exp.  al.  14  mm.;  head  and  thorax  coarsely 
punctured,  body  generally  more  or  less  shining,  particularly  the  abdo- 
men; clypeus  circularly  but  not  deeply  emarginate;  frontal  crest  and 
sides  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct;  antennal  fovea  elongate;  antennas 
rather  stout,  flattened,  joints  4  and  5  with  downward  curve,  fourth  joint 
longest;  third  submarginal  cell  very  narrow  at  base,  not  much  more 
than  one-third  as  wide  as  at  apex;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma 
widest  and  slightly  angulated  one-third  from  base,  tapering  regularly 
to  acuminate  apex;  procidentia  narrow,  short,  constricted  at  base, 
truncate  at  apex;  hypopygium  narrow,  rounded  at  tip;  claws  deeply 
cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  black;  labrum,  tip  of  abdomen,  tips  of 
femora,  the  tibhe  and  tarsi,  except  terminal  joints  of  latter,  yellowish 
or  resinous;  wings  perfectly  hyaline;  veins  dark  brown,  including  costa 
to  base;  stigma  luteous,  with  narrow  brown  border. 

One  male.     Disco  Island.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

9.  Amauronematus  nigrofemoratus  Cresson. 

1880.  Xemat us  nigrofemoratus  Cresson.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  VIII,  p.  4. 
Female. — Length  0.5  mm. ;  exp.  al.  1G  mm. ;  very  robust;  clypeus  very 
slightly  emarginate,  almost  truncate;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar 
basin  indistinct;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  not  distinctly  defined,  elon- 
gate; antennae  short,  hardly  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  third  to  fifth 
joints  subequal;  intercostal  cross  vein  very  near  basal,  strongly  inclined; 
venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  broadest  at  base;  sheath  rather 
large,  rounded  on  both  sides  toward  the  obtuse  tip,  which  bears  a  dense 
scopa;  cerci  slender,  medium,  scarcely  tapering.  Color  in  general 
black;  entire  body,  particularly  the  thorax,  with  a  fine  sericeus  pile; 
upper  and  outer  orbits,  edge  of  angles  of  pronotum,  border  of  tegulae, 
spot  below  eyes,  tip  of  clypeus  and  the  labium,  trochanters,  tips  of 


80 

coxa?,  tips  of  femora,  tibiae  except  extreme  tips,  yellowish;  tips  of  tibiae, 
especially  posterior  pair,  tarsi,  and  palpi  infuscated;  wings  hyaline; 
veins,  including*  stigma  and  costa,  brown. 

One  female.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

10.  Amauronematus  orbitalis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  15  mm.;  rather  slender;  head  and 
thorax  finely  punctured  but  more  or  less  shining;  abdomen  more  so; 
pubescence  very  minute;  clypeus  circularly,  broadly,  and  rather  deeply 
emarginate,  lobes  triangular,  sharply  pointed;  frontal  crest  slightly 
broken;  side  walls  of  ocellar  basin  not  very  distinct;  antennal  fovea 
very  minute,  circular;  antenna'  very  short,  not  nearly  so  long  as  head 
and  thorax,  third  to  fifth  joints  subequal;  intercostal  cross  vein  not 
half  its  length  anterior  to  basal;  third  cubital  cell  not  twice  as  long  as 
wide  at  base.  Dearly  quadrate;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings 
interstitial,  or  nearly  so;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  narrow, 
tapering;  sheath  large,  upper  edge  straight;  cerei  very  long,  slender, 
scarcely  tapering.  Color  black:  upper  and  outer  orbits  very  broadly, 
inner  orbits  narrowly,  beneath  base  of  antennae,  clypeus,  cheeks,  outer 
angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe.  apices  of  coxa-,  trochanters,  inner  and  outer 
laces  of  femora,  tibia-,  tarsi,  apex  of  abdomen  beneath,  yellowish  ful- 
vous: face  inclined  to  pallid;  tips  of  tarsi,  particularly  posterior  pair, 
fuscous:  sheath  and  cerei  dark  brown,  almost  black;  veins  brown, 
except  basal  two-thirds  of  costa;  stigma  brown,  somewhat  lighter  cen- 
trally, especially  at  base. 

Two  females.    Oregon  and  Colorado  (Gillette).    (Coll.  U.  S.Nat.  Mas.) 

11.  Amauronematus  oregonensis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  15  mm.;  head  and  thorax  finely 
punctured;  abdomen  shining;  clypeus  very  slightly,  circularly  emargi- 
nate: frontal  crest  large  and  broken;  ocellar  basin  not  very  distinctly 
defined;  antennal-  fovea  distinct,  circular;  antenna*,  very  slender, 
scarcely  tapering,  fourth  joint  longest;  venation  normal;  stigma  narrow, 
acuminate:  sheath  narrow,  rounded;  cerei  slender,  long,  not  tapering; 
cla  w  s  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  black ;  triangle  beneath  anten- 
na', orbits  broadly  except  narrowly  on  inner  side,  cheeks,  clypeus, 
labium,  bases  of  mandibles,  palpi,  angles  of  pronotum,  tegula?,  abdomen 
beneath,  apical  margin  of  penultimate  and  all  of  the  last  dorsal  segment, 
coxae  except  at  base,  trochanters  and  legs  whitish,  the  face  being 
pallid  and  seinitransparent ;  legs  inclined  to  fuscous  on  upper  and  lower 
margins,  and  the  tarsi  strongly  infuscated;  sheath  and  cerei  black,  the 
venter  more  or  less  spotted  with  brown;  wings  hyaline;  veins  including 
costa  except  at  extreme  base,  brown;  stigma  transparent  along  the 
center. 

Two  females.     Mount  Hood,  Oreg.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 


81 

A  specimen  from  Mr.  Dyar  differs  from  the  above  only  in  the  darker- 
colored  wing  veins. 

12.  Amauronematus  fulvipes  Xorton. 

1861.  Nematus  fulvipes  (Harris)  Norton.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vni,  p.  160. 
1867.  Xematus  fu  I  vipes  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  212.  (Cat.,  etc,  p.  74.) 
1882.  Xematus  semirufus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  I,  p.  148. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  exp.  al.  14  mm.;  a  short,  robust  species; 
clypens  shallowiy,  rather  broadly  eraargiuate,  lobes  short,  broad;  fron- 
tal crest  short,  strongly  raised,  and  scarcely  broken ;  sides  of  ocellar 
basin  indistinct  or  wanting;  antenna!  fovea  small,  shallow,  circular; 
antennae  medium,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  joints  subequal;  intercostal 
cross  vein  very  little  anterior  to  basal,  and  oblique;  venation  normal; 
stigma  broad  near  base,  tapering  regularly  to  apex ;  sheath  very  broad, 
obliquely  truncate,  upper  augle  obtusely  pointed;  cerci  minute,  very 
slender.  Spot  including  ocelli  and  extending  to  base  of  antenna4,  cen- 
ter of  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apical  half  of  scutellum,  metanotum,  the 
abdomen  dorsally,  sheath,  lower  half  of  mesepimera,  black;  frontal 
crest,  head  below  antenna},  orbits,  pronotum,  legs,  and  venter  of  abdo- 
men pallid  luteous;  sutures  of  mesonotum,  upper  half  of  mesepimera, 
luteous,  inclining  to  reddish;  veins  yellowish  brown;  stigma  somewhat 
lighter,  particularly  at  base;  tarsi  and  posterior  tibia*,  labium,  and 
palpi  very  slightly  infuscated. 

One  female.     Maine.    (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

13.  Amauronematus  pectoralis  Cresson. 

1880.  Xematus  pectoralis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  viii,  p.  9. 

Female. — Length  G.5  mm.;  exp.  al.  15  nun.;  clypeus  broadly  emargi- 
nate,  lobes  small,  triangular;  frontal  crest  large,  not  distinctly  defined, 
unbroken;  anteunal  fovea  minute,  circular,  shallow;  antenna}  short, 
slender,  tapering,  fourth  joint  slightly  longer  than  third;  intercostal 
anterior  to  basal  vein;  third  cubital  cell  three  times  as  long  as  wide  at 
base;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  not  very  robust,  widest  at  mid- 
dle, lower  margin  circular;  sheath  moderately  robust,  obtusely  pointed ; 
claws  large,  rays  subequal.  Spot  on  head  inclosing  ocelli,  with  branches 
running  to  base  of  antennae,  antenmr,  spot  on  anterior  lobe  and  small 
spot  on  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apex  of  scutellum  with  spot  on 
following  sclerite,  metanotum,  dorsum  of  abdomen  except  terminal 
segment  and  narrow  lateral  margin,  sheath,  lower  half  of  mesepimera 
except  pectoral  spot,  upper  and  lower  edges  and  bases  of  femora,  and 
extreme  bases  of  coxa}  piceus;  prothorax  beneath,  labium,  and  palpi 
fuscous;  tibiae  and  tarsi  somewhat  infuscated;  head  and  thorax  except 
as  noted,  abdomen  beneath,  and  legs  yellowish  ferruginous,  inclined  to 
reddish  on  head  and  sutures  of  thorax  and  mesepimera;  veins  light 
yellowish  brown ;  stigma  and  costa  somewhat  lighter. 
13449— No.  3 6 


82 

In  some  specimens  the  mesepimera  are  entirely  reddish  or  only 
slightly  infuscated  on  their  lower  portion  ;  also  part  of  the  face  and  base 
of  wings  are  inclined  to  whitish. 

Four  females.     Colorado  and  Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  But.  Soc.) 
This  species  scarcely  differs  from  A.fulvipes  Norton. 

14.  Amauronematus  luteotergum  Norton. 

1861.  Nematus  luteotergum  Norton.    Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vin,  p.  161. 
1867.  Nematus  luteotergum  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  1,  p.  206.     (Cat.,  etc., 
p.  68.) 

1882.  Nematus  luteotergum  Provancher.    Nat.  Can.,  xn,  p.  291. 

1883.  Nematus  luteotergum  Provancher.    Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  11,  p.  740. 
1895.  Nematus  luteotergum  Dyar.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  XXII,  p.  301. 

Female. — Length  8.5  mm.;  exp.  al.  19  mm.;  very  robust;  head  and 
thorax  opaque,  abdomen  shining,  the  former  covered  with  a  very  minute 
hairy  pubescence;  clypeus  somewhat  broadly  emarginate,  lobes  small, 
rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct;  antennal 
fovea  elongate,  shallow;  antennje  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  fourth 
joint  longer  than  third;  intercostal  cross  nerve  its  own  length  anterior 
to  basal  nerve,  strongly  inclined;  second  transverse  cubital  but  half 
as  long  as  third;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  very  narrow,  elon. 
gate, and  acuminate;  sheath  elongate, obtusely  rounded  at  apex;  cerci 
very  long,  scarcely  tapering;  claws  deeply  notched,  the  rays  almost 
equal.  Color  of  head  and  thorax  for  the  most  part,  usually  the  dorsal 
center  of  basal  plates  with  lateral  spot  and  terminal  dorsal  segment  of 
abdomen,  sheath,  legs,  cerci,  labium,  and  palpi  black;  front  face  of  two 
anterior  pairs  of  femora  and  tibiae,  paler;  terminal  joints  of  antennas 
rarely,  spot  beneath  base  of  antenna',  clypeus,  labrum,  bases  of  mandi- 
bles, more  or  less  of  upper  and  outer  orbits,  angles  of  pronotum,  spot  on 
lateral  half  of  basal  plates,  and  abdomen  except  as  noted  yellowish 
ferruginous;  veins  and  stigma,  including  costa  and  teguhe,  dark  brown; 
anterior  wings  particularly  infuscated,  and  with  a  minute  dot  near  the 
center  of  the  second  cubital  cell,  also  one  near  the  apex  of  the  median 
cell. 

Three  females.  Massachusetts.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  I  have  also 
compared  live  specimens  (females),  representing  Wellesley  and  Natick, 
Mass.,  and  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.)  Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar  de- 
scribes the  larvae  of  this  species  from  specimens  taken  on  alder,  Keene 
Valley,  N.  Y. 

15.  Amauronematus  discolor  Cresson. 

1880.  Nematus  discolor  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vm,  p.  8. 

Female. — Length  8.5  mm.;  exp.  al.  18  mm.;  large,  elongate,  moder- 
ately robust  species;  the  clypeus  rather  deeply  emarginate,  lobes  large, 
rounded;  frontal  crest  strongly  elevated;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  some- 
what indistinct;  fovea  very  elongate,  shallow,  and  cutting  through  the 


83 

crest;  antennae  short,  not  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slender,  taper- 
ing, joints  4  and  5  subequal,  longer  than  3;  intercostal  cross  nerve 
very  oblique,  nearly  interstitial  with  basal  nerve;  second  cubital  cross 
vein  about  half  as  long  as  the  third ;  venation  otherwise  normal ;  stigma 
very  slender,  elongate,  and  acuminate;  sheath  narrow,  elongate, 
rounded  at  apex;  cerci  very  slender,  longer  than  last  dorsal  segment; 
claws  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  in  general  luteous;  large 
spot  on  hea'd  including  ocelli,  antenna!  region  except  spot  above 
clypeus,  antennae,  center  of  anterior  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apex  of  scutel- 
lum,  metanotum,  narrow  margin  of  basal  plates,  prothorax  beneath, 
spot  on  outer  angles  of  same,  bases  of  coxoe  and  trochanters,  ventral 
half  of  mesepimera,  extreme  tip  of  sheath,  and  the  cerci  piceus;  upper 
and  lower  edges  of  femora  and  upper  edges  of  tibiae  and  tarsi,  particu- 
larly the  posterior  pair,  fuscous;  veins,  including  stigma,  costa,  and 
tegulae,  yellowish  brown ;  a  minute  dot  occurs  at  the  apex  of  the  median 
cell  and  near  the  center  of  the  second  cubital  cell;  anterior  wings,  par- 
ticularly, slightly  infuscated. 

Three  females.    Colorado.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

A  female  collected  on  willow  blossoms  at  Olympia,  Wash.  (Coll.  Cor- 
nell Univ.),  differs  from  the  above  in  being  in  general  lighter  colored, 
the  dark  markings  being  generally  present  but  somewhat  more  restricted. 
The  wing  veins  and  particularly  the  stigma  are  lighter,  and  the  mes- 
epimera lack  the  pectoral  dark  spot. 

16.  Amauronematus  lineatus  Harrington. 

1893.  Nematua  lineatus  Harrington.     Can.  Ent.,  xxv,  p.  59. 

Female. — Length  7.5  mm.;  robust,  abdomen  tapering  from  near  base 
quite  strongly  toward  apex;  clypeus  distinctly  emarginate,. lobes  tri- 
angular; lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct;  frontal  crest  large, 
sharply  defined,  slightly  or  not  at  all  broken;  fovea  triangular;  antennae 
not  so  long  as  head  and  thorax,  tapering,  joints  3  to  5  subequal;  vena- 
tion normal;  stigma  elongate,  widest  at  base,  tapering  regularly  to 
apex;  sheath  long,  narrow,  regularly  and  equally  rounded  on  both 
margins  to  obtuse  apex;  cerci  rather  long,  slender,  scarcely  tapering; 
claws  large,  deeply  cleft,  rays  subequal.  Color  yellowish  ferruginous; 
vertex  and  mesonotum  inclined  to  reddish  or  with  a  purplish  tinge; 
antennae  except  on  scape  beneath,  narrow  line  sometimes  wanting  on 
anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum,  apex  of  mesoscutellum,  metanotum  for  most 
part,  and  the  dorsal  abdominal  segments  centrally,  narrowing  poste- 
riorly, black;  extreme  upper  and  outer  margin  of  sheath  brown; 
extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  very  slightly  infuscated; 
veins  light  yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa  somewhat  lighter  yel- 
lowish. 

Eedescribed  from  the  type  of  this  species  loaned  by  Mr.  Harring- 
ton, and  two  specimens — one  collected  in  Maine  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 


84 

and  the  other  in  New  York  (Coll.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).  In  the  former  the 
abdomen  is  very  narrowly  black  centrally,  and  only  on  three  or  four 
basal  segments.  A  female  (Coll.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.)  taken  June  26,  at 
Garland,  Colo.,  is  also  provisionally  placed  with  this  species.  It  agrees 
in  coloration  with  the  Maine  specimen,  and  also  in  structure,  except  that 
the  sheath  of  the  ovipositor  is  broadened  basally. 

17.  Amauronematus  chalceus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  10  nun.;  large,  rather  robust;  clypeus  deeply  and 
broadly  emarginate,  lobes  large,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  distinctly 
defined;  frontal  crest  prominent,  not  or  but  slightly  broken,  extending  in 
an  indistinct  ridge  to  the  orbits;  antennal  fovea  large,  triangular,  rather 
deeply  excavated;  antennae  distinctly  tapering,  third  and  fourth  joints 
very  much  longer  than  fifth,  third  longest;  third  sub  marginal  cell 
elongate,  sides  parallel;  upper  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  considerably 
exceeding  lower;  sheath  broad,  tapering,  slightly  constricted  before 
apex,  with  distinct  scopa  at  tip;  cerci  short,  slightly  constricted  at  base; 
claws  deeply  and  evenly  notched.  Color  reddish  yellow  or  resinous; 
antenna'  with  circle  about  base  extending  downward  to  clypeus,  ante- 
rior and  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apex  of  scutellum,  metascutum, 
more  or  less  of  center  of  basal  plates,  prothorax  beneath,  and  lower  half 
of  mesepimera  brownish  black;  ocellar  region,  posterior  tarsi,  and  tip 
of  sheath  more  or  less  infuscated;  wings  slightly  infuscated,  especially 
between  stigma  and  posterior  border;  veins  and  stigma  dark  brown, 
almost  black. 

Two  females.  Olympia,  Wash.  T.  Kincaid,  collector.  (Coll.  Cornell 
Univ.) 

18.  Amauronematus  coquilletti  new  species. 

Female. —  Length  8  mm.;  robust;  clypeus  broadly,  rather  deeply 
notched,  lobes  large,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined,  lateral 
walls  not  strongly  raised;  frontal  crest  slightly  broken  by  the  back- 
ward extension  of  the  deep  and  sharply  defined  oval  antennal  fovea; 
antennse  stout,  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slightly  tapering,  densely 
clothed  with  short  hairs:  second  recurrent  nearly  interstitial  with  sec- 
ond cubital;  stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin,  acuminate; 
sheath  narrow,  tapering,  slightly  but  obtusely  produced  at  tip;  claws 
coarsely  and  evenly  notched.  Color  resinous  yellow,  inclined  to  red- 
dish; antenine,  small  spot  including  ocelli  with  branches  running  down 
toward  bases  of  antennae,  stripe  on  each  of  anterior  lobes  of  meso- 
notum, metanotum  for  the  most  part,  ventral  sclerites  of  prothorax, 
and  lateral  sclerites  of  metathorax  black  or  dark  brown;  extreme  tip 
of  sheath  brownish;  wiugs  hyaline  or  slightly  smoky  from  rather  dense 
pubescence;  veins  uniformly  light  yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa 
somewhat  paler. 

One  female.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Mr.  I).  W.  Coquillett,  collector. 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 


85 

19.  Amauronematus  brunneus  Norton. 

1864.  Nematus  brunneus  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  p.  8. 

1867.  Nematus  brunneus  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  205.    (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  67.) 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al,  16  mm.;  robust;  head  and  thorax 
finely  punctured,  opaque;  clypeus  sometimes  almost  truncate,  or  very 
slightly  emarginate;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  and  frontal  crest  present  but 
rounded,  latter  slightly  broken ;  antennal  fovea  elongate;  antennas  not 
longer  than  head  and  thorax,  scarcely  tapering,  slender,  joints  3  to  5  sub- 
equal;  stigma  not  very  broad,  elongate,  subacuminate ;  sheath  tapering 
on  both  edges,  somewhat  angularly,  to  an  obtuse  tip,  smooth,  mar- 
gined with  very  short  scattering  hairs ;  claws  very  large,  deeply  notched, 
rays  subequal.  Color  in  general  very  light  yellowish;  mesonotum  and 
mesepimera  dull  reddish;  antennas  ferruginous,  black,  or  light  brown 
above,  growing  lighter  toward  tips;  tips  of  hind  tibias  and  their  tarsi 
somewhat  infuscated;  veins  light  yellowish  brown;  stigma,  costal,  and 
subcostal  veins  lighter,  unicolorous. 

One  female.  Colorado.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  I  have  compared  also 
a  specimen  collected  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

20.  Amauronematus  excavatus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  robust;  clypeus  deeply  and  circularly 
emarginate,  lobes  narrow,  rounded  at  tip;  walls  of  ocellar  basin  dis- 
tinctly defined ;  frontal  crest  deeply  broken  by  the  backward  prolonga- 
tion of  the  large  oval  antennal  fovea;  antenna'  short,  fourth  joint 
longest;  venation  normal;  stigma  rather  broad,  circular  on  lower 
margin,  widest  at  middle;  sheath  acuminate,  rather  pointed  at  tip; 
cerci  short,  inconspicuous.  Color  resinous,  darker  on  thorax  and 
vertex;  ocellar  basin  and  line  connecting  posterior  ocelli  black;  veins 
light  yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa  lighter  yellowish. 

One  female,  without  locality  label.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.)  This 
species  seems  to  be  somewhat  intermediate  between  the  genus  to  which 
it  is  now  assigned  and  Fteronus. 

21.  Amauronematus  calif ornicus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypeus  distinctly, 
circularly  notched,  lobes  rounded;  frontal  crest  broad,  stout,  unbroken ; 
ocellar  basin  with  rounded,  indistinct  lateral  walls;  fovea  indistinctly 
defined,  extending  laterally  over  bases  of  antenna;  antennas  very  slen- 
der, elongate,  filiform,  third  joint  longest;  venation  normal;  stigma 
elongate,  narrow ;  sheath  narrow,  squarely  truncate  at  tip ;  claws  evenly 
but  not  very  deeply  cleft.  Color  light  resinous  yellow;  antennas  brown 
above;  basal  joints  darker;  ocelli  with  very  narrow  black  border ;  two 
black  spots  just  back  of  mesoscutellum ;  veins  light  brown ;  stigma  and 
costa  light  yellowish. 

Two  females.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  I).  W.  Coquillett,  collector.  (Coll. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 


86 

X.  Genus  CR(ESUS  Leach. 

Croesus  Leach.     Zool.  Misc.,  in,  1817,  p.  129. 

The  characters  distinguishing  this  genus  are  indicated  in  the  table 
of  genera.  It  is  closely  allied  to  both  Amauronematus  and  Pteronvsin 
the  characters  of  the  vertex,  clypeus,  and  claws.  The  original  descrip- 
tions of  the  two  American  representatives  are  reproduced  without 
change. 

Crcesus  latitarsus  Xorton. 

1862.   Cra-sus  latitarsus  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  I,  p.  199. 

L867.  Crcesus  latitats us  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  i,  p.  84.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  54.) 

1881.  Croesus  latitarsus  Packard.     Bull.  7,  IT.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  pp.  129,  184. 

1882.  Croesus  latitarsus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  xiii,  p.  291. 

1883.  Croesus  latitarsus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Ilym.,  p.  740. 
1885.  Crasus  latitarsus  Dimmock.     Psyche,  iv,  p.  286. 

1888.  Croesus  latitarsus  Jack.     Psyche,  V, p. 41. 

1890.  Crasus  latitarsus  Packard.    5th  Rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  485. 

1893.  Croesus  latitarsus  Dyar.     Can.  Ent..  XXV,  p.  246. 

1894.  Xematus  (Croesus)  latitarsus  Dalla  Torre.     Cat.  Hym.,  I,  p.  233. 

Female. — Antenna  as  long  as  body,  Mack:  body  shining,  bine  Idack,  a  crescent- 
shaped  elevation  between  antenna' ;  clypeus  notched;  labruin,  mandibles  and  palpi 
piceons;  mesothorax  with  confluent  longitudinal  punctures;  legs  black,  the  anterior 
pair  pieeons  toward  tip;  posterior  trochanters  and  basal  half  of  all  the  tibia*  white; 
posterior  tibise  enlarged  and  very  much  flattened  toward  the  tip;  first  joint  of  tarsi 
still  wider,  compressed,  longer  than  remaining  four  joints  together,  its  edges  ele- 
vated to  a  rim  on  both  sides;  wings  hyaline,  a  little  smoky  below  stigma;  a  dot  in 
middle  of  both  second  and  third  submarginal  cells. 

Massachusetts  (Harris's  Coll.),  Pennsylvania  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc).  (Smithsonian 
Institution). 

(Three  females.)     Quite  rare.     Wild  cherry,  August  16. 

Bred  by  Mr.  Walsh  from  larva-  feeding  on  birch. 

Croesus  laticulus  Norton. 

1869.  Crcesus  laticulus  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  n,  p.  308.  (Cat.,  etc,  p.  222.) 
1894.  Xematus  (Crcesus)  laticulus  Dalla  Torre.  Cat.  Hym.,  i,  p.  232. 
Female. — Length  0.18  inch;  black;  tegnhe,  a  spot  on  sides  of  basal  plates  and  of 
second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  whitish;  apex  of  mandibles  and  the  legs  fer- 
ruginous, with  the  apex  of  hinder  femora,  the  apical  two-thirds  of  their  tibia)  and 
the  most  part  of  the  first  tarsal  joint  blackish;  antennae  very  long  (0.36  inch),  quite 
slender;  each  ocellus  at  the  head  of  a  pentagonal  basin;  a  protuberance  between 
antenna',  nasns  incurved;  some  scattered  snbobsolete  oval  punctures  on  the  bead 
and  mesothorax;  scutel  polished;  pleura  dull,  but  not  punctured ;  tergum  with  deli- 
cate cross  stria1;  abdomen  slender,  cylindrical;  hinder  tibiae  one-half  longer  than 
first  and  second,  somewhat  enlarged,  twice  as  wide  as  the  others,  with  a  deep  chan- 
nel down  the  upper  side;  all  the  joints  of  their  tarsi  enlarged  and  flattened,  the 
first  joint  widest,  but  not  as  wide  as  tibia),  the  patellae  long  and  white,  the  claws 
with  a  strong  inner  tooth;  wings  ample,  hyaline;  nervures  piceous;  stigma  black; 
first  transverse  submarginal  nervure  obsolete,  except  its  rudiments  near  the  nerves; 
second  recurrent  nervure  received  near  the  transverse  nervure. 

Two  females.  Massachusetts  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc),  Virginia  (Peabody  Institute, 
Salemj . 


87 


XI.  Genus  HOLCOCNEME  Konow. 

Rolcocneme  Konow.     Deutsche  Entom.  Zeits.  xxxiv,  1890,  p.  232. 

Body  large;  clypeus  emarginate  at  apex;  claws  bifid  or  with  subapical  tooth; 
head  and  thorax  more  or  less  punctured,  but  little  shining ;  stigma  orate  at  base, 
acuminate  at  apex,  black ;  posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  thickened,  the  former  deeply 
channeled  exteriorly;  hypopygium  of  male  emarginate  at  apex;  sheaths  of  female 
small,  thickened. — Konow. 

This  genus  seems  to  me  to  be  of  very  doubtful  standing.  I  have 
found  no  American  representatives,  and  the  European  examples  show 
a  tendency  toward  the  preceding  form  (Croesus)  in  the  enlargement  of 
the  hind  tibia3  and  metatarsus.  The  chief  distinguishing  character 
of  the  genus  is  the  grooving  of  the  hind  tibia?  exteriorly,  but  this  occurs 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  practically  all  Nematids. 

XII.  Genus  NEMATUS  Jurine. 

Nematus  Jurine.     Nouv.  M6th.  Class.  Hym.,  1807,  p.  59. 

The  characteristics  of  this  genus,  as  indicated  by  the  table  of  genera 
and  an  examination  of  the  principal  European  specimens  referred  to  it 
by  Konow,  are  as  follows : 

Body  robust;  antennae  slender,  tapering;  clypeus  more  or  less  emarginate;  hind 
tibiae  and  tarsi  simple;  claws  bifid;  last  ventral  segment  of  the  male  emarginate  at 
tip,  not  produced  or  pointed;  eighth  dorsal  segment  of  male  broadly,  obtusely  trun- 
cate at  tip,  not  at  all  produced;  sheath  of  female  broad  and  thick  and  with  the  last 
dorsal  segment  greatly  developed  and  constituting  nearly  half  of  the  abdomen. 

Konow  assigned  to  this  genus  the  group  of  species  represented  by 
the  European  Nematus  luteus  Pz.,  abdominalis  Pz.,  bilineatus  Klug., 
and  a  few  others.  The  very  large  and  thickened  sheath,  with  long 
bordering  fringe  of  hairs  and  large,  thick,  acuminately  pointed  ovi- 
positor, together  with  the  enormously  developed  lateral  clasping  por- 
tion of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  at  once  distinguish  this  genus  from  all 
other  Nematines.  Nematus  unicolor  n.  sp.  is  typical  in  the  features  in- 
dicated and  exhibits  a  close  relationship  with  N.  luteus  Pz.  of  Europe. 
It  is  the  only  undoubted  representative  of  this  genus  as  restricted 
occurring  in  this  country.  Of  the  three  other  American  species,  two 
(N.  pergandei  n.  sp.  and  N.  chloreus  Norton)  possess  the  peculiarities  of 
sheath  and  ovipositor,  but  lack  the  unusual  development  of  the  last 
segment.  The  third  (N.  mexicanus  Cameron)  seems  from  the  descrip- 
tion to  be  a  true  Nematus. 

The  unusual  development  of  ovipositor  and  adjoining  parts  in  uni- 
color n.  sp.  and  the  European  species  would  suggest  some  peculiarity 
of  habit  in  ovipositing  calling  for  such  modification.  Nothing  in  this 
direction  seems  to  be  indicated  by  the  habits,  so  far  as  known,  in  the 
absence  of  direct  observation  on  oviposition.  The  European  species 
feed  on  Alnus,  the  larva?  resting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves, 


88 

skeletonizing  them  at  first  and  in  their  later  stages  eating  entirely 
through. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar  has  described  the  larva  of  unicolor  n.  sp.  (Trans.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc,  xxii,  p.  308),  the  food-plant  being  white  birch,  but  in  feed- 
ing habits  agreeing  with  the  European  species. 

TABLE   OF   SrECIES. 

Females. 

Last  dorsal  arc  of  abdomen  enormously  developed. 
(  laws  bifid. 

Winga  slightly  infuscated  basally:  stigma  brown  basally;  dorsum  pale. 

1.   unicolor  n.  sp. 
Wings  clear;  stigma  pale;  metanotnm  and  abdomen  above  black. 

2.  mexicanus  Cameron. 

Claws  witb  minute  inner  tooth 3.  ponlanioidcs  n.  sp. 

Last  dorsal  air  not  unusually  developed. 

Ocellar  basin  with  distinct  lateral  wails  and  containing  two  small  tubercles. 

4.  pergandei  n.  sp. 
Ocellar  basin  with  indistinct  lateral  walls  and  without  tubercles. 

5.  chloreus  Norton 

1.  Nematus  unicolor  new  species. 

1895.  yematu*  unicolor  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  xxii,  p.  308.     (Larva.) 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  clypeus  deeply, 
rather  narrowly  notched,  lobes  large,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  scarcely 
present,  deep  furrow  connecting  anterior  ocellus  with  antennal  fovea; 
antennae  slender,  scarcely  tapering,  setaceous,  about  as  long  as  head 
and  thorax,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  joints  subequal;  intercostal  nearly 
at  right  angles  with  costa,  interstitial  or  nearly  so;  third  cubital  with 
sides  parallel;  posterior  wings  with  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  intersti- 
tial,or  nearly  so;  stigma  moderately  elongate;  sheath  tapering,  pointed, 
and  with  terminal  abdominal  segment  enormously  developed,  repre- 
senting nearly  hall'  of  abdomen;  cerci  very  long,  slender,  almost  as  long 
as  first  joint  of  hind  tarsi:  claws  rather  large,  inner  ray  very  distinctly 
shorter  than  outer.  Color  uniformly  reddish  yellow;  wing  veins  and 
stigma  yellowish  brown:  antennae  infuscated  basally;  ocelli  very  nar- 
rowly margined  with  black;  basal  plates  more  or  less  infuscated;  wings 
hyaline,  veins  brown,  stigma  and  costa  yellow,  former  brown  basally. 

Three  females,  one  from  Mount  llood,  Oreg.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc),  and 
two  reared  by  Mr.  II.  G.  Dyar  from  larva'  on  white  birch  collected  in 
Green  Valley,  New'York  (Coll.  Dyar). 

2.  Nematus  mexicanus  Cameron. 

1881.  Nematus  mexicanus  Cameron.     Trans.  London  Ent.  Soc,  p.  481. 

Female. — Livid,   testaceous;  face,  sides  and   apex    of  abdomen    above,  and   legs 

obscure  livid  yellow;  antenna',  metanotum,  and  back  of  abdomen  except  at  apex, 

apex  of  bind  tibia*,   and  tarsi  black;    anterior  tibiae   inclining  to  fuscous;  wings 

clear  byaline;  costa  and    stigma  whitish  yellow;  antennae  sborter  tban  the  abdo- 


89 

men,  almost  glabrous,  third  joint  a  little  shorter  than  fourth;  vertex  raised  in 
center;  frontal  area  a  deep  wide  depression:  antennal  fovea  large,  longer  than 
wide;  clypeus  deeply  incised;  palpi  fuscous;  wings  lougish  :  second  cubital  cel- 
lule double  the  length  of  third,  not  angled  where  the  recurrent  ncrvures  are  received; 
third  cellule  a  little  widened  at  apex;  the  second  recurrent  nervure  received  a  lit- 
tle in  front  of  third  transverse  cubital;  abdomen  larger  than  the  head  and  the 
thorax  together,  narrowed  toward  the  apex,  its  last  segment  largely  developed 
above;  cerci  long;  ovipositor  long,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  abdomen;  the 
sheath  at  apex  pilose;  blotch  small;  cercilarge,  white;  claws  bifid,  spurs  shortish. 
The  vertex  and  mesonotum  are  very  finely  punctured;  on  the  middle  lobe  of  the 
latter  is  a  central  furrow;  the  extreme  apex  of  the  scutellum  is  black,  and  there  is 
a  narrow  obscure  black  line  down  its  center. 

Length  7  mm. 

Closely  allied  to  the  European  X.  lunnorrhoidalis  Spin,  and  to  the  North  Ameri- 
can X  chlorous  Norton.  The  occurrence  of  a  Xcmatus  so  far  south  is  of  much  inter- 
est, this  being  the  first  record  of  that  northern  genus  in  Central  America. 

Habitat:  Northern  Sonora,  Mexico  (Morrison). 

The  type  of  this  species  was  not  procurable  and  the  original  descrip- 
tion is  quoted  without  alteration. 

3.  Nematus  pontanioides  new  species. 

Female. — Length  &  mm.;  rather  robust;  clypeus  very  deeply  and 
circularly  emargiuate,  lobes  rounded;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  and 
the  frontal  crest  rounded,  indistinct;  vertex  smooth,  shining;  antennal 
fovea  broad,  shallow;  antennae  not  longer  than  head  and  thorax, 
slender,  filiform,  joints  3,  4,  and  5  subequal;  second  recurrent  received 
near  second  cubital:  third  cubital  cell  very  elongate,  three  times  as 
long  as  wide,  narrow;  stigma  broad;  sheath  large,  tapering,  sharply 
acuminate,  occupying  with  overlapping  terminal  dorsal  sclerite  nearly 
one-half  of  the  abdomen;  cerci  very  long,  extremely  slender,  as  long- 
as  basal  joint  of  hind  tarsi;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute.  Color  honey 
yellow  and  dark  brown  •  spot  including  ocelli  and  extending  to  antennae, 
anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum,  metanotum,  abdomen  except  last  segment 
and  sheath,  pleura,  and  pectus  brown;  antenna'  brown,  fulvous  be- 
neath; femora  inclined  to  brownish;  coxse  basally  dark  brown,  almost 
black;  wings  nearly  hyaline;  veins  yellowish  brown;  stigma  yellowish 
hyaline,  darker  basally. 

One  female.  Mount  Hood,  Oreg.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
In  character  of  antennae  and  development  of  ovipositor  and  last 
segment  of  the  abdomen,  this  species  is  closely  allied  to  unicolor,  but 
differs  in  the  structure  of  the  claws.  The  last  segment  of  the  abdo- 
men is  enormously  developed,  and  the  long,  sharply  pointed  sheath 
and  long  cerci  may  indicate  a  gall-making  habit,  whence  the  desig- 
nation pontanioides.  The  inner  tooth  of  the  claw  is  very  minute  and 
close  to  the  tip,  but  in  spite  of  this  marked  divergence  from  the  char- 
acters of  the  claw  of  the  genus  the  features  of  abdomen  and  ovipositor 
are  so  striking  as  not  to  permit  of  its  being  placed  elsewhere. 


90 

4.  Nematus  pergandei  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  exp.  al.  15  mm.;  very  robust,  short;  head 
not  broadened  posteriorly;  clypeus  broadly,  circularly  einarginate; 
lobes  broad,  obtuse;  frontal  crest  very  large,  obtusely  rounded ;  lateral 
walls  of  ocellar  basin  sharply  defined;  basin  filled  by  two  tubercles; 
antenna!  fovea  very  broad,  shallow;  antennae  little  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  very  slender,  scarcely  tapering,  joints  4  and  5  subequal, 
shorter  than  3;  sheath  thick,  squarely  truncate,  tubular;  venation  nor- 
mal; stigma  ovate  at  base,  tapering  rather  regularly  toward  the  some- 
what truncate  apex ;  claws  very  deeply  cleft,  rays  nearly  equal.  Color 
luteous,  shining;  face  below  antenna1,  orbits,  pronotum,  most  of  venter, 
and  legs,  pallid:  dorsal  area  of  head,  mesonotum,  margin  of  abdomen 
above,  basal  half  of  mesepimera,  and  sheath  reddish  yellow;  lateral 
margin  of  mesonotuni,  most  of  metanotum,  broad  stripe  covering  dor- 
sal center  of  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  except  the  last,  black;  anten- 
na' brown,  fulvous  beneath ;  ocelli  ringed  with  black  and  a  small  black 
or  brownish  spot  just  at  base  of  each  antenna;  wings  hyaline;  veins 
light  yellowish  brown;  stigma  and  costa  yellowish,  almost  hyaline. 

One  female.     Washington,  1).  C.  (!).     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

5.  Nematus  chloreus  Norton. 

1807.  Nematus  chloreus  TSorton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  I, p.  221.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  83.) 
1872.   Nematus  chloreus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  iv,  p.  80. 
1888.  Nematus  chloreus  I'rovanoher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  348. 

/;  male. — Length  5  to  5.5  ram.;  very  robust;  head  and  thorax  finely 
punctured,  opaque;  clypeus  nearly  truncate;  vertex  smooth;  lateral 
ridges  of  ocellar  basin  not  very  prominent,  rounded;  basin  very  shallow 
and  indistinct;  crest  rather  large,  rounded;  antenna!  fovea  very  shal- 
low, indistinct;  antennae  short,  not  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  slender, 
tapering,  third  joint  very  little  longer  than  fourth;  stigma  broad 
basally,  tapering  regularly  nearly  to  apex;  apex  of  costa  very  greatly 
thickened;  sheath  thick,  short,  scarcely  projecting,  margined  with  long, 
not  very  numerous  curved  hairs;  cerci  rather  long,  slender;  claws 
large,  deeply  notched.  Color  yellowish  ferruginous;  mesonotum,  mes- 
epimera, margin  of  abdomen  dorsal ly,  and  sheath  somewhat  inclined 
to  reddish;  antenna1,  spot  on  either  side  of  mesoscutellum,  apex  of 
same  and  metanotum  except  raetascutum,  basal  plates  and  central 
area  of  abdomen  above,  black;  antenme  lighter  beneath,  especially 
toward  apex;  veins  brown,  stigma  and  costa  yellowish. 

Two  females  from  Texas,  one  Norton's  type  (Colls.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
and  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

In  general  characteristics  this  species  comes  very  near  Nematus  per- 
gandei n.  sp.,  but  it  is  less  than  one-half  the  size  of  the  latter,  and 
differs  in  other  details. 


91 
XIII.  Genus  PACHYNEMATUS  Konow. 

Pachynematus  Konow.     Deutsche  Entom.  Zeits.,  xxxiv,  1890,  p.  238. 

Body  short,  rather  stout;  clypeus  emarginate  at  apex;  inner  tooth  of  claw  gen- 
erally minute  and  at  right  angles  to  outer;  antennae  of  the  male  long,  more  or  less 
compressed;  female  shorter,  suhsetaceous,  usually  "black;  pentagonal  area  of  vertex 
distinct;  eighth  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  broad,  wide  at  tip;  hypopygium  sub- 
triangular,  produced  at  apex;  sheath  of  female  short,  stout. — Konow. 

This  genus  is  characterized  chiefly  by  the  short  inner  tooth  of  claw 
projecting  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  claw  and  the  emarginate 
clypeus,  together  with  the  distinctly  developed  ridges  to  the  ocellar 
basin  (pentagonal  area).  Its  American  representatives  maybe  readily 
divided  into  three  well-marked  groups.  The  first  is  the  smaller  of  the 
three  groups  and  is  characterized  by  the  large,  greatly  projecting, 
and  rounded,  flattened  sheath  of  the  female.  The  rest  of  the  species 
are  separated  into  two  well-marked  groups  by  the  characters  of  the 
head  and  antennae.  In  one  the  head  is  very  strongly  developed  and 
widens  notably  back  of  the  compound  eyes,  particularly  in  the  case  of  the 
females,  and  with  the  males  the  antenme  are  very  long,  cylindrical,  and 
not  at  all  or  scarcely  compressed.  In  the  other  group  the  head  nar- 
rows in  both  sexes  back  of  the  compound  eyes,  and  the  antenme  in  the 
males  are  comparatively  short,  usually  robust,  and  very  strongly  com- 
pressed. The  first  of  these  latter  subdivisions,  or  the  second  group  of 
species,  has  a  typical  representative  in  the  wheat  and  grass  sawfly 
(Pachynematus  extensicornis  Norton),  the  habits  of  which  are  described 
and  illustrated  in  Insect  Life,  iv,  pp.  174-177,  fig.  14.  The  species  was 
then  referred  to  marylandicus,  but  it  now  appears  that  Norton's  earlier 
description  of  extensicornis  was  of  the  male  of  this  species.  The  close 
similarity  of  the  species  in  this  group  in  structural  characters  suggests 
a  like  similarity  in  habits,  and  we  may  therefore  expect  most  of  them 
to  be  grass  feeders.  They  represent  all  sections  of  the  country,  from 
Maine  to  California.  The  third  group  approaches  very  closely  in  char- 
acters the  following  genus  {Lygceonematus)  in  that  the  clypeus  is  often 
only  slightly  emarginate,  and  the  separation  and  reference  is  therefore 
not  entirely  satisfactory  in  all  cases. 

TABLE   OF   SPECIES. 

Females. 

I.  Sheath  very  large,  projecting  free  at  least  one-half  its  length,  not  or  scarcely  taper- 
ing, rounded  at  apex. 
Second  recurrent  usually  interstitial;  prevailing  color  black  or  dark  brown. 
Lobes  of  clypeus  triangular ;  clypeus  and  labrum  very  hairy ;  venter  infus- 

cated 1.  dimmockii  Cresson. 

Lobes  broad,  rounded;  clypeus  and  labrum  nearly  smooth;  venter  pallid. 

2.  ruralis  Cresson. 
Second  recurrent  not  interstitial;  prevailing  colors  yellow  or  resinous. 

3.  oereatus  Harrington. 


92 

II.  Sheath  normal,  but  slightly  projecting;  tip  usually  obliquely  truncate  or  taper- 
ing ;  head  strongly  developed  and  widening  back  of  compound  eyes ;  second  recur- 
rent vein  usually  interstitial;  rather  robust  species;  stigma  and  costa  usually 
hyaline. 

Metanotuni  more  or  less  yellow  ;  tergum  yellow 4.  aurantiacus  n.  sp. 

Metanotum  and  tergum  black. 

Head  (except  usually  a  spot  about  ocelli)  and  more  or  less  of  mesonotum 
pale. 
Mesonotum  pale  or  with  two  or  three  black  spots;  body  beneath  pale 
except  rarely  black  spot  on  pectus  and  iufuscated  bases  of  femora. 
Stigma  and  costa  pale;  wings  hyaline. 

Sheath  broad,  obliquely  truncate;  largo  species. 

5.  extensicomis  Norton. 

Sheath  rather  narrow,  tapering  regularly 0.  affitiis  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  pale;  wings  infuscated 7.  suadus  Cresson. 

Stigma  and  costa  dark  brown 8.  aitratus  n.  sp. 

Mesonotum  mostly  black,  with  one  or  two  pale  spots,  or  sutures  pale; 
mesepimera  black,  except  sometimes  lateral  light  spot;  venter  more 
or  less  infuscated;  femora  and  coxa'  black  basally. 

Ifaaepimera  black 9.  graminis  n.  sp. 

lietepimera  with  lateral  white  spot 10.  pleuricus  Norton. 

Head  black;  orbits  black  or  strongly  infuscated;  thorax:  and  abdomen 
black  except  sometimes  central  area  of  venter. 
Stigma  and  costa  pale. 

Head  and   thorax   with  long,  dense   pubescense;  stigma  narrow, 

acuminate;  reddish  spot  on  mesepimera 11.  pubescent  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  not  unusually  pubescent;  stigma  robust;  mes- 
epimera black. 
Femora  and  venter  mostly  pale;  large,  robust  species. 

12.  montiragu8  n.  sp. 
Femora  and  venter  black  ;  small  species.  13.  colomdemis  n.  sp. 
Stigma  brown  or  black. 

Labium,  angles  of  pronotum,  and  tegulae  pale. 

Clypeus  black  ;  bases  of  femora  infuscated. .   14.  robustus  n.  sp. 

Clypeua  with  pah;  tips;  femora  pale 15.  clypeatus  n.  sp. 

Labrum,  angles  of  pronotum,  and  teguhe  black. 

16.  ater  McGillivray. 

III.  Sheath  as  above;  head  narrowing  more  or  less  back  of  compound  eyes;  usually 

slender,  elongate,  black  species,  with  brown  costa  and  stigma. 
Sheath   narroAv,  regularly  rounded   at   tip;    stigma   acuminate;   venter  pale; 

pectus  black 17.  nigropectus  Cresson. 

Sheath    moderately  robust,    more   or    less    obliquely   truncate,   tip    obtusely 

pointed;  stigma  broad,  not  acuminate. 

Tergum  reddish  yellow;  head  coarsely,  rugosely  punctured. 

18.  punctulatus  n.  sp. 
Tergum  black,  except  lateral  rufous  spot  on  segments  2  to  5. 

19.  abdominalis  n.  sp. 
Tergum  black. 

Femora  pale 20.  hoodi  n.  sp. 

Anterior  femora  pale ;  hind  iufuscated  at  tip 21.  corniger  Norton. 

Femora  all  more  or  less  infuscated  or  black. 

Anterior  femora  light  basally;  basal  half  posterior  tibiae  white. 

22.  subalbatus  Norton. 
Anterior  femora  infuscated  basally,  paling  apically ;  posterior  tibiae 
gradually  infuscated,  more  strongly  toward  tip. 

23.  palliventris  Cresson. 


93 

Males. 

I.  (No  male  representatives). 

II.  Head  not  narrowed  back  of  compound  eyes,  usually  expanding:  antenna?  slen- 

der, not  or  scarcely  compressed,  and  nearly  if  not  quite  as  long  as  the  entire 
insect. 

1.  Black  dorsally  and  ventrally. 

Stigma  and  costa  more  or  less  infuscated. 
Legs,  except  tibia?  and  tarsi,  black. 

Mouth  parts  and  orbits  black 5.  extensicornis  Norton. 

Mouth  parts  and  orbits  pale 6.  affinis  n.  sp. 

Legs,  except  bases  of  femora,  yellow 24.  tritici  n.  sp. 

Stigma  and  costa  hyaline 25.  apicalis  n.  sp. 

2.  Venter  and  more  or  less  of  tergum  pale. 

Wings  hyaline;  stigma  brown. 

Head  pale,  except  large  spot  on  vertex 8.  auratus  n.  sp. 

Head  black 4.  aurantiacus  n.  sp. 

Wings  strongly  infuscated;  stigma  and  costa  smoky..  26.  infumatus  n.  sp. 

3.  Head  and  thorax  mostly  yellow;  abdomen  black,  except  tip;  stigma  and 

costa  hyaline 27.  thoracicus  n.  sp. 

III.  Head  usually  distinctly  narrowed  back  of  compound  eyes,  never  expanding; 

antenna?  usually  shorter,  stouter,  and  compressed. 

1.  Black,  including  all  of  venter. 

Pronotnm  and  tegukc  black;  legs  beyond  base  of  femora  yellow,  infus- 
cated     28.  koebelei  n .  sp. 

Pronotum,  teguhc,  and  legs  reddish  yellow 29.  occidental™  n.  sp. 

2.  Black  ;  venter  more  or  less  pale. 

Orbits  pale,  or  head  with  black  limited  to  spot  about  ocelli. 

30.  carolinensis  n.  sp. 
Orbits  black  or  strongly  infuscated. 

Clypeus   deeply  emarginate;  triangle  between  antenna-  and  clypeus 

white;  inner  tooth  of  claw  large 31.  wrangeli  n.  sp. 

Clypeus  deeply  emarginate;  triangle  black;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute; 

stigma  very  narrow,  tapering  ... 32.  minutus  n.  sp. 

Clypeus  broadly  emarginate,  approaching  truncate;  triangle  black; 
claws  normal. 

Clypeus  black ;  venter  infuscated  laterally   20.  hoodi  n.  sp. 

Clypeus  with  pale  tips. 

Legs  pale,  except  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi. 

22.  subalbatus  Norton. 
Legs  pale,  except  tips  of  hind  femora  above  and  apical  third 

of  hind  tibi;e  and  the  hind  tarsi 21.  corniger  Norton. 

Legs   reddish  yellow;    femora  infuscated  basally;    abdomen 
usually  entirely  reddish  yellow  beneath. 

33.  nevadcnsis  n.  sp. 

INDEX    TO    SPECIES    OF    I'ACIIYXE.MATUS. 


abdominalis  n.  sp.  9 19 

affinis  n.  sp.  $    9    6 

apicalis  n.  sp.  $ 25 


ater  McGillivray  9 

aurantiacus  n.  sp.  $    9 

auratus  n.  sp.  9 

aureopectus  Norton  =  extensicornis . . 
carolinensis  n.  sp.  $ 


coloradensis  n.  sp.  9 13 

corniger  Norton  $    9 

dimmockii  Cresson  9 


clypeatus  n.  sp  9 15 


21 

1 

extensicornis  Norton  $   9 5 

graminis  n.  sp.  9 - 9 

hoodii  n.  sp.  $   9 20 

infumatus  n.  sp.  $ 26 

koebelei  n.  sp.  $ 28 

marylandicus  Norton  =  extensicornis.  5 


94 

INDEX   TO    SPECIES    OE    PACHYNEMATUS— COUtillued. 

minutus  n.  sp.  $ 32  punctulatus  n.  sp.  9 18 

inonti vagus  li.  sp. '$ 12  robustus  u.  sp.  9 14 

uevadensis  n.  sp.  $ 33  ruralis  Cresson  9 27 

nigropectus  Cresson  9 17  suadus  Cresson  9 7 

occidentalis  n.  sp.  $ 29  subalbatus  Norton  $    9   22 

ocreatus  Harrington  9 3  thoracicus  n.  sp.  $ 27 

palliventris  Cresson  9 23  tritici  n.  sp.  $ 24 

pleuricus  Norton  9 10  wrangeli  n.  sp.  $ 31 

pubescens  n.  sp.  9 11 

1.  Pachynematus  dimmockii  Cresson. 

1880.  NematuB  dimmockii  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  VIII,  p.  6. 

Female. — Lengths  mm.;  exp.  al.  18  mm.;  rather  robust,  elongate, 
shining;  clypeus  deeply  emarginate,  lobes  triangular,  rounded,  and  with 
labruni  clothed  with  long  hairs;  frontal  crest  and  lateral  walls  of  ocel- 
lar  basin  distinctly  but  not  strongly  elevated,  former  slightly  broken  at 
middle;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  indistinct;  antenna'  slender,  as  long  as 
head  and  thorax,  fourth  joint  much  longer  than  third;  second  recurrent 
vein  interstitial  with  second  transverse  cubital;  outer  veins  of  discal 
cells  of  hind  wings  interstitial;  stigma  rather  broad,  ovate  or  some- 
what tapering;  sheath  Aery  long,  rounded  at  apex,  projecting  free  one- 
half  its  length,  blades  thin  and  closely  applied;  cerci  long,  very  slen 
der,  filiform;  inner  tooth  of  claw  near  apex  rather  broad.  Color  brown- 
ish black;  abdomen  lighter,  inclined  to  fulvous;  face  below  antennas, 
upper  and  posterior  orbits,  pronotum,  teguhe,  and  legs  except  bases  of 
coxae,  reddish  yellow,  strongly  infuscated,  particularly  posterior  tibia} 
and  all  the  tarsi;  veins,  including  stigma,  dark  brown. 

One  female,  Cresson' s  type.  Collected  by  Mr.  George  Dimmock  near 
the  summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.) 

2.  Pachynematus  ruralis  Cresson. 

1880.   Xematux  ruralis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  VIII,  p.  5. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  head  strongly  developed  back  of  compound 
eyes;  clypeus  angularly  incised,  lobes  broad  and  rounded;  ridges 
about  anterior  ocellus  wanting;  pentagonal  area  smooth,  not  depressed; 
antenna!  fovea  sharply  defined  anteriorly;  antenna}  short,  slender, 
joints  4  and  5  subequal  and  slightly  longer  than  3;  intercostal  vein 
nearly  interstitial  with  basal;  second  cubital  and  second  recurrent 
interstitial  or  nearly  so,  as  also  the  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind 
wings;  sheath  very  prominent,  elongate,  projecting  free  one-half  its 
length,  regularly  tapering  on  both  margins  to  rounded  apex,  blades 
thin,  closely  applied;  cerci  very  slender,  filiform;  inner  tooth  of  claw 
very  minute.  Color  brownish  black;  orbits  except  narrow  inner  mar- 
gins, face  below  base  of  antenna?,  pronotum,  tegulai,  abdomen  beneath, 


95 

last  dorsal  segment,  sheath,  and  legs  yellowish  white,  with  more  or 
less  brownish  infuscation ;  bases  of  coxae  brown ;  femora  and  tips  of 
tibiae  and  tarsi  brownish  ;  wings  slightly  infuscated,  nearly  hyaline ; 
veins,  including  stigma,  brown. 

One  female,  Cresson's  type.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

3.  Pachynematus  ocreatus  Harrington. 

1889.  Nematus  ocreatus  Harrington.  Can.  Ent.;  xxi,  p.  95. 
Female. — Length  8.5  mm. ;  moderately  robust;  head  expanding  some- 
what back  of  compound  eyes;  clypeus  broadly,  rather  deeply  einargi- 
nate,  lobes  rounded;  ocellar  basin  with  distinct  and  broad  lateral 
walls;  crest  strong,  unbroken;  fovea  shallow;  antenna4  slender,  joints 
3  and  4  subequal,  fifth  somewhat  shorter;  venation  normal;  sheath  of 
ovipositor  very  long  and  large,  projecting  one-half  its  length  beyond 
tip  of  abdomen,  apex  broadly  rounded,  blades  thin,  translucent,  closely 
applied;  cerci  very  long,  slender ;  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color 
shining  resinous  yellow ;  antenna*,  spot  on  either  side  of  lateral  lobes  of 
mesonotum,  apex  of  scutellum,  a  few  indeterminate  marks  on  metano- 
tum,  and  narrow  border  of  basal  plates  brownish  black;  extreme  tips  of 
tibia?  brown;  wings  hyaline,  stigma  paler  basally,  costa  yellow. 

Eedescribed  from  Harrington's  type  specimen.  A  specimen  reared 
by  Mr.  Harrington  from  larva  on  spruce  agrees  very  closely  with  this 
species,  particularly  in  possessing  the  unusually  developed  sheath.  In 
color  the  legs  are  a  little  more  inclined  to  reddish  and  the  hind  tarsi 
and  tip  of  sheath  are  distinctly  infuscated.     (Coll.  Harrington.) 

4.  Pachynematus  aurantiacus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  9  mm. ;  robust ;  abdomen  at  middle  much  wider  than 
thorax ;  head  not  narrowing  back  of  compound  eyes ;  clypeus  distinctly 
but  broadly  incised,  lobes  broad,  rounded;  ocellar  basin  with  sharply 
raised  limiting  walls;  frontal  crest  sharp,  unbroken;  fovea  deep,  circu- 
lar, distinctly  limited ;  antennae  slender,  about  as  long  as  head  and 
thorax,  tapering,  third  joint  longer  than  fourth ;  venation  normal,  except 
that  the  second  recurrent  is  sometimes  interstitial  or  nearly  so;  stigma 
moderate,  widest  at  middle,  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin ;  sheath 
broad,  rather  suddenly  truncate  near  apex;  cerci  slender,  not  tapering; 
inner  tooth  of  claw  obtuse,  remote  from  apex.  Color  orange  yellow; 
inner  orbits,  head,  above  antennae  except  upper  and  posterior  orbits, 
broad  stripe  on  the  anterior  and  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apex  of 
scutellum,  postscutellum,  spot  on  either  side  of  cenchri,  metascutum, 
center  and  sides  of  the  basal  plates,  lower  half  of  mesoepimera,  corre- 
sponding sclerite  of  the  metathorax  together  with  spot  on  mesepisterna, 
black ;  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibia?  and  their  tarsi  infuscated ;  anten- 
nae dark  brown  above,  reddish  ferruginous  beneath;  wings  hyaline; 
veins,  except  costa,  brown ;  stigma  brown,  costa  yellow. 


96 

Male, — Length  6.5  mm.;  structurally  for  the  most  part  as  in  female; 
bead  not  narrowing  back  of  compound  eyes;  antenme  nearly  as  long 
as  body  of  the  insect,  strongly  tapering,  robust,  and  somewhat  com 
pressed  basally;  procidentia  broad,  rounded,  not  projecting  more  than 
half  its  width,  strongly  keeled.  Color  black,  shining;  apex  of  clyp- 
eus,  labrum,  palpi,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  legs  except  bases  of 
coxa1,  venter,  and  most  of  tergum  yellowish  ferruginous;  base  of  the 
dorsal  segments,  particularly  of  the  first  and  second  and  fifth  to  seventh, 
brownish  black;  in  some  specimens  all  the  segments  are  brownish  black 
basally;  tips  of  posterior  tarsi  and  sometimes  extreme  tips  of  posterior 
tibiae  infuseated;  antenme  reddish  brown;  wings  hyaline,  costal  veins 
pale,  stigma  and  veins  otherwise  brown. 

Four  females  and  live  males.     Montana.     (Coll.  Am.  Bnt.  Soc.) 

5.  Pachynematus  extensicornis  Norton. 

L861.   Nematua  extenmeomis  Norton.     Proc  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vin,  p.  159. 

1864.   Nematua  marjflandicua  Norton     Proc  Am.  Knt.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  p.  7. 

1867.  Nematua  exteneicomia  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  117.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  59.) 
1867.  Nematua  marylandicua  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  197.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  59.) 
l^t',7.   Nematua  aureopectua  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.2l(J.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  81.) 
1878.   Nematua  extensicornis  Provamher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p. 54. 
L883.  Nematua  extenaioornia  Provancher.     A<1<1.  Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  185. 
1891.  Nematua  marylandicua  Riley  and  Marlatt.     Insect  Life,  iv,  p.  174,  tig.  14. 

Female. — Length  7  to  8.5  mm. ;  very  robust  species  ;  abdomen  particu- 
larly broad;  head  very  much  enlarged  back  of  compound  eyes;  clypeus 
very  shallowly  excavated,  lobes  short,  rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides 
of  ocellar  basin  strongly  and  distinctly  defined,  the  former  very  minutely 
notched;  antenna]  fovea  extending  laterally  over  bases  of  antenme; 
antenme  moderately  slender,  tapering,  joints  distinctly  defined,  1  and 
2  equal;  second  recurrent  vein  interstitial  with  second  transverse 
cubital;  third  cubital  cell  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  on  lower  mar- 
gin as  wide  at  base;  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  long,  narrow,  upper 
usually  exceeding  the  lower;  stigma  rather  broad,  oval,  not  tapering 
more  at  apex  than  at  base;  sheath  moderately  broad  and  thick,  ob- 
liquely truncate,  upper  edge  nearly  straight;  cerci  rather  long,  not 
tapering;  claws  with  a  very  minute  inner  tooth,  about  J  of  length  of 
claw  from  apex.  Color  resinous  or  sulphur  yellow;  antenme,  small 
spot  including  ocelli,  stripe  on  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  spot  on 
either  side  of  and  on  base  of  scutellum,  metanotum,  tergum  except 
narrow  lateral  margin  and  the  two  terminal  segments,  and  sheath 
brownish  black;  bases  of  posterior  coxre,  apices  of  their  tibhe  and  their 
tarsi,  infuseated.  There  is  ordinarily  a  faint  trace  of  a  black  stripe 
on  the  middle  lobe  of  the  mesonotum,  and  in  light  specimens  the  black 
markings  of  the  mesonotum  are  nearly  obliterated,  and  the  abdomen 


1)7 

is  more  or  less  banded  with  yellow  on  the  posterior  margin  of  the  seg- 
ments. The  wing  veins  are  light  brownish  for  the  most  part;  the  costa 
and  outer  half  of  subcosta,  the  stigma,  and  the  bases  of  most  of  the 
veins  reaching  the  body  of  both  fore  and  hind  wings  are  nearly  hyaline. 
Male. — Length  6  to  7.5  mm.;  rather  slender,  elongate,  shining;  struc- 
tural details  in  general  as  in  female;  head  not  narrowed  back  of  com- 
pound eyes;  frontal  crest  is  less  distinctly  raised  and  more  distinctly 
notched:  antenn;e  not  compressed,  almost  as  long  as  the  body,  and  the 
nodes  are  distinctly  enlarged,  angular,  clothed  with  distinct,  rather 
short,  black  pubescence,  third  joint  very  robust  and  third  to  fifth  sub- 
equal;  procidentia  very  broad,  slightly  tapering  and  rounded  at  apex; 
hypopygium  more  or  less  excavated  at  tip.  Color  black;  tips  of  fem- 
ora, tibiae,  and  hypopygium  yellowish,  iufuscated;  tarsi,  cerci,  and  tips 


Fig.  9. — PacJtyncmatou eztensicornis:  n,  eggs  in  wheal ;  >>,  young  larvae  ;  c,  mature  larva:  d,  cocoon; 
e,  adult  male:  /,  adult  female;  a  and  6,  natural  size;  c  to/  enlarged.     (From  Enseci  Life.) 

of  tibia*  more  distinctly  iufuscated ;  posterior  orbits  tinged  with  fulvous; 
veins  dark  brown ;  stigma  and  costa  yellowish  brown,  the  former  lighter 
at  center. 

Represented  by  many  specimens  of  both  sexes,  some  of  them  reared 
from  larvae  taken  on  wheat  in  Indiana  by  Mr.  Webster  and  others 
collected  throughout  the  Northeastern  United  States.  (Colls.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  Cornell  Univ.) 

6.  Pachynematus  affinis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  to  6  mm.;  very  robust,  shining;  head  greatly 
dilated  back  of  eyes;  clypeus  very  broadly  and  not  deeply  excavated, 
13449— Xo.  3 7 


98 

lobes  rounded;  vertex  roughened  j  lateral  walls  of  ocellar  basin  irregu- 
lar, not  very  distinctly  raised;  frontal  crest  rather  sharply  but  not 

strongly  developed, unbroken:  autennal  fovea  shallow, extending  widely 
over  bases  of  antenna1;  antenna'  considerably  longer  than  head  and 
thorax,  very  slender,  tapering,  joint  4  as  long  as  or  longer  than  3; 
second  recurrent  interstitial  with  second  transverse  cubital;  upper 
discal  cell  of  hind  wings  very  slightly  exceeding  lower,  venation  other- 
wise normal;  stigma  broad,  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin;  sheath 
rather  narrow,  tapering,  straight  on  upper  margin,  obtusely  pointed; 
cerci  long,  slender,  filiform;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute,  remote  from 
apex.  Color  luteous;  antenna1,  small  spot  including  ocelli,  spot  on 
lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  spot  on  either  side  and  apex  of  seutellum, 
postscutellum  and  central  region  of  metanotum,  basal  plates,  terguin 
(except  lateral  margins  and  last  two  segments),  and  sheath  black; 
apical  margins  of  segments  yellow  in  the  lighter  specimens;  extreme 
apices  of  hind  tibiae,  the  hind  tarsi,  bases  of  posterior  coxae,  and  small 
spot  beneath  anterior  wings  intuscated:  stigma,  costa,  upper  edge  of 
subcosta,  and  bases  of  all  veins  reaching  the  body  hyaline;  other  veins 
brown. 

Male. — Length  (>  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining,  head  expanding 
beyond  compound  eyes  posteriorly ;  clypeus  scarcely  emarginate,  nearly 
truncate;  vertex  roughened;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  rounded,  indis- 
tinct, basin  narrowly  excavated  at  center;  antennnl  fovea  circular,  shal- 
low, extending  laterally  over  bases  of  antennae ;  antennae  long,  tapering, 
cylindrical,  basal  joints  slightly  compressed,  joints  nodose  at  tip,  fourth 
longest;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  second  recurrent  and  second 
transverse  cubital  and  the  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  are 
interstitial;  stigma  moderately  broad,  rounded  beneath,  tapering  or 
acuminately  pointed;  procidentia  projecting  only  about  half  its  width, 
broadly  truncate  at  apex:  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth  remote  from 
apex.  Color  black;  clypeus,  mouth  parts,  upper  and  posterior  orbits, 
apices  of  femora,  the  tibiae  and  tarsi,  ami  extreme  apex  of  abdomen, 
particularly  hypopygium, yellowish  ferruginous,  more  or  less  fnfuscated, 
particularly  at  apices  of  posterior  tibia'  and  all  of  tarsi:  veins  brown; 
stigma  and  costa  light  brown. 

Eight  females  and  four  males.     Montana.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

7.  Pachynematus  suadns  Cresson. 

1880.  Xematus  suadns  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Boo.,  vm,  j>.  10. 
1886.  Xematus  suadns  Provancher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hyni..  p.  24. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  very  short  and  robust;  head  strongly 
expanding  posteriorly  to  compound  eyes;  clypeus  broadly  and  shal- 
lowly  excavated;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  indistinct; 
vertex  somewhat  roughened;  antennal  fovea  almost  wanting;  second 
recurrent  interstitial  with  second  transverse  cubital;  discal  cells  of 
hind  wings  of  about  equal  length;  third  cubital  cell  but  little  more 


99 

than  twice  as  long  as  wide  at  base,  its  upper  and  lower  sides  of  equal 
length;  stigma  oval  at  base,  rather  acute  at  apex;  sheath  narrow  and 
pointed  at  tip,  upper  edge  straight;  cerci  prominent,  not  tapering; 
iuner  tooth  of  claw  distinct.  Color  shining  honey  yellow;  antennae., 
narrow  spot  connecting  ocelli,  line  on  the  anterior  and  lateral  lobes  of 
mesonotum,  lnesopostscutelluin,  nietascutuin,  center  of  basal  plates,  and 
the  bases  of  the  first  six  dorsal  segments  black  or  fuscous;  sheath  red- 
dish fuscous,  almost  black ;  tarsi  infuscated,  particularly  posterior  pair; 
wings  infuscated;  veins  light  yellowish  brown  ;  stigma  and  costa  nearly 
hyaline. 

Two  females,  labeled  "F.  B."  and  "N".  EI.,"  Cresson's  types.  (Coll. 
Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

8.  Pachynematus  auratus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm. ;  very  robust :  abdomen  very  much  wider  than 
thorax,  somewhat  flattened;  head  strongly  expanding  back  of  eyes, 
shining;  clypeus  distinctly  but  shallowly  and  broadly  emarginate,  lobes 
rounded;  vertex  roughened;  frontal  crest  and  lateral  walls  about  oeel- 
lar  basin  rounded,  indistinct,  basin  scarcely  excavated;  antennal  fovea 
deep,  circular,  with  lateral  channels  branching  out  over  bases  of  anten- 
na'; antenme  but  little  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  slender,  tapering, 
joints  3  to  5  subequal;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  second  recur 
rent  vein  is  interstitial,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  second  transverse  cubital, 
and  the  outer  veins  of  the  discal  cells  of  the  posterior  wings  are  nearly 
interstitial;  stigma  broad,  regularly  rounded  beneath;  sheath  rather 
narrow,  slightly  excavated  on  upper  margin,  rather  sharply  pointed  at 
apex;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute,  remote  from  apex.  Color  orange 
yellow;  antenna',  small  spot  on  vertex  including  ocelli,  central  line  on 
scutellum  and  basal  half  of  same,  central  area  of  metanotum,  terguin 
except  narrow  lateral  margin,  apex  of  sixth  and  all  of  terminal  seg- 
ments, extreme  bases  of  posterior  coxa',  and  the  outer  margin  of  sheath 
black;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  infuscated;  veins,  includ- 
ing stigma  and  costa,  except  basal  third  of  latter,  dark  brown. 

Male. — Length  6.5  mm.;  much  more  slender  than  female,  but  less  so 
than  male  of  marylandieus;  structurally  much  as  in  female;  head  not 
narrowing  back  of  compound  eyes;  antenme  long,  slender,  not  notice- 
ably compressed;  procidentia  large,  triangular,  projecting,  obtusely 
rounded  at  tip.  Color  black,  shining;  face  below  antennae,  posterior 
and  upper  orbits,  pronotum,  teguhe.  venter  extending  over  dorsal  edge, 
narrowly  on  basal  segments  and  more  broadly  toward  apical  ones,  legs 
entirely  except  bases  of  coxae,  yellowish  ferruginous;  extreme  tips  of 
posterior  tibia?,  with  tarsi,  slightly  infuscated;  wings  hyaline;  veins 
colored  as  in  female. 

Four  females  and  two  males.     Montana.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  last  in  general  characteris- 
tics, but  is  easily  distinguished  from  it,  also  from  extensicornis,  with 


100 

winch  it  agrees  more  nearly  in  point  of  size.     The  three  species  together 
form  ti  very  closely  allied  group,  and  doubtless  have  similar  habits. 

9.  Pachynematus  graminis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  G.5  mm. 5  head  dilated  back  of  eyes;  clypeus  emar 
ginate,  almost  truncate;  antenna!  fovea  distinct  and  breaking  slightly 
through  the  frontal  crest,  the  latter  extending  indistinctly  to  the  orbits; 
second  recurrent  interstitial  with  the  second  cubital  cross  nerve;  vena- 
tion otherwise  normal;  stigma  evenly  rounded  on  lower  margin; 
sheath  rather  broad,  somewhat  acuminately  pointed,  with  straight 
upper  margin ;  cerci  very  slender.  Color  brownish  black;  head  yellow 
ish,  except  area  about  ocelli  and  bases  of  antennae;  pronotum,  teguhe, 
abdomen  beneath,  terminal  dorsal  arcs,  and  most  of  legs  yellowish 
white;  more  or  less  of  baseof  scutellum  whitish;  bases  of  coxa1,  extreme 
bases  of  femora,  apices  of  tibiae  and  the  tarsi  brownish,  or  more  or 
less  strongly  in  fuscated:  wings  clear;  veins  brownish;  stigma  and  costa 
almost  hyaline. 

One  female.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  80c.) 

10.  Pachynematus  pleuricus  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  pleuricus Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,i,p.206.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  70.) 
Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  rather  robust,  shining;  head  dilated  back 
of  eyes;  clypeus  rather  shallowly  and  broadly  emar  ginate;  walls  about 
the  ocellar  basin  broad  and  rounded,  crest  unbroken,  fovea  extending  lat- 
erally over  bases  of  antennae;  antenna'  slender,  filiform,  joints  4  and  5 
equal  and  longer  than  3;  sheath  narrow, tapering,  tip  obtusely  pointed; 
venation  normal,  except  that  the  first  cubital  is  nearly  hyaline;  claws 
with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color  black  and  pallid  or  resinous;  antenna', 
spot  on  vortex  including  ocelli  and  reaching  to  bases  of  antenme,  large 
spot  on  each  of  the  anterior  lobes  of  mesonotum,  apex  of  scutellum 
with  spot  on  either  side,  nietanotum,  tergum  except  tip,  mesepimera 
except  large  lateral  spot,  more  or  less  of  base  of  venter,  bases  of  coxa', 
trochanters,  and  bases  of  femora  black;  extreme  tips  of  tibhe,  particu- 
larly hind  pair,  and  tarsi  strongly  in  fuscated ;  sheath  brown;  except 
as  noted,  resinous  yellow;  wings  hyaline;  veins  brown;  stigma  and 
costa  hyaline. 

Two  females.  Colorado,  C.  P.  Gillette,  collector  (Coll.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Mus.),  and  Idaho  (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.).  Norton's  type  specimens  are 
lost. 

11.  Pachynematus  pubescens  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  robust,  shining;  head  dilated  back  of  eyes; 
clypeus  broadly,  shallowly  notched;  ocellar  basin  rather  indistinctly 
detined,  crest  low,  unbroken;  antennal  fovea  triangular;  head  very 
coarsely  roughened  with  small  elevations  and,  together  with  thorax, 
densely  clothed  with  long  whitish  pubescence;  antennae  slender,  joints 


101 

4  and  5  subequal,  longer  than  3;  sheath  short,  tapering,  obtusely 
pointed;  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth;  venation  normal,  except  that 
the  second  recurrent  is  interstitial  with  the  second  cubital;  stigma  very 
narrow  and  acuminate.  Color  black;  tips  of  clypeus,  mouth  parts, 
extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  tip  of  abdomen  except  sheath,  and 
outer  half  of  femora  reddish  yellow;  tibia'  pale  yellowish;  tarsi  slightly 
infuscated;  sides  of  mesepimera  slightly  reddish;  wings  hyaline,' veins 
dark  brown;  costa  and  stigma  hyaline. 

Two  females.  Mount  Washington,  K  H.  One  labeled  as  having 
been  taken  at  an  elevation  of  about  0,(K)(>  feet,  July  0,  1891.  (Coll. 
Cornell  Univ.) 

12.  Pachynematus  montivagus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  8  mm. ;  robust;  head  dilated  back  of  eyes;  head  and 
thorax  opaque  from  rather  fine  and  dense  puncturing,  together  with  very 
short  and  inconspicuous  pubescence;  clypeus  broadly  and  shallowly 
emarginate;  pentagonal  area  distinctly  defined,  lateral  walls  sharp, 
minute;  crest  unbroken,  not  prominent;  fovea  oval;  antenna'  short, 
slender,  tapering,  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  sheath  short,  tapering;  claw 
with  short  inner  tooth;  venation  normal,  except  that  second  recurrent 
is  interstitial  with  second  cubital;  stigma  broad,  rounded  beneath, 
scarcely  tapering.  Color  black;  labrum,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,, 
extreme  tip  of  abdomen,  venter  for  the  most  part,  and  legs  yellowish, 
inclined  to  reddish  on  femora;  coxa'  except  tips  and  extreme  bases  of 
femora  infuscated;  tips  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi  brownish; 
abdomen  with  brownish  spots  beneath,  noticeably  at  base;  wings 
hyaline,  or  nearly  so;  veins  brown;  stigma  and  eosta  light  yellowish,, 
almost  hyaline. 

One  female.     Mount  Washington,  N.  H.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ., 
This  species  resembles  the  preceding  in  size  and  general  characteris- 
tics, but  diverges  notably  in  the  character  of  the  stigma  and  pubescence 
of  head  and  thorax. 

13.  Pachynematus  coloradensis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  G  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  head  dilated 
back  of  eyes;  clypeus  broadly,  circularly  emarginate;  pentagonal  area 
distinctly  denned,  but  walls  rounded;  crest  low,  unbroken;  fovea 
shallow,  extending  over  bases  of  antennae;  antenna4  slender,  tapering, 
joint  4  slightly  longer  than  3;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  second 
recurrent  is  nearly  interstitial  with  second  cubital;  stigma  rounded, 
scarcely  tapering;  sheath  obliquely  tapering  on  lower  margin,  pointed; 
claws  with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color  black,  shining;  posterior  orbits, 
mouth  parts  including  tips  of  clypeus,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe, 
tip  of  abdomen  except  sheath,  outer  third  of  femora,  and  the  tibia1 
and  tarsi  pallid  more  or  less  infuscated,  particularly  tarsi  and  orbits; 


102 

wings  hyaline,  or  nearly  so;  veins  light  brown;  stigma  and  costa  pale, 

nearly  hyaline. 

One  female.  Colorado.  C.  P.  Gillette,  collector.  (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat, 
Mas.) 

14.  Pachynematus  robustus  new  species. 

FemMe. — Length  6  mm.;  short,  very  stout;  head  dilated  hack  of 
eyes;  clypeus  rather  sliallowly  hut  distinctly  emarginate;  frontal  crest 
well  denned,  unbroken;  antenna!  fovea  circular,  deep;  head  very 
coarsely  and  rugosely  punctured;  antenna1  very  slender,  elongate, 
joints  3  and  4  subequal;  intercostal  more  than  twice  its  length  anterior 
to  basal  vein;  second  recurrent  interstitial  or  nearly  so  with  second 
cubital,  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  large,  widest  near  base; 
sheath  robust,  slightly  acuminate  toward  apex;  ccrci  long,  filiform. 
Color  black;  labrum,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhc,  more  or  less  of  the 
ventral  segments  of  abdomen,  the  apex  of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  and 
legs  for  the  most  part  light  yellowish  brown;  coxee  basally  strongly 
iufuscated;  femora,  apices  of  tibia1,  and  the  tarsi  dark  brown;  wings 
hyaline;  veins  and  stigma  brown;  costa  yellowish. 

One  female.     Montana.     (Coll.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.) 

15.  Pachynematus  clypeatus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  somewhat  elongate,  shining;  head  rather 
coarsely  punctured,  widening  noticeably  back  of  compound  eyes; 
clypeus  not  very  deeply  emarginate,  lobes  short,  rounded;  pentagonal 
area  distinctly  denned,  walls  not  very  sharply  raised;  fovea  shallow; 
crest  low,  unbroken;  antenna'  rather  slender,  fourth  joint  a  little  longer 
than  third:  sheath  tapering,  somewhat  obliquely  truncate  toward  tip; 
venation  normal,  except  that  the  second  recurrent  is  interstitial  with 
second  cubital;  stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin;  claws  with 
minute  inner  tooth.  Color  black:  small  spot  beneath  bases  of  antenna', 
tips  of  clypeus.  labium  and  other  month  parts,  outer  half  of  pronotum, 
tegube,  legs,  and  venter  of  abdomen  yellowish;  posterior  margins  of 
dorsal  segments,  especially  basal  ones,  pale,  together  with  all  of  the 
terminal  segment;  bases  of  coxa*,  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibia',  and 
the  posterior  tarsi  brown:  bases  of  femora  slightly  iufuscated;  sheath 
brown;  wings  nearly  hyaline;  veins  and  stigma  light  brownish;  pos- 
terior orbits  reddish,  strongly  iufuscated. 

Two  females.     Montana.    (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

10.  Pachynematus  ater  3Ic(iillivray. 

1893.  Mesm  atra  McGillivray.     Can.  Eut.,  xxv,  p.  238. 
Female. — Length  6  mm.;  robust,  shining,  somewhat  duller  on  head 
from  rather  dense  punctuation;  head  dilated  back  of  eyes;  clypeus  very 
broadly  and  shallowly  notched;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  limited,  walls 


103 

rounded,  crest  slightly  broken;  fovea  shallow  (antenna1  wanting);  vena- 
tion normal,  except  that  the  second  recurrent  is  interstitial  with  the 
second  cubital;  stigma  broad,  rounded  beneath,  somewhat  acuminately 
pointed;  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color  black,  including  mouth 
parts,  pronotum,  and  tegulae;  tips  of  coxa1,  trochanters,  tips  of  femora, 
the  anterior  tibia1,  and  the  tarsi  pallid,  strongly  infuscated;  veins,  in- 
cluding costa  and  stigma,  dark  brown;  wings  nearly  hyaline,  slightly 
smoky. 

One  female,  MoGillivray's  type.  Olympia,  Wash.  Trevor  Kincaid, 
collector.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

17.  Pachynematus  nigropectus  Cressqn. 

1SS0.  Xematus  nigropectus  Cresson.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vin.  p.  6. 
Female. — Length  8  mm. :  moderately  robust,  glistening;  clypeus  very 
gently  eniarginatc ;  frontal  crest  and  lateral  margins  of  ocellar  basin 
distinctly  but  not  strongly  developed,  former  unbroken;  antenna!  fovea 
deep,  expanding  broadly  posteriorly;  antenna1  slender,  filiform,  joint  4 
longest,  5  longer  than  3;  venation  normal;  stigma  very  broad,  ovate, 
somewhat  acuminate  at  apex ;  sheath  narrow,  regularly  rounded  at  apex; 
cerci  very  narrow,  not  tapering;  inner  claw  tooth  rather  large,  sharp. 
Color  for  the  most  part  luteous;  face  and  upper  and  posterior  orbits 
pallid;  antenna1,  vertex  and  occiput,  prosternum,  mesonotum,  metano- 
tum,  broad  stripe  on  dorsal  sclerites  of  abdomen  except  last,  basal  half 
of  inesepimera  (pectus),  and  the  metepisterna  black;  tip  of  sheath  and 
tips  of  posterior  tibia1,  the  posterior  tarsi,  and  the  anterior  tarsi  to  a 
less  extent,  infuscated ;  veins,  including  stigma  and  the  costa  nearly 
to  base,  brown;  wings  slightly  infuscated,  almost  hyaline. 

One  female.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

18.  Pachynematus  punctulatus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm. ;  rather  robust,  head  and  thorax  strongly 
punctured  and  somewhat  opaque;  clypeus,  labrum,  and  pleurae  with 
rather  long  and  dense  yellowish  hairs;  clypeus  shallowly  emarginate, 
lobes  broad  and  rounded;  frontal  crest  and  elevated  ridges  about  ante- 
rior ocellus  prominent,  former  unbroken:  antcnnal  fovea  broad,  oval; 
second  recurrent  interstitial  or  received  in  third  cubital  cell;  second 
cubital  cross  vein  two-thirds  as  long  as  third ;  upper  middle  cell  of  hind 
wings  very  little  exceeding  lower;  stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower 
margin,  widest  at  center;  sheath  broad,  truncate;  cerci  moderately 
slender,  tapering;  inner  tooth  of  claw  short,  obtuse.  Head  and  thorax 
for  most  part,  basal  plates,  base  of  first  dorsal  segment,  sheath,  and 
extreme  bases  of  coxa*  brownish  black ;  upper  orbits  and  some  marks  on 
dorsum  of  thorax,  including  most  of  scutellum,  reddish;  triangle  below 
antenna1,  tips  of  clypeus,  labrum,  pronotum,  tegulae,  legs,  and  abdomen 
including  cerci  reddish  yellow ;  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  the 


1()4 

posterior  tarsi  slightly  infiiscated ;  veins  and  stigma  light  brown;  eosta 

yellowish. 

One  female.     New  Hampshire.    (Coll.  Am.  Bnt.  Soc.) 

19.  Pachynematns  abdominalis  new  species. 

Female. — Length,  6.5  mm. ;  robust,  shining;  head  obscured  by  dense 
punctuation;  clypeus  nearly  truncate,  scarcely  emarginate;  ocellar 
basin  indistinctly  defined,  lateral  walls  almost  obsolete;  frontal  crest 
low;  fovea  oval  antenna'  wanting);  sheath  short,  obliquely  truncate 
at  apex;  stigma  regularly  rounded  beneath,  not  very  broad;  venation 
normal:  claw  with  large,  prominent  inner  tooth  near  apex.  Color 
black;  clypeus  whitish;  pronotum,  tegulae,  and  legs  reddish  yellow; 
tarsi  brown:  spot  on  either  side  of  tergum,  extending  over  segments 
2  to  o.  reddish  yellow:  venter  of  abdomen  with  yellowish  central  stripe 
and  more  or  less  yellow  toward  tip:  tips  of  posterior  tibia*  and  the  pos- 
terior tarsi  infuscated;  wings  smoky;  veins,  including  stigma,  brown. 

One  female.  Skokomish  River,  Washington,  May  11.  1892,  Trevor 
Kincaid,  collector.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ. 

20.  Pachynematus  hoodii  new  species. 

Female, — Length  6.5  mm.;  very  slant,  robust;  clypeus  shallowlyand 
broadly  emarginate:  frontal  crest  strongly  developed,  unbroken  :  anten- 
na! fovea  circular;  antennae  long,  slender,  joints.'  I  and  I  subequal;  vena- 
tion normal :  stigma  broad,  evenly  rounded ;  sheath  broad,  obliquely  trun- 
cate at  apex  :  cerci  rather  robust ;  claw  with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color 
black,  shining:  labium,  bases  of  mandibles,  palpi,  angles  of  pronotum, 
tegulse,  venter  of  abdomen,  terminal  (basal  segment,  and  the  legs  light 
yellowish;  extreme  bases  of  coxa-  and  the  sheath  dark  brown,  almost 
black:  hind  tarsi  dark  brown:  wings  slightly  infuscated,  almost  hyaline; 
veins,  including  stigma  and  eosta,  dark  brown. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  head  narrowing  back  of  compound  eyes; 
antennae  very  large  and  long,  compressed;  procidentia  narrow,  not 
strongly  produced,  rounded  at  apex.  Color  as  in  female,  except  that 
the  light  areas  are  inclined  to  yellowish  brown,  with  the  venter  of  the 
abdomen  decidedly  brownish. 

One  female  and  five  males.  Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  and  Washington. 
(Coll.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.) 

21.  Pachynematus  corniger  Norton. 

1861.  Nematus  corniger  Norton.     Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vin.  p.  159. 

1867.  Nematus  corniger  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.  I,  p.  199.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  61.) 

187s.  Nematus  corniger  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  i,  p.  55. 

1883.  Nematus  cot niger  Provancher.     Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., p.  184 

Female. — Length  C>  to  7  mm.:  moderately  robust ;  clypeus  shallowly 
incised,  approaching  truncate;  vertex  finely  tnberculate;  lateral  walls 


105 

of  ocellar  basin  very  minutely  but  sharply  raised,  becoming  obsolete 
posteriorly;  frontal  crest  acutely  elevated,  angulated,  and  extending 
nearly  to  orbits;  antennal  fovea  broad,  extending  laterally  over  bases  of 
antennae;  antennae  long,  slender,  third  joint  longer  than  fourth;  inter- 
costal cross  nerve  nearly  twice  its  length  anterior  to  basal  nerve, 
slightly  inclined;  second  recurrent  interstitial,  or  nearly  so,  with  second 
transverse  cubital;  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  broad,  regu- 
larly rounded  beneath;  sheath  broad,  straight  on  upper  margin, 
obliquely  truncate  at  apex,  bordering  hairs  minute,  scattering;  cerci 
long,  scarcely  tapering;  inner  tooth  of  claw  small,  remote  from  apex. 
Color  black,  shining;  apex  of  clypeus  and  other  mouth  parts,  outer 
third  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  anterior  pairs  of  legs  entirely,  posterior  pair 
except  extreme  bases  of  coxa'  and  apices  of  femora  and  of  tibiae  and  all 
of  tarsi,  venter  of  abdomen  except  overlapping  sides  of  last  dorsal  seg- 
ment and  sheath,  very  narrow  lateral  margin  of  abdomen  dorsally,  and 
more  or  less  of  apex  of  all  segments  yellowish  white;  femora,  partic- 
ularly hind  pairs,  more  or  less  inclined  to  reddish:  stigma  and  veins, 
except  base  of  costa  and  slightly  at  apex,  brown. 

Male. — Length  5  to  5.5  mm.;  structurally  for  the  most  part  as  in 
female;  antenna' very  broad  or  strongly  compressed,  tapering;  j)roci- 
dentia  rounded  at  apex,  not  constricted  basally,  strongly  keeled.  Color 
black;  tips  of  clypeus,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhc,  venter 
of  abdomen,  and  legs  except  extreme  bases  of  coxa'  and  apices  of  pos- 
terior tibia'  and  tarsi  of  same,  yellowish  ferruginous;  venter  of  abdomen 
infuscated  laterally,  and  sometimes  more  or  less  entirely. 

Seven  females  and  three  males.  Canada,  New  Jersey,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Pennsylvania,  and  Illinois  (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc),  and  Colorado 
(Coll.  TT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

22.  Pachynematus  snbalbatus  Norton. 

1864.  Nematua  aubalbatua  Norton.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  rhila.,  in,  p.  7. 

1867.  Nematua  subalbatus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,   p.  199.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  61.) 
1878.  Nematua  subalbatus  Trovanchcr.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  54. 
1883.  Nematus  subalbatus  Provancker.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  181. 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  rather  elongate;  head  densely  and  closely 
punctured  or  rugose;  clypeus  distinctly  but  not  deeply  emarginate, 
lobes  rounded;  frontal  crest  very  strongly  developed,  very  slightly 
broken  at  center,  not  reaching  orbits;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  distinct, 
but  not  strongly  elevated;  antennal  fovea  distinct,  broadening  poste- 
riorly into  a  suture  beneath  frontal  crest;  antennae  longer  than  head 
and  thorax,  moderately  robust,  tapering,  third  joint  longest;  venation 
normal,  except  that  second  recurrent  is  interstitial,  or  nearly  so,  with 
second  transverse  cubital;  stigma  broad,  scarcely  tapering,  until  near 
apex;  sheath  rather  broad,  rounded,  truncate  at  apex,  straight  on 
upper  margiu;  cerci  rather  stout,  tapering;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute, 


iob 

remote  from  apex.  Color  black;  tips  of  clypeus,  labrum,  angles  of  pro- 
notum,  teguhe.  coxa'  except  bases,  trochanters,  bases  of  femora  and 
tips  of  anterior  pairs,  tibiae  except  tips  of  posterior  pair,  anterior  tarsi 
aud  venter  except  laterally  at  base  and  apex  pallid;  palpi  fuscous; 
sheath  and  cerci  black;  stigma  and  veins  dark  brown,  except  base  of 
costa,  which  is  lighter. 

Male. — Lengtji  0.5  aim.;  slender;  head  much  narrowed  back  of  com- 
pound eyes;  structurally  for  the  most  part  as  in  female;  antennae  large 
and  strongly  compressed,  tapering;  procidentia  short,  narrow,  trun- 
cate. Color  black;  tips  of  clypeus  and  mouth  parts  otherwise,  angles 
of  prouotum,  venter  and  legs  except  extreme  bases  of  coxa1,  extreme 
tips  of  posterior  tibia',  and  all  posterior  tarsi  yellowish  ferruginous; 
venter  more  or  less  infuscated  laterally  and  apically  (in  a  specimen  from 
Michigan  altogether  dark  fuscous). 

Three  females  and  two  males.  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Michigan.     (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

The  reference  of  the  males  to  this  species  is  made  with  considerable 
doubt  on  general  resemblance  and  correspondence  in  habitat. 

23.  Pachynematus  palliventris  Cresson. 

L880.   Nemaius  pallive&tria  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vlii,  p. 5. 
1894.   A*  mains  pallidiventralis  Dalla  Tone.     Cat.  Hyin.,  i,  p.  248. 

Female, — Length  6  mm.;  moderately  robust,  shining;  head  as  wide  as 
thorax,  quadrangular,  vertex  tuberculate;  clypeus  broadly  and  gently 
emarginate;    frontal   crest  distinctly  elevated,  unbroken,  extending 

nearly  to  orbits;  sides  of  ocellar  basin  rounded,  not  strongly  raised, 
indistinct;  antennal  fovea  large,  circular,  deeply  excavated;  antennae 
longer  than  head  and  thorax,  rather  slender,  tapering,  joint  3  longest; 
venation  normal;  stigma  robust,  broadest  about  middle;  sheath  rather 
slender,  somewhat  pointed  at  tip,  dorsal  margin  nearly  straight;  cerci 
minute,  filiform;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute,  obtuse,  remote  from  apex. 
Color  black:  labium,  bases  of  mandibles,  angles  of  prouotum,  teguhe, 
coxae  except  bases,  trochanters,  tibia*  of  anterior  pairs  of  legs  and 
their  tarsi,  and  venter  of  abdomen  yellowish,  inclined  to  pallid,  espe- 
cially on  abdomen;  femora  brown,  posterior  ones  darkest;  posterior 
tibia'  and  tarsi  decidedly  infuscated,  especially  tips  of  the  tibia'  *nd 
the  tarsi;  more  or  less  of  the  dorsal  segments  are  narrowly  yellow  on 
the  posterior  margin  and  the  lateral  edges  are  yellow,  also  base  of 
pygidium,  including  cerci;  sheath  black;  wings  hyaline;  veins,  includ- 
ing costa  and  stigma,  brown. 

One  female,  Cresson's  type.     Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

24.  Pachynematus  tritici  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm.;  not  very  robust,  head  not  narrowing  back 
of  compound  eyes;  clypeus  rather  deeply,  somewhat  angularly  emargi- 


107 

nate,  lobes  broad,  rounded;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin  not 
very  strongly  elevated,  distinct;  antennal  fovea  very  shallow,  broad ; 
antenna1  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  rather  robust  and  tapering,  not 
compressed,  joints  4  and  5  subequal,  longer  than  3;  procidentia  longer 
than  broad,  squarely  truncate  at  apex;  hypopygium  strongly  produced, 
rather  narrow,  and  very  slightly  emarginate  at  apex;  second  recurrent 
interstitial  or  received  at  base  of  third  cubital  cell,  which  is  scarcely 
or  not  twice  as  long  as  wide  at  base;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind 
wings  interstitial,  or  nearly  so;  stigma  broad  at  base,  tapering  roundly 
at  apex.  Color  black,  shining;  triangular  spot  below  antenna1,  labrum, 
upper  and  posterior  orbits,  palpi,  outer  angles  of  pronotum,  tegnla1, 
apex  of  abdomen,  hypopygium  and  more  or  less  of  venter  laterally, 
apices  of  cox*,  trochanters,  femora  except  bases,  tibia1  except  apices, 
light  fulvous;  tips  of  tibia1,  the  tarsi,  veins,  and  stigma  infuscated; 
costa  yellowish  on  basal  half. 

One  male,  reared  from  a  larva  collected  on  wheat  in  Indiana  by  F.  M. 
Webster;  adult  issued  April  22.     (Coll.  F.  S.  Nat,  Mus.) 

25.  Pachynematus  apicalis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  7  mm.;  very  slender,  elongate,  shining;  head  not  nar- 
rowed back  of  compound  eyes;  clypeus  very  shallowly  emarginate; 
walls  about  ocellar  basin  distinctly  raised,  rounded;  antennal  fovea 
circular;  antennae  very  long,  slender,  tapering,  not  compressed,  fourth 
joint  longest,  all  joints  distinctly  nodose  at  tip;  procidentia  broad  at 
base,  very  long,  tapering  suddenly  at  tip,  which  is  obtusely  rounded; 
venation  normal,  except  that  the  second  recurrent  is  interstitial,  or 
nearly  so,  with  the  second  transverse  cubital;  outer  veins  of  discal 
cells  of  hind  wings  are  also  nearly  interstitial;  stigma  broad,  widest 
near  base,  tapering  regularly  to  apex;  inner  tooth  of  claw  very  minute, 
remote  from  apex  of  claw.  Color  black ;  tips  of  clypeus,  labrum,  upper 
and  posterior  orbits,  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  apical  half  of  femora, 
tibia1  and  tarsi, and  apical  segments  of  abdomen  yellowish  ferruginous; 
stigma  and  costa  and  all  veins  reaching  the  body  basally  light  yellow- 
ish, almost  hyaline;  other  veins  brown. 

Two  males.    Montana.    (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

2G.  Pachynematus  infumatus  new  species. 

Male. — Length  8  mm.;  robust,  head  not  nearly  as  wide  as  thorax,  not- 
narrowing  back  of  compound  eyes;  clypeus  very  slightly  emarginate, 
almost  truncate;  vertex  rugose;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  indistinct; 
antennal  fovea  extending  laterally  over  bases  of  antennae,  indistinctly 
defined;  antennae  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax,  tapering,  some- 
what compressed  basally;  procidentia  very  broad,  tapering,  squarely 
truncate  at  apex,  not  keeled;  venation  normal;  claws  with  minute  inner 
tooth.  Color  black ;  labrum,  upper  and  posterior  orbits,  outer  angles  of 
pronotum;  tegulae,  outer  two-thirds  of  femora,  tibiae  and  tarsi,  abdomen 


108 

except  base  of  first  segment  dorsally,  yellowish  ferruginous;  the  tarsi 
and  the  extreme  apices  of  the  posterior  tibiae,  pronotum,  and  teguhe  are 
distinctly  infuscated;  veins  yellowish  brown,  stigma  and  costa  lighter, 
but  distinctly  infuscated;  wings  distinctly  smoky,  especially  centrally; 
small  spot  in  center  of  the  median  and  of  the  second  cubital  cell. 

One  male.     Agricultural  College,  Mich.     (Coll.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

27.  Pachynematus  thoracicus  new  species. 

Male. — Length  6  mm.;  rather  robust,  head  expanding  back  of  com- 
pound eyes;  antenna'  slender,  cylindrical,  filiform,  not  compressed; 
clypetis  broadly  em  ar  gin  ate,  lobes  rather  pointed;  pentagonal  ridges 
sharply  raised;  antenna!  fovea  divaricating  over  bases  of  antennae; 
second  recurrent  and  second  cubital  and  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of 
posterior  wings  interstitial;  stigma  broad;  claws  with  very  minute 
inner  tooth;  procidentia  very  broad,  protruding,  tapering  to  roundly 
truncated  apex.  Color  luteous  ferruginous;  antennae,  triangular  spot 
beneath,  Large  spot  on  vertex  extending  nearly  to  base  of  antennae  and 
posteriorly  to  occiput,  center  of  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum,  small 
spot  at  apex  of  scntellum,  central  area  of  metanotum,  including  all  of 
basal  plates  and  the  abdomen  dorsally  and  ventrally  except  apex, 
black;  thorax  beneath  and  legs  entirely  yellowish  ferruginous;  wings 
hyaline;  veins  light  brown;  costa  and  stigma  yellow,  nearly  hyaline. 

One  male.     Montana.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

In  characters  of  head  and  antenna'  and  notably  also  in  Colorational 
features  this  species  agrees  with  remarkable  closeness  with  the  female 
of  (ifjiiiis,  and  departs  just  as  widely  in  these  particulars  from  the  male 
of  that  species.  Then'  is  a  possibility,  therefore,  that  it  is  a  hermaph- 
roditic form. 

28.  Pachynematus  koebelei  new  species. 

Male. — Length  0  mm.;  slender, elongate;  head  not  expanding  back 
of  compound  eyes,  or  slightly  narrowed;  clypens  shallowly  emarginate; 
vertex  roughened  with  minute,  dense  tubercles;  ocellar  basin  with  indis- 
tinct limiting  walls;  frontal  crest  low  and  scarcely  developed;  antennal 
fovea  circularly,  deeply  excavated;  antenna'  longer  than  head  and  tho- 
rax, tapering,  strongly  compressed,  joints  3  and  4  subequal;  proci- 
dentia narrow,  protruding  nearly  twice  its  width,  strongly  keeled, 
rounded  at  apex;  hypopygium  very  obtusely  rounded  at  apex,  short; 
claws  with  minute  inner  tooth  remote  from  apex;  venation  normal; 
stigma  moderately  broad,  widest  at  center.  Color  black,  shining; 
apical  half  of  femora,  tibiae,  and  tarsi  reddish  ferruginous,  more  or  less 
infuscated,  particularly  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi; 
veins  dark  brown,  almost  black,  including  stigma,  and  costa. 

One  male.     Oregon.     (Coll.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.) 


109 

29.  Pachynematus  occidentalis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  6  mm. ;  rather  slender,  elongate;  head  slightly  narrow- 
ing back  of  compound  eyes;  clypens  broadly  and  shallowly  eniarginate; 
antennae  short,  stont,  strongly  compressed;  crest  rounded,  unbroken; 
fovea  deep,  oblong,  somewbat  constricted  medially;  procidentia  broad, 
rounded;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  third  cubital  cell  is  quite 
elongate,  the  sides  but  slightly  divaricating;  stigma  robust;  autenme 
very  broad,  flattened,  and  not  much  longer  than  head  and  thorax. 
Color  black,  shining;  extreme  apex  of  clypeus,  labrum,  part  of  angles 
of  pronotum,  teguhe,  and  legs  light  reddish  brown;  coxa*,  except 
extreme  tips,  black;  tips  of  posterior  tarsi  brownish;  wings  slightly 
infuscated;  veins  and  stigma  dark  brown. 

Two  males.     Washington.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

30.  Pachynematus  carolinensis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  head  much  narrowed  back  of  compound  eyes; 
clypeus  broadly,  circularly  eniarginate,  lobes  triangular;  ocellar  basin 
with  distinctly  defined  limiting  ridges;  frontal  crest  strong,  unbroken; 
fovea  oval,  shallow;  antenna'  elongate,  tapering,  slightly  compressed 
basally;  procidentia  narrow,  i>roduced,  truncate  at  apex;  third  cubital 
cell  very  short,  quadrate;  outer  cross  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings 
interstitial;  stigma  regularly  rounded  on  lower  margin.  Color  black; 
orbits,  face  beneath  antenna4,  mouth  parts,  pronotum,  teguhe,  large 
spot  on  upper  half  of  mesepimera,  venter,  and  legs  yellowish  resinous; 
posterior  tarsi  slightly  iufuscated;  wings  hyaline;  veins,  including 
stigma,  brown. 

Three  males.     Xorth  Carolina.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

31.  Pachynematus  wrangeli  new  species. 

Male. — Length  G  mm. ;  rather  slender;  head  distinctly  narrowed  back 
of  compound  eyes;  clypeus  rather  deeply  incised,  lobes  medium, 
rounded  at  apices;  vertex  shining;  walls  about  ocellar  basin  distinctly 
but  not  strongly  raised,,  rounded;  frontal  crest  slightly  broken;  anten- 
nal  fovea  very  distinct,  clearly  defined,  circular ;  antenna'  long,  tapering, 
slightly  compressed  basally,  fourth  joint  distinctly  longer  than  third ; 
upper  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  very  slightly  exceeding  lower;  prociden- 
tia scarcely  projecting,  nearly  squarely  truncate  at  apex,  slightly  con- 
stricted basally;  hypopygium  distinctly  notched  at  tip;  inner  tooth  of 
claw  large,  remote  from  apex.  Color  black,  shining;  triangular  spot 
beneath  antenna^,  lower  orbits,  mouth  parts,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe, 
coxai,  trochanters,  all  of  anterior  legs,  more  or  less  of  underside  of  pos- 
terior femora,  and  the  venter  yellowish  white,  more  or  less  infuscated, 
giving  a  grayish  aspect  to  the  lighter-colored  parts;  veins,  stigma,  and 
costa  to  base  dark  brown. 


110 

Three  males.     Fort  Wraugel,  Alaska.    Mr.  II.  P. Wickham, collector, 
(Coll.  CT.S.  Ka.tMus.) 

32.  Pachynematus  minutus  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm. ;  slender,  head  not  much  narrowed  back  of  com 
pound  eyes;  elypeus  broadly  em  argin  ate,  lobes  small,  triangular;  ocel- 
lar  basin  with  low  but  distinct  lateral  walls:  crest  low,  slighty  broken  ; 
fovea  oval;  antenna'  rather  long,  slender,  slightly  compressed  basally, 
joint  4  slightly  longer  than  3;  venation  normal;  stigma  very  narrow, 
acuminate:  claw  with  minute  inner  tooth  not  very  remote  from  tip. 
Color  black;  tips  of  elypeus,  labium,  teguhe,  last  ventral  segment  of 
abdomen,  and  legs  for  the  most  part  reddish  yellow;  coxa-  and  bases  of 
femora  black:  wings  slightly  infuscated;  veins  brown:  stigma  scarcely 
paler. 

Three  males.     Olympia,  Wash.,  May  6-16,  1894-95.    Trevor  Kincaid, 
collector.     (Coll.  Cornell  Univ.) 

33.  Pachynematus  nevadensis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  (>  mm.;  slender,  elongate;  head  somewhat  narrowed 
back  of  compound  eyes;  elypeus  shallowly,  broadly  emarginate,  lobes 

narrow,  rather  sharp  pointed;  ocellar  basin  distinctly  defined,  walls 
rounded;  antennal  fovea  oval,  not  very  distinctly  defined;  antennae 
longer  than  head  and  thorax,  strongly  compressed,  tapering,  joints  3 
to  5  subetjiial:  venation  normal:  stigma  moderately  robust,  widest  at 
center;  procidentia  small,  narrow,  protruding,  rounded  at  apex;  claws 
with  minute  inner  tooth  not  very  remote  from  apex.  Color  black, 
shining:  more  or  less  of  apex  of  elypeus,  labruin  and  month  parts, 
extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  begula3,  legs  except  coxa',  venter,  and  more 
or  less  of  apex  of  dorsal  sclerites  reddish  ferruginous,  somewhat  infus- 
cated, especially  on  bases  of  femora,  trochanters,  posterior  tibia1  and 
their  tarsi;  posterior  orbits  narrowly  and  obscurely  reddish;  veins  and 
stigina  dark  brown. 


i&j 


Five  males.     Nevada.     ((Oil.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

XIV.  Genus  MICRONEMATUS  Konow. 

Micronematw  Konow.     Deutsche  Entom.  Zeitsch.,  wxiv,  1890,  p.  239. 

Body  small,  ovate;  elypeus  einargiuate  at  apex;  claws  with  subapical  tooth;  pen- 
tagonal area  obsolete;  antenna  short.  liliform;  costal  vein  greatly  dilated  at  apex, 
first  transverse  cubital  nerve  present;  eighth  (seventh  ?)  dorsal  segment  of  male 
with  short  carina;  sheaths  of  female  simple. — Konow. 

This  genus  seems  to  be  of  doubtful  value  and  at  least  has  no  Amer- 
ican representatives.  The  only  one  of  the  European  species  which  I 
have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining,  Micronematus  pullus  Forst., 
seems  to  belong  to  my  new  genus  Gymnonychus. 


111 

XV.  Genus  LYGCEONEMATUS  Konow. 

Lygceonematus  Kouow.     Deutsche  Eutoinologische  Zeitschrift,  1890,  n,  p.  238. 

Body  elongate-ovate;  clypeus  truncate  at  apex;  pentagonal  area  more  or  lesu 
distinct ;  claws  Avith  short,  suhapical  tooth ;  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  carinate, 
carina  subproduced  at  apex;  sheath  of  female  simple. — Konow. 

As  already  indicated  under  the  preceding  genus,  the  characters  given 
in  the  descriptions  of  the  genera  Pachynematus  and  Lygceonematus  by 
Konow  are  insufficient  to  satisfactorily  separate  the  species.  For  this 
reason  most  of  the  American  species  have  been  referred  to  the  first- 
named  genus.  I  have,  however,  placed  two  species  in  the  genus  Lygce- 
onematus which  seem  most  typical  in  the  characters  supposedly  peculiar 
to  it.  One  of  them,  the  European  L.  erichsonii  Hartig,  is  also  so  referred 
by  Konow.  Almost  all  of  the  third  group  of  species  referred  to  Pachy- 
nematus could  with  equal  propriety  be  placed  in  Lygceonematus.  If  it 
should  seem  later  advisable  to  separate  the  material  now  referred  to 
Pachynematus  it  could  be  best  done,  at  least  so  far  as  the  American 
species  are  concerned,  on  the  basis  of  the  characters  indicated  in  the 
table  of  species  separating  groups  2  and  3,  rather  than  on  characters 
proposed  by  Konow.  The  two  species  referred  to  Lygceonematus  may 
be  roughly  separated,  as  follows : 

Abdomen  black 1.   Winnipeg  Norton. 

Abdomen,  with  four  basal  segments,  orange  yellow 2.  erichsonii  Hartig. 

1.  Lygaeonematus  Winnipeg  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  Winnipeg  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  L98.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  60.) 

Female. — Length  8  mm.;  very  robust;  clypeus  truncate;  lateral 
ridges  of  ocellar  basin  low,  indistinct,  frontal  crest  wanting;  fovea 
small,  shallow  (antenna1  wanting);  venation  normal;  stigma  elongate, 
circular  on  lower  margin ;  sheath  broad,  rounded  at  apex ;  cerci  slender, 
tapering.  Color  black;  head  and  thorax  opaque:  abdomen  shining; 
clypeus  in  part,  labrum,  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  apex  of  abdomen 
dorsally  and  ventrally,  apices  of  coxa?,  trochanters,  and  legs  for  the  most 
part  yellowish  ferruginous;  anterior  femora  brown  on  lower  margin, 
posterior  femora  with  the  brown  extending  over  the  sides,  especially 
apically;  extreme  apices  of  posterior  tibia'  and  tarsi  somewhat  infus- 
cated;  veins,  including  costa  nearly  to  base  and  stigma,  brown. 

One  female,  Oresson's  type;  a  much-damaged  specimen.     Hudson 
Bay  territory  (Lake  Winnipeg!).     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
The  males  referred  to  in  the  original  description  have  been  lost. 

2,  Lygaeonematus  erichsonii  Hartig. 

1837.'  Nematus  erichsonii  Hartig.     Fain.  Blatt.  Holzwesp.,  p.  187. 
1880.  Nematus  noiahilis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vili,  p.  7. 


Later  European  references  are  omitted. 


112 

1881.  Nematua  erichsonii  Ilagen.     Can.  Eut.,  xiii,  p.  37. 

1883.  Nematua  erichsonii  Packard.     Kept.  U.  S.  Ent.,  pp.  138-146. 

1883.  Nematua  erichsonii  Packard.     Bull.  3,  Div.  Put..  P.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  \)\).  2!),  30. 

1883.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Fyles.     Can.  Eut.,  XV,  p.  205. 

1881.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Fletcher.     Can.  Ent.,  xvi,  pp.  21,").  216. 

1884.  Nematua  erichsonii  Packard.     Am.  Nat.,  xvill,  pp.  293-296. 

1884.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Packard.     Kept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agrio.,  p.  377. 

1885.  Nematua  erichsonii  Provaucher.     Add.  Faun.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  5. 
1885.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  xv,  pp.38,  45-50. 

1885.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Fletcher.     Rept.  Dept.  Agric,  Ottawa,  (an.,  ]».  28. 

1880.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Harrington.     Can.  Ent.,  xvill,  p.  :'•!'. 

L886.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  xvi,  p.  32. 

1887.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Fletcher.     Sept.  Dept.  Agrio.,  Ottawa,  Can.,  p.  55. 

B88.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Lintner.     Fifth  Rept.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp.  1(51-173. 

1889.  Nematua  eriehaonii  Fletcher.     Can.  Ent.,  x\i,  p.  152. 

1890.  Nematua  erichsonii  Packard.     Fifth  Kept.  IT.  8.  Ent.  Comm.,  p.  s7l>. 
1890.  Lygiojonematua  erichsonii  Konow.     Deutsch.  Pntoni.  Zeit.,  xxxiv,  p.  247. 

Female. — Length  11  nun.:  exp.  al.  22  mm.  j  large,  moderately  robust; 
head   and    thorax    finely   punctured,   entire  body   shining;    clypens 

scarcely  emarginate,  almost  truncate;  frontal  and  lateral  ridges  of 
ocellar  basin  rounded,  indistinct;  vertex  nearly  smooth;  antenna]  fovea 
long,  shallow,  deepest  at  apex;  antenna'  about  as  long  as  head  and 
thorax,  rather  robust,  tapering,  joints  3  and  1  subequal;  sheath  broad, 
rounded,  truncate  at  tip:  cerci  flattened,  somewhat  tapering;  inter- 
costal cross  vein  hyaline,  indistinct,  but  anterior  to  basal  and  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  cost  a;  first  transverse  cubital  indistinct  or  wanting; 
stigma  moderately  broad,  not  acuminate;  claw  with  minute  inner  tooth 
near  apex.  Color  black:  tip  of  clypens,  palpi,  basal  two-thirds  of 
tibiae,  apices  of  trochanters,  and  extreme  angles  of  pronotum  whitish; 
femora,  tips  of  anterior  tibi;e  and  their  tarsi,  first  four  segments  of 
abdomen  above  and  beneath  except  base  of  lirst  segment,  orange 
rufous;  extreme  tips  of  middle  femora  above  and  hind  femora  a  little 
more  broadly,  tips  of  hind  tibiae  and  their  tarsi,  black;  lower  surface 
of  antenme  rufous;  veins  black,  except  costa,  which  is  fulvous,  and 
anal  vein,  which  is  whitish;  wings  somewhat  infnscated;  dusky  spot  in 
second  cubital  cell  large,  prominent. 

Male. — Length  8.5  to  9  nun.;  slender,  elongate,  abdomen  not  wider 
than  thorax;  in  general,  structurally  as  in  female;  procidentia  strongly 
keeled,  somewhat  constricted  basally,  short,  not  projecting  beyond  the 
seventh  dorsal  segment;  last  ventral  segment  slightly  emarginate  at 
apex.  Color  black ;  antenme,  three  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  dor- 
sally  except  more  or  less  of  base  of  first  segment,  base  of  the  fourth 
segment,  all  of  venter  of  abdomen,  and  the  legs  except  bases  of  coxae 
reddish  yellow ;  tips  of  the  hind  tibia1  and  the  hind  tarsi  brownish; 
face  below  antenme,  more  or  less  of  lower  orbits,  pronotum,  and  tegulae 
whitish;  wings  as  in  female. 

Male  described  from  one  and  female  from  many  reared  specimens 
from  Canada.     (Coll.  IT.  S.  Nat,  Mus.)     Other  females  examined  repre- 


113 

sent     Labrador   and    Massachusetts — the   latter   Gressou's   types    of 
notabilis.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 


XVI.  Genus  PRISTIPHORA  Latreille. 

Pri8tiphora  Latreille,  Fam.  Nat.  du  Regno  Animal,  Paris,  1825. 
Pristiphora  Konow,  Deutsche  Ent.  Zeits.,  xxxiv,  1890,  p.  238. 

Body  short,  ovato;  clypeus  truncate  at  apex;  pentagonal  area  obsolete;  claws 
either  with  subapical  tooth  or  bifid;  first  transverse  cubital  of  anterior  wings  often 
wanting  or  hyaline;  eighth  (seventh!)  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  carinate,  carina 
not  prominent  at  apex;  sheath  of  female  with  rather  dense  scopa  at  tip. — Konow. 

The  species  of  this  genus  form  a  fairly  well  defined  group,  but  are 
often  referable  rather  from  the  sum  of  the  characters  than  from  any 
particular  feature.  The  absence  of  the  first  cubital  nerve  is  by  no  means 
constant,  even  in  the  same  species,  although  usually  a  good  generic 
character  and  to  be  relied  upon.  The  claws  are  sometimes  very  evenly 
notched  at  the  tips,  but  not  deeply  so.  When  this  is  the  case,  however, 
the  smooth  vertex,  which  is  a  very  constant  characteristic  of  the  genus, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  other  characters,  will  usually  determine 
the  true  affinities.  Very  little  is  known  by  actual  rearings  of  the  habits 
of  the  species,  but  in  this  particular  they  probably  present  no  striking 
peculiarities.  A  number  of  them  teed  on  willow  and  l\  idiota  Norton  is 
an  important  enemy  of  the  cranberry. 

TABLE   of    SPECIES. 

Females 

I.  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  hlack. 

Wings  strongly  infhseated 1.   nigra  n.  sp. 

Wings  not  or  very  slightly  infuscated. 
Tegulae  hlack. 

Head  small,  narrow,  not  much  more  than  one-half  width  of  thorax. 
Posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  unicolorous,  pale..   2.  la bradoHa  Norton. 
Posterior  tibiae  pale,  tips  black;  tarsi  hlack..   3.  ttycophanta  Walsh. 
Head  broad,  much  more  than  one-half  width  of  thorax. 

Posterior  tibia'  strongly  infuscated,  nearly  hlack.    4.   lata  Cresson. 
Posterior  tibia'  pale  except  tips,  which  with  tarsi  are  brown. 

5.  sishiyouensia  n.  sp. 
Tegulae  pale. 

Labrum  hlack;  extreme  tips  only  of  hind  tibiae  hlack. 

Stigma  brown (5.  murtfeldtUu  n.  sp. 

Stigma  luteous,  pale  at  base 7.  relatwa  Norton. 

Labrum,  together  with  tip  of  clypeus,  pale;  apical  half  of  hind  tibiae 
hlack 8.   banksi  n.  sp. 

II.  Head  hlack;  thorax  and  abdomen,  or  abdomen  only,  distinctly  marked  or  banded 
with  yellow. 

1.  Pronotum  black  or  only  the  extreme  angle  yellow;  abdomen,  with  segments 
2  to  5,  yellow,  sometimes  interrupted  centrally  above 9.  idiota  Norton. 

2.  Pronotum,  with  outer  one-half,  yellow;  femora  yellow;  segments  1  to  4 
reddish  yellow,  infuscated 10.  dyari  n.  sp. 

13449— No.  3 8 


114 

3.  Proiiotuin  as  above;  femora  brown  at  tips  or  bases;  segments  1  to  t>  yellow. 

Stigma   three  times  as  long  as   wide;  costa  not    or  scarcely   paler    than 

stigma 11.  /ocularis  Cresson. 

Stigma  twice  as  long  as  wide;   costa  much  paler  than  stigma. 

12.  hoodi  n.  sp. 

4.  Pronotnm  yellow;  thorax  otherwise  black;  abdomen  black,  except  lateral 
third  of  segments  after  the  first  and  venter 13.  koebelci  n.  sp. 

5.  Pronotum  yellow;  thorax  and  abdomen  reddish  yellow,  marked  with  black. 

11.  bivittaia  Norton. 
Mai  €8. 

Femora  altogether  black,  or  at  least  hind  pair. 
Pronotum  and  teguke  black. 

Posterior  tibiae  pale,  strongly  infuscated  at  tips 5.  siskiyouensisn.&p. 

Posterior  tibia'  strongly  in t'nscal ed.  nearly  black I.   lata  Cresson. 

Pronotum  black  ;  tegnlae  pale;  apical  half  of  hind  tibiae  black  .  8.  hanksi  n.sp. 
Femora  black  basally,  paling  apically;  pronotum  and  clypeua  black;  labrum  infus- 
cated    !>.  idiota  Norton. 

Femora  pale,  except  sometimes  tips  of  posterior  pair. 

Abdomen,  with  basal  segments,  yellow 11.  /ocularis  Cresson. 

Abdomen  altogether  black  dorsally. 

Venter  pale 15.  oarolinensis  n.  sp. 

Venter  black. 

Pronotnm  and  legs  orange  yellow 1G.  luteola  Norton. 

Pronotum  and   legs  reddish  yellow;  genitalia  strongly  infuscated. 

17.  occidentalis  n.  sp. 
Pronotum  black,  except  extreme  angles;  legs  and  genitalia  yellow. 

18.  coloradensis  n.  sp. 

INDEX     TO    SPECIES   <>l     PRISTIPHORA. 

banksin.  sp.  S  9 s  labradoris  Norton  9 2 

bivittata  Norton   9 11  lata  Cresson  <J    9 1 

carolinensis  n.  sp.  J 15  luteola  Norton,/ lb 

eoloradensis  n.  sp.  $ 18  murtfeldtia-  n.  sp.  9 b 

dyarin.sp.  9    10  nigra   n.  sp.  9 1 

hoodi  n.  sp.  9   12  occidentals  n.  sp.  $ 17 

idiota  Norton  $    9 9  relativa  Norton  2 7 

identidem  Norton = idiota.  siskiyouensis  n.  sp.  £    9 -r> 

jocularis  Cresson  &   9 H  sycophanta  Walsh   9 3 

koebelei  n.  sp.  9 13  tibialis  Norton  =  sycophanta. 

1.  Pristiphora  nigra  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  surface  somewhat  shining,  head  rather 
densely  and  finely  granulate;  clypeus  scarcely  em  ar  gin  ate,  almost 
truncate;  elevations,  frontal  and  ocellar,  almost  obsolete;  antennal 
fovea  broad,  circular,  shallow;  intercostal  cross  vein  about  its  own 
length  anterior  to  basal  and  strongly  inclined;  first  transverse  cubital 
wanting,  venation  otherwise  normal;  stigma  not  greatly  broadened  at 
base;  apex  of  costa  considerably  enlarged;  scopaof  sheath  rather  long 
and  dense;  cerci  short  tapering;  inner  tooth  of  claw  short,  obtuse. 
Color  black;  tibiae,  except  apices  of  posterior  pair  and  bases  of  tarsi, 
lighter,  inclined  to  whitish;  wings  strongly  infuscated;  veins,  includ- 
ing stigma  and  costa,  dark  brown. 

One  female.     Easton,  Wash.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 


115 

2.  Pristiphora  labradoris  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  labradoris  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Sue,  I,  p.  190.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  58.) 
1878.  Nematus  labradoris  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  53. 
1883.  Nematus  labradoris  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hyni.,  p.  185. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  short,  robust;  head  and  thorax  densely 
granulate-punctate,  with  uiinnte  hoary  pubescence;  abdomen  smooth, 
shining;  head  narrow,  not  more  than  half  as  wide  as  thorax,  strongly 
trilobed  when  viewed  from  above;  clypeus  broadly  but  very  shallowly 
emargiuate,  almost  truncate;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar  basin 
indistinct,  almost  wanting;  fovea  indistinct;  antennae  short,  slender, 
scarcely  tapering,  third  to  fifth  joints  subequal;  intercostal  cross 
vein  nearly  twice  its  length  anterior  to  basal  vein,  inclined;  third 
cubital  cell  not  much  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  at  base,  venation 
otherwise  normal;  stigma  tapering  regularly  to  somewhat  acuminate 
apex  from  rather  broadly  ovate  base;  sheath  tapering  on  both  edges 
to  rounded  extremity,  and  with  very  distinct  and  heavy  scopa;  cerci 
strongly  tapering;  inner  tooth  of  claw  minute.  Color  black;  margin 
of  labrum,  bases  of  mandibles  and  palpi,  tibia1  and  tarsi,  apical  half  of 
anterior  pair  and  extreme  tips  of  two  posterior  pairs  of  femora,  fulvous, 
more  or  less  infuscated;  veins  light  yellowish  brown,  including  stigma 
and  costa;  wings  hyaline,  or  but  slightly  infuscated. 

One  female,  Norton's  type  ( ?).     Labrador.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

3.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Walsh. 

1866.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil..  VI,  p.  263. 

1867.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  76.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  46). 
1867.  Pristiphora  tibialis  Norton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  76.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  46). 
1878.  Pristiphora  tibialis  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  X,  p.  50. 

1881.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Packard.     Bull.  7,  U.  S.  Ent.  Connn.,  p.  141. 

1882.  Nematus  sycophanta  Kirhy.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mns.,  i,  p.  110. 

1882.  Nematus  tricialis  Kirhy.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  140. 

1883.  Pristiphora  tibialis  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  182. 
1886.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Provancher.     Add.  Fanu.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  22. 
1890.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Packard.     Filth  Rept.  U.  8.  Ent.  Coram.,  p.  598. 

1894.  Nematus  tibialis  Dalla  Torre.     Cat.  Hym.,  I,  p.  266. 

1895.  Pristiphora  sycophanta  Marlatt.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Wash.,  in,  p.  267. 
1895.  Pristiphora  tibialis  Dyar.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxu,  p.  301  (larva). 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  head  small,  narrow, 
not  much  more  than  half  the  width  of  thorax;  clypeus  nearly  truncate; 
vertex  smooth,  ridges  rounded,  subobsolete;  fovea  very  minute,  circu- 
lar; antenna?  slender,  slightly  tapering,  third  joint  much  longer  than 
fourth;  claw  with  very  minute  inner  tooth;  venation  normal,  except 
that  the  second  cubital  is  wanting.  Color  black,  shining,  including 
mouth  parts  and  teguhe;  anterior  and  middle  tibia'  and  tarsi  yellowish; 
posterior  tibia1,  except  apical  third,  whitish;  wings  nearly  hyaline; 
veins  and  stigma  brown. 


116 

One  female.  Nevada.  (Ooll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  A  specimen  from 
Ithaca.  X.  Y.,  lias  also  been  referred,  doubtfully,  to  this  species. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Dyar  reared  this  insect  from  green  larvae  found  on  white 
birch  (Betula  papyrifera)  at  Keene  Valley,  N.  Y.,  and  also  on  willow 
and  yellow  birch  at  Jefferson,  N.  Yr. 

4.  Pristiphora  lata  Ores  son. 

1880,  Netnatua  httus  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Boc.,  vm.  p. 4. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm. ;  short,  very  robust;  head  nearly  as  wide  as 
thorax,  not  noticeably  trilobed,  finely  granulate;  body  generally  clothed 
with  fine  hoary  pile;  clypeus  truncate;  frontal  crest  and  sides  of  ocellar 
basin  entirely  wanting;  antenna]  fovea  very  minute,  shallow,  circular; 
antennae  short,  not  longer  than  head  aud  thorax,  somewhat  compressed, 
tapering,  third  and  fourth  joints  subequai;  intercostal  cross  nerve  nearly 
interstitial  with  basal,  inclined;  third  cubital  cell  not  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  wide  at  base;  venation  otherwise  normal;  sheath  not  very 
robust,  tapering  on  both  edges,  with  distinct  scopa;  cerci  minute,  not 
tapering;  inner  tooth  of  Claw  very  minute.  Color  black;  head  and  tho- 
rax opaque,  abdomen  shining;  clypeus,  apical  two- thirds  of  first  pair  of 
femora  and  their  tibiae,  and  tarsi  fulvous,  inclined  to  fuscous;  posterior 
tibia- and  tarsi  fuscous;  wings  hyaline;  veins  dark  brown  ;  extreme  angle 
of  pronotum  fulvous. 

Male. — Characters  in  general  as  in  the  female.  Color  the  same, except 
that  the  female  sometimes  has  the  extreme  tip  of  the  pronotum  yellow; 
antennae  robust,  short,  strongly  compressed;  first  cubital  cross  vein 
hyaline.  Easily  distinguished  from  all  other  males  of  the  genus  by  the 
black  pronotum  and  teguhe,  and  black  or  strongly  infuscated  hind 
tibiae. 

Two  females  and  one  male.  Nevada.  (Colls.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  aud  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) 

This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  labradoris,  but  differs  particularly 
in  the  much  wider  head  relative  to  the  thorax,  and  also  in  minor  details. 

5.  Pristiphora  siskiyouensis  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  rather  robust;  head  large,  nearly  as  wide 
as  thorax;  vertex  smooth,  shining,  with  no  indications  of  ridges;  clyp- 
eus nearly  truncate;  antennal  fovea  wanting,  or  nearly  so;  antennae 
slender,  slightly  tapering,  third  joint  much  longer  than  fourth;  claw 
with  minute  inner  tooth ;  venation  normal,  except  that  second  cubital 
is  wanting.  Color  black,  shining,  including  mouth  parts  and  teguhe; 
anterior  tibiae  aud  tarsi  pallid,  the  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  posterior 
tibiae  white,  except  tips,  which,  with  posterior  tarsi,  are  brownish, 
almost  black;  wings  hyaline;  veins  and  stigma  brown. 

Male. — Agrees  with  female  in  colorational  characters;  antennae 
stouter  and  somewhat  compressed,  distinctly  tapering;  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  black  i)rouotuni  and  teguhe  from  other  species,  except 


117 

the  closely  allied  lata,  from  which  it  may  be  separated  by  the  characters 
of  the  hind  tibia1. 

Two  males  and  one  female.  Siskiyou  County,  Oal.  April.  Mr.  Albert 
Koebele,  collector.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

This  species  is  closely  related  in  general  appearance  to  sycophanta 
Walsh,  but  differs  distinctly  in  shape  and  size  of  head  relative  to 
thorax. 

0.  Pristiphora  murtfeldtiae  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;  not  very  robust,  shining;  head  and  thorax 
very  finely  punctured;  clypeus  truncate;  antennal  fovea  shallow,  indis- 
tinct, merging  into  the  smooth  ocellar  region;  antennae  moderately 
stout,  joint  3  longest;  intercostal  vein  more  than  its  length  anterior  to 
basal;  third  cubital  cell  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  at  base; 
inner  tooth  of  claw  obtuse,  rather  large.  Color  black;  teguhe,  tro- 
chanters, tips  of  anterior  femora,  all  tibia1  except  tips  of  posterior  pair, 
anterior  pairs  of  tarsi  and  bases  of  posterior  pair,  fulvous. 

One  female,  reared  by  Miss  Mary  Murtfeldt,  at  Kirkwood,  Mo.,  from 
a  smooth,  greenish  sing  with  black  head,  found  feeding  on  black 
willow.     Adult  issued  April  10, 1887.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

7.  Pristiphora  relativa  Norton. 

1867.  Pristiphora  relatives  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  77.     (Cat.  etc., 

p.  47.) 
1882.  Nematus  relativus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  1  tO. 
Female.  — Length  0.18,  br.  wings  0.38  inch.     Color  shining  black.     Antenna1  as  in 
P.  tibialis.     Head  coriaceous,  without  sensible  depressions  about  the  ocelli;  edge  of 
nasus  incurved.     Tegulae  and  legs  whitish;  coxae  and  a  wide  band  on  the  femora 
black;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi,  except  basal  joint,  fuscous.     Wings 
hyaline,  stigma  and  costa  luteous,  the  latter  pale  at  base;  second  submarginal  cell 
contracted  at  junction  with  third  cell. 
Great  Slave  Lake,  H.  B.  T.     R.  Kennicott,  collector. 
This  is  not  as  stout  as  the  preceding  species  (tibialis),  but  resembles  it  much. 

I  have  not  examined  the  type  of  this  species,  and  merely  reproduce 
the  original  description. 

8.  Pristiphora  banksi  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  rather  robust;  head  nearly  as  wide  as 
thorax;  clypeus  rounded  in  front,  not  at  all  emarginate;  vertex  without 
ridges  around  ocellar  basin,  deeply  and  coarsely  punctured;  antenna1 
tapering,  third  joint  longest;  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth;  venation 
normal,  except  that  second  recurrent  is  wanting.  Color  black,  shining; 
apex  of  clypeus,  labrum,  teguhe,  apices  of  coxa*,  trochanters,  and  tibia' 
for  the  most  part  pallid;  anterior  tarsi  slightly  infuscated;  apical  half 
of  posterior  tibia?  and  the  posterior  tarsi  black. 

Male. — Agrees  for  the  most  part  in  structural  and  colorational  char- 


118 

acters  with  the  female.     Antenna1  are  stouter  and  somewhat  compressed. 
Differs  from  the  female  in  that  the  pronotum  is  entirely  black. 

One  male  and  one  female.  Sea  Cliff,  Long  Island,  and  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Mr.  Nathan  Banks,  collector.     (Coll.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

9.  Pristiphora  idiota  Norton. 

1867.  Pristiphora  idiota  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i.  p.  77. 

1867.  Pristiphora  identidem  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  77.    (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  47.) 
1869.   Pristiphora  identidem  Glover.     Rept.  U.  S.  l')ept.  A#r.,  p.  207. 
1S70.  Pristiphora  identidem  Packard,    (Jnidoto  Study  of  Insects, p. 217. 
1872.    Pristiphora  identidem  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  IV,  p.  78. 
1S77.  Pristiphora  identidem  Glover.     Rept.  I'.  S.  l>rpt.  Agric,  p.  92. 
1878.    Pristiphora  idiota  l'rovanclicr.     Nat .  ( '.in..  \.  p.50. 

1881.  Pristiphora  identidi  m  Thomas.     LOth  Rept.  State  Ent,  111.,  1880,  p.  69. 

1882.  Nematus  idiotus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  140. 

1883.  Pristiphora  idiota  Provahcher.     Faun. Ent,  Can. Hym.,  p.  182. 
1883.   Pristiphora  identidem  Saunders.     Ins.  Inj. to  Fruits, p. 373. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  moderately  robust;  head  with  coarse,  deep 
puncturing;  ridges  on  cither  side  of  anterior  ocellus  pounded,  nearly 
obsolete:  clypeus  nearly  truncate;  antenna'  slender,  third  joint  very 
much  longer  than  fourth,  fourth  and  fifth  subequal;  sheath  rather 
slender,  rounded  at  tip.  with  dense  bordering  fringe  of  hairs;  claws  with 
minute  inner  tooth;  venation  normal,  except  that  the  first  cubital  cross 
vein  is  wanting.  Color  black,  shining;  clypeus  and  palpi,  teguhe,  and 
central  area  of  abdomen,  latter  more  or  less  interrupted  dor  sally,  yellow; 
legs  yellow:  femora  usually  brown  basally  and  a pically,  especially  on 
upper  and  lower  margins,  or  brown  with  sides  reddish  yellow;  tips  of 
posterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  brown;  wings  hyaline:  veins  brown. 

Male. — Agrees  with  female  in  structural  and  colorational  characters, 
except  thai  the  abdomen  is  entirely  black.  Antennas  are  considerably 
stouter  than  those  of  the  female,  cylindrical,  not  at  all  compressed. 

Many  specimens  of  both  sexes.  New  Hampshire.  (Colls.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.  and  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

10.  Pristiphora  dyari  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5.5  mm.;  xevy  robust;  head  with  coarse,  dense 
puncturing;  frontal  ridge  slightly  elevated;  fovea  shallow;  clypeus 
nearly  squarely  truncate;  antennas  tapering,  third  joint  longest; 
sheath  not  very  broad,  rounded  at  apex,  with  dense  bordering  hairs; 
claws  minutely  cleft,  sharp,  inner  tooth  near  apex;  venation  normal, 
except  that  first  cubital  is  wanting.  Color  black,  shining;  clypeus, 
outer  half  of  pronotum,  teguhe,  segments  1  to  4  of  abdomen,  and  legs 
reddish  yellow;  apical  third  of  posterior  tibia;  and  their  tarsi  black; 
wings  hyaline;  veins  dark  brown. 

One  female.    Keene  Valley,  N.  Y.,  June  21,  1891.     (Coll.  Dyar.) 


119 

11.  Pristiphora  j  ocularis  Cresson. 

1880.   Pristiphora  ^ocularis  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  yiii,  p.  3. 
1882.  Nematus  j ocularis  Kirby.    List  Hyiu.  Brit.  Mas.,  i,  p.  141. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  robust;  head  coarsely  punctured;  vertex 
with  ridges  about  anterior  ocellus  present,  but  rounded  and  indistinct; 
antennal  fovea  circular,  shallow;  elypeus  squarely  truncate,  and  with 
labrum  clothed  with  rather  dense  and  long,  whitish  hairs;  sheath 
stout,  with  rather  dense  hairs ;  first  cubital  wanting ;  stigma  three  times 
as  long  as  wide;  claw  tooth  small  and  near  apex,  approaching  bifid. 
Color  black,  shining,  subsericeous ;  labrum  and  tip  of  elypeus  pallid; 
outer  half  of  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulaj,  abdomen  except  two  apical 
segments,  and  legs  for  most  part  yellow;  extreme  bases  of  coxae  black; 
tips  of  posterior  femora,  tips  of  posterior  tibire  and  their  tarsi,  brownish 
black;  wings  nearly  hyaline;  veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  dark 
brown. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  structurally  as  in  female,  except  that  the 
ridges  of  vertex  are  practically  obsolete ;  fovea  very  shallow,  almost 
wanting;  antenna1  compressed,  tapering;  procidentia  short,  keeled, 
constricted  basally.  Color  as  in  female,  except  that  the  abdomen  is 
black  above,  banded  with  yellow  on  second  and  third  segments;  poste- 
rior femora  brown  only  at  extreme  tips  above. 

Cresson's  type  specimens,  one  male  and  one  female.  Morrison,  col- 
lector.    Nevada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

12.  Pristiphora  hoodi  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  robust;  head  coarsely  punctured;  vertex, 
with  ridges  about  anterior  ocellus,  rounded,  subobsolete;  antennal 
fovea  circular,  distinctly  excavated  anteriorly;  elypeus  squarely  trun- 
cate; sheath  broad,  thickly  clothed  with  hairs  toward  apex;  claws 
with  minute  inner  tooth  near  apex;  first  cubital  wanting;  stigma  about 
twice  as  long  as  wide.  Color  black,  shining,  subsericeous ;  tip  of  elypeus 
and  labrum  whitish;  outer  half  of  angles  of  pronotum,  tegular,  abdo- 
men except  three  terminal  segments,  and  legs  for  the  most  part 
reddish  yellow;  outer  half  of  posterior  femora  brown,  anterior  femora 
slightly  infuscated  basally;  tips  of  posterior  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  infus- 
cated;  basal  half  of  coxae  black;  basal  plates  tinged  with  rufous; 
wings  hyaline;  veins  brown,  costa  somewhat  paler;  first  cubital  cross 
vein  hyaline. 

Que  female.     Mount  Hood,  Oreg.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 
This  species  comes  very  close  to  Cresson's  jocular  h,  but  differs,  per- 
haps, sufficiently  to  warrant  a  new  species. 

13.  Pristiphora  koebelei  new  species. 

Female. — Length  6  mm.;,  robust;  head  coarsely  and  rugosely  rough- 
ened with  little  tubercles;  lateral  ridges  about  anterior  ocellus  obsolete; 


120 

frontal  crest  moderately  developed,  obtuse;  fovea  shallow,  elypeus 
truncate;  antennae  moderately  stout,  scarcely  tapering  until  near  tip, 
third  joint  not,  or  scarcely,  longer  than  fourth;  venation  normal,  except 
that  the  first  cubital  is  hyaline :  sheath  with  dense  fringe  of  hairs;  claws, 
with  rather  large  inner  tooth,  approaching  bifid.  Color  black,  shining: 
apex  of  elypeus,  labrum.  pronotum,  teguhc,  abdomen,  and  legs  for 
the  most  part  reddish  yellow;  basal  segment  of  abdomen,  narrow  line 
down  center  of  dorsum  of  following  segments,  more  or  less  interrupted 
at  sutures,  black;  posterior  tarsi  and  extreme  tips  of  posterior  tibiae 
black:  bases  of  all  coxa1  black;  band  on  mesonotum,  just  above 
scutellum,  rufous;  wings  hyaline,  or  nearly  so:  veins  and  stigma  dark 
brown;  spot  in  second  cubital  cell  large  and  prominent. 

Four  females.  Washington.  (Colls.  U.  8.  Xat.  Mus.  and  Am.  Bnt. 
Soc.) 

It.  Pristiphora  bivittata  Norton. 

1861.  Nematua  bivittatua  Norton.    Proe.  Boston  Soc  Nut.  Hist.,  vni., p.  158. 

1867.  Nematua  bivittatua  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  i.  p.  219.     I  (  at.,  etc.,  p.  SI.) 

1S7S.  Nematua  bivittatua  Provancher.     Nat.  Can..  \.  p.  .".(>. 

L883.  Nematua  bivittatua  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Ilvm.,  p.  L88. 

Female. — Length  6.5  mm.;  robust,  shining;  head  densely  and  linely 
tuberculatc-granulate.  opaque,  clothed  with  sericeous  hail's;  elypeus 
nearly  squarely  truncate;  ocellar  and  frontal  ridges  almost  wanting; 
antenna!  fovea  shallow,  tapering  anteriorly,  indistinct:  antenna'  very 
robust,  last  four  joints  tapering  somewhat  suddenly,  third  to  fifth  joints 
Subequal,  more  robust;  sheath  not  very  broad,  obtusely  pointed,  scopa 
not  very  long  but  dense:  cerci  short,  tapering;  claws  with  rather  long 
inner  tooth;  intercostal  anterior  to  basal  and  almost  at  right  angles 
With  cost  a:  wings  otherwise  normal;  first  transverse  cubital  wanting; 
stigma  ovate  at  base,  tapering  regularly  to  apex.  Color  in  general 
reddish  orange;  elypeus,  labrum,  bases  of  mandibles,  inclined  to  pallid; 
head  above  elypeus  and  antenna',  stripe  on  lateral  lobes  of  mesonotum 
and  sometimes  on  anterior  lobe,  scutellum,  me tanotum,  lateral  dorsal 
angle  of  first  segment,  narrow  stripe  along  center  of  dorsum,  termi- 
nating on  next  to  last  segment,  lower  third  of  mesepimera,  and  sheath 
black  or  dark  brown;  tips  of  hind  tibiae  and  the  hind  tarsi  strongly 
infuscated;  veins,  including  stigma  and  cost  a  nearly  to  base,  dark 
brown;  first  transverse  cubital  hyaline,  indistinct. 

Four  females.  Canada,  Massachusetts,  and  Illinois.  (Coll.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.) 

15.  Pristiphora  carolinensis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  rather  slender;  vertex  without  prominent 
ridges  about  anterior  ocellus,  somewhat  roughened,  with  minute  tuber- 
cles; frontal  crest  obsolete,  fovea  very  shallow  or  nearly  wanting; 
elypeus  nearly  truncate  or  very  broadly  and  shailowly  emarginate; 


121 

antenna'  slender,  elongate,  joints  slightly  enlarged  at  tips;  second 
cubital  hyaline;  outer  veins  of  discal  cells  of  hind  wings  interstitial; 
procidentia  broad,  strongly  keeled;  claws  with  minute  inner  tooth 
remote  from  apex.  Color  black,  shining;  clypens,  month  parts,  pro- 
notum,  teguke,  legs,  central  area  of  abdomen  ventrally,  pale  yellowish; 
apical  half  of  posterior  tibia'  and  their  tarsi  brownish  black;  wings 
h valine;  veins  light  brown. 

Three  males,  two  without  locality  labels  and  one  collected  in  North 
Carolina.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

IT).  Pristiphora  mteola  Norton. 

1807.  Nematus  luteolus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  200.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  62.) 

1878.  Nematus  luteolus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x.  p.  55. 

1883.  Nematus  luteolus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Ilvm..  p.  185. 

1893.  Nematus  luteolus  McGillivray.     Can.  Ent.,  xxv,  p.  238. 

Male. — Length  6  mm.;  rather  slender,  elongate,  shining;  head  and 
thorax  strongly  punctured;  clypens  squarely  truncate;  oeellar  and 
frontal  ridges  subobsolete;  antennal  fovea  very  shallow,  broad;  an- 
tenna' very  robust,  flattened,  tapering,  longer  than  head  and  thorax, 
joints  3  to  5  subequal;  venation  normal,  except  that  intercostal  vein 
is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  costa  and  the  first  transverse  cubital  is 
subobsolete  or  hyaline;  upper  discoid al  cell  of  hind  wings  sometimes 
extending  more  than  J  its  length  beyond  the  lower  cell;  procidentia 
very  broad,  slightly  excavated  at  tip,  not  projecting;  hypopygium  dis- 
tinctly notched  at  tip;  claws  with  rather  large,  prominent  inner  tooth. 
Color  black;  clypens,  labrum,  bases  of  mandibles,  palpi,  legs  for  the 
most  part,  pronotum,  and  teguhe  yellowish  ferruginous;  tips  of  poste- 
rior tibia'  and  tarsi  fuscous;  veins,  including  costa  and  stigma,  except 
base  of  latter,  brown. 

Two  males.    Illinois  and  Massachusetts.    (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

17.  Pristiphora  occidentalis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  not  very  robust;  head  roughened;  lateral 
walls  about  anterior  ocellus  entirely  wanting;  crest  present,  rounded; 
fovea  shallow;  clypens  truncate;  antenna'  tapering,  compressed  ba 
sally ;  procidentia  broad,  not  projecting  beyond  seventh  segment ;  claws 
with  minute  inner  tooth  near  apex;  second  cubital  cross  vein  present; 
third  cubital  cell  quadrate.  Color  black,  shining;  clypeus  yellowish; 
pronotum,  tegukv,  and  legs  reddish  yellow;  posterior  tarsi  infuscated; 
wings  slightly  smoky;  veins  and  stigma  dark  brown;  costa  yellowish; 
genitalia  strongly  infuscated,  nearly  black. 

Three  males.     Oregon  and  Washington.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

18.  Pristiphora  coloradensis  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm.;  not  very  robust;  head  roughened  with  minute 
tubercles;   ridges  about  anterior  ocellus  wanting;  crest  indistinctly 


122 

raised;  fovea  shallow;  clypens  truncate;  antenna1  stout,  tapering, 
fourth  joint  longer  than  third;  first  transverse  cubital  wanting;  claws 
with  minute  inner  tooth.  Color  black,  shining;  distinct  pubescence  on 
pleura;  apex  of  clypeus,  labruin,  extreme  angles  of  pronotum,  teguhe, 
and  legs  for  the  most  part  yellow;  coxa-  black  basally:  posterior 
tibia-  at  tips  and  their  tarsi  infuscated;  wings  hyaline;  veins  light  brown; 
genitalia  yellow. 

One  male.     Colorado.     (Ooll.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.) 

XVII.  Genus  GYMNONYCHUS  nov.  gen. 

|  From  yi'/uu'ot,  naked,  ami  oi'i'f  claw.  I 

Body  short,  ovate;  antenna  short,  filiform,  third  joinl  longest;  venation  of  I'ris- 
tiphora,  sec.. ml  cubital  with  both  recurrent  nervures;  Lanceolate  cell  petiolate; 
stigma  ovate;  iii>  of  clypeus  more  or  less  emarginate;  pentagonal  area  of  vertex 
indistinctly  outlined  or  wanting;  flaws  simple,  without  inner  tooth;  sheath  of 
femalo  simple,  obtusely  pointed  at  tip. 

This  genus  is  separated  from  the  preceding,  Pristiphora^hy  (lie  posses- 
sion of  a  simple  claw,  without  inner  branch  or  tooth.  The  type  of  the 
genus  is  the  species  designated  as  californicus.  Examination  of  the 
species  of  Pristipkora  indicates  also  that  appendiculatus  Hartig  (=gro8- 
sularia  Walsh)  falls  in  this  genus.  These  two  species  are  very  impor- 
tant ones  economically,  the  Latter  being  a  well-known  enemy  of  the 
gooseberry  and  the  former  reported  to  be  a  very  serious  enemy  to  the 
pear  in  various  localities  in  California. 

TABLE   <>I     8PK<  TES. 

Wry  short,  robust:  angles  of  pronotum  broadly  yellow. 

(  lypeus  and  labrnm  black 1.  californicus  n    sp. 

Clypens  ami  labrnm  pale 2.  proximatua  Norton. 

Somewhat  less  robust :  pronotum  unicolorons. 

( lolor  black  3.  appendiculatus  Hartig. 

Color  resinous,  incline*!  to  reddish 4.  resinicolor  u.  sp. 

1.  Gymnonychus  californicus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  4.5  mm.:  very  short  and  robust,  shining;  head 
densely  punctured,  rather «opaque;  clypens  very  slightly  emarginate; 
frontal  crest  wanting  or  very  slightly  indicated;  antenna*  very  short, 
not  as  long  as  head  and  thorax,  filiform,  third  joint  longest;  intercostal 
nearly  at  right  angles  with  costa,  interstitial  with  basal;  venation  other- 
wise normal ;  stigma  short,  broad,  ovate  at  base ;  apex  of  costa  strongly 
thickened;  sheath  broad,  slightly  emarginate  beneath  and  acuminate 
at  tip ;  claws  simple.  Color  black ;  angles  of  pronotum,  tegulae,  trochan- 
ters, apices  of  femora  (particularly  anterior  pair),  tibia',  and  tarsiyellow- 
ish  ferruginous;  the  posterior  tibia'  and  tarsi  particularly  somewhat 
infuscated;  veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  dark  brown;  wings 
hyaline. 


123 

Eleven  females,  one  collected  at  Brockport,  N.  Y.,  the  others  bred 
from  larva^  found  on  pear  trees  near  Sacramento,  Cal.,  the  adults  issu- 
ing in  March.     (Coll.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.) 

This  sawfly  was  reported  by  Matthew  Cooke  to  be  very  injurious  in 
1881-82  about  Sacramento,  Cal.,  and  in  adjoining  counties.  It  feeds  on 
the  leaves  of  pear  trees,  skeletonizing  them  more  or  less,  somewhat  after 
the  manner  of  the  common  cherry  and  pear  slug.  It  forms  little  brown 
cocoons  about  the  base  of  the  tree,  in  which  the  larvae  hibernate,  the 
adults  issuing  early  in  March.  A  second  brood,  apparently,  was  obtained 
in  the  latter  part  of  April,  indicating  the  probable  occurrence  of  several 
annual  broods.  Mr.  Koebele  also  sent  specimens  of  this  sawfly  from  Na- 
toma,  Cal.,  reporting  it  to  be  most  destructive  to  pear  trees  in  that  region. 
He  also  noticed  the  same  species  ovipositing  on  pear  trees  at  Santa 
Clara.     If  disturbed,  the  parent  insect  falls  to  the  ground  and  remains 


Fm.lQ.—Gymnonychus calif ornicus:  a,  female;  b,  lateral  view  of  tip  of  abdomen,  showing  sheath 
andcercus;  c,  claw  and  pulviUus— all  enlarged  (original). 

motionless  for  a  time,  with  the  antenna'  and  legs  bent  closely  to  the 
body.  The  characteristic  features  of  the  adult  insect  are  indicated  in 
the  accompanying  figure  (fig.  10).  It  is  probable  that  this  is  the  unde- 
termined pear  sawfly  referred  to  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Lintner  as  being  very 
injurious  in  the  Hammond  nurseries,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1804. 
(2nd  Kept.  N.  Y.  State  Entom.,  1885,  p.  5.) 

2.  Gymnonychus  proximatus  Norton. 

1861.  Xe7natit$  proximatus  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vin,  p.  160. 

1867.  Nematiis  proximatus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  202.     (Cat.,  etc., 

p.  64). 
1878.  Nematiis  proximatus  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  55. 
1883.  Xematus  proximatus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  185. 

Male. — Length  5.5  mm.;   rather  slender,  shining;   head  and  thorax 
punctured;  clypeus  squarely  truncate;  crest  of  head  rounded,  almost 


124 

wanting:  antennal  fovea  indistinct  or  wanting,  at  most  very  shallow; 
antenna'  not  very  robust,  flattened,  tapering,  joints  3  to  5  subequal; 
venation  normal;  stigma  not  very  robust,  tapering;  procidentia  very 
broad,  obtuse,  strongly  keeled:  hypopygium  broad,  rounded  at  apex; 
claws  without  inner  tooth.  Color  black;  clypeus,  labrnm,  and  month 
parts  pallid:  angles  of  pronotum,  tegnhc,  more  or  less  of  apical  half  of 
femora,  the  anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi,  and  the  basal  two-thirds  of  tibiae 
yellowish;  more  or  less  of  bases  of  femora,  especially  of  hind  pair  and 
apiees  of  hind  tibia'  and  tarsi,  and  the  tips  of  anterior  tarsi  brownish 
black;  veins,  including  stigma  and  costa,  the  latter  nearly  to  base,  dark 
brown. 

One  male.     Canada.     (Coll.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.) 

3.  Gymnonychus  appendiculatus  Ilartig. 

L823.  PrisHphora  pallipes  Lepeletier.     Mongr.  Tenth.,  p.  60. 

is:;r>.  Nematus  flavipe*  Dahlbom.     Conspei  b.  Tenth.  Scan.,  p. 9. 

ls:^7.  Nematus  appendiculatus  Hartig.     Fam.  Blat.  Holtz.,  p. 202. 

L866.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Walsh.     Pract.  Ent.,  i,pp.  117-125. 

L866.  Pri8tiphora  grossularia  Walsh.     Pract.  Ent.,  n.  pp. 20, 33. 

18i»7.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.,  Soc.  i.  p.  77. 

1867.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Walsh.     I 'met.  Ent.,  ti,  )>.  121. 

1868.  PrisHphora  rufipes  Fitch.     12th  Rept.  Ins.  X.  V..  p.  908. 

1869.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Walsh  ami  Riley.     Am.  lint.,  m.  pp.  12-22. 

1870.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Packard.     Guide  t<>  Study  of  Ins.,  p.  217. 
1S7<».  PrisHphora  grossularia  Glover.     Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  77. 
Is7.">.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Glover.     Rept.  U.S.  Dept. Agr., p.  118. 
1S77.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Riley.     9th  Rept.  Ins.  Mo.,  pp.  23-26. 

1877.  PrisHphora  grossularia    Packard.     !Mh  Rept.  1'.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Snrv., 

L875,  p.  7*7. 
1N77.   PrisHphora  grossularia  Glover.     Rept.  CLS.  Dept. Agr., p. 92. 

1878.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  56. 
1X80.   PrisHphora  grossularia  Provancher.     Nat.  ('an..  \n,p.  126. 
isso.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Thomas.     ">th  Rept. Ins.  111., p. 69. 
1880.  PrisHphora  vufipes  Thomas.    5th  Rept.  Ins.  111.,  p.  70. 

1883.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hyin.,  n,  p.  182. 

iss:>.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Stoddard.     Am.  Encycl.,  i,  p.  135. 

L883.  PrisHphora  grossularia  Saunders.     Ins.  Inj.  to  Fruits,  p.  343. 

1890.  PrisHphora  appendiculata  Konow.     Ueutsch.  Ent.  Zeit.,  xxxiv,  )>.  217. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.:  rather  short,  robust;  head  narrow,  not 
nearly  so  broad  as  thorax;  clypens  truncate;  vertex  smooth,  shining; 
frontal  crest  nearly  obsolete;  antenna'  slender,  filiform,  scarcely 
longer  than  head  and  thorax,  joints  decreasing  in  length  apically  from 
third;  antennal  fovea  very  minute,  circular;  sheath  scarcely  project- 
ing, tapering,  rather  densely  clothed  with  hairs;  claws  simple;  first 
cubital  cross  vein  entirely  wanting.  Color  black,  shining;  tegulse  and 
legs  light  yellowish;  bases  of  coxae  brown;  anterior  femora  basally 
infuscated;  antenna' fulvous  or  light  yellowish  beneath;  wings  nearly 
hyaline;  veins  and  stigma  yellowish  brown.  In  some  specimens  the 
hind  femora  are  also  strongly  infuscated. 


125 

Seven  females.  New  York,  Illinois.  Missouri,  and  Colorado.  (Coll. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

4.  Gymnonychus  resinicolor  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.  5  moderately  robust ;  clypeus  squarely  trun- 
cate; vertex  smooth,  shining;  antenna!  fovea  and  ocellar  basin  obso- 
lete; antenme  slender,  scarcely  tapering,  third  and  fourth  joints  sub- 
equal;  sheath  not  produced,  rounded  at  tip;  cerci  very  robust,  short, 
acuminate;  claws  simple;  intercostal  vein  nearly  interstitial  with  basal; 
stigma  broad,  rounded  on  lower  margin.  Color  dark  resinous,  inclined 
to  reddish;  spot  about  ocelli,  center  of  anterior  lobe  of  mesonotum, 
most  of  metanotum,  and  the  center  of  dorsum  of  abdomen  brownish 
black;  antenna1  brownish  above;  wings  clear;  veins  yellowish  brown; 
stigma  lighter,  almost  hyaline. 

One  female.  Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska.  Mr.  II.  F.  Wickham,  collector. 
(Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

XVIII.  Genus  DINEURA  Dahlbom. 

Dineura  Dahl..  Conspect.  Tenth.  Scand.,  p.  13,  1835. 

SPECIES. 

americana  Provancker.     Nat.  Can.,  xni,  p.  292,  9,1882.     (Canada.) 

lateralis  Norton.     Trans.  Ani.  Ent.  Soc,  1,  p.  240,  9,1867.     (Maine.) 

linita  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soe.,  1,  p.  240,  9,1867.     (Maine.) 

litura  Klug.     Mag.  Ges.  Nat.  Er.  Berlin,  vin,  p.  83,  9,1814;  Norton.     Trans.  Am. 

Ent.  Soc,  1,  p.  240,  1867.     (Georgia.) 
luteipes  Cresson.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vin,  p.  11,  $ ,  1880.     (Canada  and  Maine.) 
pallida  Ashmead.     Bull.  Col.  Biol.  Assn.,  1,  p.  15,  9,1890.     (Colorado.) 

The  species  linita  and  lateralis  are  very  closely  allied,  it  not  identical, 
and  luteipes  may  prove  to  be  merely  the  male  of  one  of  them. 

XIX.  Genus  HEMICHROA  Stephens. 
Hemichroa  Steph.     111.  Brit.  Ent.,  Mandib.,  vn,  p.  55,  1838. 

SPECIES. 

albidovariata  Norton.     Trans.   Am.   Ent.   Soc.,   iv,    p.  81,    9,   1872.     (Texas  and 

Elorida.) 
fraternalis  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  IV,  p.  81,  J,  1872.     (Texas.) 
nigricans  Cameron.     Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Loud.,  p.  482,  1881.     (Mexico.) 

The  second  species,  fraternalis,  will  very  probably  prove  to  be  the 
male  of  the  first,  as  indicated  both  by  resemblance  and  habitat. 


126 


'    APPENDIX. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF    SPECIES   THE   TYPES    OF    WHICH   ARE    LOST   OK 

INACCESSIBLE. 

The  types  of  the  following"  species  have  either  been  lost  or  are  inacces- 
sible. The  latter  applies  to  the  species  described  by  William  F.  Kirby, 
the  types  of  which  are  in  the  British  Museum.  It  is  probable  that 
Eschscholtz's  two  species  are  not  now  obtainable.  Of  the  other  species, 
one  each  described  by  Say,  Fitch,  and  Walsh,  and  the  rest  by  Norton, 
the  type  specimens  are  lost  and  1  have  been  either  unable  to  recognize 
them  from  the  rather  inadequate  descriptions  or  to  secure  additional 
specimens  representing  them.  .V  few  of  these  species  are  so  character- 
ized that  it  is  possible  with  tolerable  accuracy  to  refer  them  to  genera, 
and  in  such  cases  1  have  indicated  the  probable  genus  to  which  they 
belong.  Some  of  those  referred  to  Pteronus  may,  however,  belong  to 
Atnauronemattts,  and  some  of  those  referred  to  Pachynematus  may 
belong  elsewhere.  The  descriptions  by  Kirby  are  so  inadequate  that 
nothing  can  be  determined  of  the  position  or  relationship  of  his  species, 
and  to  properly  refer  them  will  necessitate  an  examination  of  the  types 
themselves.  The  species  the  genera  of  which  can  not  be  determined, 
are  all  given  under  the  old  term  Nematus,  though  probably  none  of 
them  belong  in  this  genus  as  now  restricted.  The  original  descriptions 
are  quoted  without  change,  and,  other  than  those  of  Kirby's  species, 
are  taken  from  Norton's  Catalogue. 

INDEX    TO   SPECIES. 

abbottii  Kirby  9 22  malacus  Norton  2 8 

calais  Kirby  $ 12  monela  Norton  <£ 11 

eastaneus  Kirby  9 13  neglect  us  Kirby  9 17 

erassus  =  obtusus lit  nortonii  1  'alia  Torre,/ 5 

extraneus  Kirby  9 II  nigri  t us  Norton  $ 9 

lallax  =  nortonii 5  obscurns  Norton 2 18 

fur  Walsh,? 1  obtusus  Kirby  (?  f) 19 

hudsonicus  Norton  9 2  rufofasciatus  Norton  9 6 

ineonspicuus  Kirby  9 15  Saskatchewan  Norton  9 7 

lateralis  Norton  9 3  Bumptus  Norton  £ 10 

lougicornis  Eschscboltz  (  9  0    1(1  suratus  Fitch  (  9  f) 20 

longulicornis  Norton  ^9 1  trifurcatus  Kirby  9 21 

1.  Amauronematus  (?)  fur  Walsh. 

I860.  Nematus'fur  Walsh.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Phila.,  vi,  p.  20:;. 
1867.  Nematus  fur  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc..  i,  p.  206.     (Cat.,  etc,  p.  68.) 
1895.  Xematusfm-  Marlatt.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Wash.,  in,  p.  267. 
Male. — Length  0.39  inch;  br.  wing  0.38  inch;   black;  head  opaque,  very  minutely 
and  closely  punctuate,  rugose;  clypens,  labrnm,  the  extreme  tip  of  the  cheek,  and 
the  base  of  the  mandibles  all  dull  greenish  white;  clypens  emarginate  in  a  circular 
arc  of  about  4T>  ,  with  a  small  tubercle  in  the  middle  of  its  anterior  margin;  labrum 
fully  as  long  as  wide,  its  tip  rounded;  antenna-  black,  four-fifths  as  long  as  body, 
rather  more  compressed  than  is  usual  in  males,  fourth  and  fifth  joints  equal  in 
length,  third  shorter  by  one-fourth;    thorax  opaque,  very  minutely  rugose,  subpol- 


127 

ished  on  the  pectus;  a  pale  subtriangnlar  tubercle  on  the  lateral  margin  of  the 
black,  subpolished,  basal  plate;  abdomen  subpolished,  bright  fulvo-rufous,  the 
basal  edge  of  joint  1,  next  the  basal  membrane,  which  is  whitish,  clouded  with 
black;  genitals  obfuscated;  legs  black:  wings  subh valine,  slightly  tinged  Avith 
fuliginous;  veins  and  stigma  black. 

Kock  Island,  111. 

One  male  bred  March  29,  from  an  old  subpeduncled  spherical  gall  of  Cecidomyia 
•5.  batatas  Walsh,  on  S.  humilis.  Female  unknown.  As  the  mother  sawily  must 
have  deposited  her  egg  in  this  gall  after  the  gall  maker  had  quit  it,  or  not  long 
before,  it  is  a  question  if  this  species  can  be  considered  an  inquiline. 

There  is  very  little  doubt  but  that  this  is  the  same  with  X.  luteoter/jum  male,  which 
only  differs  in  having  the  legs  in  j>art  piceous  and  in  being  somewhat  smaller. 

(See  note  2,  p.  22.) 

2.  Pteronus  (?)  hudsonicus  Norton. 

1867.  Xematns  hudsonievs  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  I,  p.  207.  (Cat.,  etc., 
p.  69.) 

Black ;  orbits,  mouth,  teguhe,  anterior  angle,  venter,  and  legs,  except  a  black  line 
on  two  posterior  pair,  white;  length  0.38;  br.  wings  0.70  inch. 

Female. — Antenna-  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  body,  joints  cylindrical,  somewhat 
enlarged  at  tip,  third  and  fourth  of  equal  length;  sutures  at  sides  of  ocelli  deep; 
ocelli  in  a  triangular  basin;  nasus  very  slightly  emarginate;  orbits,  space  about 
antenna1  and  mouth  beneath,  teguhe,  anterior  anglo  (a  black  line  in  middle),  and  the 
venter  whitish,  the  latter  Avith  a  row  of  black  spots  on  each  side  forming  an  inter- 
rupted black  line;  scutel  large,  produced  behind  a  slightly  raised  angle;  legs  dull 
Avhite,  with  the  basal  upper  half  of  anterior  femora,  a  line  down  the  upper  side  of 
posterior  femora,  and  tibia'  and  their  tarsi  black;  anterior  inner  spur  of  tibiae  blunt, 
bifid;  inner  tooth  of  claAv  large  ;  Avings  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa  brown;  emargina- 
tion  of  stigma  distinct. 

One  female.  Fort  Good  Hope,  Mackenzie  KiA'er,  Hudson  Bay  Territory  (B.  Ken- 
nicott). 

3.  Pteronus  (?)  lateralis  Xorton. 

1867.  Nematus  lateralis  Xorton.    Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  211.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  73.) 

Black;  orbits,  face  below  antenna-,  pleura,  body,  body  beneath  (except  breast), 
and  legs  pale;  length  0.38;  br.  Avings  0.76  inch. 

Female. — Antenna'  half  the  length  of  body,  joints  cylindrical,  third  and  fourth 
equal,  slightly  enlarged  at  tips;  sutures  at  sides  of  ocelli  deep;  lower  ocellus  in  a 
shallow  circular  Bpace,  which  has  a  distinct  ridge  around  its  upper  half;  nasus  pro- 
duced, distinctly  emarginate  in  middle  and  at  sides;  tongue  and  palpi  dark,  last 
joint  of  maxillary  palpi  shorter  than  the  preceding;  the  whole  orbits  as  far  as 
sutures,  two  spots  behind  ocelli,  a  spot  above  antenna',  space  around,  and  face  below 
reddish  Avhite;  sutures  of  metathorax  and  a  bent  line  between  upper  wings  crossing 
upper  half  of  scutel  rufous;  teguhe.  anterior  angle,  pleura,  and  body  beneath  except 
a  black  spot  on  breast  reddish  Avhite;  legs  the  same  color;  tarsi  fuscous;  a  slender 
black  line  on  the  upper  and  lower  side  of  femora,  and  less  distinctly  on  the  posterior 
tibiae;  anterior  inner  tibial  spur  bifid;  inner  claw  tooth  large  and  near  the  tip; 
wings  hyaline:  nervures  black;  stigma  pale,  with  little  or  no  emargination  above; 
second  recurrent  nervure  received  at  a  distance  from  the  intersection  of  second  and 
third  cells. 

Var.  Abdomen  almost  entirely  pale. 

Three  females.     Brunswick,  Me.  (A.  8.  Packard).     Albany,  X.  Y.  (Dr.  Peck). 

This  species,  though  distinct  from,  seems  somewhat  closely  allied  to 
my  hyalinus  n.  sp. 


128 

4.  Pteronus  longulicornis  Norton. 

1835.  Nematus  longicornis  Say.     Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  p.  219. 

1859.  Nematus  longicornis  Say.     LeConte,  Say's  Entomology,  ii,  p.  07!). 

1861.  Nematus  longicornis  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  yiii,  p.  158. 

1867.  Nematus  longulicornis  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Eut.  Soc,  I,  p.  214.     (Cat., etc., 

p.  76.) 

Black;  orbits,  lace  below  an tenn;r.  teguhe.  anterior  angle,  pleura  (except  black 
spot  on  female),  the  whole  body  beneath,  and  legs  whitish.  Length  0.26;  br.  wings 
0.54  inch. 

Female.  —  Body  rather  long;  antenna-  black,  nunc  than  two-thirds  tho  body,  slen- 
der, third  and  fourth  joints  equal,  head  rather  smooth;  sutures  at  sides  of  ocelli 
distinct;  lower  ocellus  in  a  basin,  which  is  smooth  and  shining,  obovate,  with  dis- 
tinct edges;  nasns  angnlate,  emarginate;  labium  emarginate;  a  spot  on  vertex  from 
antennae  to  summit,  and  the  back  of  head  black;  remainder  pale;  a  slender  ridge 
runs  through  the  groove  on  anterior  lobe  of  thorax;  the  tegnhc,  anterior  angle, 
pleura,  and  whole  body  beneath  whitish,  except  two  black  spots  on  pleura,  the  ante- 
rior one  large  and  lnnnlatc;  scutel  black;  sutures  of  abdomen  indistinctly  pale;  legs 
pale,  with  the  apical  half  of  hinder  femora  and  tibia>  and  their  tarsi  blackish;  inner 
tooth  of  claws  large  and  near  the  tip;  wings  hyaline;  st  igma full ;  nervines  and 
stigma  piceous;  base  of  stigma  and  costs  pale. 

Hale. — Antenna-  fulvous  beneath,  third  joint  shorter  than  fourth,  curved  at  base; 
a  straight,  black  line  under  the  anterior  wings;  tips  of  posterior  tibia-  blackish,  their 
femora  pale;  stigma  color  of  costa. 

Iowa  (Say),  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Great  slave  Lake,  Hudson 
Bay  Territory. 

This  species  seems  to  be  allied  to  corneUi  u.  sp. 

5.  Pteronus  (?)  nortonii  Da  11a  Tone. 

1867.  Nematus  fallax  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  [,  p.  108.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  60.) 
1894.  Nematus  nortonii  Dalla Torre.     Cat.  llym.,  i,  p.  246. 

Black  ;  mouth,  cheeks,  apex  of  \  enter,  and  tibiae  in  part  reddish  white;  a  black  line 
down  the  tibia-  above  ;   body  slender;    length  0.18  to  0.20;   br.  wings  0. 11  to  0.48  inch. 

Male. — Snining  black;  body  slender ;  antenna-  rather  long  and  slender,  ferruginous 
beneath;  nasns  hardly  incurved  and  with  mouth  below;  lower  half  of  cheeks  and 
apex  of  venter  yellow  red;  legs  at  base  black,  below  the  base  of  femora  yellow  red, 
with  a  blackish  line  down  their  upper  side;  inner  anterior  tibial  spur  stout;  inner 
tooth  of  claw  nearly  as  large  as  outer;  wings  perfectly  hyaline,  iridescent;  stigma 
somew  hat  rounded  above  and  with  the  costa  pale  greenish. 

Labrador  \\.  S.  Packard,  jr.  }.      Two  males. 

(}.  Pteronus  rufofasciatus  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  rufo-fasciatus  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  205.  (Cat.,  etc., 
p.  67.). 

Black;  a  baud  on  the  middle  of  abdomen  and  most  part  of  Legs  rufous;  wings 
smoky  hyaline;  length  0.34  ;  br.  wings  0.70  inch. 

Female. — Black ;  body  long  and  moderately  stout;  antenna?  about  two-thirds  tho 
length  of  body,  slender,  cylindrical,  third  joint  but  little  longer  than  fourth;  head 
dull,  with  coarse,  continent  punctures;  nasus  coarsely  punctured,  deeply  channeled 
across  the  middle,  angnlate,  emarginate;  edge  of  labrum  incurved;  outer  orbit 
and  a  spot  opposite  ocelli  on  each  side,  labrum,  and  palpi  rufous;  upper  half  of 
anterior  angle  and  basin  on  each  side  of  scutel  rufous;  abdomen,  except  the  basal 
plates  and  three  apical  segments,  chestnut  red;  legs  the  same  color;  coxa1,  except  at 
tip,  black ;  anterior  inner  tibial  spur  stout,  apparently  bifid ;  inner  claw  tooth  large; 
wings  smoky  hyaline,  nervines  piceous;  stigma  and  costa  pale. 

Mackenzie  River,  Hudson  Bay  Territory  (R.  Kennicott). 


129 

7.  Pteronus  (?)  satkatchewan  Norton. 

1867.  Nemai lus  satkatchewan  Norton.      Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  200.      (Gat.,  etc., 

p.  62.) 
1878.  Nematus  satkatchewan  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  56. 
1883.  Nematus  satkatchewan  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  187. 
Black;  teguhe  black;  breast  rufous;  legs  mostly  yellow  red;  wings  hyaline;  length 
0.38;  br.  wings  0.76  inch. 

Female.-  Shining  black;  body  long;  antenna1,  long  and  slender,  apical  joint  shorter 
than  the  preceding;  the  ocelli,  seen  from  before,  are  each  in  a  separate  basin; 
nasus  incurved;  fourth  joint  of  palpi  short,  fifth  and  sixth  longer  and  very  slender; 
thorax  polished ;  labrum  piceous;  a  large  chestnut-red  spot  on  pectus;  legs  same 
color;  the  trochanters  and  anterior  tarsi  whitish;  posterior  tibiae,  except  at  their  base, 
and  their  tarsi  black;  anterior  tibial  inner  spur  stout,  blunt  pilose  so  as  to  appear 
bifid;  inner  claw  tooth  large;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  black. 
Lake  Sathkatchewan  (Smithsonian  Institution).     One  female. 

8.  Pachynematus  (?)  malacus  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  malacus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,.i,  p.  196.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  58.) 
1878.  Xematus  malacus  Provancher.     Nat..Can.,  x,  p.  53. 
1883.  Nematus  malacus  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  Hym.,  p.  185. 
Black;  teguhe,  trochanters,  and  legs  below  knees  pale;  length  0.28;    br.  wings 
0.60  inch. 

Female. — Shining  black;  body  short  and  stout;  antennas  slender,  joints  of  nearly 
equal  length;  lower  ocellus  in  a  shallow  basin;  nasus  hardly  incurved;  teguhe  and  col- 
lar whitish;  coxae,  femora,  and  tips  of  posterior  tibia>  and  of  all  the  tarsi  black;  claws 
slightly  dentate  within;  trochanters,  anterior  femora  before,  tibia',  and  tarsi  except 
at  tip  white;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa  pale  greenish,  second  submarginal 
widest  at  first  recurrent  nervure. 

Labrador  (A.  S.  Packard,  jr.).     Three  females. 

9.  Pachynematus  (?)  nigritus  Norton. 

1861.  Nematus  nigritus  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vill,  p.  159. 

1867.  Nematus  nigritus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  201.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  63.) 

Black;  outer  orbits  and  mouth,  teguhe,  apex  of  abdomen,  and  legs  in  part  pale; 
length  0.21;  br.  wings  0.48  inch. 

Female. — Black;  body  slender;  antennae  two-thirds  the  length  of  body,  slightly 
flattened  and  enlarged  at  joints,  third  joint  shorter  than  fourth;  nasus  hardly  einar- 
ginate;  an  outer  orbital  line  as  high  as  suture,  edge  of  nasus  and  beneath  pale  pice- 
ous; teguhe  and  apex  of  abdomen  and  several  apical  segments  of  vertex  yellowish; 
trochanters,  apical  half  of  femora,  tibiae,  except  tips  of  hinder  pair,  and  base  of 
tarsi  reddish  white;  remainder  black;  inner  tooth  of  claw  very  short,  blunt  and 
distinct  from  outer  tooth;  wings  hyaline,  nervures  piceous,  middle  of  stigma  and 
base  of  costa  paler;  second  submarginal  cell  with  one  angle  below,  the  second  recur- 
rent nervure  coinciding  with  dividing  nervure. 

Connecticut.     Two  males.     This  may  be  the  male  of  N.  subalhatus. 

10.  Pachynematus  (?)  sumptus  Norton. 

1867.  Nematus  s umptus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  207.     (Cat.,  etc,  p.  69.) 
Black;  mouth,  orbits,  and  teguhe  white;  basal  half  of  abdomen,  spot  on  pleura; 
and  most  part  of  legs  rufous;  length  0.28;  br.  wings  0.62  inch. 

Male. — Body  long;  head  large;  mouth  below  antenna1,  the  outer  orbits  extending 
over  the  back  of  head,  and  a  narrow  inner  orbital  line  interrupted  opposite  ocelli 
yellow;  nasus  emarginate;  teguhe  and  anterior  angle  whitish;  abdomen  chestnut 
13449— No.  3 9 


130 

red,  the  two  apical  segments  blackish;  aii  indistinct,  piceous,  perpendicular  spot  on 
pleura  near  breast;  coxae  and  trochanters  whitish;  remainder  of  legs  rufous,  paler 
before,  except  the  posterior  tibiie  and  tarsi,  which  are  blackish;  hinder  tibia*  some* 
what  swelled;  inner  tooth  of  claws  very  obtuse,  hardly  visible;  wings  hyaline, 
faintly  smoky  ;  stigma  dark  brown. 
Maine  (A.  S.  Packard).     One  male. 

11.  Lygaeonematus  (?)  monela  Norton. 

1867.  Xvmatus  monela  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  IDS.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  60.) 
1878.  Xematus  monela  Provancher.     Nat.  Can.,  x,  p.  54. 
1883.  Xematus  monela  Provancher.     Faun.  Ent.  Can.  llym.,  p.  184. 
Black;  mouth,  spot  on  cheeks,  tegula*,  collar,  and  venter  pale;  base  of  coxa'  and 
of  femora  and  tips  of  hinder  tibia*  black  ;  length  0.20;  br.  wings  0.48  inch. 

Male. — Black;  body  slender;  antennae  slightly  compressed,  third  joint  hardly  as 
long  as  fourth;  lower  ocellus  in  a  small  basin;  nasus  emarginate;  edge  of  nasus, 
labrum,  and  spot  at  base  of  mandibles  white;  tegula',  two  edges  of  anterior  angle, 
and  apex  of  venter  yellow  red;  legs  yellow  red;  trochanters  white;  base  of  coxai, 
base  of  femora  and  a  line  beneath  extending  nearly  to  tip,  apex  of  posterior  tibiae, 
and  their  tarsi  black;  inner  apical  tarsal  spur  blunt;  inner  claw  tooth  small  and 
widely  separated  from  outer;  wings  hyaline;  stigma  and  costa  pale,  waxen  color. 
Labrador.     Two  males.      |  Mr.  Packard.) 

12.  Nematus  Calais  Kirby. 

1882.   Xematus  calais  Kirby.     List.  Ilym.  Brit.  Mus.«  I,  p.  144. 

Exp.  al.  8  lin. ;  long.  corp.  4  lin. 

Female. — Head  and  thorax  black,  finely  punctured;  pleura  and  pectus  shining; 
abdomen  testaceous,  the  last  two  segments  blackish ;  legs  testaceous,  tour  front 
femora  blackish  at  base,  intermediate  tibia'  with  a  dark  line  above;  hind  tibiae  and 
tarsi  blackish,  the  former  rather  widened  and  flattened;  wings  hyaline,  with 
piceous  stigma  and  nervures;  lore  wings  clouded  in  the  middle,  and  with  apparently 
only  three  submarginal  cells,  the  two  first  being  divided  by  a  white  nervure. 

Arctic  America,  Mackenzie  River. 

13.  Nematus  castaneus  Kirby. 

1882.  Xematus  eastaneus  Kirby.     List  llym.  Brit.  Mus.,i,  p.  147. 
1893.  Xematus  eastaneus  McGillivray.     Can.   Ent.,  XXV,  p.  237. 

Exp.  al.  9  lin. ;  long.  corp.  4  j  lin. 

Female. — Chestnut  color ;  head,  niesothorax,  and  pleura  darker;  antenna',  a  large 
square  spot  on  the  vertex,  a  spot  in  front  of  the  thorax,  and  the  pectus  black;  an 
irregular  spot  covering  the  hinder  half  of  the  scutellum,  the  postscutellum,  a  por- 
tion of  the  first  segment  of  the  abdomen,  and  extremities  of  hind  tibia*,  and  bind 
tarsi  dusky;  wings  hyaline,  fore  wings  slightly  yellowish;  stigma  and  nervures 
piceous. 

Hudson  Bay,  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  Kiver. 

14.  Nematus  extraneus  Kirby. 

1882.  Xematus  extraneus  Kirby.     List  Hyrn.  Brit.  Mus.,  I,  p.  142. 

Exp.  al.  7  liu. ;  long.  corp.  3  lin. 

Female. — Testaceous;  two  basal  joints  of  antenna',  a  large  irregular  spot  on  ver- 
tex, and  three  large  spots  on  the  thorax  black;  abdomen  with  a  black  band  in 
the  middle,  covering  most  of  the  three  first  segments  and  expanded  on  the  three 
following  ones,  ceasing  with  segments  7  and  8,  on  which  it  is  not  expanded; 
extremities  of  hind  tibia*  and  of  joints  of  hind  tarsi  slightly  marked  with  blackish 
above;  wings  hyaline;  costa  and  stigma  pale  yellowish  ;  three  submarginal  cells. 

Hudson  Bay,  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River 


131 

15.  Nematus  inconspicuus  Kirby. 

1882.  Nematus  inconspicuus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  141. 

Exp.  al.  8  lin. ;  long,  corp.  4  lin. 

Female. — Head,  antennae,  thorax,  and  pectus  black;  mouth  and  prothorax  yellow- 
ish; abdomen  black  above  and  testaceous  beneath,  with  a  narrow  border  on  the 
sides  and  at  the  back  of  each  segment;  legs  testaceous;  Wings  hyaline;  costa  yel- 
lowish; three  submarginal  cells. 

New  York. 

1G.  Nematus  longicornis  Eschscholtz. 

1822.  Nematus  longicornis  Eschscholtz.     Entomogr.,  p.  98. 

1823.  Nematus  longicornis  Eschscholtz.     Nat.  Abb.  Dorp.,  i,  p.  149. 

1867.  Nematus  longicornis'Sorton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  I,  p.  202.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  64.) 
Black,  with  the  margin  of  tergum  fuscous ;  the  venter  and  legs  pale,  posterior 
femora  black,  costa  of  wings  pale,  stigma  brown,  head  black,  labrum  yellowish, 
eyes  clear  gray ;  length  21  lines ;  antennae  longer  than  the  moiety  of  body,  setaceous, 
black;  corselet  black,  its  anterior  border  forming  a  yellowish  collar;  abdomen  wide, 
flat ;  back  brownish ;  lateral  margins  of  a  clear  yellow ;  venter  yellow ;  wings  longer 
than  the  body,  narrow,  transparent ;  costa  yellow ;  stigma  and  nervures  brown ;  three 
discoidal  cells;  legs  yellow,*  posterior  femora  black-brown  in  the  middle. 
Isle  of  Unalaska,  Russian  America. 

17.  Nematus  neglectus  Kirby. 

1882.  Nematus  neglectus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  147. 

Exp.  al.  8  lin. ;  long.  corp.  4  lin. 

Female. — Head  and  thorax  black;  mouth  and  prothorax  pale;  a  more  or  less  com- 
plete testaceous  ring  around  the  eyes;  sides  of  pectus  sometimes  writh  a  dull  rufous 
spot;  abdomen  testaceous,  first  two  segments  black  at  base  above;  legs  testaceous; 
front  femora  black  at  base ;  middle  femora  and  hind  legs  black;  hind  tibi;e  rufous 
beneath;  wings  hyaline,  male  with  three  and  female  with  four  submarginal  cells; 
stigma  yellowish. 

Hudson  Bay,  St.  Martin's  Falls. 

18.  Nematus  obscurus  Xorton. 

1861.  Nematus  obscurus  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vm,  p.  160. 

1867.  Nematus  obscurus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  203.     (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  65. "> 

Dull  black;  teguhe,  base  of  abdomen,  and  knees  indistinctly  ferruginous;  length 
0.25;  br.  wings  0.58  inch. 

Female. — Black,  pubescent;  third  joint  of  antennae  a  little  longer  than  fourth; 
clypeuscrenate;  labrum  brownish  red,  shining;  mandibles  rufous  at  tip  ;  palpi  pale; 
a  longitudinal  groove  upon  scutelluin;  basal  membrane,  sides  of  tergum,  knees,  and 
front  of  tibia?  indistinctly  ferruginous;  abdomen  stout;  wings  faintly  clouded; 
stigma  dull  fuscous;  costa  black. 

Massachusetts. 

19.  Nematus  obtusus  Kirby. 

1822.  Nematus  crassus  Eschscholtz.     Entomogr.,  p.  213. 

1823.  Nematus  crassus  Eschscholtz.     Naturw.  Abh.  Dorp.,  I,  p.  149. 

1867.  Nematus  crassus  Norton.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  213.  (Cat.,  etc.,  p.  75.) 
1882.  Nematus  obtusus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  148. 

Black;  sides  of  the  head,  lines  on  the  thorax,  scutellum,  and  pleura  chestnut; 
tibwne  pale;  length  4  lines. 

Body  thick;  head  black  in  the  middle,  of  a  nut  brown  on  the  sides;  parts  of  the 


132 

mouth  yellow:  antenna'  longer  than  the  moiety  of  the  body,  filiform,  black;  border 
of  tbe  eorselet  brown;  two  longitudinal  lines  on  tbc  thorax;  scutel  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  thorax  of  a  chestnut  brown;  abdomen  convex,  shining  black;  wings 
longer  than  the  body,  wide,  transparent;  stigma  and  costa  yellow;  nervures  brown; 
marginal  cell  simple,  extending  almost  to  the  tip;  three  discoidal  cells;  legs  yellow; 
a  long  black  spot  under  the  anterior  femora  ;  posterior  femora  black,  at  the  extrem- 
ity yellow. 
Isle  of  Unalaska,  Russian  America.     Not  seen  (Norton). 

20.  Nematus  suratus  Fitch . 

1856.  Xematus  suratus  Fitch.     3d  Kept.  N.  Y.  Agr.  Soc,  p.  315,  No.  94.      (3rd  Kept. 

Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  68.) 
1861.  Xematus  suratus  Norton.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VIII,  p.  159. 
1867.  Xematus  suratus  Norton.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  i,  p.  196.      (Cat.,  etc  ,  p.  60.) 
Black,  with  four  transparent,  slightly  smoky  wings;  mouth,  cloud-like  spot  on  the 
shoulders,  edges  of  abdominal  segments,  and  legs  livid   white;    the   four  anterior 
thighs  being  black  upon  their  undersides  and  the  hinder  pair  wholly  black,  except 
at  their  base;  length  0.25  inch  ;  to  the  tip  of  wing  0.30  inch. 
New  York.     Not  seen  (Norton). 
Food-plant,  cherry. 

21.  Nematus  trifurcatus  Kirby. 

1882.  Xematus  trifurcatus  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  148. 

Exp.  al.  *  lin.;  long.  corp.  1  lin. 

Female. — Testaceous;  antenna-  black;  a  large  square  black  spot  on  vertex;  three 
large  black  spots  in  front  and  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax,  sometimes  nearly  continent ; 
hinder  half  of  the  scutellum  black  ;  all  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  except  the  last 
(beyond  which  the  black  tips  of  the  saws  and  sheaths  project)  are  more  or  less 
broadly  banded  with  purplish  black  in  the  middle;  sides  and  under  surface  testa- 
ceous; fectus  black  m  the  middle;  a  black  line  down  the  hind  legs;  wings  hyaline; 
nervures  piceous;  stigma  yellowish  ;  three  submarginal  cells. 

This  species  appears  to  be  allied  to  .V.  cratsui  Each,  (obtusus  Kirby),  from  Alaska. 

Hudson  Bay,  St.  Martin's  Falls,  Albany  River. 

22.  Nematus  abbotii  Kirby. 

1882.    Ifi/pohrpus  abbotii  Kirby.     List  Hym.  Brit.  Mus.,  pp.  324-325. 

Exp.  al.  11  lin. ;  long.  corp.  6  lin. 

Female. — Blue  black,  shining;  third  segment  of  abdomen  testaceous  on  the  sides, 
and  less  distinctly  so  above;  wings  iridescent,  clear  hyaline  toward  the  base,  and 
more  dusky  beyond,  with  blackish  nervures. 

North  America  (Georgia).     Probably  from  Abbott's  collection. 


INDEX  TO  GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


Page. 

abbotii  (Nematus  ?) 132 

abdoiniualis  (Pachynematus) 104 

acuminata  (Pontania) 32 

sequalis  (Priophorus) 20 

affinis  (Pacbynematus) 97 

agilis  (Pontania) 28 

albidovariata  (Hemicbroa) 125 

albiricta  (Euura) 20 

A  mauronematus 75 

americana  (Dineura) 125 

Anoplonyx  20 

antennatus  (Pteronus) .• 61 

apicalis  (Pachynematus) 107 

appendiculatus  (Gymnonycbus) 124 

ater  (Pacbynematus) 102 

atra  (Pontania) 37 

atriceps  (Pteronus) 52 

atriventris  (Pontania) 38 

anrant iacus  (Pacbynematus) 95 

auratus  (Pachynematus) 99 

auratus  (Pteronus) 60 

aureo]>ectus  =  extensicornis     (Pacbynema- 
tus)    96 

aurita-  (Camponiscus)  (Europe) 18 

banksi  (Pristipbora) 117 

bicolor  (Anoplonyx)  (Europe) 18 

bicolor  ( Pteronus) 56 

bivittata  ( Pristipbora) 120 

borealis  ( Amauronematus) 79 

bruneri  (Pontania) 35 

brunneus  ( Amauronematus) 85 

calais  (Nematus  f) 130 

californica  (Pontania) 38 

californicus  ( Amauronematus) 85 

californicus  (Gymnonycbus) 122 

californicus  (Pteronus) 60 

Camponiscus 20 

carintbiacus  (Camponiscus)  (Europe) 18 

carolinensis  (Pacbynematus) 109 

carolinensis  (Pristiphora) 120 

castaneus  (Nematus  ?)  130 

chalceus  (Amauronematus) 84 

cbloreus  (Nematus) 90 

Cladiua 19 

clypeatus  (Pachynematus) 102 

coloradensis  (Pachynematus) 101 

coloradensis  (Pristiphora) 121 

coloradensis  (Pteronus) 52 

comstocki  (Amauronematus) 77 

concolor  ( Amauronematus) 77 

cooki  (Amauronematus) 79 

coquilletti  (Amauronematus) 84 


Page. 

cornelli  (Pteronus) 65 

corniger  (Pachynematus) 104 

corylus  (Pteronus) 57 

crassus  =  obtusus  (Nematus) 131 

cressoni  (Pontania) 26 

Croesus 86 

decoratus  (Pteronus) 73 

desmodioides  (Pontania) 40 

dimmockii  (Pacbynematus) 94 

Dineura 125 

discolor  (Amauronematus) 82 

dorsivittatus  =  vertebratus  (Pteronus) 68 

dubius  (Pteronus) 74 

dyari  (Pristiphora) 118 

dyari  (Pteronus) 58 

ed wardsii  (Pteronus) 63 

erichsonii  (Lyga?onematus) - 111 

erythrogaster  (Pteronus) 57 

Euura 20 

excavata  (Pontania) 30 

excavatus  (Amauronematus) 85 

extensicornis  (Pacbynematus) 96 

extraneus  (Nematus  ?) 130 

fallax  =  nortonii  (rteronus  ?) 128 

flavipes  =  appendiculatus  (Gymnonycbus) .  124 

foveatus  (Pteronus) 55 

fraternalis  (Hemicbroa) 125 

fulvicrus  (Pteronus) +  58 

fulvipes  (Amauronematus) 81 

fur  (Amauronematus?) J 26 

fylesi  (Pteronus) 54 

gracilis  (Amauronematus) 78 

gracilis  (Pontania) 39 

graminis  (Pachynematus) 100 

gregarius  (Trichiocampus) 20 

grossulariae  =  appendiculatus     (Gymnony- 
cbus)    124 

Gymnonychus 122 

barringtoni  (Pteronus) 53 

Hemichroa 125 

Holcocueme 87 

hoodi  (Pachynematus) 104 

hoodi  (Pristiphora) 119 

hospes  =  pomum  (Pontania) 36 

hudsonicus  (Pteronus?) 127 

budsonii  (Pteronus)    59 

budsonii  magnus  =  budsonii  (Pteronus) 59 

Iiyalina  (Pontania) 37 

hyalinus  ( Pteronus) 67 

Hypolsepus 132 

identidum  =  idiota  (Pristiphora) 118 

idiota  ( Pristiphora) 118 

133 


134 


Page. 

inconspicuous  (Nematus  ?) 131 

infumatus  (Pa< •lnnemalus) ,.  107 

inquilinus     desmodioidea  (Pontania) 40 

integer  (Pteronus) 69 

iriiles*  ens  (Pteronus) 72 

isomera  —  pectinicornis  (Cladius) 19 

jocularia  (Pristiphora) 119 

kineaidi  (Pontania) 33 

kincaidi  (Pteronus) 55 

koebelei  (Pachynematua) 108 

koebelei  (Pristiphora) 119 

koebelei  (Pteronus) 71 

labradoris  (Pristiphora) 115 

lata  (Pristiphora) 110 

lateralis  (Dinetua) 125 

lateralis  (Pteronus.') 127 

latifasciatna  |  Pteronus) 60 

laticulns  iCm-susj 86 

latitarsos  (Croesus) M 

latUS  (Ptenmus) 48 

Leptopus 18 

limhatus  (  Pteronus) 49 

lineatna  (Amanronematna) 

Units  (Dineura  | 125 

lit ura  (Dineura) 125 

lombardte  (Pteronus) 78 

longicornis  (Nematus .') 131 

longicornis  (Pteronus)    72  128 

longulicqrnis  (Pteronus?) 128 

luridiventria  (Camponisous)  (Europe) 18 

luteipes  (Aniauronematus) 70 

luteipes  (Dineura) 125 

lut cola  i  Pristiphora) 121 

Luteotergum  (  Aniauronematus) 92 

luteaeens       viminalis  (Trichiocampus) 20 

Lygssonematua Ill 

magus  (Pteronus) 67 

malacua  (Pachynema tun  f)  129 

marlattii  (Pteronus) 52 

marylandicua     extensicornis  |  Pachynema- 

tus) 96  I 

mellina  (Pontania) 'J'.t 

mendicus  (Pteronus) 69 

Ifessa 37 

niexieana  (Euura) 20 

mexicanna  (Nematus) 88 

Micronematus 110 

militaris  (Pteronus) 63  ] 

minutns  (Pachynematos) 110 

monile  (Pontania) 43  ' 

monela  (Lygseonematus?) 130 

monochroma  ( Pteronus) 74 

monti  vagus  (Pachynematua) 101 

murtfeldtise  (Pristiphora)... 117 

Nematus 87  ' 

peglectns  (Nematus  f) 131 

nevadensis  (Pachynematus) 110 

nevadensis  (Pon(ania) 29 

nigra  (Euura) 20 

nigra  (Pristiphora) 114 

nigricans  (Hemichron) 125 

nigrita  (Pontania) 27 

nigritua  (Pachynematua?) 129 

nigrofemoratus  ( Aniauronematus) .  79 

nigropectus  (Pachynematua) 103 

nortonii  (Pteronus  ?) 128 


Page. 

notabilis  — erichsonii  (Lyga?onematns) 111 

ohscurus  (Nematusf) ^ in 

obtudus  (Nematus?) 131 

occidentalia  (Pachynemattts) 193 

occidentalis  (Pristiphora) 121 

occidentalis  (Pteronus) 48 

ocreatua  (Pachynematus) 95 

odoratua  ( Pteronus) (;."» 

orbitalia  (Amanronematna) 8.) 

orhitalis  (Euura) 20 

oregonensis  (Aniauronematus) 80 

ovatus  (Anoplonyx)  (Europe) 18 

Pachynematus 91 

pacifies  (Pontania) 35 

paciflcus  (Pteronus) 49 

pallicornis  (Pontania) 27 

pallida  (Dineura)  125 

pallidiventralis     palliventris  ( Pachynema- 
tua)    106 

palli  I'rona  ( Pontania ) 42 

pallipea     appendiculatus  (Gymnonyohua) .  124 

palliventria  (Pachynematus) IOC 

parva  (Pontania) 26 

pectinioornifl  (( lladiua) 19 

pectoralis  ( Amauronematus) 81 

peetoralia (Anoplonyx)  (Europe) 18 

pectoralis  (Pontania)  .. 31 

pergandei  (Xeinatus)  90 

perturbana     s. ovum  (Euura) 20 

pinguidorsum  |  Pteronus) 71 

pisum  (Pontania) 33 

placenta  (Pontania) 42 

pleurioua  (Pachynematus) 100 

pomum  (Pontania) 36 

Pontania 20 

pontunioides  (Nematns) 89 

populi  (Pteronus) 59 

Priophorua  20 

Pristiphora 113 

proximatus  (Gymnonychus) 123 

Pteronus 44 

pubescens  (Pachynematus) 100 

punctulatua  (Pachynematus) 103 

pyriformifl  (Pontania) 43 

quercioola:    pisum  (Pontania) 33 

quercus  (Pteronus) 67 

rapax  (Aniauronematus) 78 

relativa  (Pristiphora) 117 

resinioola  (Pontania) 30 

resinioolor  (Gymnonychus) 125 

ribesii  (Pteronua) 61 

tibia    :  ribesii  (Pteronus) 61 

robini£ea=tri]ineatua  (Pteronus) 66 

robusta  (Pontania) 32 

robustua  (Pachynematua) 102 

rutipes  ( Amauroneniatus) 78 

rufipes- appendiculatus  (Gymnonychus) . .  124 

rufocinctus  (Pteronus) 56 

ruibfasciatus  (Pteronus?) 128 

rugulosa  (Pontania) 41 

ruralia  (Pachynematus) 94 

salicicola  (Euura) 20 

sal  icicola  —  t'ulvicrus  ( Pteronus) 58 

salicis  desmodioidea  =  deamodioidea    (Pon- 
tania)    40 

salicia  =  fulvicrua  (Pteronus) 58 


135     • 


Page. 

salicis  =  nodus  (Euura) 20 

salicis  odoratus  -~  odoratus  (Pteronus) 65 

salicis-ovum  (Euura) 20 

salicis  pisum  =  pisum  (Pontania) 33 

salicis-pomum  =  poiuum  (Pontania) 36 

satkatchewan  (Pteronus  ?) 129 

semirufas  =  fulvipes  (Amauronematus) 81 

siinilaris  =  trilineatus  (Pteronus) 66 

simplieicornis  ( Priophorus) 20 

siskiyouensis  (Pristiphora) 116 

solitaris  (Priophorus) 20 

stigmatalis  (Pontania) 39 

Btigmatus  (Pteronus) 74 

suadus  (Pachynematus) 98 

subalbatus  (Pachynematus) 105 

snlphurea  (Pontania) 41 

sumptus  (Pachynematus) 129 

suratus  (Xematus  ?) 132 

sycophants  ( Prist iphora) 115 

thoracicus  (Pachynematus) 108 

thoracicus  (Pteronus) 61 


Page. 

tibialis  =  sycophanta  (Pristiphora) 115 

Trichiocampus 20 

tricolor  (Pteronus) 56 

trifurcatus  (Xematus  ?) 132 

trilineatus  (Pteronus) 66 

trimaculatus  =  ribesii  (Pteronus) 61 

tritici  (Pachynematus) 1 06 

trivialis  =  sycophanta  (Pristiphora) 115 

trivittatus  =  mendicus  ( Pteronus) 69 

truncata  (Pontania) 38 

unicolor  (Xematus) 88 

uuicolor  (Pteronus) 72 

vancouverensis  (Pteronus) 70 

ventralia  (Pteronus) 50 

ventricosus=iibesii  (Ptei*onus) 61 

vertebrat  us  ( Pteron  us) 68 

viminalis  (Trichiocampus) 20 

violaceipennis  =  concoloi  ( Amaurouemat  us)  77 

vicinalis  (Pteronus) 48 

Winnipeg  (Lygteoneroatus) Ill 

wrangeli  (Pachynematus) 109 


Technical  Series  No.  4. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


SOM    E 


MEXICAN  AND  JAPANESE  INJURIOUS  INSECTS 


LIABLE   TO    BE 


INTRODUCED  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1896, 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  1).  C,  April  15,  ls<)C>. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  the  fourth  number 
of  the  technical  series  of  bulletins  of  this  Division.     It  is  composed  of 
a  group  of  articles,  chiefly  of  a  descriptive  character,  which  relate  to 
injurious  insects  liable  to  be  imported  into  the  United  States. 
Respectfully, 

L.  ().  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  J.  Sterling  Morton, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture, 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Pig.  1.  Aapidiotue  albopttnctatua  ;  anal  plate  of  female. 

2.  Parlotoria  thece  var.  viridis;  anal  plate  of  female. 

;>.  MytUaspis  carinatus  ;  anal  plate  of  female. 

1.  A8pidiotu8  secretus ;  anal  plate  of  female. 

5.  Chionaspis  lutmbusti  :  anal  plate  of  female, 

ti.  Parlatoria  thece  ;  anal  plate  of  female. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction /,.  0,  Howard.. 

Report  of  a  trip  to  investigate  insects  of  economic  importance  in  Mexico. 

C.  If.  Tyler  Townsend.. 

Insects  injurious  to  stored  cereal  and  other  products  in  Mexico. 

/'.  //.  Chittenden  . . 

Notes  and  descriptions  of  the  new  Coccidse  collected  in  Mexico  by  Professor 

Townsend T.  J).  A.  Covkerdl.. 

A  list  of  scale  insects  found  upon  plants  entering  the  port  of  San  Francisco. 

ilexander  (raw. . 

Some  ( loccidse  found  by  Mr.  ( 'raw  in  the  course  of  his  quarantine  work  at  San 

Francisco T.  J).  A.  Cockerel! . . 

Some  new  species  of  Japanese  Coccidse  collected  by  ().  Takahashi. 

T.D.  A.  Coekerell.. 

I 


Page. 
5 

9 

26 

:;i 

40 

12 

17 


INTRODUCTION. 


Of  the  articles  which  compose  this  bulletin,  three  relate  to  Mexican 
insects,  one  specifically  to  Japanese  insects,  and  two  to  insects  which 
enter  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  mainly  from  Japan  but  also  from  other 
Pacific  ports,  principally  those  of  Hawaii  and  Australasia.  In  a  paper 
read  before  the  Peninsula  Horticultural  Society,  at  Dover,  Del.,  on  Jan- 
uary 11,  1895,  and  published  in  Insect  Life  (vol.  vn,  pp.  332-339),  the 
writer  called  especial  attention  to  the  great  and  constant  danger  of  the 
importation  of  injurious  insects  new  to  the  United  States,  and  sounded 
an  especial  note  of  warning  regarding  the  Mexican  border.  One  of 
his  first  official  acts  on  assuming  charge  of  the  Division  of  Entomology 
in  June,  1894,  was  to  secure  the  temporary  appointment  of  Prof.  C.  H. 
Tyler  Townsend  to  conduct  a  brief  investigation  of  the  injurious 
insects  of  northern  Mexico  which  are  liable  to  be  carried  across  the 
border,  and  the  first  three  papers  of  this  bulletin  give  the  technical 
results  of  this  short  investigation,  the  first  paper,  by  Professor  Town- 
send  himself,  possessing  also  some  popular  interest.  The  whole  subject, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  is  one  which  deserves  popular  as  Avell  as  technical 
treatment,  and  a  popular  summary  may  be  given  at  another  time.  Our 
danger  from  Mexico  is  fast  becoming  realized.  A  great  influence  in 
bringing  about  popular  appreciation  of  this  danger  has  been  the  advent 
in  Texas  cotton  fields  of  the  Mexican  cotton  boll  weevil,  Anthonomus 
grandis,  and  quite  recently  resolutions  have  been  adopted  by  the  Board 
of  Control  of  the  New  Mexico  Agricultural  Exf>erinient  Station,  recom- 
mending the  stationing  of  horticultural  quarantine  officers  at  southern 
ports  and  the  appointment  of  an  agent  of  this  Department  to  study 
injurious  insects  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 

There  is  fortunately  not  the  same  danger  of  the  importation  of 
injurious  insects  from  Japan  and  the  Pacific  islands  that  there  is  from 
Mexico.  This  is  largely  owing  to  the  excellent  legislative  acts  which 
are  in  force  in  California  and  to  the  work  of  the  State  Board  of  Hor- 
ticulture. It  is  necessary,  however,  for  even  the  executive  officers  of 
the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  of  California  to  be  familiar  with  the 
insects  which  are  liable  to  be  imported,  and  it  was  with  this  fact  in 
view  that  my  predecessor  in  office,  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,  secured  the  serv- 
ices for  a  short  time  of  Mr.  Otoji  Takahashi,  a  Japanese  entomologist 
who  had  been  trained  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock  at  Cornell  University, 
to  conduct  a  short  investigation,  particularly  of  the  scale  insects  affect- 


ing  citrus  plants.  Mr.  Takahashfs  employment  was  brief,  and  lie  Was 
unfortunately  situated  at  a  great  distance  from  the  orange-growing 
region.  He' secured,  however,  several  interesting  scale  insects,  which 
are  described  by  Professor  Cockerell  in  the  concluding  article  of  the 
series.  Of  the  injurious  insects  of  Japan  other  than  scale  insects  we 
should  have  a  more  explicit  knowledge.  We  already  know  of  the 
existence  there  of  a  larva  affecting  the  peach,  an  account  of  which  was 
given  in  Insect  Life  (vol.  n,  pp.  64-66),  which  would  be  a  most  unde- 
sirable importation.  We  also  know  that  the  Japanese  gypsy  moth, 
Ocneria  japonica,  if  accidentally  introduced  into  this  country,  might 
prove  as  serious  a  pest  as  the  European  gypsy  moth  has  shown  itself 
to  be  in  Massachusetts.  But  with  other  injurious  insects  of  this  and 
other  orders  we  are  more  or  less  unfamiliar.  Further  investigations  in 
tli is  line  are,  therefore,  very  much  to  be  desired. 

In  1893  a  large  collection  of  unnamed  Japanese  insects  of  different 
orders  was  exhibited  at  the  Chicago  Exposition  by  Dr.  K.  Milsukuri, 
of  the  Imperial  University,  Tokyo.  Japan.  This  collection  was  depos- 
ited in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  at  Washington,  and  is  now  being 
named  by  specialists  in  different  orders.  Many  of  the  insects  are 
undoubtedly  injurious,  but  we  have  no  notes  of  their  exact  habits. 
Quite  recently  a  small  lot  of  Japanese  insects  was  sent  to  the  writer  by 
Mr.  M.  Matsumura,  of  the  Sapporo  Agricultural  College,  who  is  taking 
up  economic  entomology,  and  as  these  specimens  were  accompanied  by 
notes  as  to  food  plants  the  sending  was  an  exceptionally  interesting 
one.     Among  them  the  following  are  of  especial  interest: 

Spilodcs  kodzukalis  Holland  MS.;  very  injurious  as  a  stalk  borer  to 
grasses. 

A  species  of  Ancylolomia  very  like  our  Chilo  oryzceellus;  very  inju- 
rious to  rice  stalks  as  a  borer. 

Rhodophcea  hollandella  Ragonot;  rolling  the  leaves  of  pear. 

Nephopteryx  rubrizonella;  boring  into  the  fruit  of  pear. 

Caccrcia  rosaceana  Harris;  rolling  leaves  of  apple.  (This  species. 
occurs  abundantly  in  this  country.) 

Hyponomeuta  sp.;   eating  the  leaves  of  apple  and  pear. 

Orgyia  ganostigfna  (a  common  European  species);  eating  the  leaves 
of  apple  and  pear. 

Lavernaf  sp. ;  very  injurious  to  apple,  working  in  the  fruit  like  the 
codling  moth  and  spinning  its  cocoon  in  the  earth.. 

Exartema  f  sp. ;  an  injurious  bud  moth  of  the  mulberry  tree. 

Tinea  sp.;  near  granella;  attacking  stored  rice. 

Myelois  sp. ;  attacking  stored  grain. 

Bombyx  mandarin  us  Moore  (the  species  which  is  believed  to  be  the 
wild  form  of  the  silkworm  of  commerce);  eating  tlie  leaves  of  the  mul- 
berry tree. 

Stenobothrw  bicolor  Charp.  (?);  a  grasshopper  which  is  very  injurious 
to  vegetation  in  general. 


Parapleurm  aUiacus  Germ.  (?);  another  grasshopper  which  attacks 
the  rice  plant. 

Sitodrepa  panicea  (cosmopolitan);  very  troublesome  to  stored  food. 
(One  specimen  of  Ptinusfur  was  found  with  the  preceding.) 

Tabanus  sp.f  attacking  domestic  animals. 

The  Lepidoptera  of  this  collection  were  examined  by  Rev.  Dr.  AY.  J. 
Holland,  who  has  given  us  most  of  the  names,  and  the  two  grasshop- 
pers were  named  by  Professor  Bruner. 

The  publication  of  the  list  of  scale  insects  found  upon  plants  enter- 
ing the  port  of  San  Francisco,  by  Mr.  Alexander  Craw,  quarantine 
officer  and  entomologist  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  of  Cali- 
fornia, renders  this  bulletin  far  more  complete  than  it  could  otherwise 
have  been  made,  and  Mr.  Craw's  courtesy  in  furnishing  this  list  is 
highly  appreciated.  The  technical  descriptions  of  new  forms  found  by 
Mr.  Craw  have  been  drawn  up  by  Professor  Cockereil,  to  whom  they 
were  sent  by  Mr.  Craw  with  the  request  that  the  manuscript  be  for- 
warded to  this  office  for  publication  in  this  bulletin. 

The  publication  of  these  technical  matters  in  the  present  shape  is 
desirable,  for  the  reason  that  it  will  place  upon  record  facts  and  descrip- 
tions concerning  the  species  mentioned  which  will  enable  an  entomolo- 
gist to  recognize  any  of  the  forms  discussed,  in  case  at  any  time  they 
appear  or  establish  themselves  in  any  part  of  the  country.  Thus,  if 
an  injurious  scale  insect  is  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  entomologist 
of  the  Louisiana  Experiment  Station,  for  example,  and  he  finds  that  it 
is  new  to  his  locality,  he  can  probably,  by  consulting  these  pages,  ascer- 
tain whether  it  was  imported  from  Mexico  or  from  some  other  point. 
Having  ascertained  that  it  is  an  importation,  and  perhaps  a  recent  one, 
the  necessity  for  exterminating,  and  not  palliative  remedial  work,  will 
be  at  once  apparent. 

Further  investigations  of  this  character  are,  as  stated  above,  very 
much  to  be  desired.  Results  of  more  immediate  value  are,  however,  to 
be  obtained  on  other  lines  of  work,  and  the  Entomologist  has  felt  loath 
to  recommend  the  spending  in  this  direction  of  more  than  a  very  small 
part  of  the  funds  at  his  disposal. 

L.  ().  H, 


SOME  MEXICAN  AND  JAPANESE  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  LIABLE 
TO  BE  INTRODUCED  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


REPORT    OF    A   TRIP    TO    INVESTIGATE    INSECTS    OF    ECONOMIC 
IMPORTANCE  IN  MEXICO. 

By  C.  H.  Tyler  Towxsexd, 
Temporary  Field  Agent,  Division,  of  Entomology. 


LETTER    OF    STBMTTTAL. 

Las  ('rices.  X.  Mex.,  October  31,  1S94. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  inclosed  report  on  my  investigations  of 
economic  insects  in  Mexico,  made  between  September  20  and  October  20,  1894. 
Pursuant  to  your  instructions,  I  visited  most  of  the  principal  agricultural  districts 
situated  along  the  railroads  over  the  plateau  region,  and  also  visited  the  ports  of 
Ouaymas  and  Tampico.  On  growing  crops  little  else  was  met  with  besides  scale 
insects  (Coccidae)  and  their  enemies.  These  are  of  the  utmost  economic  importance, 
and,  therefore,  were  carefully  collected  and  are  all  mentioned  in  this  report,  whether 
found  on  crops  or  other  plants.  Whenever  practical,  ranches  and  plantations  of 
importance  in  the  vicinity  of  stopping  places  were  visited  and  thoroughly  inspected; 
but  when  the  distance  was  so  great  or  the  time  so  short  as  to  render  such  trips 
impracticable  the  time  was  devoted  to  the  inspection  of  all  available  plazas,  gar- 
dens, patios,  etc.,  in  the  different  places  visited.  The  idea  was  constantly  kept  in 
mind  that  those  species  which  occurred  in  regions  from  which  much  produce  was 
shipped  were  more  likely  to  become  imported,  and  inquiries  were  made  of  proper 
authorities  in  this  regard. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  C.  H.  Tyler  Townsexd, 

Temporary  Field  Agent. 
Mr.  L.  O.  Howard. 

Chief.  Division  of  Entomology. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  present  report  treats  of  such  insects  of  economic  importance  as 
could  be  found  in  Mexico  in  the  limited  time  at  my  disposal  for  visit- 
ing the  different  agricultural  districts,  and  which  stand  any  chance  of 
being  introduced  into  the  United  States.  Only  such  regions  as  are 
situated  along  the  railroads  were  visited,  ports  excepted,  as  from  these 
only  would  pests  be  liable  to  reach  our  country  through  shipment  of 
fruit,  produce,  plants,  etc.     Enemies  of  injurious  insects  were  collected 

9 


10 

wherever  found,  and  some  of  these  may  prove  of  importance  for  intro- 
duction, i.  e.,  certain  enemies  of  scale  insects. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Hale,  American  vice-consul  at 
Guaymas;  Hon.  John  Maguire,  American  consul  at  Tampico)  Sehor 
U.  Ferreira,  of  Ilermosillo,  a  well-informed  man  on  scale  insects  of  the 
orange;  and  to  many  others  for  favors  shown  ami  assistance  <jiven. 

All  of  the  material  outside  of  the  Cocciche  was  determined  by  the 
Department  in  Washington — the  Encyrtime  and  Aphelinime  by  Mr, 
Howard,  the  Coleoptera  by  Mr.  Schwarz,  and  the  few  Diptera  by  Mr. 
Coquillett.  The  plants  were  determined  by  Mr*  Coville.  My  thanks 
are  due  to  these  gentlemen,  and  also  to  Prof.  T.  D.  Ai  Cockerell,  of  Las 
Graces,  N.  Mex.,  who  at  first  looked  over  the  coeeids  superficially  and 
furnished  me  comments  and  notes  upon  them.  They  were  then  worked 
over  by  Mr.  Pergande,  who  determined  the  most  of  the  described 
species.  The  new  species  were  afterwards  described  and  named  by 
Professor  Cockerell,  and  appear  in  a  paper  at  the  end  of  this  report. 
I  should  also  mention  that  a  considerable  pari  of  the  list  of  Mexican 
Coccidffl  was  made  from  data  furnished  me  by  ^\Ir.  Cockerell. 

SCALE    INSECTS  (COOCIIKE). 

The  scale  insects  form  tin1  major  portion  of  the  material  secured,  and 
will  be  treated  first  under  the  head  of  each  species.  Following  this 
will  be  given  a  list  of  species  found  on  each  plant  infested. 

1.  Icerya  pitrchasi  Mask. — This  species  was  found  only  on  citrus  fruits,  principally 
orange,  at  (luaymas,  Ilernmsillo.  and  Magdalena  in  the  State  of  Sonora  ;  at  Victoria 
in  Tamaulipas,  and  at  Monterey  in  Xuevo  Leon. 

In  Guayinas  it  was  found  very  bad  on  about  six  orange  trees  at  Aranjucz,  at  a  place 
formerly  known  as  San  Jose  do  (iuayinas.     <  )n  trunk,  twigs,  and  leaves,  September 23. 

Sefior  U.  Ferreira  informed  me  that  the  Icerya  has  been  seen  on  grapes  at  Hermo- 
sillo;  and  further,  that  no  other  scale  has  ever  occurred  on  orange  in  Hermosillo 
except  the  Icerya.  The  same  gentleman  informed  me  also  that  when  the  Icerya  on 
the  orange  was  shown  to  the  native  Mexicans,  they  replied  that  they  had  previously 
ol >served  the  same  on  the  mesquite,  but  the  latter  was  probably  a  different  species. 

At  Hormosillo  it  was  found  in  the  plaza  on  orange,  and  very  sparingly  in  the  orange 
orchards  of  that  vicinity.  At  Magdalena  it  was  found  in  great  abundance  on  some 
orange  trees  in  the  patio  of  a  hotel  and  in  the  plaza,  and  on  one  lime  tree  in  the  same 
place.  At  Victoria  it  was  found  in  large  numbers  on  orange;  October  10  on  leaves 
along  midrib  on  underside.  At  Monterey  it  occurred  on  orange  trees  in  one  of  the 
plazas. 

This  species  is  found  elsewhere  in  California,  Florida,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
South  Africa,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands, 

2.  Orihezia  sonorensis  Ckll.  n.  sp. — Found  numerously  near  San  Ignacio,  Sonora, 
September  20,  on  plant  called  "gecota,"  Jfymenoclea  movogyra.  This  is  a  large  spe= 
cies  of  Orthezia,  larger  than  any  hitherto  known. 

3.  Orthezia  imignis  Dough,  var. — Found  abundantly  on  many  orange  trees  in  Gua- 
dalajara, October  9  and  10,  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  In  Aglias  Calietites  it  was 
extremely  abundant  on  a  small  lime  tree  October  11,  covering  the  whole  tree.  A 
single  specimen  was  also  found  on  tomato. 

Tho  true  imignis  is  found  out  of  doors  only  in  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara. 
It  occurs  in  hothouses  in  Enrope  and  America.  A  variety,  probably  the  same,  was 
found  in  Vera  Cruz  bv  Cockerell. 


11 

4.  Chionaspis  citri  Comst.— Found  abundantly  in  Tampion,  October  14,  on  orange. 
It  was  Very  bad  on  leaves,  fruit,  twigs,  and  bark  of  trunk  and  branches;  also  badly 
infesting  tangerine  orange  in  Tampico. 

This  species  is  found  elsewhere  in  Cuba,  Louisiana,  Trinidad,  Pernerara,  Australia, 
and  New  Zealand. 

5.  Ccroplastes  cerifcrus  Anders. — This  was  found  in  Cuautla  on  red-flowering  Hibis- 
cus, badly  massed  on  branches  in  plaza,  October  7.  A  lepidopterous  larva  was  found 
preying  upon  it. 

This  species  furnishes  the  Indian  white  wax,  and  occurs  elsewhere  in  India,  Aus- 
tralia, Antigua,  and  probably  Brazil.  It  has  been  collected  in  Guanajuato,  Mexico, 
by  Dr.  A.  Dugos. 

6.  Ceroplastes  mexicanus  Ckll.  n.  sp. — Sail  Luis  Potosi,  October  12,  on  Catalpa.  Adult 
scales  found  singly  on  branches,  and  what  appear  to  be  the  young  on  upper  side  of 
leaves.     Also  found  on  Tecoma  stans  at  Guaymas,  September  24. 

7.  Aspidiotus  ficus  Aslim. — Very  bad  on  fruit  and  leaves  of  orange  in  plaza  in  Tam- 
pico, October  14.  Also  very  bad  on  tangerine  orange  in  Tampico.  Also  bad  on  orange 
in  Matamoras,  December  9.     In  Chihuahua,  on  leaves  of  tree  called  "palo  dulce." 

This  species  occurs  elsewhere  in  Florida,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  Australia.  It  has 
been  recorded  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  by  Cockerell. 

8.  Aspidiotus  nerii  Bouche\ — Very  bad  on  oleander  in  Chihuahua  and  Aguas  Cali- 
entes ;  also  on  shrub  called  "  trueno  "  in  Aguas  Calientes  and  San  Luis  Potosi.  Massed 
on  branches  of  rose  in  Chihuahua.  On  leaves  of  olive  and  "palo  dulce''  in  Chihua- 
hua.    On  Yucca  aloifolia  ?  (young  plants  in  pots),  in  Guadalajara. 

This  species  is  almost  general  in  distribution,  yet,  strange  to  say,  has  never  been 
found  in  the  West  Indies. 

i).  Aspidiotus  articulatus  Morg. — On  orange  in  Tampico,  October  14,  associated  with 
A.  ficus. 

Occurs  also  in  Jamaica,  Barbados,  Nevis,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara ;  collected  by 
Cockerell  in  Vera  Cruz. 

10.  Aspidioius  scutiformls  Ckll.— Abundant  on  loaves  of  orange  in  Victoria  and  Mon- 
terey; also  on  leaves  of  pomegranate  in  Monterey.  In  the  latter  placo  it  was  espe- 
cially bad  on  almost  all  of  the  orange  treos  in  all  the  plazas  of  the  city,  the  fruit  aud 
leaves  being  simply  massed  with  it. 

11.  Aspidiotus  n.  sp. — Thickly  massed  on  bark  of  limbs  and  twigs  of  tree  said  to  bo 
avocate  (avocado  pear).     San  Luis  Potosi,  October  12. 

12.  Aspidiotus  n.  sp.  ? — On  leaves  of  tree  known  as  "bagote."  Hermosillo,  Sep- 
tember 25.     The  material  was  not  in  sufficient  quantity  for  description. 

13.  Aspidiotus  nigropnnctatus  Ckll.  n.  sp. — On  " trueno."  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octo- 
ber 12. 

14.  Aspidiotus  n.  sp.  ? — On  leaves  of  rose.  Monterey,  October  17.  Not  enough 
material  for  description. 

15.  Lecanium  olecc  Bern. — On  orange,  lime,  and  Catalpa,  San  Luis  Potosi;  on 
oleander,  "marguerita,"  and  Pelargonium,  Aguas  Calientes;  on  thorny  shrub  (hard 
wood  and  thorns  few),  Las  Esteros,  State  of  Tamaulipas;  bad  on  leaves,  twigs,  and 
branches  of  fig  trees,  Monterey;  on  guava,  Nuevo  Laredo,  December  13.  Those 
found  on  oleander  at  Aguas  Calientes  were  all  infested  with  a  large  parasite.  They 
occurred  on  leaves  and  branches.  Tnose  on  fig  at  Monterey  were  also  badly  para- 
sitized.    This  species  is  widely  distributed. 

16.  Lecanium  hesperidum  Linn. — On  lime,  San  Luis  Potosi;  on  orange,  Tampico  and 
Chihuahua;  on  leaves,  stems,  and  twigs  of  orange  trees  in  sheltered  patios  in  Chi- 
huahua; also  very  numerously  infesting  leaves  of  several  large  trees  of  what  is 
known  as  "fitolaca,"  in  Monterey,  October  17.  These  last  were  extensively  preyed 
upon  by  larvae  and  adults  of  Ozya  orhigera.  On  guava  and  rose,  Nuevo  Laredo, 
December  13.  This  species  is  found  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  South  Africa,  Florida, 
Jamaica,  Chile,  etc. 

17.  Lecanium  imbricatum  Ckll.  n.  sp. — On  Mimosa.  Alta  Mira  (State  of  Tamauli- 
pas), October  15.     Massed  on  twigs,  the  scales  overlapping  each  other. 


12 

18.  Lecanium  sp.  (?) — Several  oblong  scales  on  pods  of  Catalpa,  San  Lnis  Potosi, 
October  12.  Tins  species  was  overlooked  at  tbo  Department  in  making  the  determi- 
nations, and  is  doubtfully  referred  by  me  to  this  genus.  The  scales  occurred  singly 
on  the  pods. 

19.  Pulvinaria  n.  sp.  ! — Found  singly  on  leaves  of  "iitolaca,"  at  Monterey.  With 
Lecanium  hesperidum.  Specimens  were  lost  in  transit  to  Washington,  and  were  not 
reported  on  at  the  Department. 

20.  Anlacaspis  ros<v  Boucke\ — Thickly  massed  on  rose  branches.  Chihuahua. 
Found  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  Jamaica,  Demerara,  Ettrope,  New  Zealand. 

21.  Anlacaspis  boisduvalii  Sign. — On  Bromelia pinguin,  a  plant  nearly  allied  to  the 
pineapple,  growing  wild  in  tropical  America  and  forming  impenetrable  thickets  in 
southern  Tamaulipas.  Alta  Mira,  Tamaulipas.  Known  in  Jamaica,  Barbados,  and 
Trinidad. 

22.  Myiilaspis  gloreri  V&ck. — Very  bad  on  leaves  and  fruit  of  orange  in  Tampico, 
associated  with  Chionaspis  citri  and  Aspidiotiu ficus.  Also  on  orange  in  Matamoras, 
December  9.  This  species  is  new  to  Mexico.  It  is  found  elsewhere  in  Louisiana, 
Florida,  and  Southern  Europe. 

23.  Pseudo-coccus  yucca  Coq. — This  species  was  found  by  me  on  the  following  plants 
in  the  following  localities: 

Tlaltizapan  (State  of  Morelos):  Sparingly  on  a  lime  tree.  Mexico  City:  On  tall 
Yucca  (  Y.ftlifera  probably)  in  Plaza  Gnardiola;  very  bad,  covering  all  the  leaves;  on 
banana  (1892).  Guadalajara:  On  orange,  yellow-variegated  Agave,  banana,  Yucca, 
Caladinm.  Aguas  Calientes :  On  common  red-flowering  Pelargonium,  and  on  Amaryl- 
lis. Sa-n  Luis  Potosi :  ( )n  orange,  Lime,  cherimoya,  a  raalvaceous  white-flowering  tree, 
a  shrub  with  red,  honeysnckle-like  flowers  and  rose-like  leaves,  Lantana  sp.,  pome- 
granate, and  Catalpa.  Tampico:  A  few  on  orange.  Las  Esteros  (Tamaulipas) :  On 
thorny  shrub,  October  15.  Monterey.  Numerous  on  leaves  of  fig  trees.  This  species 
was  very  bad  on  all  the  orange  trees  in  Guadalajara,  and  very  numerous  on  Yucca, 
Agave,  and  stems  and  leaves  of  Caladinm.  In  San  Luis  Potosi  it  was  very  had  on 
green  fruit  of  orange  (also  on  leaves  and  branches),  on  lime,  and  clustered  in  white 
masses  on  the  fruit  of  cherimoya,  but  not  on  the  leaves  of  latter.  It  attacks  a  great 
variety  of  plants. 

It  occurs  elsewhere  in  California  only.  Professor  Cockerell  does  not  consider  it  to 
be  a  true  Psemjococcus.  but  probably  a  new  genus.  Individuals  with  8-jointed 
antennae  were  described  by  Cockerell  as  Daotylopius  mexicanus. 

24.  Eriococcus  duhius  Ckll.  n.  sp. — Valles,  <  October  13.     On  twigs  of  unknown  shrub. 

25.  Conchaspis  angraci  var.  hibisci  Ckll.  var.  nov. — Found  on  leaf  stems  and  twigs 
of  Hibiscus  floridanus  in  plaza  in  Tampico,  October  11. 

C.  angrasci  (typical  form)  is  known  only  from  Jamaica  and  from  hothouses  in 
England. 

The  following  three  new  species  were  collected  in  Cindad  Porfirio 
Diaz  (Piedras  Negras),  (Joahuila,  in  November,  while  engaged  on  an 
investigation  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil,  and  are  included  (as  are  other 
data  gained  at  the  same  time)  in  this  report  so  as  to  complete  the 
account  of  .Mexican  scale  insects  to  the  present  time: 

26.  Aspidiotns  yuccas  Ckll.  n.  sp.— On  Yucca  australis  (or  a  closely  allied  species). 
C.  P.  Diaz.     Thickly  covering  the  leaves,  especially  toward  hasc. 

27.  AspidiotM  townsendi  Ckll.  n.  sp. — On  leaves  of  unknown  tree.     C.  P.  Diaz. 

28.  Dactylopius  oUvacens  Ckll.  n.  sp. — In  cavities  in  leaves  of  Yucca  australis. 
C.  P.  Diaz. 

Negative  results. — In  the  vicinity  of  Magdalen  a,  Sonora  (at  Magda- 
lena  and  San  Ignacio),  I  examined  many  grapes,  apples,  plums,  pears, 


13 

peaches,  figs,  apricots,  pomegranates,  and  quinces,  but  found  no  scales 
whatever  on  any  of  these  in  this  region.  At  San  Ignacio,  which  is  six 
miles  north  of  Magdalena  and  on  the  railroad  also,  I  could  find  nothing 
on  orange,  lime,  etc.,  though  leery  a  purehasi  abounded  on  the  same  at 
Magdalena.     Olives  in  Hermosillo  had  no  scales. 

In  Chihuahua  nothing  was  found  on  peaches  or  pears.     Also  noth 
ing  on  shrub  called  "trueno,"  which  was  abundantly  infested  farther 
south.     Some  scales  were  found  on  pomegranate  at  San  Luis  Fotosi 
and  Monterey,  but  nowhere  else  on  that  plant.     No  scales  were  found 
on  fig  except  in  Monterey. 

No  scales  were  found  anywhere  m  Mexico  on  peach,  pear,  apricot, 
plum,  apple,  quince,  or  grape. 

LIST   OF   SCALE    INSECTS,    ARRANGED   BY    HOST   PLANTS. 

Agave  (yellow  variegated). — Pseudococcus  yuccce.     Guadalajara. 

Amaryllis. — Pseudococcus  yuccas.     Aguas  Calientes. 

Avocate  (avocado  pear). — Aspidiotus  n.  sp.     San  Luis  Potosi. 

Bagote. — Aspidiotus  n.  sp.?     Hermosillo. 

Banana. — Pseudococcus  yucca:     Guadalajara,  Mexico  City  (seen  in  1892). 

Bromelia  pinguin. — Diaspis  boisduvalii.    Alta  Mira  (Tamauhpas). 

Caladium. — Pseudococcus  yuccce,     Guadalajara. 

Catalpa. — Ceroplaslcs  mexicanus;  Lecanium  (dew,  Lecanium  sp.  (?);  Pseudococcus 
yuccce.     San  Luis  Potosi. 

Ciierimoya. — Pseudococcus  yuccce.     San  Louis  Potosi. 

Fig. — Lecanium  oleW ;  Pseudococcus  yuccce.     Monterey. 

Fitolaca. — Lecanium  liesperidum;   Pulvinaria  n.  sp.  ?     Monterey. 

Guava. — Lecanium  hesperidum  ;  Lecanium  olew.     Nuevo  Laredo. 

Hibiscus  floridanus  (red -  flowering-  tropical  shrub). — Ceroplastes  ceriferus: 
Cuautla.     Conchaspis  angrwci  var.  hibisci:  Tampico. 

Hymenoclea  monogyra.  (gecota). — Orthezia  sonorensis.     San  Ignacio,  Sonora. 

Lantana  sp. — Pseudococcus  yuccw.     San  Luis  Potosi. 

Marguerita. — Lecanium  olew.     Aguas  Calientes. 

Mimosa. — Lecanium  imbricatum.     Alta  Mira. 

Oleander. — Aspidiotus  nerii:  Aguas  Calientes,  Chihuahua.  Lecanium  olew: 
Aguas  Calientes. 

Olive. — Aspidiotus  nerii.     Chihuahua. 

Orange,  lime,  etc.  (citrus  fruits). — Icerya  purehasi:  Guaymas,  Hermosillo,  Mag- 
dalena, Victoria,  Monterey.  Aspidiotus  jicus  :  Tampico,  Matamoras.  Aspidiotus  artic- 
ulatus:  Tampico.  Aspidiotus  scutiformis:  Victoria,  Monterey.  Mytilaspis  gloveri  : 
Tampico,  Matamoras.  Chionaspis  citri:  Tampico.  Orthezia  iusignis  var. :  Aguas  Cal- 
ientes, Guadalajara.  Lecanium  hesperidum :  San  Luis  Potosi,  Chihuahua,  Tampico. 
Pseudococcus  yuccw :  San  Luis  Potosi,  Guadalajara,  Tlaltizapan,  Tampico. 

Palo  dulce. — Aspidiotus  Jicus  ;  Aspidiotus  nerii.     Chihuahua. 

Pelargonium. — Lecanium  olew ;  Pseudococcus  yuccw.     Aguas  Calieutes. 

Pomegranate. — Aspidiotus  scutiformis :  Monterey.  Pseudococcus  yuccw :  San  Luis 
Potosi. 

Rose. — Aspidiotus  nerii:  Chihuahua.  Aspidiotus  n.  sp.?:  Monterey.  Aulacaspis 
rosw:  Chihuahua.     Lecanium  hesperidum  :  Nuevo  Laredo. 

Tecoma  stans. — Ceroplastes  n.  sp.  ?    Guaymas. 

Trueno  (lilac-like  shrub). — Aspidiotus  nerii:  Aguas  Calientes,  San  Luis  Potosi. 
Aspidiotus  nigropunctatus ;  San  Luis  Potosi. 

LIBRARY 
STATE  Pl-ANT  BOA^ 


14 

Yucca  filifkra,  australis,  and  OTHER  species. — Pseudococcus  yucca::  Mexico 
City,  Guadalajara.  Aspidiotus  yucca  :  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz.  Aspidiotus  uerii:  Gua- 
dalajara.    Dactylopius  olivaceus  :  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz. 

Unknown  tlant. — Eriococcus  dubius.    Valles  (Tamaulipas). 

PREVIOUS   RECORDS   OF    SCALES   INFESTING   PLANTS   IN   MEXICO. 

The  following  arc  previous  records  of  host  plants  of  scales  in  Mexico, 
and  complete  what  is  known  on  this  subject  up  to  the  present  time.  1 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  Oockerell  for  these  data : 

Aspidiotus  artieulatus.     On  rose,  Vera  Cruz. 
Aspidiotus  ficus.     On  rose,  Arera  Cruz. 

Aspidiotus  scutiformis.     On  tree  resembling  avocado  pear.     Soledad  (Vera  Cruz). 
Lichtensia  lutea.     On  Croton,  Vera  Cruz. 
Lecanium  hesperidum.     On  rose,  Vera  Cruz. 
Lecanium  tenninalia\     On  liliaceous  plant,  Vera  Cruz. 
Ceroplastes  irregularis.     On  Atriplex,  Montezuma  (Chihuahua). 
Ceioplastodes  niveus.     <  >n  spiny  shrub,  Montezuma. 

Mytilaspis  philoroccus.     On  cactus,  Guanajuato.     (Not  a  Mytilaspis  s.  str. ) 
Coccus  tomentosus.     On  cactus,  Guanajuato,  Silao. 
Coccus  cacti.     On  cactus. 
Iceryapalmeri.     On  grape,  Ouaynias. 

Llaveia  axinus.     <)n  Jatropha  and  Spondias,  Tlacotalpati  (Vera  Cruz  State). 
Capulinia  sallei.     On  "capulino." 
I  >actylopius  citri.     On  coffee,  State  of  Miohoacan.1 
Lecanium  schini.     ( >n  Schinus  molle. 

Ceroplastes  psidii  §ub$p.  cistudiformis.     On  Bignonia  and  Chrysanthemum,  Gua- 
najuato. 
Ceroplastes  ceriforus.     On  Malva  \  iscus,  Guanajuato. 
Tachardia  mexicana.     On  Mimosa,  Tampico. 
Aspidiotus  mimosa-.     On  Mimosa,  Tampico. 

IMPORTANT   ENEMIES    OP    SCALE    INSECTS   POUND   IN   MEXICO. 

The  following  are  native  parasjtcs  and  predatory  species  collected  in 
Mexico  by  the  writer  with  the  foregoing  25  species  of  coccids.  They 
Dumber  27  species: 

1.  Perissopteru*  mexicanui  How. — Bred  from  Lecanium  hettperidum  on  lime,  San  Lui.s 
Potosi.    From  Pseudococcua  yucca  on  Agave,  Guadalajara. 

2.  Aphelinus  diaspidis  How. — A  yellow  parasite  bred  from  Aspidiotus  uerii  on  trueno. 
San  Luis  Potosi. 

3.  Coccophayus  mcxic(uius  How. — Bred  from  Lecanium  Itespcridum  011  orange,  Chi- 
huahua.    Aleyrodcs  corni  (?)  on  lime,  San  Luis  Potosi. 

•1.  Coccopliayus  Jlavoscutcll uiu .  Ashm. — Bred  from  Lecanium  sp.  (  !)  on  Mimosa.  Alta 
Mira  (Tamaulipas). 

5.  New  genus  of  Encyrtinw. — Bred  from  Pseudococcus  yucca'  on  tig.     Monterey. 

6.  New  genus  of  EncyrtinoB. — Bred  from  Lecanium  oleas  on  fig.     Monterey. 

7.  Encyrtus  n.  sp. — Bred  from  Pseudococcus  yucca'  on  Pelargonium.    Aguas  Calientes. 

1  In  the  November  8,  1884,  number  of  El  Progreso  de  Mexico  there  is  a  long  article 
by  Dr.  Jose  C.  Segura  on  the  coffee  scale,  there  identified  as  Dactylopius  destructor 
(=D.  citri).  The  localities  given  are  Orizaba,  Cordova,  Uruapan,  Ario,  Cuicatlan, 
Jacoua,  Tacambaro,  and  doubtfully  Coatepec  (near  Jalapa).  It  is  said  to  be  worse 
in  the  cafetals  of  Orizaba  and  Uruapan. — C.  H.  T.  T. 


15 

8.  Signiphora  sp. — A  black  parasite  bred  from  Aspidiotus  nerii  ontrueno.  San  Luis 
Potosi. 

9.  Eupelmus  sp. ! — Bred  from  Lecanium  olew  on  oleander.     Aguas  Calieutes. 

10.  Habrolepis  n.  sp. — Bred  from  Aspidiotus  n.  sp.  ?  (related  to  A.  persew  and  A. 
fodiens)  on  orange.     Monterey. 

11.  Homalotylus  n.  sp. — Bred  from  Pseudococcus  yucca-  on  Agave,  Guadalajara. 
This  genus  is  known  to  be  parasitic  only  on  coccinellids,  which,  must  have  been 
among  the  I'seudococcus.     It  is  therefore  an  injurious  species. 

12.  Pachy neuron  sp.  ? — From  Pseudococcus  yuccw  on  pomegrauate,  San  Luis  Potosi. 
From  Pseudococcus  yucca;  on  Agave,  Guadalajara. 

13.  Pachyneuron  sp.  ? — Bred  from  Acanthococcus  n.  sp.  ?  on  unknown  shrub  at  Valles 
(Tamaulipas). 

14.  Tribolium  confusum  Duv. — From  Acanthococcus  n.  sp.  ?     Valles. 

15.  Vedalia  sieboldii  Muls.  var. — This  species  was  found  among  the  waxy  egg 
masses  of  Icerya  purchasi  which  I  collected  in  Magdalena,  Sonora.  It  is  a  small 
beetle  3  mm.  long,  black  and  red  in  color;  all  red  below  and  black  above,  with  two 
large  reddish  spots  on  each  elytron,  one  marginal  and  the  other  discal.  According 
to  Mr.  Schwarz,  it  is  a  true  Vedalia,  whereas  V.  cardinally  (the  Australian  impor- 
tation) is  not  a  true  Vedalia;  Mr.  Schwarz  thinks  there  is  no  reason  why  V.  sieboldii 
should  not  ilourish  north  of  Mexico  in  the  Sonoran  belt,  and  its  importation  into 
California  might  be  of  much  benefit.  Unfortunately,  it  was  not  found  in  the  egg 
masses  until  after  my  return  from  Sonora,  and  it  was  not  met  with  elsewhere  on 
the  trip. 

16.  Ozya  orbiyera  Muls. — This  is  a  bluish  coccinellid,  considerably  smaller  than  Chil- 
ocorus.  It  was  found  plentifully  in  Monterey  preying  on  coccids.  The  large  white 
cottony-covered  larva'  of  this  species  were  found  with  Lecanium  hesperidum  on  leaves, 
branches,  and  trunk  of  large  trees  called  "fitolaca,''  in  Monterey.  Many  adults  also 
occurred  on  same  trees.  The  larvae  are  covered  with  an  abundance  of  cottony-white 
excretion,  with  filamentous  processes,  and  strongly  resemble  specimens  of  Icerya 
agyptiaca.     Larva-  numerous,  October  17. 

17.  Scymnus  n.  sp.  near  americanus  Muls. — Feeding  on  Chionaspis  citri  on  orange. 
Tampico. 

18.  Scymnus  n.  sp.  near  auritulus. —Feeding  on  Acanthococcus  n.  sp.!  Valles 
(Tamaulipas). 

19.  Scymnus  sp.  ? — Larva-  feeding  on  Lecanium  alea-  on  orange.  San  Luis  Potosi. 
A  pteromalid,  doubtfully  belonging  to  the  genus  Arthrolytus,  was  bred  from  one  of 
these  scyinnid  larva-. 

20.  Chilocorus  cacti  L. — Preying  on  Pseudococcus  yucca'  on  agave,  etc.,  Guadalajara; 
on  Icerya  purchasi  on  orange,  in  Monterey.     Found  in  most  places  devouring  coccids. 

21.  Tabanus  punctifer  O.  S. — An  interesting  observation  was  made  in  Magdalena, 
Sonora.  On  the  white  masses  of  Icerya  purchasi  on  orange  there  were  found  numer- 
ous specimens  of  T.  punctifer,  all  males,  busily  engaged  apparently  in  piercing  thei 
Icerya;  and  sucking  their  juices.  I  do  not  know  that  any  similar  observation  has 
ever  been  recorded.  There  was  also  among  them  a  single  male  of  another,  smaller^ 
species  of  Tabanus  (presumably  this  genus),  but  it  escaped  capture. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  males  of  several  species  of  Tabanida-  may  prove  of  much 
good  in  destroying  Icerya  and  kindred  coccids.  T.  punctifer  is  found  throughout 
the  southwestern  region,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  know  if  the  male  has  the 
same  habit  in  California. 

22.  Leucopis  bellula  Willist. — Bred  from  Eriococcus  dubius  Valles  (State  of  Tam- 
aulipas). 

23.  Phora  cocciphila  Coq. — Specimens  of  a  fly  of  the  family  Phorida-  were  bred  from 
Icerya  purchasi  collected  on  orange  both  from  Monterey  and  Victoria,  It  is  prob- 
ably a  true  parasite,  though  this  can  not  be  said  positively. 


16 

24.  Dakruma  coccidivora  Comat.f — Larva1  feeding  on  Acanthococcus  n.  sp.  '.  on 
unknown  plant.     Valles  (Tamaulipas). 

25.  Chrysopa^. — Victoria,  October  16.  Larva  found  preying  on  Icerya  purchasi  on 
orange. 

26.  Chrysopa  sp.  1 — Monterey,  October  17.     Attacking  Icerya  purchasi. 

27.  Psocus  sp.  ? — Found  eating  Aspidiotus  n.  sp.?  (related  to  A.  persea  and  A. 
fodiens)  on  orange.     Victoria,  October  16. 

Note. — At  Guaymas  and  Heriuosillo,  in  Sonora,  Vedalia  cardinalis  is  well  known 
by  reputation.  I  am  informed  that  Don  Luis  Torres,  governor  of  Sonora,  brought 
the  Vedalia  to  Hermosillo  from  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  in  1893.  Specimens  were  taken  in 
June,  1894,  to  Aranjuez,  near  Guaymas,  and  placed  on  the  five  or  six  Icerya-infcsted 
orange  trees  on  that  place.  They  seem  to  have  done  their  work  well  at  Aranjuez,  for 
all  the  Iceryas  I  found  there  seemed  to  bo  dead  and  empty.  They  ought  now  to  be 
well  distributed  by  the  authorities  in  Magdalena  (whore  there  are  many  thriving 
colonies  of  Icerya),  and  in  Victoria  and  Monterey. 

INJURIOUS    INSECTS   OTHER    THAN   OOCOIDS. 

Material  was  collected  on  the  trip  that  does  not  appear  below,  as  only 
species  of  economic  importance  are  mentioned. 

1.  Aleyrodes  oorni  Hald.  ! — Specimens  of  this  species  wore  found  on  leaves  of  orange 
in  Guadalajara;  and  on  orange,  lime,  andCatalpa  leaves  in  San  Luis  Potosi. 

2.  Aleyrodes  sp.  ? — On  leaves  of  orange,  Tampico. 

3.  Aleyrodes  sp.? — On  Leaves  of  Tecoma  stans,  Guaymas. 

I.  Aphides. — Plant  lice  often  occur  on  orange  in  Sonora  and  other  parts  of  Mexico. 
They  were  mentioned  as  injurious  in  Guaymas  in  summer  months. 

5.  Cicada  sp. — Apple  twigs  at  Magdalena,  Sonora,  showed  unmistakable  signs  of 
having  been  largely  oviposited  in  by  a  Cicada.  The  samo  was  observed  in  twigs  of 
deciduous  fruit  trees  at  San  Ignacio. 

(I.  (Ecanthus  niveus  Serv. — Pound  at  San  Ignacio,  Sonora,  September 26,  on  tobacco. 
Reported  to  have  caused  much  injury  in  August  (1894)  by  eating  holes  in  the  tobacco 
Leaves  in  this  district. 

7.  Papilio  crcsphonles  Cram.  (?)  (orange  dog). — An  orange;  dog,  the  larva  probably 
of  this  Fapilio,  was  found  on  orange,  eating  the  leaves,  in  Guadalajara.  It  was  also 
found  on  orange  in  Victoria  and  Monterey. 

8.  Thyridopteryx  sp.  f — A  bagworm,  apparently  of  this  genus,  is  very  bad  on  orange 
in  parts  of  Mexico.  It  was  found  on  orange  at  Guaymas,  where  I  was  told  it  caused 
much  injury  in  midsummer.  It  also  occurs  on  the  orange  trees  in  Heriuosillo.  It 
was  found  in  large  numbers  on  the  orange  trees  in  Guadalajara,  and  was  also  found 
on  orange  in  Tampico. 

9.  TAgytus  ruginasus  Lee. — Great  numbers  of  these  beetles  were  observed  attracted 
to  light  at  night  at  Magdalena,  September  2(5.  Also  at  Xogales  (on  border).  These 
immense  numbers  indicate  much  injury,  in  case  they  breed  in  roots  of  any  crop.  It 
is  possible  the  larva-  breed  in  Ilelianthus,  though  it  is  very  likely  that  they  infest 
roots  of  sugar-cane  which  is  grown  in  the  Magdalena  region. 

10.  Oncideres  putator  Thorn. — This  grayish  species  was  found  girdling  branches  of 
Acacia,  near  Chocoy  (State  of  Tamaulipas),  October  15.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
it  may  attack  fruit  trees  also. 

II.  Trypeta  ludens  Lw.  ?  (orange  worm  or  maggot). — The  oranges  which  come  from 
the  State  of  Morelos  to  Mexico  City  are  badly  infested  with  maggots.  These  are 
with  little  doubt  the  larvaa  of  this  fly,  which  is  fully  treated  of  in  Insect  Life  (vol.  I, 
p.  45).  These  wormy  oranges  come  principally  from  Yautepec.  So  far  this  orange 
maggot  does  not  seem  to  have  spread  to  the  other  orange  regions  of  Mexico. 

Note. — Succinea  brevis  Dkr.  and  Fraticolella  yriseola  Pfr. — These  two  species  of 
snails  were  found  on  branches  and  trunks  of  orange  trees  in  Tampico.  The  several 
specimens  of  8.  brevis  had  all  been  infested  with  a  sarcophagid  fly,  belonging  to  thft 
genus  Sarcophilodes, 


17 

Enemies  of  stored  vegetable  products. — An  effort  was  made  to  obtain 
specimens  of  certain  enemies  of  grain  and  other  stored  products  in 
Mexico.  Several  species  belonging  to  the  Ptinida4,  Bruchidae,  lihyn- 
chophora,  and  Lepidoptera,  are  of  much  economic  importance  from  the 
injury  they  would  do  if  introduced  into  the  United  States. 

A  number  of  species  were  obtained  in  stored  corn,  etc.1 

EXTENT    OF   CLIMATIC   AND   FRUIT   REGIONS. 

In  the  region  of  the  western  coast  of  Mexico  the  warmer  belt  adapted 
to  the  subtropical  fruits  extends  much  farther  north  than  it  does  in  the 
eastern  coast  region  at  the  same  elevation  above  the  sea. 

Date  palms  grow  luxuriantly  at  Guaymas  and  Hermosillo,  and  even 
as  far  north  as  Magdalena  in  Sonora.  They  can  not  do  well  in  Chihua- 
hua, which  is  nearly  as  far  south  as  Guaymas,  nor  even  in  Aguas  Cali- 
entes,  which  is  well  within  the  tropics.  The  latter  place,  though  only 
about  t>,000  feet  above  the  sea,  has  been  known  to  receive  snow  falls. 
Magdalena,  in  Sonora,  though  but  little  south  of  31°  K.,  is  nearly  the 
same  temperature  as  (or  warmer  than)  Monterey,  which  is  about  the 
same  distance  south  of  20°  ¥.,  and  both  places  are  at  nearly  the  same 
elevation.  This  represents  a  difference  of  300  miles  in  a  north  and 
south  line.  Date  palms  grow  well  at  Matamoras,  however,  which  is 
near  the  coast  and  much  farther  south  than  the  Sonora  date-producing 
region. 

Oranges  grow  and  produce  exceedingly  well  at  Guaymas  (San  Jose 
de  Guaymas)  and  Hermosillo.  They  also  seem  to  do  fairly  well  at 
Magdalena,  though  there  are  very  few  at  that  place.  There  are  more  at 
San  Ignacio,  a  small  town  about  six  miles  north  of  Magdalena  on  the 
railroad.  The  Hermosillo  oranges  have  the  reputation  of  being  among 
the  finest  in  the  world.  In  Chihuahua  (neighborhood  of  city)  oranges 
cannot  be  raised,  the  winter  frosts  being  too  severe.  A  few  trees  are 
to  be  found  in  the  city,  but  only  in  sheltered  patios  (interior  courts 
of  houses),  and  none  in  any  of  the  plazas.  A  very  few  oranges  are 
raised  at  Aguas  Calientes.  At  Monterey  some  few  are  raised,  and  south 
toward  Victoria  there  is  quite  an  extensive  orange-producing  region, 
notably  at  Montemorelos  and  Linares,  particularly  the  former.  Oranges, 
and  especially  limes,  are  raised  at  Victoria,  and  all  the  region  between 
that  place  and  Tampico  would  form  a  splendid  district  for  the  produc- 
tion of  citrus  fruits  if  a  sufficient  water  supply  could  be  secured.  In 
the  Guadalajara  region  a  good  many  oranges  are  raised  in  the  barrancas 
(deep  ravines)  to  the  west,  but  they  are  extensively  produced  in  the 
Lake  Chapala  region  south  of  La  Barca,  which  is  less  than  halfway 
between  Guadalajara  and  Irapuato,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Mexican 
Central  Kailroad.  Then  again,  in  the  State  of  Morelos,  south  of  the 
City  of  Mexico,  in  the  low  valleys  or  hot  lands,  oranges  are  raised  prin- 


1  These  are  reported  upon  by  Mr,  Chittenden  in  a  following  article. — L.  O.  H. 
13148— No.  4 2 


18 

ci pally  at  Yau tepee.  In  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz  there  is  an  extensive, 
well-known  orange  region  in  tlie  vicinity  of  Orizaba  and  Cordova,  as 
well  as  farther  south.  Oranges  are  also  grown  to  a  limited  extent  in 
east  central  Coahuila,  and  do  very  well  at  Matamoras. 

Bananas  grow  outside  at  Guaymas  on  the  west,  and  Victoria  to 
Matamoras  on  the  east.  They  grow  only  in  sheltered  patios  at  Mon- 
terey. Plantains,  however,  are  grown  outside  in  towns  of  northeast- 
ern Coahuila,  where  the  frost  kills  the  tops  in  the  winter,  but  does  not 
injure  the  roots.  Bananas  grow  and  fruit  in  the  barrancas  to  the 
west  of  Guadalajara,  between  Yantepec  and  Jojutla  in  Morelos,  and 
in  the  Orizaba  and  Cordova  region.  They  do  not  grow  or  fruit  on  the 
table-lands. 

Cocoanut  palms  can  grow  and  survive  at  Guaymas,  as  Mr.  Graf  has 
demonstrated,  while  Tampico  is  close  to  the  northern  limit  for  them  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  coast. 

Sugar  cane  is  grown  in  southern  Sonora  (in  the  Hermosillo  region), 
and  some  is  grown  near  Magdalena.  To  the  east  it  is  grown  from 
eastern  Coahuila  to  Matamoras.  It  is  extensively  raised  farther  south, 
in  the  States  of  Morelos,  Vera  Cruz.  etc. 

Cotton  is  raised  near  Santa  Bosa,  in  southern  Sonora;  near  Santa 
Bosalia  and  Jimenez,  in  southern  Chihuahua;  very  largely  in  what  is 
known  as  the  Laguna  district,  comprising  the  region  around  Lerdo  and 
Torreon,  being  in  northeastern  Durango  and  southwestern  Coahuila. 
Another  cotton  section  of  considerable  importance  is  that  in  north- 
eastern Coahuila,  along  the  International  Bailroad,  between  Monclova 
on  the  south  and  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz  on  the  border.  Cotton  is  also 
raised  around  Matamoras,  and  the  cotton  belt  extends  into  northern 
Texas. 

Corn,  beans,  etc.,  are  raised  more  or  less  all  over  Mexico.  Wheat  is 
largely  raised  in  the  Magdalena  (Sonora)  region,  and  northeastern  Coa- 
huila is  well  adapted  to  wheat  raising. 

Pomegranates  are  extensively  raised  in  the  Magdalena  region,  espe- 
cially at  San  Ignacio,  etc.;  also  some  at  Hermosillo  and  Guaymas. 
They  also  grow  at  Monterey,  San  Luis  Potosi.  and  Matamoras. 

Olives  grow  well  at  Hermosillo.  The  olive  is  grown  as  a  tree  in 
plazas  in  Chihuahua,  but  probably  does  not  fruit. 

Grapes  produce  but  little  in  Guaymas,  Hermosillo,  and  Magdalena. 
Some  20  miles  to  the  west  of  Chihuahua  City  there  are  fruit  ranches 
where  considerable  quantities  of  grapes  are  raised.  Some  are  raised 
also  at  Santa  Bosalia. 

Peaches  and  pears  grow  well  in  the  Magdalena  (Sonora)  region,  along 
the  railroad  from  Cerro  Blanco  (or  Imuris)  on  the  north  to  Santa  Ana 
on  the  south.  Peaches  bear  especially  well  at  San  Ignacio.  They  do 
not  seem  to  do  well  as  far  south  as  Hermosillo.  At  the  ranches  west 
of  Chihuahua  City  they  are  quite  extensively  produced.  Plums  and 
apricots  also  do  well  at  Magdalena.     Peaches  are  grown  at  Santa  Bosa- 


19 

lia  and  at  Saltillo;  also  somewhat  at  Monterey.  Apples  do  not  do  par- 
ticularly well  in  Sonora,  the  few  trees  in  the  Magdalena  region  failing 
to  yield  profitably.  Some  apples  are  raised  at  Saltillo  and  Monterey, 
but  they  are  the  small  Mexican  variety.  Some  few  peaches  and  small 
apples  are  also  raised  in  northeastern  Coahuila.  Peaches,  plums,  and 
grapes  are  said  to  do  well  from  Xuevo  Laredo  to  Matamoras. 

Figs  grow  luxuriantly  at  San  Ignacio  (Sonora),  at  Monterey,  and  in 
towns  of  northeastern  Coahuila. 

Quinces  are  largely  grown  at  San  Ignacio  and  other  points  in  the 
vicinity  of  Magdalena,  and  yield  well. 

PARTICULARS   AS   TO  PRESENT    SHIPPING   OF   FRUITS,  ETC.,  BY   RAIL. 

Oranges  are  shipped  from  Guaymas  and  Hermosillo,  in  Sonora. 
Those  shipped  from  Guaymas  are  brought  to  the  railroad  at  Batamotal, 
which  is  a  station  about  seven  miles  north  of  Guaymas  by  rail.  These 
Sonora  oranges  go  to  Chicago  and  other  eastern  poiuts  chiefly,  but  I 
was  also  informed  by  officials  of  the  Sonora  Railway  that  some  are 
shipped  to  California,  going  to  the  San  Francisco  market.  My  investi- 
gations in  Sonora  did  not  reveal  any  other  scale  on  orange  beside 
Iccrya  purchasi,  and  that  was  long  ago  established  in  California,  whence 
it  probably  spread  into  Sonora.  Ieerya  palmer i  was  found  near  Guay- 
mas on  grape,  but  I  was  unable  to  find  any  sign  of  it. on  grape  or  other, 
plant  anywhere  in  Sonora  or  elsewhere.  If  it  should  spread,  there 
would  then  be  danger  from  these  shipments  of  Sonora  oranges  of  its 
reaching  California,  though  it  probably  isso  closely  related  to  I.  purchasi 
(the  young  only  being  known)  that  1  think  the  prediction  is  safe  that  it 
would  practically  amount  only  to  a  new  installment  of  that  species. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Aguas  Calientes,  which  is  on  the  Mexican  Central 
Railway,  a  very  few  oranges  are  raised.  These  are  shipped  only  as  far 
as  Zacatecas. 

On  the  branch  of  the  International  Railway,  which  runs  from  Mexico 
City  south  into  the  State  of  Morelos,  oranges  are  raised  in  considerable 
quantity  at  Yautepec.  They  are  shipped  only  as  far  as  Mexico  City. 
These  Morelos  oranges  are  badly  infested  with  the  larv;e  of  a  fly  ( Try- 
peta  luclens).  I  was  informed  in  Mexico  City  that  it  was  rare  to  find  an 
orange  entirely  free  from  these  maggots.  Oranges  appearing  perfectly 
sound  on  the  outside  prove  wormy  upon  being  opened,  so  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  tell  infested  fruit  from  its  outward  appearance.  A  very  few 
oranges  are  also  raised  at  Tlajeotapan,  Jojutla,  and  other  Indian  towns 
in  Morelos  on  the  railway.  Xone  of  them,  however,  are  shipped  farther 
than  Mexico  City. 

Oranges  from  the  Guadalajara  region  are  shipped  principally  at 
La  Barca.  From  Guadalajara  itself  only  about  15  or  20  carloads  are 
shipped  yearly.  These  come  from  the  barrancas  to  the  west,  the 
nearest  orange  groves  being  from  20  to  25  leagues  from  Guadalajara. 
The  groves  at  La  Barca  are  something  like  three  leagues  from  the  rail- 


20 

road.  Many  carloads  have  been  shipped  yearly  from  La  Barca  for  a 
period  of  many  years.  This  is  where  the  largest  shipments  of  Mexican 
oranges  come  from,  and  they  are  nearly  all  sent  through  (in  carloads)  to 
Kansas  City. 

In  the  State  of  Tamaulipas,  oranges  are  shipped  hugely  from  Mon- 
temorelos,  and  also  largely  though  in  less  quantity  from  Linares,  both 
on  the  Monterey  and  Gulf  Railway,  between  Monterey  and  Victoria. 
These  also  are  all  shipped  to  Kansas  City,  and  doubtless  go  over  the 
National  Railway  via  Laredo  and  San  Antonio.  Some  few  are  shipped 
from  Victoria.  Very  few  oranges  are  raised  at  Tainpico,  and  therefore 
none  shipped. 

The  Cordova  and  adjacent  orange  regions  do  not  ship  fruit  out  of 
the  Republic.  It  is  consumed  mostly  between  Mexico  City  and  Vera 
Cruz.  An  occasional  tourist  may,  however,  bring  oranges  from  that 
region  to  the  States. 

Limes  are  raised  at  (Juaymas,  but  none  or  very  few  are  shipped, 
though  I  should  think  it  would  pay  well  to  ship  them.  They  are  pro- 
duced in  great  quantity  in  Tamaulipas,  notably  at  Victoria,  and  their 
shipment  would,  I  believe,  be  profitable.  It  is  because  such  shipments 
may  be  made  in  the  near  future  that  these  points  are  mentioned. 

readies,  pears,  and  quinces  are  shipped  in  some  quantity  from  the 
Magdalena  (Sonora)  district  to  Arizona  points  chiefly.  No  pests,  how- 
ever, were  found  on  these  fruits.  Pomegranates  are  shipped  from  Mag- 
dalena and  llermosillo  to  Arizona  points.  Watermelons  are  shipped 
from  Sonora  to  Arizona  points  and  to  Albuquerque  and  Deming  in 
New  Mexico.  Wheat,  corn,  beans,  etc.,  are  not  shipped,  as  a  rule,  but 
are  all  consumed  in  the  country.     Irish  potatoes  are  usually  scarce. 

STEAMSHIP    LINES   AND   THEIR   HEARING   ON   THE   SUBJECT. 

As  affecting  the  dispersion  of  orange  pests,  as  well  as  scale  insects  in 
general,  it  should  be  mentioned  that  at  present  West  Indian  and  Pacific 
Company  steamers  ply  regularly  between  Tampico  and  New  Orleans, 
stopping  at  Progreso  on  the  way.  They  arrive  at  Tampico  from  Kings- 
ton, Jamaica,  with  a  stop  at  Vera  Cruz  included;  and  they  arrive  at 
Jamaica  from  Colon,  it  should  be  remembered,  however,  that  during 
all  the  warmer  mouths  these  steamers  are  rigidly  quarantined  below 
New  Orleans  and  everything  aboard  thoroughly  subjected  to  the  influ- 
ence of  hot  steam  or  fumigated.  It  is  not  likely  that  the  scale  insects 
would  survive  the  treatment  to  which  the  New  Orleans  authorities  sub- 
ject all  boats  that  arrive  during  the  warmer  months  from  so-called  yel- 
low fever  ports,  but  scales  could  easily  be  brought  during  the  winter 
months. 

Steamers  also  run  from  Tampico  to  Galveston  and  Mobile,  while  the 
Ward  Line  boats,  that  run  to  New  York  from  Tampico,  arrive  at  the 
latter  port  via  Habana  and  Vera  Cruz. 

On  the  west  coast  regular  steamers  ply  between  all  ports  and  San 


21 

Francisco,  but  these  are  quarantined  and  inspected  in  California  by 
horticultural  inspectors,  so  that  not  much  is  to  be  feared  from  that 
quarter.  More  is  to  be  feared  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  coast  lines  and 
railway  communication. 

DANOER   FROM   WEST   INDIAN   PORTS. 

Our  Southern  States  stand  in  much  danger  from  West  Indian  ports, 
especially  from  Cuba,  which  is  in  close  communication  with  them  by 
steamships  and  sailing  vessels.  Sixty-five  or  more  species  of  scales  are 
known  from  Jamaica.  Seventeen  of  these  occur  out  of  doors  in  the 
Southern  States,  eight  more  being  known  in  hot-houses  there.  Only 
four  species  of  scales  are  so  far  recorded  from  Cuba.  Compared  with 
Jamaica,  Cuba  ought  to  have  75  or  100  species.  Many  species  have 
doubtless  been  brought  from  Cuba  to  our  Southern  States,  and  others 
are  apt  to  follow  if  not  guarded  against.  Frequent  boats  run  from 
Tampa,  Fla.,  to  Key  West  and  Habana,  and  return  by  same  route.  It 
is  only  90  miles  across  from  Key  West  to  Habana.  Frequent  boats  run 
from  Cuba  to  other  ports  in  the  Southern  States. 

CONDITIONS  WHICH  RETARD  THE  SPREAD  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  IN 

MEXICO. 

It  is  a  peculiar  fact  that  in  Mexico  the  natural  conditions  are  such  as 
to  retard  the  spread  of  injurious  insects  of  certain  groups;  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  artificial  conditions  that  spread  insects  in  our  own 
country  are  happily  such  at  present  as  to  give  little  aid  to  their  disper- 
sion in  Mexico.  I  refer,  first,  to  the  topography  and  resultant  isolation 
of  climatic  regions  in  Mexico;  and  second,  to  the  fact  that  shipments 
of  fruit,  etc.,  by  rail  are  not  made  from  on  e  to  the  other  of  these  regions 
These  observations  apply  best  to  orange  insects.  The  following  is  a 
good  case  in  point : 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  the  orange  worm  (larva  of  Try- 
peta  ludens)  infests  the  oranges  to  a  very  great  extent  in  the  State  of 
Morelos.  It  was  known  in  that  region  many  years  ago,  and  does  not 
seem  to  occur  yet  in  any  other  orange  region.  Inquiries  were  made 
at  Guadalajara,  where  I  was  told  that  wormy  oranges  were  unknown, 
and  I  have  never  known  of  wormy  oranges  from  the  Cordova  or  Orizaba 
region,  many  of  which  I  have  examined.  Likewise  they  were  not  heard 
of  in  Tamaulipas  or  Sonora.  The  explanation  of  this  is  that  the  Morelos 
orange  region  is  effectually  isolated  from  others  by  climatic  barriers  in 
the  shape  of  ranges  upon  ranges  of  mountains  where  the  orange  can  not 
thrive,  even  were  these  ranges  not  in  the  original  wild  state,  and  also 
that  the  oranges  shipped  from  the  infested  localities  in  the  State  of 
Morelos  go  no  farther  than  Mexico  City,  where  they  are  all  sold  and 
consumed. 

The  same  holds  good  in  several  instances  of  scale  insects  of  the 
orange.     Orthezia  insignis  var.  was  found  only  in  Guadalajara  and 


22 

Aguas  Calientes.  It  was  very  bad  at  both  places.  These  two  locali- 
ties are  connected  by  deep  and  long  barrancas,  which  run  in  a  some- 
what northeasterly  and  southwesterly  direction  a  little  to  the  west  of 
both  places,  and  in  which  oranges  are  largely  raised.  Both  localities, 
therefore,  belong  to  the  same  region.  Either  this  or  a  similar  variety, 
however,  is  known  from  Vera  Grnz. 

Pseudococctis  yucca'  is  an  exception,  as  it  occurs  from  Morelos  (State) 
to  Guadalajara  and  Tampico,  and  is  spread  well  over  the  plateau  region, 
even  extending  into  California.     It  is  a  much  hardier  insect. 

Aspidiotus  scutiformis  was  originally  found  by  Cockerell  at  Soledad, 
in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  on  leaves  of  a  tree  resembling  avocado 
pear  somewhat.  Doubtless  this  tree  is  its  native  food-plant,  or  one  of 
them,  and  this  would  indicate  that  the  species  had  taken  to  orange  and 
spread  northward.  This  it  could  easily  d<>.  as  there  are  no  mountain 
ranges  to  act  as  barriers  to  its  spread  to  the  northward.  The  Gulf 
(Oast  region  is  a  low,  tiat  strip  of  country,  from  50  to  more  than  100 
miles  in  width,  between  the  G-ulf  and  the  foothills  of  the  mountains, 
and  running  from  southern  Vera  Cruz  Stale  to  Texas,  gradually  widen- 
ing to  the  northward.  Though  this  species  was  not  met  with  at  Tam- 
pico, it  must  occur  in  that  vicinity,  as  it  was  found  so  abundant  at 
Victoria  ami  as  far  north  us  Monterey.  It  has  so  far  been  found  only 
ill  the  foothill  regions  of  the  eastern  side  on  the  Mexican  tableland, 
in  localities  between  1,000  and  2.0(H)  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  very  likely 
to  turn  up,  however,  at  any  time  in  Tampico  and  Matamoras. 

Icerya  purchasi  is  a  more  difficult  case  to  explain,  being  found  in 
Sonora  on  the  west  and  in  Tamaulipas  and  Nuevo  Leon  on  the  east. 
These  two  regions  are  separated  not  only  by  a  vast  tract  of  high  table- 
land, but  by  the  vast  and  almost  unknown  region  of  the  Siena  Mad  re 
.Mountains,  and  are  totally  unconnected  by  either  railways  or  wagon 
loads,  except  in  a  roundabout  way  through  the  Tinted  States.  It  seems 
impossible  that  it  should  have  spread  from  one  region  to  the  other, 
unless  by  means  of  cuttings  sent  from  the  Sonora  region.  It  is  more 
probable  that  it  spread  to  the  eastern  region  by  cuttings  brought  from 
California. 

SCALES    THAT    HAVE   BEEN   INTRODUCED   INTO   MEXICO   FROM   THE 

UNITED    STATES. 

Turning  now  from  the  importation  side  of  the  question  and  looking  at 
the  exportation  side,  there  is  little  doubt  that  Mexico  has  received  sev- 
eral noxious  species  of  scale  insects  from  the  United  States  through  her 
steamship  communication  with  the  Southern  States.  Chionaspis  dtri, 
MytUa&pis  gloveri,  and  u  1  spidiotm  fieus  were  found  plentifully  in  Tampico 
and  (except  the  first)  in  Brownsville  and  Matamoras,  but  not  elsewhere, 
except  that  the  last  Tras  found  by  Cockerell  in  Vera  Cruz.  They  have 
doubtless  been  brought  to  these  ports  by  steamers  from  Mobile  and  New 
Orleans.     A.  ficus  is  abundant  in  Jamaica,  and  may  have  been  brought 


23 

from  there,  however,  or  from  Cuba.  Steamers  from  both  islands  stop 
at  Vera  Cruz  before  reaching  Tampico,  and  this  would  explain  the  occur- 
rence of  A.  Jimis  in  Vera  Cruz. 

As  to  railway  introductions,  Icerya  purchasi  has  probably  been 
brought  to  Sonora  from  California  in  this  way.  It  was  most  abundant 
at  Magdalena,  less  so  at  Hermosillo,  and  still  less  at  Guaymas.  I  was 
informed  by  Seilor  U.Ferreira  that  it  first  appeared  in  Hermosillo  during 
the  yellow  fever  epidemic  there  eleven  years  ago,  in  1882-83.  It  was 
first  noticed  in  the  plaza.  The  railway  had  recently  been  completed  at 
that  time.  I  do  not  see  how  else  it  could  have  reached  Sonora  from 
California  than  on  orange  cuttings.  It  is  found  in  the  interior  of 
Tamaulipas  (but  not  at  Tampico),  and  in  Nuevo  Leon,  and  the  most 
probable  theory  is  that  it  spread  to  both  regions  in  Mexico  directly 
from  California  on  cuttings. 

SCALE  INSECTS  MOST  LIKELY  TO  BE  INTRODUCED  INTO  THE-  SOUTHERN 


Aspidiotus  scutiformis. — This  is  a  very  bad  species,  and  is  apt  to  reach 
the  Southern  States  or  California.  Its  northern  limit,  as  at  i:>resent 
known,  is  Monterey,  where  it  is  simply  massed  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
orange.  It  would  most  probably  spread  by  rail,  as  it  does  not  seem  to 
be  found  at  Tampico.  It  may  be  expected  at  any  time  in  MatamoraS 
and  Brownsville  (Texas). 

Pseud  ococcits  yuccw. — This  is  another  very  bad  species,  being  particu- 
larly bad  on  orange  at  Guadalajara.  It  was  originally  described  from 
California,  but  there  is  much  danger  of  its  reaching  the  Southern 
States  from  Mexico.  It  infests  a  great  variety  of  plants,  is  a  hardy 
species,  and  is  well  spread  over  Mexico.  Therefore  it  would  be  extremely 
apt  to  adapt  itself  readily  to  the  Southern  States,  and  should  it  reach 
there  it  would  prove  a  most  unwelcome  pest.  It  would  probably  spread 
by  rail,  though  there  is  also  a  probability  of  its  being  carried  by  boats 
from  Tampico. 

Orthezia  insignis  var. — This  would  prove,  if  anything,  worse  than 
either  of  the  two  preceding.  It  is  very  injurious  on  citrus  fruits  in  the 
Guadalajara  and  Aguas  C alien tes  region.  It  would  probably  spread  by 
rail.  Professor  Cockerell  informs  me  that  this  species  has  recently 
been  sent  him  by  Duges  from  Guanajuato,  which  proves  that  it  is 
beginning  to  spread.  If  the  variety  found  in  Vera  Cruz  by  Cockerell 
is  the  same,  it  is  already  spread  over  a  wide  region  in  Mexico. 

Icerya  palmeri. — This  species  could  not  be  found  in  Sonora  by  the 
writer.  If  it  should  spread,  it  would  stand  a  very  good  chance  of 
reaching  California  by  rail. 

Aspidiotus  articulatus. — This  was  found  on  orange  in  Tampico,  asso- 
ciated with  A.  ficus.  It  could  easily  reach  the  Southern  States  by 
boats. 

Several  other  species,  including  Conchaspis  angrceci  var.  hibisci  found 


24 

at  Tampico,  would  doubtless  prove  very  injurious,  at  least  to  certain 
ornamental  trees  and  plants,  if  introduced.  It  should  also  be  remem- 
bered that  Chionasj)is  citri,  Mytilaspis  gloveri,  and  Aspidiotus  ftcus  have 
not  reached  California,  but  may  do  so  through  Mexico;  just  as  Pseu- 
dococcus  yuccWj  which  occurred  in  California,  may  reach  the  Southern 
States  from  Mexico. 

DANGER  TO  MEXICO  FROM  INTRODUCTIONS  FROM  OUR  COUNTRY. 

There  are  a  number  of  scales  of  the  orange  in  California  that  are  not 
yet  known  in  Mexico.  These  could  easily  reach  the  Ilermosillo  and 
Guaymas  orange  districts  of  Sonora  by  rail.  Sonora,  on  the  whole, 
probably  stands  in  more  danger  from  us  than  we  do  from  her. 

Again,  there  are  several  bad  species  in  our  Southern  States  that  have 
not  yet  reached  Mexico,  and  which  could  easily  do  so  on  board  steamers 
plying  between  New  Orleans.  Mobile,  and  Mexican  ports. 

NATURAL    ENEMIES    OF     SCALE    INSECTS    IN    MEXICO    DESIRABLE    TO 
COLONIZE    IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 

Among  the  Coleoptera,  it  would  be  very  desirable  to  introduce 
Vedalia  sieboldii  var..  Ozyix  orbigera^  and  the  species  of  Scymnm 
mentioned;  nearly  all  of  the  parasitic  hymenoptera  (except  Homalo- 
tylus) — about  It  species  mentioned,  of  which  probably  but  few  occur 
within  our  limits — and  the  Phora  cooeiphila  bred  from  Icerya  from 
Monterey  and  Victoria. 

AGENCIES    NOT     GENERALLY    RECOGNIZED     IN    THE    DISPERSION    OF 

SCALE   INSECTS. 

Tourists  who  visit  Mexico  often  bring  away  with  them  specimens  of 
live  plants,  etc.  In  this  way  they  may  play  a  greater  part  in  the  dis- 
persion of  scale  insects  than  do  fruit  shippers.  Much  is  to  be  feared 
from  this  source,  which  is  doubtless  responsible  for  many  introductions. 
It  is  more  often  practiced  on  steamers  than  on  railroads.  On  the  steam- 
ers which  ply  between  different  islands  in  the  West  Indies  there  are 
almost  always  to  be  seen  potted  and  other  plants  which  passengers  are 
taking  home  with  them  from  some  other  island.  In  this  way  it  is  believed 
by  Professor  Cockerell  that  many  of  the  noxious  scales  found  through- 
out the  West  Indies  have  been  spread  from  one  island  to  another. 

PORTS  AND  POINTS  ON  THE  BORDER  MOST  TO  BE  GUARDED. 

The  Pacific* ports  of  Mexico  are  supposed  to  be  well  guarded  against 
by  the  horticultural  inspectors  in  California,  as  already  mentioned.  The 
ports  of  our  Southern  States  are  open,  at  least  during  the  colder  season, 
to  importations  of  injurious  scales  from  the  Gulf  ports  of  Mexico  and 
the  West  Indies.     Inspection  should  be  instituted  of  all  plants,  fruits, 


25 

roots,  seeds,  grains,  and  other  vegetable  products  reaching  these  ports — 
Galveston,  Corpus  Cbristi,  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Tampa,  Key  West, 
and  Brazos  (port  of  Brownsville). 

Border  points  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  where  most  is 
to  be  feared  are  those  situated  on  the  railroads.  They  are  live  in  num- 
ber: Nogales  (in  Sonora  and  Arizona),  Ciudad  Juarez  (opposite  El 
Paso,  Tex.),  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz  (opposite  Eagle  Pass,  Tex.),  Nuevo 
Laredo  (opposite  Laredo,  Tex.),  and  Matamoras  (opposite  Brownsville, 
Tex.).  These  are,  respectively,  on  the  Santa  Fe  (or  Sonora)  Railway, 
the  Mexican  Central,  the  Mexican  International,  the  Mexican  National, 
and  the  Matamoras  and  Monterey,  along  the  Mexican  side  of  the  lower 
Rio  Grande,  bought  by  the  Mexican  National  Railway  Company  to  pre 
vent  (or  delay  as  long  as  possible)  its  completion.  This  last-named  line 
runs  from  Matamoras  to  San  Miguel,  connecting  there  with  stage 
for  Monterey;  at  the  other  end  it  connects  with  a  short  line,  the  Rio 
Grande  Railway,  running  from  Brownsville  to  Point  Isabel  (across  the 
bay  from  Brazos  de  Santiago),  on  the  Texas  coast. 

All  plants,  fruits,  stored  grain,  roots,  and  vegetable  products  of  any 
description  coming  from  Mexico  should  be  inspected  before  they  are 
allowed  to  cross  the  border  into  the  United  States.  In  all  cases  espe- 
cially careful  inspection  should  be  made  of  living  plants  or  roots,  potted 
or  otherwise,  when  such  occur. 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  STORED  CEREAL  AND  OTHER  PRODUCTS  IN 

MEXICO. 

By  F.  H.  Chittenden. 

The  warm,  equable  climate  of  Mexico,  particularly  of  its  tropical 
portions,  where  insects  breed  continuously  the  year  round,  is  particu- 
larly adapted  to  the  existence  of  such  species  as  subsist  on  grain  and 
other  edible  products  that  are  kept  in  store,  a  fact  that  was  brought 
prominently  to  view  by  the  collections  of  the  writer  in  the  exhibits  of 
that  country  displayed  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Toward  the  close  of  Mr.  Townsend's  tour  of  investigation  in  Mexico 
he  was  requested  by  Mr.  Howard  to  collect  such  insects  as  might  be 
found  in  stored  cereal  and  other  edible  seeds  and  similar  products,  but 
owing  to  the  then  limited  time  at  Mr.  Townsend's  disposal  and  the 
further  fact  that  only  a  few  localities  were  visited  nothing  new  or 
especially  interesting  was  taken,  all  the  species  reared  from  samples  of 
his  collecting  being  common  and  of  cosmopolitan  distribution. 

The  grain  and  seed  display  of  Mexico  was  one  of  the  largest  on  the 
Exposition  grounds,  and  as  the  numerous  samples  came  from  many 
parts  of  that  country  an  exceptionally  fine  opportunity  was  afforded 
for  the  collection  of  the  native  aud  injurious  forms. 

A  greater  number  of  insects  were  present  in  these  exhibits  than 
from  any  other  country,  and  all  of  the  really  dangerous  species  were 
found  in  them  (see  author's  report,  Insect  Life,  vol.  vr,  p.  225).  Several 
of  these  insects  are  unknown  or  of  limited  distribution  in  the  United 
States,  and  it  seems  fitting  that  a  list  of  such  as  infest  stored  edible 
products  be  brought  together  as  a  supplement  to  the  lists  of  other 
Mexican  insects  prepared  by  Mr.  Townsend.  I  have  included  a  few 
data  gathered  from  collections  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition  of  1805,  and 
have  added  brief  notes  on  their  food  habits,  injuriousness,  and  distri- 
bution, and  have  indicated  the  species  whose  introduction  into  our 
storehouses  are  especially  to  be  guarded  against. 

The  cosmopolitan  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  United  States 
are  marked  with  a  star  (*). 

LIST   OF   MEXICAN    INSECTS   THAT   AFFECT    STORED   PRODUCTS. 

*  Silvanus  surinamensis  Linn,  (saw -toothed  grain  beetle). — A  common  cosmopolitan 
and  widely  distributed  species,  found  in  various  Mexican  exhibits  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  by  the  writer  and  in  shelled  corn  sent  to  this  office  by  Mr.  Townsend.  It 
is  injurious  to  a  great  variety  of  cereal  and  other  seeds,  dried  fruits,  and  many  other 
substances. 

Silvanus  sp. — An  undetermined  species  found  in  yams  and  edible  tubers  in  the 
Mexican  exhibit  at  the  Exposition. 

27 


28 

*  Cathartus  adrena  Waltl. — Also  taken  at  the  Exposition.  A  widely  distributed 
general  feeder  like  S.  surinamensis,  but  not  so  common  or  injurious. 

Pharaxonollta  kirschi  Reit. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  Mexico,  and 
was  found  in  the  Mexican  and  Guatemalan  exhibits  of  the  Exposition*,  infesting  corn 
meal  and  edible  tubers.  Sufficient  material  was  secured  for  rearing  and  other  experi- 
ment, and  my  experience  with  this  insect  indicates  its  ability  to  hold  its  own  with  the 
other  tropical  species  that  have  already  been  introduced  here.  Its  occurrence  has 
been  noted  in  Brazil,  where  it  may  be  native,  as  well  as  in  tropical  Central  America. 

Until  December  of  1895,  when  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz  captured  a  single  individual  of  this 
insect  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  it  had  never  been  taken  in  this  country. 
It  was  found  under  dried  leaves  remote  from  human  habitation.  Although  this 
shows  that  the  species  occurs  within  our  f.iunal  limits,  it  was  probably  imported 
across  the  Mexican  border,  and  there  is  still  danger  of  its  introduction  into  store- 
houses through  commerce  with  Mexico,  and  especially  since  it  is  not  confined  for 
food  either  to  meal  or  tubers. 

Litargus  sp. — A  myectophagid  closely  allied  to  our  native  L.  balteatus  Lee,  breed- 
ing in  abundance  in  potatoes,  yams,  and  other  edible  tubers  at  the  World's  Fair. 
None  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  known  to  be  injurious,  and  it  is  probably  only 
a  scavenger. 

*  Teiu-broiries  mauritanious  Linn,  (cadelle). — A  common  species  of  omnivorous  hab- 
its, but  chielly  injurious  to  cereals;  probably  indigenous  to  tropical  America,  but 
long  ago  diffused  by  commerce  over  nearly  the  entire  globe. 

*Carpoph\Jns  liemiptcrus  Linn. — An  enemy  of  stored  fruits.  Recorded  by  Dr.  Sharp 
from  Cordova  and  Jalapa. 

Carpophilux  pallipenms  Say  (corn  sap-beetle). — Collected  by  Dr.  Edw.  Palmer  and 
the  late  H.  K.  Morrison  in  Mexico.  Sometimes  injurious  to  stored  corn  in  our  South- 
ern States. 

*Carpophtf>is  dimidiatus  Fab. — Taken  in  numbers  in  corn  meal  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  by  the  writer.  Widely  distributed  in  Mexico.  Lives  in  cotton  bolls  and 
in  ripening  or  overripe  fruit  in  the  South. 

* Dermesies  rulpinus  Fab.  (leather  beetle). — Living  on  hides  and  dried  fish  in  the 
Mexican  exhibit  at  the  Exposition.  Also  in  the  National  Museum  from  another 
source  in  Mexico. 

Dermestes  carnivorns  Fab.  (mucoreus  Lee). — Of  similar  habits  to  the  preceding,  and 
said  to  injure  bacon  and  hams  after  the  manner  of  that  species.  Recorded  from 
Mexico  and  from  Texas.     Nearly  cosmopolitan. 

*Necrob\a  ruficollis  Fab.  (red-necked  ham  beetle). — Recorded  from  Guanajuato  by 
Gorham.     Taken  on  dried  fish  at  the  Exposition. 

*Xecrobia  nijipcs  Fab.  (red-legged  ham  beetle). — Recorded  from  several  localities 
in  Mexico  by  Gorham.     Taken  with  the  above.     Also  infesting  cheese. 

Dinoderus  iruncatus  Horn. — This  species  was  first  recorded  by  the  writer  from 
Mexico  (Insect  Life,  vol.  vu,  p.  327)  from  specimens  found  infesting  corn  and  edible 
tubers  at  the  Columbian  Exposition.  It  was  found  in  corn  in  the  Mexican  exhibit 
at  the  New  Orleans  Exposition;  also  in  samples  of  Mexican  seed  corn  in  the  Botan- 
ical Division  of  this  Department.  This  is  an  aggressive  species  and  will  bear  close 
watching.  It  is  able  to  subsist  on  almost  any  sort  of  roots  and  tubers,  and  would 
create  great  havoc  should  it  become  introduced  into  our  granaries,  as  the  adult  has 
a  habit  of  leaving  the  grain  in  which  it  has  bred  and  boring  into  woodwork  or  any- 
thing else  that  obstructs  its  path.  I  have  known  it  to  bore  into  both  pine  and  hard 
black  walnut.  Described  from  California  from  mutilated  material,  probably  of  acci- 
dental occurrence  as  the  species  has  not  been  recorded  from  there  since. 

Dinoderus  pusillus  Fab. — Recorded  from  Mexico  by  Rev.  H.  S.  Gorham,  who  states 
that  it  is  "common  in  wood  of  sugar  casks."  It  also  injures  grain.  At  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  it  occurred  in  two  exhibits  from  Mexico. 

*  Sitodrepa  panicea  Linn,  (drug-store  beetle). — A  well-known  cosmopolitan  species, 
injurious  to  cereals  and  other  seeds,  drugs,  tobacco  and  other  dried  plants,  and  a 
great  variety  of  dried  substances.     Recorded  from  Cordova  and  Pueblo  by  Gorham. 


29 

* Lasioderma  serricorne  Fab.  (testaceum  Dufts.)  (cigarette  beetle). — Mentioned  by 
Gorhaui  from  Vera  Cruz.  Of  very  similar  habits  to  the  above,  but  not  so  common, 
and  chiefly  injurious  to  tobacco  and  drugs. 

*  Tribolium  ferrugineum  Fab.  (rust-red  flour  beetle). — An  important  enemy  of  stored 
cereal  and  other  products,  of  wide  distribution.  Iu  the  Mexican  exhibit  at  the 
World's  Fair ;  also  recorded  from  there. 

*  Tribolium  con f mum  Duv.  (confused  flour  beetle). — Mentioned  by  Dr.  Champion  as 
occurring  in  Mexico,  and  collected  by  Mr.  Townsend.  Of  similar  habits  to  the  pre- 
ceding. 

*  Echocerus  maxillosus  Fab.  (slender-horned  flour  beetle). — This  species  is  probably 
native  to  South  America  and  perhaps  also  to  Mexico.  Common  in  our  Southern 
States  under  bark  and  in  cornfields  as  well  as  in  the  granary. 

*  Echocerus  (Gnathocerus)  cornutus  Fab.  (broad-horned  flour  beetle). — Champion 
states  that  this  sj)eeies  has  been  introduced  in  Mexico.  I  am,  however,  inclined  to 
consider  it  as  not  generically  distinct  from  Echocerus,  and  hence,  with  other  species 
of  the  genus,  as  indigenous  to  the  New  World.  Although  cosmopolitan,  it  is  still  of 
limited  distribution  in  the  United  States,  being  comparatively  unknown  outside 
of  California  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

Sitopltagus  hololeptoides  Lap. — This  species  is  related  to  the  preceding  and  is  known 
to  have  been  found  in  flour.  It  is  undoubtedly  indigenous  in  Mexico,  but  is  unknown 
in  the  United  States.  As  it  is  probable  that  it  occurs  like  other  allied  forms  chiefly 
under  bark,  its  introduction  with  us  would  not  positively  prove  disastrous. 

Palorus  subdeprcssus  Woll. — The  flour  beetle  mentioned  by  Champion  under  the 
name  of  Palorus  melinus  Ilbst.  (Biol.  Centr.  Arner.,  Col.  vol.  iv,  pt.  1,  p.  174)  as  having 
been  collected  by  Dr.  Edw.  Palmer,  of  this  Department,  at  Minas  Viejas,  has  since 
been  determined  by  the  same  writer  as  the  above-mentioned  species.  It  occurs  in 
granaries  in  Europe  aud  elsewhere,  also  under  bark.  In  our  Southern  States  it  has 
been  found,  but  only  under  bark. 

*  Tenebrio  obscurus  Fab. — Reared  from  a  larva  collected  in  Mexico  by  Dr.  Palmer. 
The  larva.',  of  this  species  and  T.  molitor  are  the  familiar  " meal-worms"  and  have 
probably  both  been  introduced  into  Mexico  as  food  for  song  birds. 

*  Alphitobius  diaperinus  Panz.1 — Mentioned  as  occurring  in  Mexico  by  Champion. 
Habits  similar  to  the  meal-worms,  with  whjch  it  often  occurs.     Widely  distributed. 

*  Aljihilobius  piceus  01. — Also  recorded  by  Champion,  who  states  that  he  found  it  (at 
Panama)  "  amongst  old  bones  thrown  out  from  the  slaughterhouses.*'  Cosmopol- 
itan, but  practically  limited  to  the  South  in  the  United  States. 

*  Jiruchus  obtectus  Say  (common  bean  weevil). — In  the  greatest  abundance  in  the 
Mexican  exhibit  at  the  Exposition,  and  sent  also  by  Mr.  Townsend.  A  well-known 
enemy  to  beans  almost  everywhere. 

* Iiruchus  4-maculatus  Fab.  (four-spotted  bean  weevil). — A  common  species  in  our 
Southern  States  and  said  by  Sharp  to  occur  in  Mexico. 

*  Iiruchus  (chinensis  Linn.)  scutellaris  Fab.  (cowpea  weevil). — Also  recorded  by 
Sharp  from  Mexico. 

Spermophagus  pectoralis  Slip. — This  species,  as  I  have  already  pointed  out  (Insect 
Life,  vol.  vn,  p.  328),  breeds  like  our  common  Jiruchus  obtectus  in  stored  beans,  and 
as  it  is  congeneric  with  other  species  belonging  to  our  United  States  fauna  its  intro- 
duction into  this  country  in  beans  should  be  avoided.  It  was  originally  described 
from  Central  America  and  was  breeding  at  the  Exposition  in  beans  from  Brazil,  as 
well  as  from  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

*  Calandra  granaria  Linn,  (granary  weevil). — In  grain  and  chick-peas  collected 
by  the  writer  at  the  Exposition  and  by  Mr.  Townsend  in  Mexico. 

Calandra  oryza  Linn,  (rice  weevil). — This  species  attacks  all  sorts  of  cereals  and 
is  as  well  distributed  and  injurious  probably  as  any  known  insect.  It  was  p resent 
iu  injurious  numbers  in  nearly  every  grain  exhibit  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  and 
has  been  sent  us  by  Mr.  Townsend  and  others  from  different  parts  of  Mexico. 

Caulo2)hilus  latinasus  Say. — This  little  cossonine  weevil,  which  bears  some  slight 


30 

resemblance'  to  the  two  preceding  species,  was  received  at  this  office  in  December, 
1895,  from  the  Atlanta  Exposition,  where  it  was  found  in  Indian  corn  and  ehiek>peas 
(Cicer  arietinum)  in  the  Mexican  exhibit.  So  far  as  we  know,  this  Is  the  first  instance 
of  its  occurrence  in  either  stored  grain  or  legumes,  although  there  is  one  record,  by 
Mr.  Townsend,  of  its  having  been  found  in  dried  ginger  in  Jamaica  (Institute  of 
Jamaica,  Notes  from  the  Museum,  No.  78).  Occurs  in  Florida  and  South  Carolina, 
but  does  not  seem  to  be  known  with  us  as  a  storehouse  pest. 

Arwoerus  l  faScieulatua  DeG.  (coffee-bean  weevil). — A  series  of  this  anthribid  beetle 
was  collected  by  Dr.  Palmer  at  Acapulco.  It  is  disposed  to  omnivorousness,  being 
known  to  breed  in  raw  coffee  berries,  cacao  beans,  mace,  nutmegs,  cotton  bolls,  the 
seed  pods  of  the  coffee  weed  (Cassia  sp. ),  and  a  plant  called  wild  indigo,  probably  a 
species  of  Indigo/ 'era.  This  insect  is  already  well  known  throughout  the  cotton  States, 
ami  beetles  are  sometimes  found  in  the  Northern  States  in  articles  of  commerce. 

Cryphalus  jalappce  Letz. — This  little  scolytid  borer  is  probably  indigenous  to 
Mexico,  but  is  often  imported  into  other  countries  with  commercial  jalap,  upon  which 
it  lives.     Its  presence  is  not  considered  detrimental  to  the  drug. 

*  Sitotroga  (Gelechia)  cerealclla  01.  (Angoumois  grain  moth). — This  species  is  a 
powerful  rival  of  the  two  Calandras  as  a  granary  pest.  Like  them,  it  thrives  on 
cereals  of  all  kinds  and  is  nearly  as  well  distributed.  At  the  Columbian  and  Atlanta 
ExpositionSj  and  collected  by  Mr.  Townsend  and  others. 

I'.pliestia  lcnehniella  (Mediterranean  Hour  moth). — This  scourge;  of  the  Hour  mill  was 
breeding  in  a  large  exhibition  case  from  Mexico  at  the  Exposition,  but  the  colony 
was  promptly  destroyed  and  the  introduction  of  the  species  at  Chicago  thereby  pre- 
vented. It  has  obtained  a  looting  in  several  portions  of  the  United  States,  being 
particularly  destructive  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  bnt  in  the  East  and  the  South  it  is  still 
very  limited  in  its  distribution,  and  its  introduction  through  Mexico  into  Texas  and 
other  Southern  States  is  more  to  lie  dreaded  than  that  of  any  other  storehouse  insect. 
Plodia  interpunctella  Hbn.  (Indian-meal  moth). — A  wide-spread  species,  of  omniv- 
orous habit.  In  grain  and  dried  fruits  from  Mexico  both  in  the  agricultural  and 
horticultural  buildings  at  the  World's  Fair.  It  was  reared  from  cacao  beans  from 
Mexico,  and  from  edible  acorns  collected  in  Chihuahua  by  Mr.  Townsend. 

Tinea  biscUidla  Hum.  (Clothes  moth). — A  series  of  this  moth  has  been  received  from 
Dr.  E.  Duges,  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  with,  the  statement  that  the  insect  does  much 
damage  to  stored  corn.  The  species  has  in  this  instance,  perhaps,  been  confounded 
with  Sitotroga  oerealella,  although  I  have  myself  reared  it  from  stored  wheat  infested 
with  the  latter  insect. 

Carphoxera  ptcharia  Riley  (herbarium  geometer). — This  pernicious  herbarium 
pot  was  described  from  material  fust  found  infesting  dried  plants  received  at  this 
Department  from  Mexico  and  Lower  California,  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
these  insects  were  introduced  from  that  country. 

Piophila  casei  Linn,  (cheese  skipper). — At  the  Columbian  Exposition  in  cheese; 
also  injures  ham. 

Atropos  sp. — In  the  Mexican  exhibit  at  the  World's  Eair. 

Gama8U8  spp. — Two  undetermined  mites  of  this  genus,  with  the  preceding  in  corn. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  a  few  other  species  not  positively  known  to  occur  niMex- 
ico  should  receive  at  least  passing  mention  here,  as  there  can  be  little  doubt,  from 
what  is  known  of  their  distribution,  that  they  occur  in  that  country.  These  are: 
Cathartus  gemellatus,  the  "red  grain  beetle"  of  our  Southern  States;  Ephestia  elu- 
tclla,  or  chocolate  moth;  Anthrenus  verbasci  (varius),  a  common  museum  pest;  Tro- 
goderma  sternale  Jayne,  a  species  of  somewhat  similar  habits  to  the  preceding  one; 
Calandra  linearis,  the  tamarind-seed  weevil ;  Alphitophagus  bifasciatus,  a  cosmopolitan 
species  often  found  in  storehouses. 

1  Arafcerus  is  the  original  spelling  of  this  genus  (Schoenherr's  Cure.  Disp.  Meth., 
p.  40;  Gen.  et  Sp.  Cure,  vol.  I,  p.  173),  hence  must  take  precedence  over  Arawerus. 

-During  April,  while  this  bulletin  was  going  through  the  press,  the  discovery  of 
the  Hour  moth  was  announced  in  a  mill  near  Saltillo,  Mexico. 


NOTES  AND  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  NEW  COCCID^  COLLECTED  IN 
MEXICO  BY  PROF.  C  H.  T.  TOWNSEND. 

]Jy  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell, 
New  Mexico  Agricultural  College  and  Experiment  Station,  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. 

ASPIDIOTUS. 

The  two  following  new  species  are  both  nearctic,  not  neotropical,  types. 

Aspidiotus  nigropunctatus  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — Subcircular  to  suboval,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  only  slightly 
convex,  crowded  together  on  bark.  Color  of  scale  dirty  gray.  Exuviae 
sublateral,  pitch-black,  with  a  narrow  reddish  margin.  Exuviae  cov- 
ered by  an  easily  deciduous  film  of  white  secretion.  Removed  from  the 
bark,  the  scales  leave  a  conspicuous  white  mark.  Immature  scales  are 
rather  brownish. 

Adult  female. — Orange  brown,  oval.  Mouth-parts  large.  Five  groups 
of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  16  (sometimes  more),  caudolaterals  10 
or  11 ;  median  group  with  7  or  8  orifices.  Anal  orifice  elongate  in  form, 
somewhat  posterior  to  level  of  caudolateral  groups  of  glands.  Four 
pairs  of  lobes,  these  blunt  and  subtruncate,  broad  but  not  very  broad, 
and  flattened  as  in  mimosce;  median  lobes  close  together  but  not  touch- 
ing, their  proximal  sides  parallel,  their  ends  squared  though  rather 
irregular  or  subcrenate;  second  and  third  lobes  distinctly  notched; 
fourth  rather  low  and  rounded,  with  a  smaller  detached  portion 
cephalad.  Cephalad  of  this,  the  margin  presents  three  small  lob- 
ules. Plates  not  conspicuous,  scale-like,  short.  Between  the  lobes 
are  saccular  incisions,  such  as  are  seen  in  mimosa^  etc.  These  are  as 
follows:  A  short  one  at  inner  base  of  each  median  lobe;  a  large  one, 
followed  by  a  small  one,  between  first  and  second  lobes;  a  large  one, 
with  a  small  one  on  each  side  of  it,  between  the  second  and  third  lobes; 
tliree  rather  small  ones  between  the  third  and  fourth  lobes.  The  oval 
(dorsal)  pores  are  as  follows:  One  beneath  each  median  lobe;  four  or 
live  beneath  (cephalad  of)  second  lobe;  a  row  of  about  nine  beneath 
third  lobe;  a  row  of  four  or  five  beneath  interval  between  third  and 
fourth  lobes.  In  a  line  with  the  last-mentioned  row,  but  some  distance 
cephalad,  is  an  irregular  series  of  twelve  small  round  pores. 

Embryonic  larva  with  conspicuous  blue-black  eyes. 

Habitat. — San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  on  shrub  called  "  trueno,"  October 
12;  1894.     (Townsend  No.  13;  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  0112.) 

dl 


32 

Closely  allied  to  J.,  obscurus  Comst.,  but  differs  in  color  of  exuviae, 
shape  of  female,  and  number  of  orifices  in  grouped  glands. 

Note — Diagnostic  descriptions  of  these  species  have  been  given  under  the  title 
"Preliminary  Diagnoses  of  New  Cocciday"  and  published  in  Supplement  to  1'syche, 
February,  1896  (pp.  18-20),  in  order  to  secure  priority  to  Mr.  Coekerell,  the  date  of 
issuance  of  this  bulletin  being  uncertain. — L.  O.  H. 

Aspidiotus  townsendi  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — On  upper  side  of  leaf,  1  to  1J  mm.  in  diameter,  circu- 
lar or  slightly  oval,  quite  flat,  thin,  grayish  white  or  rather  almost  trans- 
parent. Exuviae  central  or  nearly  so,  covered,  round,  pale  orange, 
strongly  contrasting  with  scale.  First  skin  placed  rather  to  the  side  of 
the  second. 

Male  .scale.  —  Similar  but  smaller  and  elongate,  with  the  exuvke 
toward  one  end. 

Adult  female. — Orange,  when  boiled  in  soda  becoming  colorless,  with 
the  terminal  portion  tinged  with  brown.  Shape  subeireular,  occasionally 
renifonn.  Four  groups  <>1*  ventral  glands, cephalolaterals  4  to  8,  caudo- 
laterals  5.  Anal  orifice  large,  oval,  about  twice  its  length  from  hind 
end.  Two  pairs  of  rounded  lobes,  median  largest,  not  contiguous. 
Kounded  incisions  between  the  lobes,  as  in  ur<t\  ancylus,  vydonia\  etc 
Plates  forming  a  scaly  fringe  in  the  region  of  the  lobes.  Margin  cepli 
alad  of  the  lobes,  with  six  spine-like  plates,  blanched  at  tips,  the  first 
(caudad)  three  the  largest.  An  irregular  row  of  oval  dorsal  pores  some 
distance  from  margin  of  terminal  portion. 

Habitat. — Cindad  Porfirio  Diaz  (Pied i as  Negras),  Coahuila,  Mexico, 
November  17.  4S!>4,  on  leaves  of  tree  with  entire  or  very  slightly  toothed 
ovate  lanceolate  Leaves,  3i>  to  57  mm.  long.  (Townsend;  l)iv.  Bnt.  Dept. 
Agr.  No.  0400.) 

1  am  obliged  to  regard  this  as  a  new  species,  but  it  is  very  near  to 
A.  uvw  Comst.,  and  especially  to  the  u  physiological  species"  A.  color - 
at  us  Ckll.,  which  latter  lives  on  Chilopsis  in  the  Mesilla  Valley,  New 
Mexico.  In  coloratm  both  scale  and  exuviae  are  concolorous  pale  orange 
blown,  whereas  in  townsendi  the  scale  and  exuvia'  strongly  contrast. 
On  superficial  examination,  the  present  species  might  perhaps  be  con- 
founded with  aurantii,  articulatus,  or  dictyospermi,  but  a  microscopical 
examination  at  once  shows  marked  differences  from  any  of  these. 

Aspidiotus  yuccae  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — Small,  greatest  diameter  about  1  mm.  or  a  little  over. 
Oval,  moderately  convex,  dirty  whitish,  with  the  covered,  inconspicuous, 
pale  brown  exuvke  to  one  end.  Exuvke  when  rubbed  appear  shining 
dark  brown  or  black,  very  conspicuous.  The  scales  leave  a  white  mark 
when  removed  from  the  plant. 

Adult  female  (boiled  in  alkali). — Transparent,  very  pale  yellowish, 
sometimes  browmish  j  mouth-parts  and  end  of  body  tinged  a  deeper  yel- 


33 

low.  Shape  nearly  circular.  Lobes  dark  brown,  in  strong  contrast, 
appearing  purple  edged  in  some  lights;  margin  cephalad  of  lobes  also 
appearing  purple.  Three  pairs  of  lobes,  all  low,  the  median  ones  largest, 
rounded,  broad,  not  contiguous ;  the  other  two  pairs  rudimentary.  Three 
pairs  of  spine-like  plates,  i.  e.,  a  pair  between  median  lobes  and  one  on 
each  side  adjacent  to  second  and  third  lobes.  These  plates  are  con- 
spicuous, sharp,  much  longer  than  the  lobes.  Very  small,  sac-like  inci- 
sions between  the  lobes.  A  transversely  elongate  pore  beneath  space 
between  median  lobes  and  one  beneath  each  second  and  third  lobe. 
Anal  orifice  very  far  posterior,  less  than  its  length  from  hind  end.  No 
grouped,  ventral  glands,  but  as  the  specimens  have  neither  eggs  nor 
larvse  they  are  probably  not  fully  mature. 

Habitat. — Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz,  Coahuila,  Mexico,  November  25, 1894, 
on  a  Yucca,  doubtfully  referred  to  Y.  austral  is.  (Townsend;  Div.  Ent. 
No.  64G5.)     Closely  allied  to  A.  bowreyi  Ckll.,  which  occurs  on  Agave. 

Aspidiotus  persese  Oomst. 

Mr.  Arthur  de  Cima,  United  States  consul  at  Mazatlau,  has  been 
kind  enough  to  send  me  a  piece  of  cocoanut  palm  leaf  from  his  garden. 
On  it  I  find  two  examples  only  of  an  Aspidiotus,  one  too  young  to  do 
anything  with,  the  other  just  forming  the  true  scale.  Except  that  the 
plates  are  perhaps  less  branched,  the  insect  agrees  with  A.  per  sew,  and 
I  can  do  nothing  but  refer  it  thereto. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  specimen : 

Female  scale. — Diameter  about  1  mm.,  circular,  very  slightly  convex, 
opaque,  reddish  brown  with  the  central  portion  blackish,  exuviae 
covered.  True  scale  just  forming,  whitish,  but  would  no  doubt  become 
darker  with  maturity. 

Adult  female.— Pale  orange  yellow,  subcircular  or  very  broadly  pyri- 
form ;  three  pairs  of  distinct  lobes  and  three  others  rudimentary.  Median 
lobes  small,  rounded  at  ends,  parallel  sided,  nearly  as  far  apart  as  the 
width  of  one;  second  and  third  lobes  oblique  broad,  low,  finely  serrate 
on  their  margins;  third  lobe  longer  than  second,  and  with  more  seme; 
fourth  lobe  a  little  longer  than  third,  very  broad  and  low,  with  its  margin 
also  serrate  or  finely  crenulate;  fifth  lobe  about  as  long  as  third,  very 
low.  Beyond  this,  three  or  four  small  serrated  prominences  indicate  other 
rudimetary  lobes.  A  pair  of  short,  spine-like  plates  between  median 
lobes,  a  pair  between  median  and  second,  and  also  between  second  and 
third  and  third  and  fourth,  those  between  second  and  third  being  some- 
what largest  of  any.  Long,  sac-like,  tubular  glands  between  the  lobes, 
or  rather  at  their  bases,  those  cephalad  of  second  and  third  lobes  being 
the  longest.  Numerous  transversely  oval  pores  as  usual  in  some  species. 
Four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals  of  seven  orifices,  cephal- 
olaterals  of  eleven.  Anal  orifice  moderately  large,  pyriform,  slightly 
caudad  of  level  of  caudolateral  groups  of  glands.  Surface  finely  striate. 
13448— No.  4 3 


34 

This  is  very  much  like  A*  scuUformis  in  the  characters  of  the  female, 
but  the  scale  is  quite  different.  ' 

Ceroplaste3  mexicanus  n.  sp. 

Female. — Waxy  scale,  6  mm.  long,  5  broad,  3^  high.  Wax  moder- 
ately thin,  grayish  white  with  an  ochreons  tinge,  smooth,  without 
noticeable  ridges  or  grooves.  The  wax  is  clearly  separated  into  plates, 
though  one  has  to  look  closely  to  see  the  sutures,  which  are  concolor 
ous  with  the  rest  oi*  the  wax.  Plate  nuclei  small,  dull,  dark  purplish, 
with  the  usual  central  spot  of  white  secretion.  Dorsum  of  denuded 
insect  simply  convex,  caudal  spine  rudimentary.  Derm  yellowish 
brown,  with  round  gland  spots  encircled  by  a  suffused  irregular  ring  of 
dark  brown.  Legs  ordinary.  Coxa  with  a  pair  of  moderately  long- 
bristles  at  its  end.  Trochanter  with  a  very  long  hair — as  long  as  the 
lemur.  Femur  only  about  as  long  as  tibia.  Tibia  about  one-third 
longer  than  tarsus.  Tarsal  digitules  fairly  long  and  stout,  with  large 
suboval  knobs.  Claw  short,  curved;  digitules  of  claw  stout,  with 
large  round  knobs  distinctly  separate  from  the  stalks.  Antenna1  of 
the  usual  lecaniine  type,  joints  very  obscure,  but  (here  appear  to  be 
certainly  seven;  1  longest,  a  little  longer  than  3j  2  and  1  subequal; 
the  last  three  shortest  and  subequal;  formula 4, 3  (1, 2)  (5, 6,  7);  4  with 
a  very  long  hair  and  two  short  ones  at  its  end;  last  joint  with  several 
hairs,  but  none  nearly  so  long  as  that  on   1. 

Habitat. — San  Luis  PotOSl  and  Cuayinas,  Mexico:  on  Catalpa  sp., 
October  1L>,  \S\U.     (Townscnd  ffo.20=  Div.  Bnt.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  6434.) 

In  shape  and  size  near  to  C,  cirripedi/armis  Oomst.,  but  at  once 
separated  by  superficial  appearance  alone.  It  is  superficially  rather 
like  C.  irregularis  Ckll.,  bul  Unit  species  is  really  quite  distinct  and 
does  not  show  separate  plates.  £ 

Coccus  cacti  L.  subsp.  confusus  Ckll. 

Habitat. — Near  Arroyo,  Tex.,  December  10,  18(.)4,  on  Opuntia. 
(Townsend:  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  5859.) 

In  the  "American  Naturalist w  for  December,  1893,  I  published  an 
article  on  the  different  species  of  Covens.  Since  then  two  important 
facts  have  developed,  viz:  (1)  The  antenna-  of  C.  confusus  are  normally 
7-jointed,  as  in  the  other  species;  (2)  the  Jamaican  insect  is  not  typical 
G.  cacti.  The  races  of  Coccus  now  known  to  me  are  four  in  number.  It 
seems  preferable  to  regard  them  as  subspecies  of  ( '.  cacti  rather  than  as 
distinct  species. 

(1)  ('.  cacti  Linn. — This  I  Lave  seen  alive  only  in  Madeira.  The  females  are  com- 
paratively  large  and  sparsely  covered  with  mealy  secretion.  Those  I  have  studied 
had  been  purchased  for  the  use  of  the  chemical  department  of  the  New  Mexico  Col- 
lege. They  are  sold  whole  and  ground  down  in  a  mortar  to  provide  the  pigment.  1 
was  surprised  to  find  that  the  derm  of  these  was  very  distinctly  reticulate,  the  reticu- 
lations small  and  equally  broad  in  any  direction.  The  groups  of  gland  on  flees  were 
hrown,  and   therefore  very  conspicuous:  the  number  of  orifices  in  a  group  variable. 


35 

about  seven  on  an  average,  perhaps.  These  orifices  are  considerably  larger  than  in 
confusus.  Antennae  as  usual  in  the  genus.  Legs  much  larger  than  in  confusus ;  femur 
stout.  Truncate  spines  very  narrow  (in  the  Jamaican  insect  they  are  very  broad), 
with  some  complete  spines  among  them.  The  insect,  flattened  under  a  cover  glass, 
is  5  mm.  long  and  3  broad. 

(2)  The  Jamaican  insect.  Secretion  profuse,  as  in  confusus.  Truncate  spines 
thick,  as  in  tomentosus.  I  am  inclined  to  suppose  that  this  may  be  the  variety  called 
"syl restrc,"  but  as  I  have  seen  no  clear  description  of  that  form  I  am  in  doubt. 

(3)  C.  tomentosus.  Found  in  the  Guanajuato  region  of  Mexico.  The  females  are 
not  imbedded  in  profuse  secretion  as  in  confusus,  but  are  clearly  separable,  being 
nevertheless  each  one  enveloped  in  secretion,  and  not  almost  naked  as  in  typical 
cacti.  This  was  supposed  to  be  the  " sylvestre"  =  tomento»u»}  by  Lichtenstein.  who 
had  previously  placed  it  (in  MS.)  as  a  new  Acanthococeus.  It  appears  that  he  noticed 
tin'  insect;  under  the  name  tomentosus,  in  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  1884. 

Dr.  Duges  kindly  lent  me  a  letter  which  Lichtenstein  wrote  him  on 
July  4,  1S84,  containing  the  following  passage,  freely  translated: 

"I  suppose  you  note  that  I  have  not  published  the  Opuntia  coccid 
under  the  name  Acanthococeus  opuntim,  for  I  have  found  that  Lamarck 
had  named  'la  Cochenille  sylvestre  du  Mexique'  Coccus  tomentosus.  I 
must  use  the  specific  name,  though  1  am  not  sure  that  it  is  the  same 
insect,  not  yet  having  been  able  to  consult  Lamarck's  work  in  that  of 
Thierry  de  Merouville.     I  will  do  this  in  the  winter." 

I  would  not  here  publish  Lichtensteiu's  original  manuscript  name  did 
I  not  think  that  it  would  have  to  be  brought  into  use,  owing  to  the  uncer- 
tainty about  tomentosus.  In  such  case  we  can  call  the  Guanajuato  form 
C.  cacti  subsp.  opuntice  (Liclit.  MS.). 

(4)  C.  confusus.  Antenna'  7-joiuted  in  well-developed  individuals;  joint  4  decid- 
edly longer  than  in  Signoret's  iigure  of  cacti.  Smaller  than  cacti,  and  enveloped  in 
profuse  secretion,  so  that  I  presume  it  would  be  impossible  to  use  it  commercially. 

This  is  the  form  inhabiting  the  southwestern  United  States.  The 
most  northern  locality  from  which  I  have  seen  specimens  is  Colorado 
Springs,  Colo.,  November,  1894:  (Professor  Gillette).  Professor  Tourney 
sends  it  from  Tucson,  Ariz.,  on  Opuntia  versicolor  Engelm. 

Still  another  form,  the  G.  bassi  Targ.,  is  quite  unknown  to  me.  In 
Ceylon,  also,  where  the  species  has  been  introduced,  Mr.  E.  E.  Green 
recognizes  not  only  the  typical  form,  but  a  variety  which  he  has  named 
ceyloidcus. 

Note. — Mr.  Clarence  E.  Rhodes,  one  of  my  students  in  zoology,  has  been  working 
out  the  relative  amounts  of  pigment,  weight  for  weight  of  the  insects  as  gathered, 
in  the  different  forms  of  Coccus.  Following  a  method  suggested  by  Professor  Goss, 
chemist  of  the  New  Mexico  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  it  was  ascertained  that 
taking  commercial  C.  cacti  as  100  the  pigment  in  the  same  weight  of  tomentosus 
(ojHintia')  from  Guanajuato  was  equivalent  to  80,  while  that  of  C.  confusus  from  Las 
Cruccs  was  equivalent  to  only  10.  It  is  evident  that  confusus  is  of  practically  no 
commercial  value. 


36 


Genus  CONCHASPIS  Cockerell. 

Conchaspis  Ckll.,  Bull.  Bot.  Dept.  Jamaica,  No.  40,  Feb.  [publ.  March],  1893; 
Journ.  Inst.  Jamaica,  No.  6,  April  [publ.  May],  1893;  Gard.  Chron.,  May  6, 
1893.     VseudinyUsia  Xewstead,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  July,  1893,  p.  153. 

Conchaspis  angraeci  var.  hibisci  n.  var. 

Female  scale. — Differs  from  angrceci  in  being  perhaps  a  little  larger, 
grayish  white,  with  the  apex  tilted  over  onto  the  side:  strong  ridges, 
about  three  in  number,  run  from  the  apex  toward  the  opposite  margin. 

Adult  female. — Derm  colorless,  with  the  last  three  abdominal  segments 
strongly  tinged  with  brown.  Shape  elongate-oval.  Mouth -parts  large ; 
rostral  loop  either  hardly  reaching  to  level  of  insertion  of  middle  legs, 
or  longer,  reaching  to  insertion  of  hind  legs.  Eyes  as  usual  in  genus; 
round  gland  orifices  or  spinnerets  also  normal.  Legs  short;  femur 
stout,  decidedly  longer  than  tibia  and  tarsus.  Claw  moderate.  An- 
tenna1 short,  somewhat  tapering,  brownish,  4- jointed,  2  somewhat  long- 
est, the  others  about  equal  in  length.  Abdomen  ending  in  a  pair  of 
contiguous  lobes,  rapidly  descending  and  notched  without.  Segments 
with  long  bristles  on  their  lateral  margins,  usually  a  pair  on  each  side 
but  sometimes  one,  sometimes  three.  In  the  thoracic  region  these  bristles 
are  very  long,  but  they  become  successively  smaller  on  the  abdomen. 

Habitat. — Tampico,  Mexico,  on  Hibiscus  sp.jyrob.Jloridcmus,  (Town- 
send  No.  28  =  Div.  Ent.  Dept,  Agr.  No.  6439.) 

This  occurs  on  the  twigs  and  leaf  steins,  whereas  the  typical  angraci 
is  found  on  the  leaves  of  orchids.  I  place  this  as  a  variety  of  angrwci, 
because  there  is  so  little  in  structure  to  distinguish  it,  but  I  presume 
it  is  a  "physiological  species,"  breeding  true  and  never  occurring  on 
orchids. 

Dactylopms  olivaceus  n.  sp. 

Female  (in  alcohol). — Long.  34,  hit.  2J,  alt.  l£min.;  dark  olive  brown, 
distinctly  segmented;  on  drying  becoming  whitish  from  a  covering  of 
mealy  powder.  Posterior  tubercles  obsolete.  Antenme  and  legs 
brown;  legs  shorter  than  their  distance  from  one  another.  Antenmc 
slender,  distinctly  narrower  than  tibia,  8-jointed;  8  extremely  long, 
cylindrical,  a  little  longer  than  0  and  7 ;  1  large,  longer  than  broad ;  1, 2, 
and  3  subequal  in  length,  then  6  and  7  subequal,  then  5,  then  4  very 
short;  formula  8  (1,  2,  3)  (6,  7)  5,  4;  joints  with  sparse  whorls  of  short 
hairs.  Legs  very  stout,  coxa  extremely  large,  the  trochanter  large. 
Femur  about  as  long  as  tibia  and  tarsus.  Tibia  about  one-third  longer 
than  tarsus.  Tibia  and  tarsus  apparently  with  a  longitudinal  groove, 
but  this  appearance  is  certainly  no  groove,  but  seems  to  be  the  tendon 
of  the  extensor  muscle.  The  usual  four  digitules  present ;  the  tarsal  ones 
quite  long,  about  as  long  as  tarsus.  These 'digitules  all  filiform,  with 
small  round  knobs.  Derm  (by  transmitted  light  after  boiling)  pale 
pinkish,  transparent,  with  scattered  small  round  gland  spots.  Hairs 
of  anogenital  ring  very  small  and  slender,  easily  overlooked,    Embrvr 


37 

ouic  larva  pale  pinkish ;  hairs  of  anogenital  ring  relatively  much  larger 
than  in  the  adult. 

Habitat — Giudad  Porfirio  Diaz,  Ooahuila,  Mexico,  on  Yucca  (prob. 
Y.  australis),  November  25,  1894.     (Townsend;  Div.  Ent.  No.  6464.) 

At  first  I  thought  I  would  not  describe  this  species,  having  only 
alcoholic  material,  but.  its  characters  are  so  distinct  that  it  will  be  eas- 
ily recognized.  It  is  something  like  I),  glaucus  Maskell,  and  is  one  of 
those  forms  which  are  only  placed  in  Dactylojrius  because  no  better 
place  can  be  found  for  them  pending  a  revision  of  the  dactylopiine 
genera,  for  which  the  time  is  perhaps  hardly  ripe. 

Eriococcus  dubius  n.  sp. 

Female. — When  dried,  very  dark  reddish  purple  (boiled  in  caustic 
soda,  does  not  stain  liquid);  length  with  sac  a  little  over  3  mm.;  sac 
loosely  felted,  white,  with  a  slightly  yellowish  tinge;  form  as  usual  in 
genus.  Derm  colorless,  with  numerous  stout  spines.  Legs  and  antennae 
pale  brownish  yellow.  Antennae  fairly  slender,  7-jointed,  3  longest, 
and  almost  (sometimes  quite)  as  long  as  4  and  5,  though  sometimes  4  is 
nearly  as  long  as  3;  joint  4  longer  than  5  and  6;  7  decidedly  longer  than 
5  or  6 ;  5  longer  than  6  •  formula  3, 4  (1, 2)  7,  5,  6,  or  3, 4, 2  (1,  7)  5, 6.  Legs 
moderately  slender;  coxa  longer  than  tibia,  but  shorter  than  femur. 
Tibia  and  tarsus  subequal;  sometimes  tibia,  sometimes  tarsus,  a  little 
the  longer.  Claw  very  large,  not  much  curved.  Digitules  ordinary, 
slender  but  not  filiform.  Large  bristles  on  inner  side  of  tibia  and 
tarsus.  Hair  on  trochanter  short,  not  half  as  long  as  femur.  Posterior 
tubercles  small,  but  cylindrical,  as  usual  in  genus.  Anogenital  ring 
with  eight  hairs. 

Embryonic  larva  elongate,  x>ink,  with  prominent  posterior  tubercles 
emitting  the  usual  long  setae.  Rows  of  spines  down  the  back,  as  in 
larva  of  Coccus.  Fifteen  stout  spines  on  each  lateral  margin,  occupy- 
ing posterior  two-thirds  of  margin.  Legs  and  mouth-parts  large. 
Antennae  stout,  6-jointed,  3  longest,  4  and  5  shortest,  6  about  as  long 
as  4  and  5. 

Habitat. — Valles,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  on  a  shrub  not 
identified,  but  with  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  pale  apple  green  above, 
densely  stellate-pubescent  beneath.  (Townsend,  October  13, 1894 ;  Div. 
Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  6441.) 

It  is  severely  attacked  by  a  species  of  Leucopis. 

This  species  proves  to  be  extremely  close  to  H.  coccineus  Ckll.,  which 
is  no  doubt  really  neotropical,  though  so  far  only  known  from  a  Ne- 
braska greenhouse.  It  would  have  made  the  differences  between 
dubius  and  coccineus  clearer  if  the  former  could  have  been  described  in 
its  living  state,  but  although  I  had  a  brief  glance  at  dubius  before  Pro- 
fessor Townsend  sent  it  to  Washington  it  did  not  occur  to  me  to  make 
any  descriptive  notes  at  the  time,  since  I  had  no  idea  that  I  should  be 
the  one  to   introduce   the   species  into  the  literature.     It  has  been 


38 

suggested  that  this  is  perhaps  not  a  true  .EriococcHs,  but  1  must  Agree 
with  Mr.  Masked  iu  placing  such  forms  as  this  in  that  genus. 

Lecanium  imbricatum  u.  sp. 

Fondle  (on  twig)  about  4  mm.  long,  oval,  moderately  convex,  much 
wrinkled,  no  doubt  from  contraction  in  drying,  therefore  probably 
soft  when  alive.  Bed  dish  brown,  moderately  shiny,  more  or  less  cov- 
ered, especially  at  sides,  with  a  thin,  fragile  coat  of  glassy  secretion. 
Derm  thickly  beset  with  large  brown  glands,  which,  viewed  laterally, 
are  broadly  fusiform.  Anogenital  ring  with  eight  long  hairs,  about  as 
long  as  the  anal  plates.  Anal  plates  yellowish  brown,  longer  than 
broad,  with  the  outer  sides  nearly  equal  and  meeting  at  about  a  right 
angle.  Antennae  very  short  but  thick,  rudimentary.. joints  not  distin- 
guishable; tip  with  several  hairs.  Legs  rudimentary,  very  short  and 
stout;  the  femur  might  almost  be  described  as  oval. 

Male. — Scale  as  usual  in  genus,  white,  glassy,  rugose;  very  numerous 
on  twig,  overlapping  one  another  like  tiles  on  a  house  or  the  involu- 
cral  bracts  of  a  composite  plant. 

Habitat. — Alta  Mira,  Taoiaulipas,  .Mexico,  on  Mimosa,  October  15, 
1894.     (Townsend:   Div.  But  Dept.  A<j;v.  No.  6440.) 

A  very  interesting  species,  of  a  neotropical  type,  characterized  by  a 
nonreticulate  derm  with  large  glands,  antennae  and  legs  often  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting,  surface  more  or  less  covered  with  waxy  or  glassy 
secretion.  The  curious  South  American  forms  of  Lccanimn,  mostly 
appertaining  to  this  type  but  very  diverse  among  themselves,  have 
remained  practically  unknown  :  at  the  present  time  several  new  species, 
brought  to  light  by  Dr.  von  Ihering,  can  only  be  regarded  as  a  small 
portion  of  those  which  doubtless  exist. 

The  nearest  ally  of  />.  imbrioatmm  certainly  appears  to  be  L.  itrichi 
Ckll.,  discovered  in  Trinidad,  but  lately  received  also  from  Brazil. 
The  Brazilian  examples  are  on  SmUdx campestris  (Iriseb.,  Bio  Grande 
do  Sul  (Dr.  von  Ihering);  they  seem  certainly  to  belong  to  nrichi,  but 
whereas  in  the  types  of  that  species  I  found  no  antennae,  on  examining 
a  Brazilian  example  i  find  short,  pale  antennae  of  about  seven  joints. 

Orthezia  sonorensis  n.  sp. 

Female. — Length  2\  mm.,  with  ovisac  11  mm.;  breadth  of  sac  3J  mm. 
Dorsum  covered  by  the  white  secretion,  except  a  small  area  posteriorly. 
Four  strong  lamina'  on  each  side  projecting  backward  over  base  of 
ovisac;  median  lamina  (or  pair)  very  much  abbreviated.  Derm  trans- 
parent, thickly  beset  with  small  spines.  Legs  orange  brown,  coxa 
broader  than  long,  femur  about  as  long  as  tibia,  tarsus  hardly  more 
than  half  as  long  as  tibia;  claw  stout,  not  much  curved;  claw  and  distal 
half  of  tarsus  dark  brown.  Tibia  and  tarsus  with  numerous  short  stout 
spines  on  inner  side.  [Antennae  broken  in  the  adults  examined.]  Im- 
mature form  with  7-jointed  antennae;  formula  7,  3  (1,  2,  4)  5,  6',  5  very 
nearly  as  long  as  4,  7  very  slender.  Earlier  stage  with  0-jointed  antennae ; 


39 

formula   0,  3,  1,  4    (2,  5);   4   sometimes   much  more  slender  than  3. 

Anogenital  ring  with  six  distinct  hairs.    Claw  with  very  small  digitules. 

Habitat. —  San  Ignacio,  Sonora,  Mexico,  on  "  gecota,"  Hymenoeloa 

monogyra.    (Townsend,  October  4, 1894 ;  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  0448.) 

The  affinities  of  this  line  species  are  clearly  with  0.  annas  Okll.,  which 
it  much  resemble's.  These  forms  are  of  the  type  of  0.  urticw  Linn,  as 
regards  the  formation  of  the  laminae  or  lamellae  of  white  secretion. 

The  following  form,  closely  allied  to  P.  yuccas1  Coq.  (I).  mexicanus 
Ckll.),  has  just  been  received  from  Antigua: 

Phenaeoccus  yuccae,  n.  var  barberi  Ckll. 

Female. — In  spirits,  looks  like  a  Monophlebus,  the  cottony  secretion 
having  been  lost;  whitish,  nude,  shiny,  segmentation  distinct;  length 
about  5,  breadth  about  2j  mm.;  legs  and  antenna1  pale  reddish  brown 
(very  much  paler  than  those  of  P.  yucca'),  shiny.  Anogenital  ring  with 
six  stout  bristles.  Posterior  lobes  rounded,  low,  inconspicuous,  with  a 
few  hairs  and  numerous  short  spines,  after  the  maimer  of  Daetylopiux. 
Antenna'  9-jointed,  the  joints  subequal,  very  distinct,  bearing  whorls 
of  hairs;  i)  about  one-third  longer  than  8;  7  a  little  longer  than  8;  2, 
4,  5,  6,  and  7  practically  equal,  2  perhaps  slightly  the  shortest;  3  a  little 
longer  than  4;  1  about  as  long  as  2;  formula  9,  3  (1,  2,  4,  5, 0,  7)  8.  Legs 
large,  ordinary,  tibia  somewhat  longer  than  femur;  tibia  and  femur  each 
with  two  rows  of  stiff  bristles,  tibial  bristles  about  twelve  in  a  row, 
femoral  about  seven.  Trochanter  with  five  bristles  and  one  long  hair. 
Tarsus  extremely  short;  excluding  claw,  it  is  of  the  same  length  as 
last  joint  of  antenna.  Claw  large,  curved,  with  a  small  but  very  dis- 
tinct denticle  on  its  inner  side.  Tarsal  digitules  filiform,  with  minute 
but  distinct  knobs;  digitules  of  claw  filiform.  Sides  of  segments  with 
round  patches  of  small  spines. 

Habitat. — Collected  by  Mr.  0.  A.  Barber,  in  Antigua,  on  AUamanria 
and  T/umbergia  grandi  flora,  and  also  observed  by  him  on  Colcus  and  G ro- 
ton  growing  near  the  Thunbergia.  Mr.  Barber  also  sent  me  numerous 
specimens  which  he  found  on  a  plant  not  identified,  at  St.  Kitts. 

Although  the  material  sent  was  abundant,  it  was  all  in  alcohol  and 
included  no  males;  hence  I  am  unable  to  determine  whether  we  have- 
to  do  with  a  distinct  species  or  not.  The  distinctions  from  yuccas,  so 
far  as  can  be  made  out  from  the  alcoholic  material,  are  very  slight, 
although  barberi  can  be  easily  separated  by  the  x^ale  legs  and  antenna'. 
These  forms  are  not  typical  Pkenaeoccm  {Pseudococcus  Auctt.)  by  any 
means,  and  will  doubtless  have  to  be  eventually  placed  in  a  distinct 
genus  or  subgenus.  I  hesitate  to  make  such  a  change  now,  because  the 
whole  dactylopiiue  series  stands  in  need  of  generic  revision,  and  it  will 
be  better  to  let  the  matter  rest  until  this  work  can  be  taken  in  hand. 


1 1  have  received  alcoholic  specimens  of  this  insect  from  Mr.  Urich,  collected  in 
Trinidad.  They  show  joint  3  of  antennae  rather  longer  than  9 ;  otherwise  they  agree 
excellently  with  the  barberi  from  Antigua.  Mr.  Urich  writes  that  he  found  them  in 
St.  Anns,  on  orange  trees,  hut  they  were  not  common. 


A  LIST  OF  SCALE  INSECTS  FOUND  UPON  PLANTS -ENTERING  THE 
PORT  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


By  Alexander  Craw, 
Quarantine  Officer  and  Entomologist,  State  Hoard  of  Horticulture,  California. 


.Nan if  of  species. 

Country. 

Trees  and  plants. 

Orange  and  Fourcroyia. 

Cocoanut  palms. 

Orange,  Aucuba,   Euonymus. 

Camellia,  orange,  camphor,  azalea, Olea 

fragrans,  tea. 
Orange,  banana,  Ilex,  Aspidistra. 
( (range. 

Palms  (Latania  borbonica). 
Palms,  olives,  Acacia,  Araucaria  bid- 

wellii. 
Ornamental  plants. 
Palms. 
Do. 

citrinus  Coq.  MSS.2 

Central  America 

ficus  A  shin 

do 

Florida 

<  'uba 

nerli  Bouche2 

Eastern  States 

Do. 

Aulaeaspis  sp 

Asterolecanium  pustnlans  Ckll 

Ceroplastea  ceriferus  Anderson 

Aspidistra  lnrida. 

Camellia,  orange,  gardenias. 

Orange. 

Asplenium  fern. 

Aspidistra  lurida. 

Eucalyptus?. 

Orange. 

Lime. 

Orange. 

Osmanthus,  Aspidistra. 

Tahiti 

Southern  Mexico 

Australia 

difBcilis  Ckll 

Cherry,  peach,  plum,  apricot,  prune, 
walnut,  persimmon,  Eleagnus. 

Shrub. 

patellsBformia  Sasak.  (?) 

Eastern  States 

Central  America 

Australia 

Eastern  States 

Blackberry,  rose. 

Pose. 

adonidum  Linn.9 

Croton. 
Orauge. 

Eastern  States 

Washington  Island, 
Marq. 

Orange. 

...do 

Do. 

Icerya  purchasi  Mask.2 

Pitisporum. 

Ischnaspis  filiformis-Dow^r.2 

Lecanium  filicum  Sign 

hesperiduni  Linn.2 

New  Zealand 

Florida 

Ferns. 

Orange,  lemon. 
Orange. 

longulum  Dougl 

Carica  papaya. 

...do  . 

tessellatum  Sign.  (?) 

Deciduous  magnolia. 

Hawaii 

1  Established  in  California  for  over  twenty  years. 

2  Found  to  a  limited  extent  in  California,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  two  species  of  Mytilaspis, 
are  not  feared,  as  they  are  mostly  held  in  check  by  predaceous  insects. 

40 


41 


Quarantine  Officer  and  Entomologist,  Slate  Board  of  Horticulture,  California — Cont'd. 


Name  of  species. 

Country. 

Trees  and  plants. 

Central  America 

Orange,  lemon. 

Tahiti    . 

Orange,  Magnolia  fuscata. 
Orange. 
Do. 

Florida 

proteus  Curtis 

imported  date  palms. 

On  orange  leaves,  wood,  and  fruit. 

Italy 

Polllnia  costae  Targ.-Toz 

do 

Found  on  olive  in  Los  Angeles  Coun- 
ty, and  destroyed  by  Horticultural 
Commissioner  John  Scott. 

Ferns,    orange,   coffee,    pomegranate, 
alligator  pears.    A  few  plum  trees  in 
San"  Bernardino  found  infested  and 
cleaned  out  by  owner. 
Climbing  plant- 
Hothouse  plants. 

Eastern  States 

'Found  to  a  limited  extent  in  California,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  two  species  of  Mytilaspis, 
are  not  feared,  as  they  are  mostly  held  in  check  hy  predaceous  insects. 


SOME  COCCID.E  FOUND  BY  MR.  ALEX.  CRAW  IN  THE  COURSE  OF 
HIS  QUARANTINE  WORK  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

By  T.  1).  A.  COCKERELL,  La*  Cnncs.  X.  Mrs. 

Chionaspis  difficilis  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — About  2  mm.  long,  irregular,  from  found  to  subelon- 
gate,  slightly  woolly  in  texture,  white,  moderately  convex;  exuviae  to 
one  side,  rather  inconspicuous,  second  skin  black  or  nearly  so;  first 
skin  pale  straw  color,  about  one-third  on  second,  but  on  the  side  toward 
the  middle  of  the  scales  sometimes  the  exuviae  are  reddish.  Removed 
from  the  twig  the  scale  leaves  a  very  conspicuous  snow-white  patch. 

Male  scale. — White,  tricarinate,  exuviae  almost  colorless. 

Adult  female, — Plump,  orange  rufous  with  a  slight  purple  tinge:  in 
caustic  soda  bluish  green,  with  the  pygidial  parts  dull  orange.  Five 
groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals  of  about  4.'],  cephalolaterals 
about  41  to  43,  median  about  37.  Median  lobes  brownish,  large,  close 
together  at  their  base,  diverging  at  nearly  a  right  angle;  the  two  sides 
of  the  lobe,  if  ]  nod  need  to  a  point,  would  meet  at  nearly  a  right  angle. 
These  lobes  are  perfectly  entire,  or  at  most  very  slightly  notched  on 
each  side.  Next  each  median  lobe  is  a  spine-like  plate,  not  so  long  as 
the  lobe;  then  the  small,  low,  deeply  bifid  or  bipartite  second  lobe, 
adjacent  to  which  is  a  spine;  then  two  or  three  spine-like  plates,  longer 
than  the  lobes;  then  the  third  lobe,  low  and  bifid  like  the  second,  its 
caudal  half  larger  than  the  other:  then  three  spine-like  plates,  resem- 
bling the  other  three;  then  a  rather  long  interval,  on  which  are  three 
small,  low,  pyramidal  projections,  the  third  with  a  spine  next  to  it ;  then 
four  spine-like  plates;  then  a  long  unbroken  or  slightly  seriate  interval ; 
then  four  or  five  pairs  of  large  spine  like  plates.  The  anal  orifice  is  a 
long  way  from  the  hind  extremity.  There  are  conspicuous  rows  of  oval 
pores  marking  the  obsolete  segments. 

Habitat. — Japan,  on  bark  of  branches  of  Elwagnvs,  found  by  Mr. 
Craw  in  his  quarantine  work,  November  13,  1895. 

This  is  one  of  those  puzzling  forms  which  might  as  well  be  placed  in 
Diasjris  as  Chionaspis.  The  female  presents  the  closest  resemblance  to 
D.  amygdali  Tryon,  but  the  median  lobes  are  practically  entire  and  the 
glands  in  the  groups  appear  to  be  more  numerous.  The  last  feature, 
however,  varies  in  amygdali,  and  doubtless  will  in  diffieilw.  The  female 
scale  diners  at  once  from  amygdali  in  the  color  of  the  exuviae,  and  the 
male  scale  is  quite  distinct,  being  well  tricarinate.  Chionaspis  major 
Ckll.  has  the  tricarinate  male  scale,  but  difficilis  differs  from  that  in  its 
42 


43 

smaller  scale,  as  well  as  in  its  more  amygdali-like  lobes.  Chionaspis 
pninieola  Mask.,  which  its  author  scarcely  knew  whether  to  put  in  Chio- 
naspis or  Diaspis1  is  another  similar  form.  It  has  not^kowever,  the  tri- 
carinate  male  scale  of  difficilis. 

Aspidiotus  albopimctatus  n.  sp. 

Male  scale. — Very  small,  hardly  over  one  half  mm.  broad,  circular, 
becoming  at  length  elongate  by  the  production  of  one  side,  and  then 
over  1  mm.  long.  Slightly  convex,  dull  black,  inclining  to  grayish; 
exuviae  marked  by  a  white  dot  surrounded  by  a  black  ring.  Eemoved 
from  the  bark,  the  scale  leaves  a  white  patch  without  any  dark  ring. 

Female  scale. — Circular,  flat,  extremely  inconspicuous,  dull  paleochre- 
ous,  more  or  less  blackish;  on  examining  the  scale  from  beneath,  it  is 
seen  that  the  exuviae  are  large  and  orange.     Probably  the  few  female 
scales  seen  are  not  quite  adult.     Their 
diameter  is  about  1  mm. 

Adult  female. — Pale  yellow,  of  or- 
dinary circular  shape;  pygidial  area 
striated,  no  groups  of  ventral  glands. 
Two  pairs  of  lobes  only;  median  lobes 
large,  close  together  but  not  touching, 
rounded,  notched  on  the  outer  side  and     F,fi-  *—  tspidiotw  aWopwiuoatus  (from 

,.  t    i  ii  ,1        •  drawing  by  Cockerell). 

sometimes  slightly  on  the  inner;  sec- 
ond lobes  much  smaller,  strongly  notched  on  the  outer  side.  Plates 
spine-like,  not  very  large.  Beyond  the^obes  the  margin  appears  to 
present  three  or  four  irregular  serrations,  which  in  well-developed 
specimens  take  the  form  of  double  spine-like  plates.  There  are  two 
pairs  of  sac-like  incisions,  as  mperniciosiis. 

Habitat. — Japan,  on  twigs  of  orange  seedlings,  found  by  Mr.  Craw  in 
his  quarantine  work. 

This  might  easily  be  considered  a  form  of  A. p&rmciosus,  which,  how- 
ever, does  not  seem  to  affect  citrus  trees,  and  is  not  found  on  the 
plums,  peaches,  etc.,  from  Japan.  The  characters  are  almost  exactly 
those  of  pernieiosus,  but  the  male  scales  of  the  latter  have  the  exuvia* 
more  or  less  yellowish.  The  relationship  between  the  two  is  quite  as 
close  as  that  between  Mytilaspis  pomorum  and  citrieola,  and  I  confess 
that  it  would  not  have  occurred  to  me  to  separate  albopunetatus  as  a 
distinct  species  but  for  its  habits  and  locality.  It  is,  in  fact,  what  I 
have  called  a  "  physiological  species." 

Parlatoria  these  var.  viridis  n.  var. 

Female  scale.— About  li  mm.  long,  nearly  circular,  but  the  exuvia* 
projecting  at  one  side  give  it  a  broad  pyriform  outline.  From  one- third 
to  two  thirds  of  the  first  skin  overlaps  the  second.  First  skin  dark 
greenish  to  greenish  black.  Second  skin  about  twice  as  long  as  first, 
nearly  round,  dark  greenish  to  black,  with  sometimes  a  narrow  brown 


44 


Fio.2. 


■ParUUoria  thece  var.  vir 
Cockerell). 


iiin  (from  drawing  by 


margin.  Scale  very  little  convex,  white,  with  a  more  or  less  pronounced 
grayish  yellow  tinge.  Removed  from  the  bark  it  leaves  a  white  mark. 
Adult  female.— Very  broad,  oval,  bluish  green,  with  the  pygidial  area 
pale  orange  and  the  region  about  the  mouth-parts  suffused  with  van- 
dyke  brown.  Five  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals  of  1G  to  17, 
cephalolaterals  9  to  16,  median  1  to  4.  Lobes  pale  brown.  Three 
pairs  of  well-formed  lobes,  two  others  rudimentary.  Median  lobes 
well  produced,  squarely  incised  on  each  side,  the  inner  notch  not  so 

near  the  end  of  the  lobe 
as  the  outer.  Second  lobes 
smaller,  notched  only  on  the 
outer  side.  Third  lobes  much 
like  the  second,  but  also  feebly 
notched  on  the  inner  side  near 
the  end.  Rudimentary  lobes 
pointed.  The  scale-like  plates, 
strongly  serrated  at  their  ends, 
are  not  so  long  as  the  median 
lobes,  and  not  longer  than  the 
second  and  third.  There  Is  a  pair  between  the  median  lobes,  a  pair 
between  the  first  and  second,  and  three  between  the  second  and  third, 
three  also  between  the  third  and  fourth  lobes,  and  four  between  the 
fourth  and  fifth. 

Habitat. — On  bark  of  twigs  of  an  ornamental  plant  from  Japan, 
found  by  Mr.  Alex.  Craw  in  nis  quarantine  work. 

The  species  of  Parlatoria  are  not  easy  to  define,  and  I  really  do  not 
know  whether  in  the  present  case  we  have  to  do  with  a  valid  species 
or  a  variety  of  theoe.  At  any  rate,  viridis  may  be  known  by  the  more 
produced  tips  of  the  median  lobes,  the  median  plates  as  long  as  those 
between  the  first  and  second  lobes,  the  bright  green  color,  the  five 
groups  of  ventral  glands,  and  the  pale  flattened  scale.  In  viridis  the 
lateral  groups  of  glands  almost  or  quite  touch  one  another,  Avhile  in 
thece  they  are  well  apart.  From  Haskell's  species,  myrtus  and 
pittospori,  viridis  differs  at  once  by  the  plates  being  not  longer  than 
the  lobes.  From  Del  Guercio's  P.  targionii  (sub  Aspidiotus)  it  differs 
by  the  dark  exuviffi  and  other  characters.  Nor  will  it  agree  with  the 
other  species,  pergandei,  proteus,  zizyphus,  and  victrix. 

Mytilaspis  crawii  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — Narrow,  about  2£  mm.  long  and  one-half  mm.  wide, 
slightly  curved,  pale  orange  yellow,  exuviae  concolorous. 

Adult  female. — Yellow.  Four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals 
of  3,  cephalolaterals  of  4  in  a  row.  Median  lobes  very  large,  rounded  at 
ends,  their  edges  finely  serrate.  They  are  closely  adjacent  at  a  point  at 
the  base,  being  separated,  however,  by  a  pair  of  small  spine-like  plates; 
thence  they  diverge  at  nearly  a  right  angle  to  their  rounded  ends,  thence 


45 

rapidly  sloping,  the  outward  slope  longer  than  the  inner,  and  diverging 
from  it  at  an  angle  of  about  80°.  Next  to  the  outer  side  of  each  median 
lobe  is  a  small  spine-like  plate,  then  a  sac-like  incision,  then  the  small 
second  lobe,  shaped  much  like  the  last  joint  of  a  finger  and  in  bulk 
hardly  one-tenth  of  a  median  lobe.  Following  this  is  a  small  sac-like 
incision,  then  a  pointed  projection,  then  two  saccular  incisions,  then 
after  a  short  interval  a  spine-like  plate,  then  another  sac-like  incision, 
then  a  long  interval  of  smooth  margin,  then  another  sac,  then  another 
interval,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  small  spine.  Below  the  sac-like 
incisions  are  transversely  elongate  pores. 

Habitat. — Japan.  Found  by  Mr.  Craw  in  the  course  of  his  quaran- 
tine work,  on  leaves  of  an  Elceagmts  from  Japan.  I  do  not  know  the 
species  of  Elwagnus,  but  the  leaves  are  about  3  inches  long  and  If 
inches  broad.  The  scale  is  extremely  inconspicuous,  as  it  lives  beneath 
the  epidermis  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf  along  the  midrib.  By  this 
habit  and  the  large  median  lobes  it  will  be  readily  distinguished. 
From  M.  grandilobis  Mask.,  which  has  the  large  median  lobes,  it  is 
known  by  the  entirely  different  color  of  the  scale,  etc.  Several  of 
the  specimens  were  parasitised. 

Mytilaspis  carinatus  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — 3 J  mm.  long;  second  skin  about  1  mm.,  first  skin  about 
one  half  mm.,  about  one-half  on  first.  Width  of  scale  three-fourths  mm. 
Scale  very  pale  brown,  strongly  keeled,  almost  exactly  straight,  narrow, 
not  shining;  exuviae  dull  orange.  Male  scale  similar  but  smaller,  with 
only  one  pellicle. 

Adult  male. — Ordinary,  well  winged. 

Adult  female  (in  caustic  soda). — Of  the  ordinary  shape,  pale  yellow. 
Groups  of  ventral  glands  nearly  obsolete,  but  in  one  example  the  ceph- 
alolateral  group,  of  4  orifices,  is  distinct;  and  the  caudolateral,  also 
of  4,  is  imperfectly  devel- 
oped.    There    are  rows   of 
well-marked  elongate  pores 
marking  the  obsolete  seg- 
ments.    Anal  orifice  a  long 
distance    from    hind   end. 
Three  pairs  of  lobes,  all  very 
small,  narrow,    and  incon- 
spicuous, the  median  larg- 
est, shaped  something  like 
a  blunt  canine  tooth,  widely 

Separated,     With     a     pair    Of       Fig.  3.— Mytilaspis  carinatm  (from  drawing  by  Cockerell). 

spine-like  plates  between. 

Outside  each  median  lobe  is  a  long  spine-like  plate,  much  longer  than  the 
lobe,  then  a  short  one,  then  a  slight  projection;  then  the  third  and  sec- 
ond lobes,  close  together  but  not  touching,  of  about  the  same  size,  and 


46 

nearly  of  the  shape  of  the  median  lobes;  then  comes  a  raised  portion, 
gradually  sloping,  and  exhibiting  four  or  five  marginal  sacs  of  no  great 
length  -,  then  a  notch  and  two  very  large  spine-like  plates,  then  after  a 
short  interval  a  notch  marked  by  a  pair  of  marginal  sacs,  then  after  a 
rather  long  interval  another  notch  and  pair  of  sacs,  then  shortly  after 
another  pair  of  very  large  spine-like  plates,  then  after  a  rather  long  inter- 
val a  notch  and  pair  of  sacs,  then  after  a  somewhat  longer  interval  a 
couple  of  notches,  then  a  large  spine-like  plate,  then  a  notch,  then  a  large 
spine-like  plate.  The  notches  might  as  well  be  described  as  serrations. 
Habitat. — Found  by  Mr.  Alex.  Craw  in  his  quarantine  work,  October 
HO,  181).").  "upon  plants  like  Anthurium  arrived  from  Central  America," 
It  occurs  on  the  leaves,  in  moderate  numbers,  scattered.  It  has  a  cer- 
tain superficial  resemblance  to  M.  oitricola,  but  differs  at  once  by  the 
narrower,  keeled  scale. 


SOME  NEV/  SPECIES  OF  JAPANESE  COCCIlXffi,  WITH  NOTES. 
By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,,  Las  ('nice*,  .V.  Mex. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Howard  for  permission  to  study  some  of  the 
interesting  Ooceidae  found  in  Japan  by  Mr.  Takahashi  when  acting  as 
temporary  agent  of  the  Entomological  Division  of  the  Department  of 

Agriculture.  Two  of  the  species  described  herewith  are  so  anomalous 
as  to  form  the  types  of  new  subgenera;  and  it  is  questionable  whether 
they  should  not  rather  be  placed  in  new  genera  altogether. 

Genus  PULVINARIA. 

TAKAHASHIA  new  subgenus. 

Similar  to"  ordinary  Pulvinaria  ia  general  structure,  but  forming  a 
very  long,  firm,  cottony  ovisac,  which  projects  from  the  twig  in  a  curve 
about  17  mm.  long,  carrying  on  its  end  the  shriveled  body  of  the 
female. 

Mr.  Takahashi  must  forgive  me  for  saying  that  this  is  atrnly  Japan- 
esque insect,  and  well  deserves  a  subgenene  name  which  may  recall 
not  only  its  discoverer,  but  the  land  from  whence  come  many  quaint 
and  beautiful  things. 

Pulvinaria  (Takahashia)  japonica  n.  sp. 

Female  (in  its  shriveled  condition)  about  0  mm.  long,  reddish  brown, 
blackish  on  dorsum;  carried  on  the  end  of  a  long,  curved,  white  ovisac, 
about  17  mm.  long,  firm,  cottony,  with  the  fibers  running  longitudi- 
nally. Boiled  in  caustic  potash:  derm  slightly  pinkish,  with  numerous 
round  gland  orifices  and  apparent  short  spines,  which  latter  may  repre- 
sent portions  of  secreted  matter  protruding.  These  orifices,  etc.,  not 
observed  at  the  sides.  Rostral  loop  short.  Anal  plates  dull  orange, 
longer  than  broad,  with  their  outer  angle  rounded,  and  two  pairs  of 
strong  bristles  on  inner  edge  close  to  posterior  end.  Anogenital  ring 
with  stout  hairs,  few  (I  think  six)  in  number.  Legs  and  an  teniae  very 
small.  Legs  ordinary,  except  that  the  anterior  ones  seem  to  have 
2  jointed  tarsi.  This  character  is  peculiar  and  will  require  further  study 
with  more  material.  Trochanter  with  two  hairs,  one  longer  than  the 
other.  Femur  short,  about  as  long  as  tibia.  Tarsus  slender,  about  two- 
thirds  length  of  tibia.  Claw  straight,  a  little  hooked  at  end;  the  usual 
digitules  of  claw  and  tarsus  present,  but  all  very  slender  and  small. 
Tarsal  digitules  extending  about  as  far  as  tip  of  claw;  digitules  of  claw 

47 


48 

extending  a  little  beyond.  Knobs  distinct.  Antenna'  short  and  stout, 
7 -jointed;  3  much,  longest,  4  and  6  equal  and  shortest;  2  and  5  about 
equal,  also  1  and  7;  formula  3  (7,1)  (2,5)  (4,6);  1,  2,  and  4  broader 
than  long;  5  about  as  long  as  broad. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  mulberry.  (Takahashi;  Div.Ent.Dept. 
Agr.  Xo.  5821.) 

Pulvinaria  aurantii  n.  sp. 

Female,  with  white  cottony  ovisac,  scattered  over  under  surface  of 
leaf,  looking  just  like  P.  psidii  Mask.  The  ovisac  is  about  5  mm.  long, 
irregular  or  suboval  in  shape.  The  shriveled  female  is  ochreous  or 
greenish.  Marginal  spines  numerous,  unusually  long,  quite  strong,  never 
branched.  Spines  of  lateral  incisions  in  threes,  two  small,  one  large. 
Rostral  loop  extremely  short.  Anal  plates  together  forming  about  a 
square.  Anogenital  ring  with  numerous  hairs.  Legs  ordinary;  tarsus 
much  shorter  than  tibia;  tibia  with  a  very  long  hair  near  its  end,  and  a 
shorter  one  proximad.  Claw  short,  blunt,  curved;  digitules  of  claw 
very  large  and  stout,  with  large  knobs.  Knobs  abrupt;  stalk  compara- 
tively slender,  but  bulbous  at  base.  Antennae  8  jointed  ;  :>.  longest,  but 
not  much  so;  2,  4,  5,  and  8  subequal;  5  seems  a  little  longer  than  4;  6 
and  7  equal  and  shortest;  5  with  a  very  long  hair. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  orange.  (Takahashi;  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr. 
No.  5941.) 

This  species  looks  just  like  P. psidii  Mask.,  and  I  had  almost  taken 
it  for  granted  that  it  was  that  species.  Microscopic  examination,  how- 
ever, at  once  reveals  striking  differences,  especially  in  the  marginal 
spines,  so  that  there  can  be  no  question  about  the  distinctness  of  the 
Japanese  form.  The  following  notes  on  P.  psidii  will  serve  for  com- 
parison  and  to  amplify  the  published  account  of  that  species: 

Pulvinaria  psidii  Maskell. 

(1)  Material  from  Maskell,  from  type  locality,  Sandwich  Islands. 
Marginal    spines  very  much  smaller  and    more  numerous  than  in 

aurantii,  easily  broken  off.  Those  near  lateral  incisions  rather  larger 
than  the  rest,  and  broadened  and  serrate  at  the  ends.  Three  spines  in 
lateral  incisions,  one  long,  two  short,  as  in  aurantii.  Femur  and  tro- 
chanter distinctly  longer  than  corresponding  parts  of  aurantii.  Tibia 
with  only  a  short  hair  near  end. 

(2)  Material  from  E.  E.  Green,  found  in  Ceylon. 

Shows  similar  short  spines,  which  tend  to  enlarge  and  branch  at  ends. 
Anal  plates  together  form  about  a  square.  Anogenital  ring  with  six 
long  stout  hairs.  Trochanter  with  a  very  long  bristle;  coxa  with  two 
rather  short  bristles,  one  shorter  than  the  other.  Tibia  with  a  moder- 
ately long  hair  near  end.  Claw  short  and  curved;  digitules  of  claw 
practically  as  in  aurantii,  but  knob  hardly  so  abrupt.  Antennae 
8-jointed;  3  very  much  the  longest;  4  decidedly  longer  than  5;  6  and  7 


49 

shorter  than  5,  subequal,  narrower  in  proportion  to  their  breadth  than 
in  aurantii]  8  about  as  long  as  4;  2  nearly  as  long  as  4. 

Pulvinaria  tecta  Maskell. 

A.  word  seems  necessary  as  to  this  species,  since  it  has  been  found  on 
orange  in  Australia.  It  differs  from  P.  aurantii  in  occurring  in  masses 
on  the  twigs,  the  females  almost  smothered  in  the  cotton  ;  in  the  antenna1, 
especially  in  the  short  second  joint;  also  in  the  filiform  digitules  of  the 
claw.  These  particulars  are  gathered  from  Maskell's  description;  I 
have  not  seen  tecta  myself.  The  marginal  spines  of  P.  tecta,  as  figured 
by  Maskell,  resemble  those  of  aurantii. 

Genus  SPH^ROCOCCUS. 
PSEUDOLECANIUM  new  subgenus. 

Adult  female  more  or  less  oval,  lecanium-like,  living  exposed  on  plant 
or  more  or  less  protected  by  the  sheathing  bases  of  leaves;  not  visibly 
segmented  in  adult;  antenna?  and  legs  wanting;  margin  with  capitate 
spines;  larva  excessively  elongated. 

Sphaerococcus  (Pseudolecanium)  tokionis  n.  sp. 

Adult  female,  simply  a  sac  containing  larva? ;  irregular,  more  or  less 
oval,  about  6  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  shiny.  Living  on  twigs  and  pro- 
ducing a  little  cottony  matter. 

I  did  not  succeed  in  finding  legs  or  antenna?,  and  believe  them  to  be 
absent.  Margin  with  capitate  spines,  shaped  like  little  Agarics. 
(Spines  such  as  these  occur  also  in  Ceroplastes.) 

As  in  Kermes,  which  the  insect  in  many  ways  suggests,  the  larva 
affords  the  best  characters.  It  is  very  curious  that  while  the  adult 
female  is  so  excessively  degenerate,  the  very  young  larva'  which  pack 
her  body  full  exhibit  more  differentiation  of  parts  than  is  usual  in  coccid 
larvae.  The  larval  antenna1,  for  example,  are  like  those  of  an  adult 
coccid,  and  very  different  from  those  usually  exhibited  by  larva? ;  so 
also  with  the  legs.  It  would  seem,  in  fact,  as  if  ancestral  adult  char 
acteristics  had  been  pushed  back  into  the  earliest  larval  stage. 

Larva  pale  pink,  distinctly  segmented,  excessively  long  and  narrow, 
with  sides  approximately  parallel.  Skin  very  finely,  longitudinally 
striated.  Xo  hairs  on  anal  ring.  Two  long  caudal  bristles,  which, 
bent  back,  reach  about  the  insection  of  last  pair  of  legs.  No  anal 
lobes;  hind  extremity  notched,  with  six  short  blunt  spines.  A  row  of 
stout  bat  short  spines  along  each  side,  as  in  a  Kermes  larva.  Cephalic 
end  with  a  row  of  about  ten  tubular  glands.  Legs  ordinary;  digitules 
slender,  those  of  claw  short,  those  of  tarsus  long,  extending  far 
beyond  those  of  claw.  Tibia  longer  than  tarsus,  as  is  usual  m  adult 
(not  larval)  coccids.  Antenna?  0  jointed;  the  joints  very  distinct,  with 
strong  constrictions  between  them;  joints  with  short  hairs,  last  one 
13448— No,  4 4 


50 

with  an  excessively  long  one;  3  a  little  longer  than  6,  and  longest;  1 
about  as  long  as  6,  or  a  little  shorter:  4  and  5  subequal;  2  shortest. 
Formula  3,  6, 1,  5,  4, 2. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  bamboo.  (Takahashi;  Div.  Ent.  Dept. 
Agr.  Xo.  6308.)  Judging  from  the  twigs  sent,  the  bamboo  must  be  one 
of  the  smaller  ornamental  species. 

When  I  saw  this,  I  thought  at  once  of  the  Sandwich  Island  Sphcero- 
coccus  bambuscB  Mask.  I  have  specimens  of  this  latter,  kindly  sent  me 
by  Mr.  Maskell.  and  it  is  evidently  distinct,  though  similar  in  geueral 
appearance.  The  adult  female  of  bambusce  is  distinctly  segmented  pos- 
teriorly, and  so  hardly  resembles  a  Lecanium,  except  in  the  texture  of 
the  skin.     The  larva?  of  the  two  species  are  also  easily  distinguished. 

The  various  species  which  Maskell  has  described  under  JSphwrococcus 
are  strikingly  diverse  in  their  characters,  and  this  species  may  be 
placed  therefor  the  present  without  widening  very  much,  if  at  all,  the 
bounds  already  set  by  the  author  of  the  genus. 

Genus  LECANIODIASPIS. 
Subgenus  PROSOPOPHORA  Douglas. 

Never  having  seen  the  type  of  Lecaniodiaspis  (L,  sardoa),  I  had  taken 
it  for  granted  that  Douglas  was  correct  in  separating  Prosopophora  as 
a  distinct  genus.  Recently,  finding  that  Lecaniodiaspis  yuccw  was 
undoubtedly  a  Prosopophora,  I  was  led  to  look  more  closely  into  the 
matter,  with  the  result  that  I  can  not  separate  Douglas's  genus  satisfac- 
torily from  Targioni  Tozzetti's.  In  leaving  Prosopophora  as  a  subgenus, 
I  believe  I  give  it  the  best  rank  it  is  entitled  to,  and  even  that  may  be 
called  into  dispute. 

With  the  Japanese  species  described  below,  the  genus  contains  the 
following: 

(1)  Lecaniodiaspis  sardoa  Targ.,  Mediterranean  region. 

(2)  L.  yucca'  Towns.,  New  Mexico. 

(3)  L.  yuccas  var.  rufescens  (Ckll.),  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

The  true  yucca'  is  rounder  in  outline  than  rufescens  and  has  7-jointed  antennae, 
whereas  rufescens  shows  distinctly  8  joints.  The  number  of  antennal  joints  is 
known  not  to  be  constant  in  L.  dendrobii,  and  I  do  not  think  the  difference  observed 
between  yucca  and  rufescens  indicates  more  than  a  variety.  The  former  was  first 
published  and  so  must  stand  for  the  species.  It  was  credited  to  Riley  MS.,  but  the 
only  description  which  has  appeared  was  written  by  Professor  Townsend. 

The  var.  rufescens  occurs  on  chenopodiaceous  plants.  The  Colorado  habitat  is  now 
first  made  known;  it  was  sent  by  Professor  Gillette  thickly  infesting  twigs  of  Sarco- 
batus  vcnniculatus  from  Grand  Junction,  Colo.  Some  of  the  specimens  in  this  lot 
were  parasitized. 

4.  L.  dendrobii  (Dough),  Demerara. 

5.  L.  quercus  n.  sp.,  Japan. 

6.  L.  eucalypti  (Mask.),  Australia. 

7.  L.  acacia:  (Mask.),  Australia. 


51 

Lecaniodiaspis  (Prosopophora)  quercus  n.  sp. 

Adult  female. — Scales  numerous  on  twigs.  Long.  3  J,  lat.  2£,  alt.  2  J 
mm.  Pale  oehreous,  obscurely  carinate,  segmentation  fairly  evident. 
Boiled  in  caustic  potash,  they  turn  it  sherry  color.  Female  (after  boil- 
ing), dark  reddish  brown.  Antennae  7 -join ted,  the  joints  cylindrical;  1 
shortest,  much  broader  than  long ;  then  G  and  7  subequal,  much  longer 
than  broad ;  then  the  other  four  subequal,  but  3  rather  longer  than  2. 
Formula  (3,  4)  (2,  5)  (6,  7)  1.  Derm  with  numerous  gland  orifices  and 
false  spines,  as  usual  in  genus;  derm  has  a  finely  marbled  appearance, 
due  to  minute  wrinkles.  Margin  with  a  few,  short,  true  spines.  Ano- 
geuital  ring  and  other  characters  as  usual  in  the  genus.  Legs,  of 
course,  wanting. 

Young  larva  (squeezed  out  of  the  transparent  egg-shell)  pale  pink, 
rostral  filaments  curled  in  two  watch-spring-like  coils.  Antennae 
0-jointed,  2,  3,  and  6  subequal  and  longest.  Legs  stout,  femur  about 
as  long  as  tibia  and  tarsus.  Coxa  quite  large.  Trochanter  with  two 
strong  curved  bristles.  Tibia  with  a  long  curved  bristle  on  its  inner 
face;  tarsus  with  a  small  bristle  on  its  inner  face.  Claw  hooked  at 
end;  digitules  filiform,  well  developed;  tarsal  digitules  long.  Caudal 
filaments  bent  back,  not  nearly  reaching  insection  of  last  pair  of  legs. 
Anogenital  ring  with  distinct  hairs. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  Quercus  sp.  (Takahashi;  Div.  Ent.  Dept. 
Agr.  No.  5940.) 

This  species  very  much  resembles  rufescens,  but  is  more  convex.  The 
occurrence  of  two  species  so  closely  allied,  of  a  peculiar  genus,  in  Japan 
and  New  Mexico  respectively,  is  very  interesting;  similar  instances 
in  other  groups  are  known,  especially  those  pointed  out  by  Asa  Gray 
among  plants.  The  conclusion  is  that  we  have  to  do  with  an  old  type, 
which  formerly  occupied  more  territory  than  at  present. 

Signoret  remarked  that  L.  sardoa  much  resembled  Eriococcus  buxi 
in  superficial  appearance.  L.  quercus  is  about  the  color  of  the  sacs  of 
Eriococcus  eucalypti  Mask.,  and  might  easily  be  taken  at  a  glance  for 
an  Eriococcus. 

Aspidiotus  secretus  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — White,  shiny ;  exuviae  exposed,  shiny,  rather  large,  very 
pale  yellow,  placed  rather  to  one  side. 

Immature  female  (boiled  in  potash)  almost  colorless,  terminal  portion 
brownish;  outline  nearly  round;  mouth-parts  far  posterior,  almost  as 
in  a  Parlatoria.  No  groups  of  ventral  glands.  Lobes  and  spines  pres- 
ent, but  no  plates.  Three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  large,  strongly 
diverging,  pyramidal  in  outline,  rounded  at  ends.  On  the  rapidly 
descending  distal  side  of  each  median  lobe,  at  the  base,  is  a  small  tri- 
angular projection.  Second  lobes  separated  from  this  triangular  pro- 
jection by  a  space  about  equal  to  their  width.  Second  lobes  smaller 
than  median,  but  well  developed,  notched  on  each  side  at  end  so  as 


52 

to  be  obscurely  trilobed.  Two  very  small  projections  immediately 
following  second  lobe.  Third  lobe  a  great  distauce  from  the  second, 
small  and  tooth-like. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  bamboo.  (Takahashi;  Div.  But.  Dept. 
A  or.  No.  5944.) 

Living  crowded  under  the  epidermis.     The  concealed  habitat  of  this 
species  is  peculiar;  the  scales  are  so  closely  packed  as  to  be  with  diffi- 
culty   separated.     In   the    scale,   the  insect 
<  somewhat  resembles  such  species  as  A.  nerii, 

1  //\f\  but  the  characters  of  the  female  are  quite 
different.  It  is  possible  that  there  are  deli- 
cate and  easily  deciduous  plates,  but  I  found 
none  in  the  specimens  examined  by  me.  The 
lobes  also  are  peculiar.     When  I  saw  the  in- 

Fig.  4.— Aspidiotus  secreUu  (from  .  ,  ,,  T  , 

drawSTbyOoctoreU).  M'rI    ,m,,<'r   fche   microscope,   I  was   at  once 

reminded  of  A.  bossiece  .Mask.,  but  our  insect  is 

certainly  quite  distinct  from  that,  and  may  not  be  even  closely  related. 

Aspidiotus  duplex  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — About  2§  mm.  diameter,  subcircular,  moderately  con- 
vex, dark  blackish  brown  with  the  Large  round  exuviae  nearly  to  one 
side  and  orange  in  color.  Removed  from  the  bark,  a  white  patch  is  left, 
representing  the  so-called  ventral  scale.  Female  (boiled  in  potash) 
pale  orange,  broadly  oval  or  subcircular,  with  the  large  cephalic  por- 
tion separated  from  the  rest  by  a  deep  suture.  Mouth-parts  large. 
Skin  on  dorsum  very  strongly,  transversely  grooved,  the  grooves  linear, 
often  anastomosing.  Four  groups  of  ventral  glands  in  the  usual  situa- 
tion, caudolaterals  of  US  to  30,  cephalolaterals  of  42;  median  group 
represented  by  two  orifices,  not  very  close  to  one  another.  Besides 
these  groups,  there  is  a  group  of  17  to  22  orifices,  quite  similar  in  char- 
acter, on  each  side  of  the  mouth-parts;  these  groups  are  oval  in  outline. 
The  anus  is  about  on  a  level  with  the  anterior  ends  of  the  caudolat*  ral 
groups.  There  are  four  (two  on  each  side)  long  tubes  or  ducts  origi- 
nating about  the  region  between  the  caudolateral  groups  and  the  anus, 
and  passing  hindward,  practically  parallel,  to  the  end  of  the  body.  On 
the  dorsal  surface  the  segments  are  marked  by  rows  of  oval  pores. 
The  "pygidium"  shows  on  the  dorsal  surface  a  very  distinct  lattice- 
work, as  in  A.  them  and  Ischnaspis  filiformis.  Median  lobes  very  large, 
brown,  rounded  at  ends,  but  notched  on  each  side  so  as  to  be  trilobed; 
the  lateral  lobes  very  small  and  passing  into  the  straight  parallel  sides. 
The  median  lobes  are  very  close  together,  but  distinctly  separated,  not 
touching,  not  diverging.  There  are  three  other  pairs  of  lobes,  small, 
narrow,  rounded  at  ends,  very  inconspicuous  and  easily  overlooked 
among  the  scale-like  plat  s.  Plates  not  extending  beyond  lobes,  scale- 
like, not  separately  distinguishable,  but  forming  a  continuous  fringe 


53 

which  rapidly  narrows  beyond  fourth  lobe,  and  ceases  before  the  deep 
notch  which  indicates  another  segment.  Margin  cephalad  of  fourth 
lobe  distinctly  serrate,  serrations  coarse. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan.    (Takahashi ;  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  5043. ) 

At  first  sight  there  appears  some  resemblance  to  Aonidia,  but  that 
genus  really  represents  circular  Fiorinia.  The  present  insect,  Aspi- 
diotus  duplex,  has  a  sort  of  double  scale,  for  the  brown  true  scale  is  cov- 
ered by  a  blackish  film  of  secretion,  which  often  extends  a  little  over 
the  exuviae.  I  can  not  see  the  first  skin  on  the  orange  exuviae,  but  as 
often  happens  it  is  doubtless  covered  by  secretion,  and  as  usual  in 
Aspidiotus  the  orange  portion  represents  both  larval  skins.  If  the 
insect  were  an  Aonidia,  the  blackish  film  should  represent  the  second 
skin,  and  this  certainly  is  not  the  case. 

The  almost  lateral  exuviae  and  other  characters  presented  by  this 
species  are  very  peculiar  for  Aspidiotus,  but  a  closely  allied  form  has 
been  described  by  Mr.  Maskell  as  Aspidiotus  ihece.  This  latter  infested 
tea  in  the  Kangra  Valley,  India,  and  Assam,  and  has  just  the  sublat- 
eral  exuviae,  lattice  work  pattern  of  pygidium,  and  covering  film  of  our 
insect.  It  will  be  distinguished,  however,  by  the  scale  being  light 
brown  (ours  is  very  dark),  the  film  being  white  (not  blackish),  and  sev- 
eral other  minor  characters. 

In  America  there  is  no  species  very  near  to  duplex,  but  an  apparently 
new  si)ecies  shortly  to  be  described  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Johnson,  found  on 
JEsculus  californica  at  Palo  Alto,  Oal.,  shows  some  superficial  resem- 
blance and  has  a  similar  covering  film,  though  that  is  whitish.  It 
differs  at  once  from  duplex  in  the  position  of  the  e^uvhe,  the  obliquely 
truncate  median  lobes,  the  large  conspicuous  spines,  etc.  This  species 
of  Mr.  Johnson's  is  probably  related  closely  to  the  European  A.  hippo- 
castani  Sign,  (which  I  have  never  seen),  but  I  think  he  is  correct  in  con- 
sidering it  distinct. 

Genus  CHXONASPIS  Sign. 
Chionaspis  latus  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — Similar  to  that  of  Chionaspis  aspidistra^  but  broader. 

Adult  female  (cleared  in  potash  and  mounted  in  balsam). — Three- 
fourths  mm.  long,  about  one-third  wide;  lateral  margins  of  segments 
somewhat  produced,  but  the  breadth  of  the  produced  portions  greater 
than  the  length.  Anal  orifice  rather  large,  round,  level  with  the  interval 
between  the  lateral  groups  of  glands.  Five  groups  of  ventral  glands, 
median  of  8,  cephalolaterals  20  to  23,  caudolaterals  19  to  22.  Length  of 
caudolateral  group  g£o  inch ;  distance  of  hindmost  gland  of  caudolateral 
group  from  base  of  median  lobes  T^o  inch;  length  of  median  lobes  22-50 
inch.  Median  lobes  brown ;  the  others  colorless,  or  almost  so.  Median 
lobes  obliquely  ascending  to  the  median  line,  at  which  they  are  contig- 
uous for  their  whole  length,  the  two  lobes  together  forming  nearly  the 
outline  of  a  half  circle.     The  descending  external  margins  are  thrice 


54 

deeply  notched,  thus  becoming  conspicuously  crenate.  Each  lobe  is 
deeply  incised  at  its  base,  but  except  for  this  it  would  form  a  nearly 
right-angled  triangle,  the  right  angle  being  the  inner  basal  one.  The 
length  of  each  lobe  in  the  median  line  is  about  as  great  as  its  breadth 
at  the  base,  or  somewhat  greater.  Immediately  outside  each  lobe  is  a 
spine,  then  comes  a  large  plate,  conical  in  outline;  then  a  pair  of  lobes 
resembling  in  shape  human  incisor  teeth,  but  more  narrowed  basally; 
then  a  long  spine;  then  a  pair  of  oblong  plates,  followed  by  what  may 
be  a  very  rudimentary  lobe,  marked  at  the  base  like  the  previous  pair 
of  lobes  by  a  round ,  low  prominence  bearing  a  short  hair;  then  after  a 
short  interval  comes  a  low,  broad  serration  on  the  margin,  followed  by 
a  number  of  minute  serrations,  toward  the  end  of  which  is  another 
short  hair  springing  from  a  round  spot;  after  this  comes  a  short  interval 
and  then  a  very  long  spine-like  plate;  then  a  prominence  bearing  a 
gland;  then  after  an  interval  two  very  long,  spine-like  plates.  The 
saccular  glands  along  the  margin,  as  in  other  species,  are  about  twice 
as  long  as  broad.  Close  to  and  parallel  with  the  margin  are  seven 
transversely  elongate  pores,  rod-like  in  form. 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  orange.  (Takahaski;  Div.  Ent.  Dept. 
Agr.  No.  6490.) 

Allied  to  C.  braziliensis  Sign..  0.  them  Mask.,  and  C.  minor  Mask.,  but 
scale  much  broader.  C.  minor,  which  it  much  resembles  structurally, 
has  a  white  scale.     C.  lotus  is  quite  distinct,  structurally,  from  C.  eitri. 

Chionaspis  bambusae  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — About  2£  mm.  long,  pyriform  in  outline;  snow-white, 
with  the  exuviae  pale  straw  color;  second  skin  often  tipped  with  orange. 
In  all  respects  this  scale  so  closely  resembles  C.  vaceinii  Bouche  as  to 

be     practically   indis- 
\  j      tinguishable.     From 

V        w  /       the  Ceylon  C.  gram  inis 

\  •   %  •*v^\         Greeu  MSS-  foulul  on 

<«  *  P~  Andropogon,   it    is    at 


>-• 


^  ^  v  once  distinguished  by 

"'•to  R$-<s\  the      shorter     second 

hVJW  skin- 

'       1        i      \  Adult  female  resem- 

bles C.  vaceinii  a  good 

Fig.  5. — Chionaspis  bambutce  (from  drawing  by  Cockerel!) .  ,       ,    ,  .-       £  ,, 

deal,  but  the  four  (twTo 
pairs)  lobes  are  smaller,  and  the  median  ones  narrower  and  not  touching 
at  their  bases  as  in  vaceinii.  The  ventral  grouped  glands  are  in  five 
groups,  as  usual,  but  the  orifices  are  much  less  numerous  than  in  vac- 
einii. The  oval  (dorsal)  pores  are  very  large  and  distinct;  adjacent  to 
the  lobes  they  form  a incisions  with  thickened  edges,"  as  in  some  spe- 
cies of  Aspidiotus.  The  spine- like  plates  are  large;  the  margin  ceph- 
alad  of  the  fourth  of  these  plates  is  serrate. 


55 

Habitat. — Tokio,  Japan,  on  leaves  of  bamboo,  July,  1804.  (Takaha- 
shi;  Div.  Ent.  Dept.  Agr.  No.  6609.) 

The  C.  raccinii  used  for  comparison  are  on  Yaccinimn  myrtilhis.  from 
Kralove  Dvur,  Bohemia  (Karl  Side). 

Parlatoria  these  n.  sp. 

Female  scale. — On  bark  of  twig*,  very  inconspicuous,  about  1%  mm. 
long,  oval  in  outline,  slightly  convex,  pale  ochreous,  with  the  second 
skin  black  or  nearly  so.  Second  skin  not  far  from  circular,  rather  less 
than  one-third  total  length  of  scale ;  first  skin  about  half  overlapping 
second.  Eemoved  from  the  twig,  the  scales  leave  a  white  mark,  repre- 
senting the  so-called  ventral  scale. 

Adult  Female. — (Boiled  in  potash)  colorless,  with  the  lobes  pale 
ochreous.  Mouth-parts  as  usual  in  genus.  Grouped  glands  present, 
caudolaterals  of  about  7  orifices,  cephalolaterals  of  about  20.  median 


(y 


oco, 
9$o9 

\ 

: 


Fig.  6. — Parlatoria  thecp  (from  drawing  by  Cockerell). 

group  represented  by  a  single  orifice  only.  Lobes  of  the  type  of 
P.  pergandei.  I  find  it  almost  impossible  to  adequately  describe  in 
words  the  abdominal  fringe  of  this  or  any  other  species  of  Parlatoria, 
and  so  give  a  figure  which  will  facilitate  identification. 

Habitat.— Japan,  precise  locality  not  stated;  on  tea  plant.  (Taka- 
hashi.) 

The  dark  second  skin,  which  is  comparatively  small,  distinguishes 
this  species;  at  a  glance  it  looks  not  unlike  Aspidiotus  camellia'.  It  is 
attacked  by  a  fungus,  of  which,  however,  I  have  seen  only  the  mycelium. 

Phenacoccus  pergandei  n.  sp. 

Female  with  ovisac  8J  mm.  long,  3  broad.  Ovisac  white,  firm, 
not  grooved,  partly  overlapping  the  wrinkled,  orange  brown  female. 


56 

Female  (boiled  in  potash)  turns  the  liquid  a  pale,  port-wine  color.  Derm 
colorless,  with  numerous  gland  spots  and  some  small  spines.  Antennae 
and  legs  pale  ochreous,  comparatively  large.  Antennae  distinctly 
9-jointed:  3  longest,  2  nearly  as  long  and  decidedly  stouter ;  1,  4,  5,  (i, 
and  9  subequal;  7  and  8  subequal  and  shortest:  formula  3,  2  (1,  t,  6, 
6,9)  (7,  8);  1  with  two  stout  hairs  near  its  end,  2  with  a  long  hair,  8 
with  a  pair  of  hairs  near  the  end;  remaining  joints  each  with  a 
whorl  of  hairs;  last  joint  with  also  apical  hairs  representing  a  second 
whorl.  Legs  ordinary:  coxa  very  large,  with  a  whorl  of  bristles  near 
its  end:  trochanter  and  femur  with  scattered  bristles;  femur  with  an 
erect  hair  on  its  inner  face,  just  before  its  middle.  Tarsus  less  than 
half  as  long  as  tibia;  tibia  with  about  five  bristles  on  its  inner  face  and 
six  on  outer.  Tarsus  with  bristles.  (  law  long,  not  much  curved :  digi- 
tizes of  claw  of  fair  size,  expanding  rather  gradually  to  their  bulbous 
ends.     Tarsal  digit  ales  wanting. 

Habitat, — Japan,  precise  locality  unknown,  on  "  Gumi."  (Takahashi; 
Dept.  Agr.  No.  5942.)  The  scales  occur  on  the  undersides  of  the  leaves, 
along  the  midrib.  What  kt  (iumi  "  is,  I  do  not  know,  but  it  has  entire 
rather  hairy  leaves  about  40  mm.  long,  suggestive  of  some  solanaceous 
or  serophulariaceous  plant 

At  lirst  sight  the  species  looks  like  a  very  much  developed  PtiJri- 
naria  camellicola,  but  the  texture  of  the  ovisac  suggests  Lichtensia.  I 
had  actually  described  it  as  a  new  Lichtensia  and  had  sent  the  MS. 
to  Washington,  when  Mr.  Pergande,  having  occasion  to  examine  the 
insect,  discovered  the  extraordinary  error  into  which  I  had  fallen.  The 
specimens  were  much  attacked  by  parasites  (a  species  of  Comys,  1  learn 
from  31  r.  Howard),  and  the  legs,  antenna',  etc.,  were  detached.  Thus, 
having  gotten  the  erroneous  idea  that  the  thing  was  a  lecaniid,  I  de- 
scribed from  what  1  could  see,  notwithstanding  the  absence  of  the  ano- 
genital  parts, etc.  On  receiving  Mr.  Pergande's  statement,  I  boiled  down 
a  new  specimen,  and  was  fortunate  enough  to  see  the  anal  ring,  perfectly 
normal  for  Phenacoccus,  to  which  the  insect  unquestionably  belongs.  L 
mention  these  incidents  because  such  errors  are  always  interesting, 
throwing  light  on  the  probability  of  error  in  scientific  writings.  1  have 
sometimes  seen  it  stated  that  so-and-so  could  not  have  made  a  certain 
mistake,  because  he  knew  better;  but  a  careful  analysis  of  mistakes 
will  show  that  a  large  percentage  would  not  have  been  made  if  the 
writer  had  known  less.  For  example,  a  traveler  in  a  foreign  country 
will  often  announce  that  he  saw  some  bird  or  insect  very  familiar  to 
him  at  home,  and  when  it  is  denied  that  the  species  occurs  there  he  will 
indignantly  ask  whether  we  suppose  he  does  not  know  the  common  so- 
and-so.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  he  has  been  misled  by  a  superficial  resem- 
blance; whereas  had  the  object  been  quite  unfamiliar  to  him  he  would 
have  taken  pains  to  arrive  at  its  correct  identification,  probably  with 
success. 


Technical  Series  No.  5. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY, 


- 


.A    STUDY 


INSECT  PARASITISM 


A  CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  PARASITES  OF  THE  WHITE-MARKED  TUSSOCK  MOTH. 

WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THEIR  HABITS  AND  INTERRELATIONS, 

AND  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES. 


BY 


L.   O.  HOWARD, 

ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

G-OVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1897. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  />.  C,  February  1,  18!)7. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication,  under  the  title  aA 
Study  in  Insect  Parasitism,"  an  account  of  the  principal  factors  which 
brought  about  the  almost  total  disappearance  of  tussock-moth  cater 
pillars  on  the  shade  trees  in  the  city  of  Washington  during'  the  summer 
of  1896,  after  an  extremely  injurious  outbreak  of  this  insect  which  took 
place  during  the  summer  of  L895.     The  details  of  this  study  may  be  con- 
sidered in  a  degree  typical  of  many  sudden  interruptions  of  the  rapid 
multiplication  of  injurious  species  of  insects.     On  account  of  the  fact 
that  the  detailed  consideration  of  the  problem  involves  the  close  rec- 
ord  of  many  details  of  little  popular  interest,  as  well  as  the  description 
of  a  certain  number  of  new  species,  it  seems  best  that  the  paper  should 
be  published  in  the  Technical  Series  of  bulletins  of  this  division. 
Respectfully, 

L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  .1.  Sterling  Morton, 

Secretdry  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 5 

List  of  primary  parasites 7 

A .  Hymenoptera 7 

B.  Diptera 7 

List  of  hyperparasites 7 

List  of  probable  parasites 8 

List  of  scavengers 8 

Pinipla  inquisitor 8 

Pinqda  aimulipes 18 

Pi  in  pin  eonquisitor 18 

Amorphota  orgyiae 20 

Meteorue  communis 21 

Metcorus  hyphantriae 22 

Linmeria  valida 23 

Linmeriasp 23 

Theronia  fulvescens 21 

Apantcles  dclicatus 21 

Apanteles  hyphantriae 21 

Chnlcis  ovata 25 

Ptci omalus  cuproideus 28 

Cratotechus  orgyiae 28 

Ophion  bilineatum 30 

Ichneumon  subcyaneus , 30 

Ichneumon  cceruleus 30 

Teleuonms  egg  parasites  reared  from  other  species  of  Orgyia 30 

Telenomus  californicus 30 

Telenomus  orgyiae 30 

Hemiteles  townsendi 31 

Bathythrixmeteori 31 

Bathy  thrix  pimplae 31 

Adiastola  americana 32 

Otacustes  peiiliti 32 

Allocota  thyridopterigis ". 32 

Pc/  omachus  insolitus 33 

Spilochalcis  del  >ilis 33 

I Tabrocytus  thyridopterigis 31 

Dibrachys  boucheanus 35 

Syntomosphyrum  esurus ' 38 

Eupelmus  limneriae 39 

Eln  chistus  caccecia? 39 

Elasmus  atratus 40 

Asecodes  albitarsis 40 

Frontina  aletiaa 41 

Frontina  frenchii 42 

Taehina  mella 42 

3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Euphorocera  claripennis 43 

Wintbemia  quadripustulata  44 

Exorista  griseomicans  44 

The  scavenger  dies 44 

The  other  insects .' 46 

General  considerations 48 

Table  showing  host  relations  of  the  hymenopterons  parasites 52 

Appendix — Descriptions  of  the  new  species: 

Amorphota  orgyiae 53 

Bathythrix  meteori 53 

Bathytlirix  pimphe  54 

Adiastola  americana 54 

Pezomachns  insolitus 54 

Apanteles  delicatus 55 

Pteromalus  cuproideus 55 

Enpelmns  limneriaB 56 

Elasmns  atratns 56 

Appended  note 57 


Fig.    1.  Different  stages  of  Pimpla  inquisitor 9 

2.  Eggs,  larva;  and  cocoons  of  Pinipln  inquisitor 10 

:;.  .\<lnlr  of  Pimpla  inquisitor  from  side 11 

l.  Cocoons  of  Pimpla  inquisitor 14 

5.  Stages  of  Pimpla  conquisitor 18 

(i.  Cocoon  of  Pimpla  conqumitor 19 

7.  Amorphota  orgyiae,  with  cocoon 20 

8.  Meteorus  communis,  with  cocoon 21 

!•.  Meteorus  hyphantriae,  with  cocoon 2!i 

10.  Liinneria  valida,  with  cocoon 23 

11.  Apanteles  delicatns,  with  cocoon 24 

12.  Chalcis  ovata.  with  pupa  and  pupal  exuvium 26 

13.  Pupa  of  Cratotechus  orgyiae 29 

14.  Bathythrix  pimpla- 32 

15.  Otacustes  periliti 32 

16.  Spilochalcis  dehilis,  with  parasitized  cocoons  of  Meteorus  and  Amor- 

phota    33 

17.  Habrocytus  thyridopterigis 35 

18.  Stages  of  Dibrachys  boucheanns 35 

19.  Syntomosphyruni  esurns 38 

20.  Eupelmus  limnerias 39 

21.  Elasmns  atrat us,  with  pupa 10 

22.  Asecodes  albitarsis,  with  parasitized  pupa  of  Dibrachys 41 

23.  Euphorocera  claripennis,  with  pupariuni 43 

24.  Stages  of  Gaurax  anehora 45 


A  STUDY  IN  INSECT  PARASITISM. 

By  L.  O.  Howard. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  white  marked  tussock  moth  (Orgyia  leucostigma  Smith  &  Abbott) 
is  an  insect  which  prior  to  the  early  seventies  was  known  mainly  from 
the  occasional  defoliation  of  the  leaves  of  orchard  trees  by  its  larvre. 
Harris  referred  to  it  as  an  enemy  of  apple  trees  and  rose  bushes  and 
sometimes  of  "other  trees  and  shrubs."  Fitch  mentioned  it  as  an 
enemy  of  apple  trees  and  rose  bushes;  while  Riley,  in  his  First  Mis- 
souri Report  (18G9),  referred  to  it  as  an  apple  insect,  but  stated  that  it 
feeds  upon  differeut  kinds  of  trees,  such  as  elm,  maple,  horse-chestnut, 
and  oak,  seeming,  however,  to  prefer  the  apple,  plum,  rose,  and  pear. 

Since  a  somewhat  indefinite  date,  which  we  can  fix  no  closer  than 
the  early  seventies,  this  insect  has  become  more  or  less  prominent  as 
an  enemy  to  shade  trees  in  the  cities  of  the  northeastern  United  States, 
and  correspondingly  has  become  less  prominent  as  an  enemy  to 
orchards.  The  beginning  of  its  rapid  increase  in  our  cities  is  nearly 
coincident  with  the  beginning  of  the  remarkable  multiplication  of  the 
English  sparrows  after  their  introduction  into  this  country,  and  there 
seems  little  doubt  that  this  coincidence  is  really  a  matter  of  cause  and 
effect.  One  of  the  early  results  of  the  introduction  of  the  English 
sparrow  was  the  x>ractical  extermination  by  this  bird  of  the  canker- 
worms,  which  at  that  time  were  the  principal  insect  enemies  of  our  city 
shade  trees.  The  removal  of  the  cankerworms  afforded  room  for  the 
multiplication  of  the  tussock  moth,  which,  from  the  fact  that  its  larva 
is  hairy,  was  not  eaten  by  the  sparrows,  and  consequently  multiplied 
with  rapidity.1  Furthermore,  the  tussock  moth  must  be  considered  as 
one  of  those  species  which  are  becoming  attached  to  cities — which  are 
slowly  altering  their  habits  and  accommodating  themselves  to  city 
environment. 

For  many  years  the  shade  trees  in  more  northern  cities,  and  notably 
in  Boston,  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  Philadelphia,  have  suffered 
severely  from  the  attacks  of  this  hairy  caterpillar.  Until  recently,  how- 
ever, the  species  has  not  been  excessively  abundant  in  the  city  of 


'This  supplanting  of  the  one  species  by  the  other  was  also  undoubtedly  due  in 
part  to  the  driving  away  by  the  sparrows  of  the  native  birds  which  previously  had 
fed  upon  the  tussock-moth  caterpillars.  Le  Conte  has  shown  (Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Sci.,  vol.  23,  p.  44,  1874)  that  the  larva  of  Unnomos  subsignaria,  a  measuring  worm 
which  had  been  very  injurious  to  the  shade  trees  of  Philadelphia,  was  replaced  by 
the  tussock-moth  caterpillars  through  the  sparrows  eating  the  former  and  avoiding 
the  latter^. 

5 


6 

Washington.  Its  place  in  that  city  seems  to  have  been  taken  largely 
by  the  fall  wefrworm  (larva  of  ffyphantria  cunea  Drury)  and  the  bag- 
worm  (larva  of  Thyridapteryx  ephemerceformis  Haworth).  The  tussock- 
moth  larva*,  however,  have  been  moderately  common  year  a  iter  year, 
but  not  until  1895  did  they  increase  so  as  to  attract  general  atten- 
tion. In  1895,  however,  Washington  suffered  from  an  extraordinary 
outbreak  of  this  insect,  as  the  writer  has  already  pointed  out  in  his 
article  on  ••  The  shade  tree  insect  problem  in  the  eastern  United  States,1' 
published  in  the  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1895, 
pages  361-384.  In  this  season  the  trees  along  many  streets  were  com- 
pletely defoliated,  and  in  the  autumn  they  were  plastered  in  the  most 
unsightly  way  with  their  cocoons. 

In  August,  1805,  the  writer  commenced  ;i  careful  investigation  of  the 
life  history  of  the  insect  with  the  feeling  that,  although  much  had 
already  been  written  upon  the  species,  there  was  still  more  to  be  learned 
about  it.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  new  and  important  points  in  the  life  his- 
tory have  been  determined  in  the  course  of  this  study,  but  none  of 
them  are  of  so  much  interest  as  the  facts  relating  to  the  extraordinary 
phenomena  of  parasitism,  induced  by  the  unprecented  multiplication  of 
the  species. 

Many  observations  are  recorded  which  show  the  prominent  part 
which  parasites  take  in  the  reduction  of  an  insect  which  under  favor- 
able conditions  has  exceeded  its  normal  bounds  in  respect  to  numbers. 
Such  constant  struggles  between  species  in  the  apparent  effort  to  pre- 
serve a  just  balance  are  met  with  by  every  observer  in  the  course  of 
nearly  every  season's  observations.  The  writer  has,  however,  always 
desired  an  opportunity  to  study  the  exact  details  of  such  a  struggle 
upon  a  large  scale,  and  this  opportunity  was  afforded  in  this  instance. 

In  Boston,  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  Philadelphia  the  tussock  moth 
has  not  seemed  to  fluctuate  seriously  in  point  of  numbers.  It  has  been 
more  or  less  injurious  every  season  tor  a  number  of  years.  In  Wash- 
ington, however,  in  18955  there  was  a  rapid  and  enormous  increase,  and 
great  fears  of  its  continuance  year  after  year  were  expressed  by  city 
authorities,  by  the  newspapers,  and  by  citizens  interested  in  the  beauti- 
ful shade  trees  of  the  city.  By  the  time  the  third  generation  had  made 
its  appearance  in  September,  1895,]  it  was  noticed  that  parasitic  and 
predaceous  insects  were  present  in  enormous  numbers.  The  cocoons  of 
the  second  generation  were  the  rallying  point  of  hordes  of  Ichneumon 
and  Chalcis  flies,  while  several  species  of  predatory  Heteroptera  were 
present  in  great  numbers.  The  trunks  of  nearly  all  of  the  large  trees 
in  the  Government  parks  were  sanguinary  battlefields  where  the  result- 
ing mortality  was  excessive. 

Prior  to  the  beginning  of  these  observations  seven  species  of  prob- 
able primary  parasites  of  the  tussock  moth  had  been  recorded.     Fitch 


'Observations  of  1896  have  shown  without  doubt  that  there  are  three  annual  gen- 
erations in  Washington  instead  of  two,  as  previously  stated.  (.See  Bulletin  No.  10, 
Division  of  Entomology,  p.  33.) 


Lad  described  two  as  Triekogramma  orgyicb  and  T.  fraterna.  The  first 
of  these,  however,  seems  to  be  a  Cratotechus  which  lias  not  since  been 
reared,  while  the  second  is  a  hyperparasite  of  the  genus  Holcopelte. 
There  is  not  the  slightest  evidence,  however,  that  this  second  parasite 
ever  attacks  the  tussock  moth,  since  Fitch  simply  found  it  walking  upon 
rose  leaves  in  September,  "where/'  he  says,  "it  was  very  probably 
searching  for  these  same  caterpillars  in  which  to  deposit  its  eggs.7' 
Riley  reared  Pimpla  inquisitor,  an  undetermined  Tachinid  fly,  a  true 
egg  parasite  of  the  genus  Telenomus.  and  two  species  of  the  genus 
Pteromalus,  while  he  also  obtained  cocoons  of  a  Microgaster  from  tus- 
sock-moth caterpillars,  without,  however,  rearing  the  adult.  The  adult 
of  what  is  x>robably  this  species  was  reared  later  by  Prof.  F.  M.Webster 
and  was  described  by  Mr.  Ashmead  as  Apanteles  orgyitB  (Bull.  Ohio  Exp. 
Sta,,  Tech.  Ser.  I,  p.  159).  Dr.  Weed  records  (Psyche,  Y,  51)  Pimpla 
conquisitor  Say,  Xorinal,  111..  July  14,  1883.  Dr.  Lintner  is  also  said 
to  have  reared  a  species  of  Tetrastichus  from  this  larva.  This  last 
species  is  undoubtedly  hyperparasitic.  and  one  if  not  both  of  the  two 
species  recorded  as  belonging  to  the  genus  Pteromalus  are  also  probably 
hyperparasites. 

The  close  observations  which  were  made  upon  abundant  material 
beginning  early  in  August,  1895,  and  carried  through  until  the  autumn 
of  1896,  have  resulted  not  only  in  vastly  increasing  this  list,  but  in  giv- 
ing us  some  definite  ideas  as  to  the  habits  of  the  species  involved  and 
as  to  their  more  or  less  intricate  interrelations.   „ 

The  species  reared  are  as  follows: 

LIST    OF    PRIMARY    PARASITES. 

A. — Hymenoptera. 

Pimpla  inquisitor  Say.  Theronia  fulvescens  Brullo". 

Pimpla  conquisitor  Say.  Apanteles  delicatus  n.  sp. 

Pimpla  annulipes  Say.  Apanteles  liyphantrbr  Riley. 

Amorphota  orgyiae  n.  sp.  Chalcis  ovata  Say. 

Meteorus  communis  Cresson.  Pteromalus  cuproideus  n.  sp. 

Meteorus  hyphantrnp  Riley.  Cratotechus  orgyiae  Fitch. 

Limneria  sp.  Telenomus  orgyiae  Fitch. 
Limneria  valida  Cresson. 

.    B. — Diptera. 

Frontina  aletia'  Riley.  Euphorocera  claripennia  Maeq. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will.  Exorista  griSeomi».ans  V.  d.  W. 

Tachina  mella  Walk.  Winlhemia  4-pustulata  Fab. 

LIST    OF    HYPERPARASITES. 

HjimevopUi a. 

Hemiteles  townsendi  Ashmead.  Spiloehalcis  debilis  i  Say). 

Bathythrix  meteori  n.  sp.  Eupelmus  linineriae  n.  sp. 

Bathythrix  pimpla-  n.  sp.  Dibrachys  boucbeanus  (Ratz.). 

Adistola  americana  n.  sp.  Elachistus  cacceocia?  How. 

Otacustes  periliti  Asbm.  Elasmus  atratus  n.  sp. 

Habrocytus  thyridopterigis  Asbm.  Syutomosphyrum  esnrus  ( i.'iley). 

Pezomacbus  insolitus  u.  sp.  Asecodes  albitarsis  Ashm. 


LIST    OF    PROBABLE    PARASITES.1 

Ichneumon  subcyaneus  Cresson.  Ichneumon  ccerulens  Cresson. 

Allocota  (Hemiteles)  thyridopterigia  Riley. 

LIST    OF   SCAVENGERS. 

(Roared  from  dead  chrysalidsor  cocoon  masses. 

Diptera. 

FTelicobia  helicis  Towns.  Limosina  sp. 

Sarcophaga  Bpp.  2.  .  Homalomyia  Bcalaria  Fab. 

Phora  nigricepa  Loew.  Gaurax  anchora  Loew. 

Phora  iucisuralis  Loew.  Neoglaphyroptera  bivittata  say. 

Phora  fasciata  Pall.  Diplopia  sp. 

Phora  agaraci  Lintner. 

In  addition  to  the  insects  listed  above,  a  species  of  Chrysopa  was 
reared  from  the  cocoon  mass,  the  larva'  of  Anthrenus  varius  were  found 
feeding  upon  the  dead  pupae  and  empty  egg  masses,  and  a  mite  of  the 
genus  Tyroglyphus  was  found  to  have  the  same  habit. 

Other  active  agents  in  the  further  reduction  of  the  numbers  of  the 
tussock-moth  caterpillars  were  an  undetermined  disease  upon  which 
Mr.  A.  F.  Woods,  of  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Pathology,  has  been  at 
work,  and  the  Heteroptera  Podisus  sphwsus,  Euschistus  scrvus,  and  Pri- 
onidus  cristatus. 

The  total  number  of  primary  parasites  reared  in  the  course  of  the 
observations  was  2,122,  of  which  L85  were  Diptera  and  1,937  Ilymen- 
optera.  The  secondary  parasites  numbered  about  1,000,  but  this  is  an 
estimate,  as  no  exact  account  was  kept  of  the  many  specimens  of  the 
minute  Dibrachys  and  Asecodes.  The  writer  deems  it  advisable  to 
give  in  some  detail  the  observations  made  upon  each  of  these  species 
in  order  before  drawing  general  conclusions,  since  the  basis  for  such 
conclusions  must  be  the  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  the  individual 
species  involved.2 

Pimpla  inquisitor  Say. 

This  important  and  widespread  parasite  of  lepidopterous  larvae 
occurs  in  California,  Texas,  Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Ohio,  Xew  York, 
and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  is  probably  to  be  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States,  except  possibly  in  boreal  regions.     It  is  parasitic 


'All  observed  closely  investigating  recently  formed  cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth 
and  apparently  about  to  oviposit.     The  third  species  is  parasitic  upon  Pimpla. 

sThe  observations  upon  which  the  following  statements  are  based  have  largely 
been  made  by  Mr.  Pergande,  the  assistant  in  charge  of  the  insectary.  Messrs.  Pratt 
and  Busck  have  also  helped,  and  Mr.  Coquillett  was  for  a  short  time  in  charge  of  the 
breeding  experiments  during  Mr.  Pergande's  absence.  The  writer  made  certain  field 
observations  in  the  fall  of  1895  and  sammer  of  1896,  and  carefully  dissected  and 
examined  very  many  Orgyia  cocoons  during  December,  1896.  The  dipterous  para- 
sites have  been  named  by  Mr.  Corpiillett.  and  Mr.  Ashmead  has  assisted  in  the  nam- 
ing of  the  Hymeuoptera. 


9 

upon  a  large  number  of  lepidopterous  larvae,  feeding  upon  such  Bomby- 
cids  as  Clisiocampa  and  Orgyia,  upon  certain  Phycitids,  Tortricids,  and 
large-sized  Tineids.  It  was  by  far  the  most  abundant  of  the  parasites 
reared,  no  less  than  1,659  having  issued  in  the  course  of  our  observations 
upon  the  parasites  of  Orgyid  teueostigina. 

Observations  were  first  began  on  August  31,  1895,  at  which  time  five 
eggs  were  noticed  upon  a  larva  which  had  span  its  cocoon  and  ha/1  died 
without  transforming  to  pupa.  Two  similar  eggs  were  found  upon 
another  caterpillar  under  like  conditions..  A  few  days  later  many  more 
were  found.  They  were  generally  attached  to  the  dorsal  portion  of  the 
abdominal  segments  of  the  caterpillar  and  usually  at  the  juncture  of 
two  segments  and  always  set  up  on  end,  attached  by  the  small  end. 
They  were  not  firmly  attached  and  were  occasionally  rubbed  off  by  the 
contortions  of  the  larva,  being  retained,  however,  by  the  silken  threads 
of  the  cocoon. 


Fig.  l.-J'iinpla  inquisitor :  a,  full-grown  summer  larva:  b,  hibernating  larva;  c,  mouth-parts  of  larva; 
(/.  adult  female;  e,  abdomen  of  adult  male  from  side — all  enlarged,  c  greatly  enlarged  (original). 


These  eggs  are  much  elongated,  somewhat  wider  at  one  end  than  at 
the  other,  pure  white  in  color,  and  perfectly  smooth,  appearing  highly 
polished.  The  average  length  is  0.98  mm.  and  the  greatest  width 
0.18  mm.  The  duration  of  the  egg  state  must  be  very  short  and  proba- 
bly a  matter  of  but  a  few  hours.  After  hatching,  the  larva?  were  found 
to  feed  externally  upon  the  body  of  the  caterpillar,  the  mouth  parts 
closely  applied  to  the  skin,  and,  in  fact,  obviously  sucking  blood 
through  a  minute  orifice.  Their  growth  was  rapid  and  there  was  no 
perceptible  exuviation.  The  seven  eggs  found  on  August  31  had 
hatched  the  following  day  and  by  September  3  the  larva?  appeared  to 
be  nearly  full  grown.  When  full  grown,  the  largest  larva?  are  9.5  mm. 
in  length  by  3.2  mm.  in  greatest  diameter,  fusiform  in  shape,  and 
slightly  curved  in  normal  position.  The  color  is  yellowish  white,  some 
specimens  taking  on  a  pinkish  tinge,  and  there  are  no  markings.     The 


10 

spiracles  are  very  minute.  There  is  no  anal  opening,  but  its  position 
is  indicated  .by  a  short  curved  transverse  impression  just  ventro- 
cephalad  of  the  anal  extremity.  The  mouth  parts  are  so  well  shown  at 
fig.  le  as  to  need  no  •description.  The  form  and  general  appearance  of 
the  full-grown  larva  are  also  shown  at  fig.  la-. 

On  September  0  these  larva'  were  found  to  be  spinning  their  cocoons. 
These  cocoons,  at  first  white  and  afterwards  turning  gradually  to  a  pale 
yellow-brown,  becoming  much  the  same  color  as  the  cocoon  of  the 
Orgyia,  are  denser  in  structure  and  composed  of  a  considerably  finer 
quality  of  silk.  They  are  long  oval  in  shape,  the  longest  reaching  a 
length  of  HI  mm.  by  4  mm.  in  diameter.  The  cocoons  spun  by  the 
larva*  issuing  from  a  single  caterpillar  are  closely  applied  together  and 
adhere  so  firmly  that  it  takes  some  little  force  to  separate  them.     They 


e  a  b 

Flo. 2. — Pimpla  inquisitor:  a,  shrunken  tussock  moth  caterpillar  bearing  parasite  eggs  in  vita; 
b.  egg;  c.  eggs  in  situ  .■  '/.  larvae,  full  grown,  feeding  on  spun-up  caterpillar;  <\  cocoons  of  parasite 
within  Orgyia  cocoon — a, d,e  slightly  enlarged,  c  still  more  enlarged,  b  greatly  enlarged  (author's 
illustration,  from  Yearbook,  Dipt.  A.gric,  1805). 

are  applied  side  by  side  and  so  closely  that  their  oval  outline  becomes 
more  or  less  angular  at  the  points  of  application.  The  fastening 
together  is  not  exactly  regular,  since  one  or  more  cocoons  will  frequently 
extend  farther  out  than  the  others.  Twenty-four  hours  after  the 
spinning  of  the  cocoon  the  larva'  were  still  found  unchanged,  but  at 
forty-eight  hours,  or  on  September  8,  they  changed  to  pupae. 

All  of  the  adults  issued  together  on  September  14,  leaving  fifteen 
days  as  the  duration  of  the  life  round,  as  follows:  llgg,  one  day;  larva 
before  spinning  cocoon,  seven  days;  larva  after  spinning  cocoon,  one 
day;  pupa,  six  days — total,  fifteen  days. 

This  rapidity  of  development  is  somewhat  surprising.  The  writer  has 
recorded  a  much  greater  rapidity  with  certain  Chalcidids,  but  is  not 
familiar  with  any  record  of  a  similarly  rapid  development  with  an 


11 


Ichneumonid.  Ratzeburg  (Die  Iehneumonen  der  Forstinsecten,  p.  14, 
Baud  1 )  states  that  the  shortest  life  round  of  any  of  the  parasitic  Hymen- 
optera  known  to  him  is  that  of  Pimpla  fulvipes,  from  July  15  or  16  to 
August  5 — twenty  or  twenty-one  days.  In  this  instance  the  host  was 
Lithosm  quadra,  a  sptm-up  larva  of  which  was  found  July  16  bearing 
eight  small  white  Ichneumonid  egg^.  On  the  17th  the  eggs  had 
hatched:  on  the  19th  the  larvse  had  become  quite  large:  on  the  20th 
they  had  begun  to  spin:  on  the  I'M  they  had  inclosed  themselves  in 
small  white  cocoons;  on  the  25th  they  had  transformed  to  pupae;  on 
August  3  the  colors  of  the  adult  were  noticeable,  and  on  the  5th  the 
first  adult  issued. 

Adult  females  of  Pimpla  inquisitor  were  watched  man}'  times  when 
searching  for  caterpillars  of  the  proper  condition  for  oviposition.  On 
September  10  five  individuals  were  observed  to  oviposit  in  tussock- 
moth  caterpillars.  The  first  one  stung  a  larva  which  was  just  spinning 
up.  The  Pimpla  ran  up  to  the  posterior 
end  of  the  cocoon,  stood  for  a  moment 
with  antenna?  vibrating  on  the  cocoon 
as  though  to  ascertain  the  exact  con- 
dition of  affairs,  then  suddenly  ran  a 
short  distance  forward,  bringing  its 
ovipositor  into  a  somewhat  forward- 
directed  position,  and  quickly  inserted 
it  through  the  silk  and  into  the  body 
of  the  caterpillar,  which  at  once  com- 
menced to  struggle  violently.  The  wast) 
was  not  disturbed  and  remained  in 
position  for  some  minutes.  The  cater- 
pillar was  then  examined  and  it  was 
found  that  a  Tachinid  egg  had  already 
been  deposited  upon  it  between  the 
second  and  third  thoracic  segments. 
It  was  placed  aside  to  endeavor  to  rear  the  parasite,  but  the  attempt 
was  not  successful  and  nothing  was  bred  from  it.  A  second  and 
third  one  were  observed  to  act  in  the  same  manner,  the  operation 
in  each  case  lasting  about  two  minutes.  No  adult  parasites  were 
bred  in  either  ca<e.  A  fourth  oviposited  in  a  webbed-up  caterpillar, 
which,  when  stung,  already  carried  some  eggs  of  the  same  species. 
A  fifth,  after  running  about  for  fifteen  minutes  examining  a  cocoon 
here  and  there,  was  seen  to  enter  the  opening  at  the  anterior  end  of 
one  of  the  cocoons  and  remained  inside  of  it  for  several  minutes.  The 
cocoon  was  removed  and  examined  and  it  was  found  that  the  caterpil- 
lar was  dead  and  with  it  was  one  half-grown  larva  of  this  parasite,  the 
offspring  of  some  previous  visitor.  Xo  adults  were  reared  as  the  result 
of  any  one  of  these  five  observations.  It  was  noticed  on  the  following 
day  that  two  and  even  three  females  of  the  Pimpla  would  occasionally 
engage  at  the  same  time  in  ovipositing  in  the  same  cocoon.     In  the 


FiG.3.  —Pimpla  iiu/u.isitor :   Adult  fi-uiale. 
from  side — enlarged  (original)* 


12 

majority  of  the  cocoons  examined  the  caterpillars  were  contracted,  but 
had  not  pupated.  In  one  case,  however,  one  had  transformed  to  pupa, 
and  near  its  posterior  end  were  found  a  number  of  recently  deposited 
eggs  of  the  Pimpla. 

Further  observations  upon  oviposition  were  made  on  September  13. 
On  one  cocoon  containing  a  recently  spun -up  larva  two  of  the  parasites 
were  seen  ovipositing  at  the  same  time.  One  of  them,  after  running 
about  for  a  few  seconds,  suddenly  thrust  its  ovipositor  into  the  body  of 
the  larva,  which  commenced  to  wriggle  in  pain,  but  the  parasite  was 
undisturbed  and  pushed  its  ovipositor  in  to  its  full  extent,  remaining 
motionless  in  this  position  for  about  five  minutes,  during  which  time 
the  abdomen  slightly  moved  in  a  peristaltic  manner  as  if  forcing  the 
eggs  out  and  down  through  the  ovipositor.  It  then  withdrew  the  ovi- 
positor, turned  around,  took  a  step  or  two,  and  gave  the  caterpillar 
three  thrusts  in  quick  succession.  It  then  went  a  little  farther  and 
gave  several  more  thrusts,  and  continued  the  same  operation  four  times 
more,  when  it  again  thrust  its  ovipositor  in  as  far  as  the  body,  remain- 
ing in  this  position  again  for  several  minutes.  When  the  cocoon  was 
examined,  tour  eggs  were  found  loose  inside  the  cocoon.  Here  again, 
however,  nothing  was  reared.  Another  one  was  observed  ovipositing 
in  a  recently  spun-up  larva.  It  was  seen  to  thrust  the  ovipositor  in 
three  times,  lasting  one  minute,  one  and  one  half  minutes,  and  one-half 
minute.  It  was  also  noticed  to  thrust  the  ovipositor  in  at  another  place 
in  the  cocoon  five  or  six  times  in  quick  succession,  as  if  in  search  of  the 
larva.  When  the  cocoon  was  examined  four  eggs  were  found,  all  in  a 
bunch  between  the  first  and  second  segments,  and  in  an  upright  posi- 
tion, but  so  loosely  attached  that  they  became  detached  after  the  cocoon 
had  been  slightly  handled.  It  seems  as  though  the  preliminary  sting- 
ing of  the  caterpillar  were  done  to  quiet  it  so  that  the  eggs  when  laid 
would  not  be  detached  by  its  struggles.  A  parasite  placed  in  a  tube 
with  a  larva  which  had  been  stung  was  later  found  to  have  deposited 
five  eggs,  which  were  adhering  to  the  glass  and  not  to  the  larva. 

An  observation  was  made  September  II,  which  indicated  that  all  of 
the  larvae  do  not  feed  externally,  since  from  a  discolored  caterpillar 
collected  September  I  and  placed  in  a  tube  a  larva  of  this  Pimpla 
issued  on  September  14,  and  spun  a  cocoon,  the  adult  issuing  Septem- 
ber L>0. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  a  larva  is  stung  when  just  on  the  point 
of  transforming,  and  in  such  a  case  the  transformation  to  pupa  is  occa- 
sionally accomplished.  The  recently  formed  pupa  is  also  occasionally 
stung,  as  has  just  been  shown.  Contrary  to  the  general  rule  holding 
when  caterpillars  are  eaten  out  by  the  Pimpla  larva*,  they  seem  to  feed 
within  such  pupa1,  and  eventually  to  spin  their  cocoons  within  the  Orgyia 
pupa  skin.  Several  times  in  December,  1896,  apparently  perfect  female 
pupae  of  the  Orgyia  were  found  within  their  cocoons,  with  a  closely 
applied  layer  of  four  or  five  Pimpla  cocoons  and  a  single  break  in  the 


13 

pupa  skin  from  which  the  end  of  another  Pimpla  cocoon  slightly  extruded. 
In  all  such  cases  the  removal  of  the  perfect  pupa  skin  showed  its  con- 
tents to  be  a  very  closely  packed  mass  of  Pimpla  cocoons.  In  one  case 
of  this  kind  the  pupa  skin  was  found  to  contain  six  large  female  cocoous 
of  the  Pimpla  and  one  larva  which  had  died  while  engaged  in  spinning 
and  had  only  succeeded  in  spinning  a  thin  web,  while  attached  to  the 
outside  of  the  pupa  skin  were  four  large  perfect  Pimpla  cocoons. 

With  this  species,  as  with  so  many  other  parasitic  Hymenoptera,  and 
indeed  as  with  so  many  other  insects  in  general,  there  was  a  marked 
priority  in  the  issuing  of  the  males.  The  proportions  of  the  sexes  were 
carefully  noted  among  those  issuing  in  March.  1890,  with  the  following 
rather  striking  results: 

March  3 2  A  March  17 


2  A 

1  A 

2  A 

6  A 

11  $ 

9  A 

18  A 

7  3 

1  5 

8  A 

1  9 

1  A 

18. 
19 
20. 
21 
23 
24 
26 


1  A 

x  9 

0  A 

3  9 

9  A 

14  9 

1  A 

20  9 

1  A 

5  9 

2  A 

99 

1  A 

1  9 

8  A 

6  9 

1  i 

1  9 

The  pair  issuing  March  U7  were  placed  in  the  same  vial  and  watched. 
They  at  once  copulated  and  repeated  the  act  seventeen  times  during 
the  first  ten  minutes  and  six  times  during  the  next  ten  minutes.  They 
then  rested  for  a  time.  During  the  next  hour,  however,  they  copulated 
live  times  and  during  the  succeeding  two  hours  six  times.  On  March 
28  both  were  still  alive,  but  on  the  30th  both  were  dead. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  these  spring  individuals  from  overwinter- 
ing cocoons  are  smaller  in  size  than  those  which  issued  the  previous 
September. 

It  happened  on  several  occasions  that  the  adult  Pimpla  was  observed 
to  oviposit  in  tussock-moth  caterpillars  which  were  already  infested 
with  Tachinid  larvae.  Several  such  caterpillars  were  isolated  for  obser- 
vation, and  in  every  case  but  one  there  was  no  development  to  maturity 
of  either  the  dipterous  or  the  hymenopterous  parasite.  In  one  case, 
however,  an  adult  of  the  Tachinid  Euplwrocera  chiripennis  issued  from 
such  a  caterpillar.  The  probabilities  are  that  its  larva  was  already 
well  grown  when  its  host  was  stung  by  the  Pimpla  and  that  the  larvae 
of  the  latter  failed  to  find  sufficient  nourishment  for  development. 

Such  instances  would  seem  to  show  that  the  maternal  instinct  is  not 
so  prescient  as  has  been  supposed,  and  that  all  the  preliminary  investi- 
gation of  the  host  insect  by  the  mother  parasite  and  all  the  apparently 
anxious  soundings  and  tappings  Avith  her  antennae,  while  appearing  to 
satisfy  her  that  everything  is  all  right,  do  not  always  result  in  the 
depositing  of  the  eggs  under  just  the  proper  conditions.  It  is  alto- 
gether likely  that  other  parasitic  Hymenoptera  occasionally,  and  per- 
haps frequently,  make  similar  mistakes,  and  that  many  parasites  suffer 


14 

from  this  rivalry  based  upon  erroneous  instinct,  as  well  as  from  the 
attacks  of  hyperparasites.  Such  mistakes  are  of  course  much  more 
likely  to  occur  during  such  times  of  extraordinary  multiplication  than 
when  the  species  are  normally  abundant. 

During  the  entire  series  of  observations  careful  records  were  kept  of 
all  specimens  of  Pimpla  reared.  The  following  table  indicates  numbers 
and  date- : 


Date 

Num- 
ber. 

5 
15 

12 

6 

9 

12 

22 

55 

96 

90 

76 

25 

20 

7 

4 

5 

I 

4 

3 

12 

7 

5 

8 

Date. 

Num- 
ber. 

6 
5 

:s 
•> 

1 

1 

1 
•j 

1 

2 
6 

11 
9 

18 
8 
9 

19 
14 

Date. 

Num- 
ber. 

Dat(  , 

Num- 
ber. 

1895. 
Sept    12 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec. 

Jan. 
Mar 

1895. 

9 

11 

12 

15 

1896. 
Mar.    19 

20 

21 

23 

24 

26 

27 

30 

31 

Apr.     1 

2 

&'. '.'....'.'.'. 

e 

21 

6 
11 

2 
14 
2 
7 
."> 
1 

3 
2 
3 
1 
1 

I 

4 
8 
1 
5 
19 

1S9G. 

Julv     9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

2 

L3 

23 

14 

Hi 

22 
224 

17 

t; 

9 

14 

19 

G 

50 

18  

1").  .. 

82 

19 

1G. .. 

100 

20 

17 

60 

21 

18 

60 

23  

1896 

!)    

20 

100 

24         

21 

22 
2i.'.'.'.Y.'.V. 

24 

25 

50 

:t 

50 

26 

•>7 

4 

20 
12 

28 

!• 

10 

11 

13 

14 

L6  

10 

<l 

27  

28 

31 

An:.    4 

3 

Oet.      l 

•> 

10 

11 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

4 

1 

:; 

1 

4 

10 

26 

Total 

2 

1- 

20 

21 

1 

1 ,  059 

.   

It  will  be  observed  that  the  periods  of  greatesl  abundance  were  from 
September  12  to  26, 1895 j  from  March  9  to  26, 1896;  from  April  10  to 
20,  L896,  and  from  July  10  to  25,  1890. 
The  percentage  of  parasitism  by  this  species  was  indicated  rather 

plainly  by  four  series  of  experiments. 
From  100  cocoons  collected  September 
10,  1895,  there  issued  38  adults;  from 
about  500  cocoons  collected  August  23, 
there  issued  300  specimens ;  from  about 
300  cocoons  collected  August  21,  there 
issued  172;  from  G04  cocoons  collected 
between  June  30  and  July  8,  189G, 
there  issued   729. 

We  have  not  previously  stated  defi- 
nitely the  number  of  specimens  of  the 
parasites  nourished  by  a  single  Orgyia. 
The  number  in  summer  varies  froml  to 
10,  with  perhaps  an  average  of  3  or  4. 
This  number  refers  to  the  large  well  nourished  larva', mainly  females.  In 
the  late  autumn  more  are  found.  Ten  to  fifteen  Pimpla  cocoons  in  a  single 
Orgyia  cocoon  are  not  at  all  unusual  at  this  time  of  the  year,  while  from 
a  single  Orgyia  cocoon  collected  by  Mr.  l>usck  in  September,  1896,  were 
reared  no  less  than  23  Pimplas,  all  of  which  were  males.  This  i>articu- 
lar  Pimpla  cocoon  mass  was  cross-sectioned,  and  is  illustrated  at  fig.  4c. 


..." 


Fig.  4. — "Pimpla  inquisitor:  a,  mass  of  male 

cocoons:  ft,  do.,  cross-sectioned;  c,  cross 
section  of  Largest  cocoon  mass  found:  <l. 
mass  of  female  cocoons— nat.  size  (origi- 
nal). 


15 

The  total  number  of  specimens  of  the  Pimpla  reared  appears  to  us  to 
be  very  extraordinary,  and  in  itself  almost  accounts  for  the  nearly 
total  annihilation  of  the  first  1896  brood  of  tussock-moth  caterpillars. 

The  specimens  of  the  Pimpla  issuing  in  March  and  April,  189G,  and 
of  these  there  were  252,  undoubtedly  passed  the  winter  in  the  Org  via 
cocoons  and  mainl}^  in  the  larval  stage.  They  were  plainly  smaller  on 
the  average  than  specimens  reared  in  the  following  midsummer  and  the 
previous  September.  No  observations  were  made  during  the  winter  of 
1895-96  which  would  determine  the  actual  condition  in  whicli  the  insect 
passes  the  winter,  this  statement  depending  upon  observations  made 
during  the  middle  of  December,  1896.  On  December  10,  1896,  several 
cocoons  of  the  Orgyia  were  opened  and  in  some  of  them  a  number  of 
specimens  of  this  larva  were  discovered,  in  one  instance  as  many  as 
six.  All  were  approximately  of  equal  size  and  were  apparently  little 
more  than  half  grown  as  compared  with  full-grown  larv;e  taken  in 
late  August  and  early  September.  They  were,  however,  much  con- 
tracted. Instead  of  being  fusiform  in  shape,  as  are  the  full-grown 
summer  larva1,  they  were  broad  oval,  the  broadest  portion  a  little  behind 
the  middle  of  the  body.  At  the  same  time,  however,  their  greatest 
diameter  did  not  exceed  that  of  the  late  summer  fusiform  larvae.  In 
spite  of  the  smaller  size,  however,  these  larvae  must  be  full  grown,  since 
each  was  inclosed"  in  its  characteristic  cocoon.  One  of  these  larvae  is 
shown  at  rig.  16,  and  its  size  line  should  be  compared  with  that  of  fig. 
la,  which  represents  a  September  larva.  The  small  size  of  the  hiber- 
nating larva  is  remarkable  and  is  unquestionably  almost  entirely  due 
to  contraction,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  shortness  of  the  body  segments 
and  by  the  somewhat  serrated  margin  and  by  the  fact  that  both  the 
head  and  anal  end  are  well  drawn  in.  In  color  these  hibernating  larva1 
aretof  a  brighter  and  lighter  yellow  than  those  taken  in  late  summer, 
and  it  can  plainly  be  seen  that  there  is  a  greater  quantity  of  adipose 
tissue.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  the  Orgyia  cocoon  containing 
six  cocoons  and  hibernating  larva'  of  the  Pimpla  there  Avas  also  a  single 
adult  male  of  the  Pimpla.  It  is  doubtful  that  this  individual  was  the 
offspring  of  a  prior  oviposition,  and  it  was  probably  simply  a  rapidly 
developing  individual  from  the  same  batch  of  eggs.  Exact  observa- 
tions have  not  been  made  upon  this  point,  but  it  is  likely  that,  as  is  the 
case  with  rapidly  developing  and  externally  feeding  larva*  of  Euplectrus, 
as  shown  by  Schwarz,  the  removal  of  an  individual  larva  far  in  advance 
of  the  others  results  in  the  death  of  the  remainder,  probably  through 
the  admission  of  air  to  the  wound  and  the  consequent  severe  inflamma- 
tion of  the  host. 

Observations  upon  the  method  of  hibernation  of  Ichneumonids  are 
sufficiently  rare  to  render  this  observation  on  the  hibernating  larva1  of 
some  positive  value.1 


'ForstmeisterTischbein,  in  Entoinologische  Xachrichten,  1871,  pages  155-160,  shows 
that  with  the  genera  Ichneumon,  Amblyteles,  Dicaelotus,  J-Lthecerus.  Herpostomns, 
Heterischus,  and  Pha'ogenes,  the  females  (presumably  fertilized)  hibernate  as  a  rule 
as  adults,  the  males  dying  in  autumn.  He  did  not  determine  by  microscopic  exami- 
nation-whether  these  overwintering  females  wert-  fertilized. 


16 

We  have  just  called  attention  to  tbe  fact  that  there  were  two  spring 
periods  of  abundance  in  the  emergence  of  the  adults,  viz,  from  March 
9  to  26  and  from  April  10  to  20.  The  significance  of  this  apparent 
periodicity  is  not  that  it  means  the  development  of  a  second  genera- 
tion, but  that  there  occurred  late  in  March  and  early  in  April,  1800,  a 
cold  spell  which  interrupted  the  issuing  of  hibernating  individuals. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  was  no  appropriate  food  for  the  development 
of  an  abundant  generation  of  the  parasite  at  this  time  of  the  year, 
since  the  tussock-moth  eggs  were  only  just  about  to  hatch  and  other 
possible  hosts  hibernating  as  half  or  full  grown  larva'  or  as  pupae  were 
not  abundant. 

The  exact  length  of  time  which  the  parasite  remains  in  hibernating 
quarters  is  longer,  perhaps,  than  would  be  anticipated,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  a  number  of  the  early  March  individuals,  and,  in  tact, 
all  of  those  which  issued  up  to  and  including  the  9th  of  this  month, 
came  out  of  cocoons  collected  September  0,  1895,  thus  giving  a  resting 
period  of  practically  six  months.  Those  issuing  later  than  March  and 
in  April  emerged  from  cocoons  taken  from  the  trees  in  the  spring  of 
1896,  but  which  were  spun  the  previous  September  and  October. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  a  number  of  specimens  issued  during  Novem- 
ber. Whether  these  individuals  successfully  hibernated  in  the  adult 
condition  or  whether  the  occurrence  of  a  warm  sunshiny  day  induced 
them  to  oviposit  in  hibernating  pupa'  of  the  Orgyia  (and  we  know 
from  observations  that,  although  the  spun-up  larva  is  their  favorite 
condition  of  the  host,  they  will  otten  oviposit  upon  pupae)  is  a  matter 
which  we  have  not  decided  from  exact  observation.  We  know  that  cer- 
tain Ichneumonids  do  successfully  hibernate  as  adults  and  that  there 
is  this  possibility  with  this  species.  It  is  sate  to  say,  however,  that 
the  normal  hibernating  condition  is  that  of  the  larva  after  its  cocoon 
has  been  spun. 

All  the  hibernating  cocoons  examined  were  readily  distinguished  by 
a  closer,  tougher,  and  more  parchment-like  consistency.  There  was 
less  of  the  more  loosely  spun  outer  silk,  although  there  was  usually 
more  or  less  of  this  looser  silk  surrounding  apparently  the  whole  mass 
of  Pimpla  cocoons  in  any  given  Orgyia  cocoon. 

The  breeding  season  of  the  insect  at  Washington,  then,  extends  from 
April  to  October.  We  have  shown  that  a  single  generation  may  be 
produced  in  fifteen  days,  and  with  plenty  of  larval  food  in  the  proper 
condition  there  would  be  a  possible  development  of  about  ten  annual 
generations.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  if  we  were  to  consider  the  Orgyia 
as  its  sole  food  the  development  of  the  possible  early  generations  at 
least  would  be  sadly  interfered  with  by  the  lack  of  hosts.  The  cater- 
pillars of  the  first  generation  do  not  begin  to  spin  up  before  July,  and 
the  confusion  of  generations  of  the  host  insect,  owing  to  the  retarda- 
tion in  development  of  some  individuals  and  the  acceleration  mothers, 
does  not  begin  to  take  place  in  any  marked   degree  until  after  this 


17 

month.  There  are  other  insects,  however,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
season  upon  which  the  Pirnplas  do  oviposit;  yet  it  is  doubtful  whether 
under  any  circumstances  there  are  more  than  six  or  seven  generations 
annually. 

As  abundant  and  as  hardy  as  this  species  seems  to  be,  it  does  not 
escape  the  attacks  of  enemies  of  its  own.  A  specimen  of  Euscliistus 
servus  was  observed  to  capture  an  adult  female  of  this  Pimpla  when  she 
was  engaged  in  oviposition.  At  least  two  secondary  parasites  have 
been  reared  from  its  cocoons,  viz,  Dibrachys  boucheanus  and  AUocota 
thyridopterigis,  and  it  is  altogether  likely  that  one  or  more  of  the  other 
hyperparasites  mentioned  will  feed  upon  this  species.  It  has  a  distinct 
friend,  however,  in  Asecodes  albitarsis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  its  prin- 
cipal enemy,  the  Dibrachys.  Details  concerning  the  three  species  will 
be  given  later. 

The  completeness  of  the  destruction  of  the  Pimpla  by  the  Dibrachys 
and  by  other  causes  during  the  latter  part  of  1896  was  surprising. 
About  one  cocoon  in  forty  contained  living  Pimpla  larva1.  As  illustrat- 
ing a  common  condition  of  affairs  in  December,  the  result  of  a  careful 
examination  of  a  bunch  of  thirteen  cocoons  of  Pimpla  found  within  a 
single  cocoon  of  Orgyia  collected  December  14  is  here  given : 

Cocoon  No.  1  contained  dry  fragments  of  the  Pimpla  larva,  four  full-grown  larva', 
of  Dibrachys  boucheanus,  three  larva?  just  transforming  (having  already  voided  the 
meconium)  and  one  pupa  of  the  same. 

Cocoon  No.  2  contained  a  dried-up  larva  of  the  Pimpla  and  its  meconial  grains. 

Cocoon  No.  3  contained  the  rotten  body  of  a  Pimpla  larva. 

Cocoon  No.  4  had  a  small  hole  in  its  side  and  shriveled  and  mutilated  remains  of 
Pimpla  larva,  the  meconium  grains  and  pupal  exuvia  of  a  number  of  specimens  of 
the  Dibrachys. 

Cocoon  No.  5  contained  shriveled  larval  skin  of  Pimpla  and  white  meconial  grains. 

Cocoon  No.  6  contained  rotten  body  of  Pimpla  larva. 

Cocoon  No.  7  had  a  small  hole  and  contained  one  pupa  skin  of  Dibrachys,  one  sound 
pupa  of  same,  five  masses  of  Dibrachys  meconial  grains,  a  fragment  of  skin  of  a 
Pimpla  larva,  and  two  larva*  of  a  dipterous  insect,  probably  the  little  scavenger  fly, 
Gaurax  anchora. 

Cocoon  No.  8  contained  a  developed  but  contracted  and  somewhat  mutilated  male 
of  the  Pimpla,  and  seven  larva?  and  four  pupa?  of  the  Dibrachys. 

Cocoon  No.  9  was  very  thin  and  not  completed;  contained  shriveled  body  of  a 
Pimpla  larva  which  had  died  before  finishing  its  cocoon. 

Cocoon  No.  10  contained  a  bit  of  Pimpla  skin  and  fragments  of  an  unknown  pupa, 
the  adult  of  which  had  issued  through  a  hole  in  the  Pimpla  cocoon. 

Cocoon  No.  11,  same  contents  as  No.  10. 

Cocoon  No.  12  contained  four  larva?  and  two  pupa?  of  the  Dibrachys  and  a  strip  of 
Pimpla  skin. 

Cocoon  No.  13  contained  a  shriveled  and  mutilated  male  pupa  of  the  Pimpla  and 
six  larva?  and  one  pupa  of  the  Dibrachys. 

Very  many  more  Pimpla  cocoons  were  opened  at  this  time,  but  the 
above  is  typical  of  nearly  all  and  includes  all  of  the  characteristics 
except  that  at  rare  intervals  a  hibernating  and  healthy  Pimpla  larva 
would  be  found,  or  rather  a  cocoon  mass  all  containing  healthy  larva3, 
for,  in  general,  the  conditions  were  about  the  same  in  each  mass. 
11859— No.  5 2 


18 
Pimpla  annulipes  Say. 

This  species,  which  is  also  an  important  and  widespread  parasite  of 
lepidopterous  larva4,  and  which  is  particularly  noted  as  perhaps  the  most 
efficient  enemy  of  the  codling  moth  in  certain  parts  of  the  United 
States,  is  also  a  parasite  of  the  Orgyia,  although  a  very  insignificant 
one,  at  least  during  1895-96,  when  compared  with  tbe  species  which  we 
have  just  considered.  It  occurs  in  California,  Texas,  Missouri,  Mich- 
igan, ]Sew  York,  Maryland,  Illinois,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
probably  has  about  the  same  distribution  as  Pimpla  inquisitor.  It  is 
normally  a  somewhat  larger  species  and  is  readily  distinguished  by 
the  remarkably  distinct  and  complete  black  bands  on  the  tarsi  and 
tibia1.     It  has  previously  b(jen  reared  not  only  from  the  codling  moth, 


Fig 


■Pimpla  conquisitor:  a,  larva;  b,  head  of  same;  c,  pupa;  rf,  adult  female— all  enlarged  ('/origi- 
nal, a,  h,  c  redrawn  fiom  Fourth  Report  U.  S.  Entom.  Coin.). 


as  above  staled,  but  also  from  several  Crambids,  Tortricids,  and  Phy- 
citids,  as  well  as  from  Pupil io  aja'x  and  Da  (ana  minis tr a.  In  March, 
1890,  it  was  bred  from  overwintering  cocoons  of  Orgyia  leucostigma 
received  from  M.  II.  Beckwith,  Newark,  Del.,  and  in  the  course  of  the 
extensive  rearing  experiments  of  1805  six  specimens  issued  from 
cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth  between  September  16  and  25.  Its  life 
history  is  probably  very  similar  to  that  of  P.  inquisitor. 


Pimpla  conquisitor  Say. 

This  widespread  and  abundant  Pimpla  is  one  of  the  most  important 
parasites  of  the  cotton  worm  of  the  Southern  States,  Aletia  argillacea. 
It  is  also  parasitic  upon  the  bagworm  in  New  Jersey  and  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  is  an  important  parasite  of  Phryganidea  in  California. 


19 


It  has  also  been  reared  from  the  tent  caterpillar  of  the  orchard  ( Clisio- 
campa  americana),  from  the  melon  worm  of  the  South  {Pliakellura  hya- 
Mnata),  and  other  Lepidoptera  of  economic  importance.  The  species  is 
found  from  California  to  Xew  Jersey  and  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Cresson  also  records  it  from  Canada. 

With  the  cotton  worm,  the  larva  of  which  is  slender,  this  large  para- 
site issues  only  from  the  chrysalis,  so  far  as  we  know.  With  the 
tussock  moth,  however,  it  is  the  larva  which  is  parasitized.  Fig.  6 
shows  admirably  the  appearance  of  a  full-grown  caterpillar  from  which 
the  larva  of  this  Pimpla  has  emerged  and  spun  its  cocoon.  The  cocoon 
is  too  big  to  be  contained  within  the 
larval  skin,  which  therefore  splits  longi- 
tudinally along  the  venter  and  serves 
simply  as  a  dorsal  cap.  The  only  speci- 
men at  hand  which  has  been  reared 
from  this  particular  host  was  collected 
in  the  condition  shown  in  the  figure  by 
Mr.  Coquillett,  at  Chestertown,  Md., 
October  30,  1895.  It  was  brought  to 
Washington,  and  from  it  the  adult 
issued  from  the  orifice  shown  at  fig.  6 
on  December  7.  This  would  seem  to 
indicate  a  hibernation  in  the  imago 
stage,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  the 
emergence  was  premature,  owing  to  the 
artificial  temperature  of  the  room  in 
which  it  was  kept,  and  that  under 
normal  conditions  the  hibernation  would  have  been  within  the  cocoon. 

The  figures  of  the  early  stages  (fig.  5  a,b,  c)  have  been  enlarged  from 
those  published  in  the  Fourth  Eeport  of  the  United  States  Entomo- 
logical Commission,  at  page  112,  and  the  larval  mouth  parts  are  proba- 
bly incorrect.  The  adult,  however,  was  drawn  from  the  specimen 
issuing  from  the  cocoon  above  referred  to.  The  species  may  at  a  glance 
be  distinguished  from  either  of  the  other  Pimplas  above  mentioned  by 
the  narrow  yellow  bands  on  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen.. 

The  occurrence  of  the  large  cocoon  in  this  instance  is  very  interest- 
ing, since,  when  it  infests  the  chrysalis  of  Aletia  argillacea  as  well  as  the 
pupae  of  other  species,  this  parasite  not  only  makes  no  cocoon,  but  spins 
no  silk.  A  number  of  empty  pupa?  of  Aletia  from  which  Pimpla  con- 
quisitor  had  emerged  have  recently  been  examined  with  this  point  in 
view,  and  no  trace  of  silk  could  be  found.  Very  many  specimens  were 
reared  from  the  chrysalids  of  this  host  during  the  cotton-worm  inves- 
tigation. Most  of  them  issued  in  the  spring,  but  some  made  their 
appearance  in  the  late  autumn. 


Fig.  6. — Pimpla  conquisitor  :  Two  views  of 
cocoon  under  skin  of  tussock  moth  cater- 
pillar—enlarged (original). 


20 


Amorphota  orgyiae  n.  sp.1 

The  interesting  little  Ichneumon  flies  allied  to  the  genus  Campoplex 
(Campoplegini)  are  general  and  widespread  parasites  of  lepidopterous 
larvae.  They  have  been  seldom  reared  in  the  United  States,  although 
something  over  twenty  species  of  the  old  genus  Campoplex  are  known 
to  occur  in  this  country.  Those  which  have  been  reared  have  come 
from  larva'  of  Noctuidse  or  Bombycidse,  while  in  Europe  they  are  known 
to  attack  the  larvae  of  these  two  families  as  well  as  many  species  of 

Geoinetrida*.  Two  species  of 
Orgyia  in  Europe  are  attacked 
by  them,  viz,  Orgyia  gono- 
8tigma  by  Campoplex  carbo- 
nari us  and  0.  antiqua  by  C. 
mgripesr. 

The  species  under  con- 
sideration lays  its  eggs  in  the 
half-grown  caterpillars  of  0. 
leucostigma.  Probably  but  a 
single  e<xg  is  laid  in  each  cater- 
pillar, siuce  but  a  single  larva 
of  the  Amorphota  is  found  to 
issue.  It  was  noticed  that  in 
August,  18i)5,  a  number  of 
the  hall-grown  larva' had  been 
parasitized  by  this  species. 
The  development  of  the  para- 
sitic larva  was  undoubtedly 
rapid,  although  no  definite 
observations  were  made  which 
would  determine  its  length. 
CTpon  reaching  full  growth  the  parasitic  larva  invariably  leaves  the 
Orgyia  caterpillar,  usually  issuing  from  a  large  hole  on  the  underside 
of  the  body  behind  the  thoracic  segments,  and  beginning  immediately 
to  spin  at  its  posterior  extremity  a  stoutish  white  cocoon  marked  near 
each  end  by  a  ring  of  large  irregular  brown  blotches.  The  color  of 
these  blotches  varies  in  intensity  from  a  light  yellow  brown  to  a  dark 
mahogany  brown,  and  their  size,  and  particularly  their  shape,  is  also 
variable.  In  addition  to  these  bands  there  are  smaller  irregular 
blotches  at  either  end  of  the  cocoon.  This  cocoon  is  attached  by  its 
side  to  the  leaf  or  bark  upon  which  the  caterpillar  happens  to  have 
been  crawling.  This  attachment  is  not  especially  firm,  and  the  parasitic 
larva  apparently  makes  no  special  effort  to  attach  it,  and  it  probably 
adheres  simply  through  the  viscidity  of  the  silk  when  first  spun.  The 
cocoon  is,  however,  frequently  somewhat  flattened  on  the  side.  In 
general  it  is  subcylindrical  in  shape,  with  rounded  ends,  its  average 
length  being  6  mm.  and  its  diameter  2.3  mm. 

1  This,  with  the  other  new  species,  will  be  described  in  an  appendix.     (See  page  53.) 


Fiq.  7. —Amorphota  orgyice:  Adult  female  above,  with  its 
cocoon  and  shrivelled  skill  of  the  caterpillar  host  be- 
low—enlarged  (original). 


21 


The  discarded  skin  of  the  caterpillar  host  is  slightly  or  not  at  all 
attached  to  the  cocoon  or  to  the  leaf  or  bark  by  the  parasitic  larva.  It 
is  usually  blown  away  by  the  wind  in  a  short  time,  bnt  sometimes 
remains  attached  by  its  prolegs,  or  perhaps  by  silk  which  it  spun  before 
its  death,  to  the  leaf  or  bark  upon  which  it  happens  to  be  at  the  time, 
so  that  the  appearance  shown  in  fig.  7  is  frequently  observed. 

Observations  made  in  late  August  seem  to  indicate  that  the  period 
from  the  completion  of  the  cocoon  to  the  issuing  of  the  adult  insect 
is  only  from  seven  to  ten  days.  Four  specimens  of  the  adult  were 
reared  altogether.  These  issued  two  on  August  29,  one  on  September 
17,  and  another  on  September  21.  The  remainder  of  the  cocoons  just 
referred  to  as  having  been  more  or  less  numerous  gave  out*  secondary 
parasites,  the  most  abundant  being  Spilochalcis  debilis,  which  will  be 
treated  more  or  less  in  detail  in  a  later  paragraph. 

The  Amorphota  in  issuing  from  its  cocoon  gnaws  an  irregular  round- 
ish hole  at  one  extremity,  of  perhaps  two-thirds  the  diameter  of  the 
cocoon  itself,  but  if  a  cap  is  thus  removed  it  does  not  remain  attached 
by  a  hinge  and  has  not  been  ob- 
served. The  orifice  in  none  of  the 
cases  noticed  was  made  at  the 
center  of  the  tip,  but  a  trifle  to  one 
side,  as  shown  in  fig.  7,  presenting 
almost  the  appearance  of  having 
been   pierced    by   a  hyperparasite. 

Meteorus  communis  Cresson. 

This  common  and  widespread 
species  was  a  more  or  less  important 
factor  in  the  reduction  of  the  num- 
bers of  the  tussock-moth  caterpillars 
in  the  early  autumn  of  1895,  and 
would  doubtless  have  been  a  still 
more  important  factor  in  the  early  summer  of  1896  were  it  not  for  the  fact 
that  in  the  autumn  of  1895  it  was  attacked  by  secondary  parasites  to 
such  an  extent  that  in  1896  not  a  single  specimen  was  found  or  reared ! 
This  insect,  which  belongs  to  the  family  Braconida*  (whereas  the  others 
previously  considered  belong  to  the  Ichneumonida^),  is  recorded  by 
Cresson  from  Canada,  Couneclicut,  and  New  Jersey,  and  occurs  in 
the  National  Museum  from  Texas,  Missouri,  and  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. It  has  been  reared  from  Tineids,  Botids,  and  Bombycids,  and 
with  Orgyia  leucostigma  attacks  the  half-grown  larvae  in  much  the  same 
manner  as  does  the  Amorphota  previously  described.  The  parasitic 
larva  issuing  from  the  body  of  the  half-grown  caterpillar,  which  imme- 
diately becomes  shriveled  and  distorted,  spins  for  itself  an  oval  cocoon 
of  tough,  parchment  like  brown  silk,  over  the  surface  of  which  are  scat- 
tered threads  of  a  coarser  and  lighter-colored  silk.     The  toughness  and 


Fig.  8. — Meteorus  cmnm  ud  is  :  Adult  female  from 
side,  with  empty  cocoon  showing  cap — en- 
larged (original.) 


22 


elasticity  of  these  cocoons  is  extraordinary.  It  is  almost  impossible  to 
open  them  without  destroying  their  contents  unless  they  are  previously 
softened.  The  end  from  which  the  adult  subsequently  issues  is  the 
more  pointed,  and  is  usually  lighter  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the  cocoon. 
The  cocoon  itself  is  attached  to  the  leaf  or  bark  by  the  coarser  threads 
at  the  opposite  end,  and  frequently  this  attachment  is  of  such  a  nature 
that  the  cocoon  hangs  to  a  distance  of  several  millimeters  from  its 
point  of  attachment.  In  issuing,  the  adult  cuts  off  an  even  lid  at  the 
smaller  end  of  the  cocoon,  the  lid  remaining  attached  by  the  coarser 
outer  threads  just  mentioned  as  by  a  loose  hinge.  The  dimensions  of 
the  cocoon  are:  Length,  4.8  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  2.2  mm.  The 
period  of  development  of  this  insect  appears  to  be  rapid,  although  we 
are  able  to  give  no  definite  figures.  The  larval  development  certainly 
takes  place  in  less  than  ten  days,  while  in  early  autumn  the  pupa 
stage  seems  to  vary  from  ten  to  twenty  days.  Owing  to  the  extensive 
secondary  parasitism,  the  method  of  hibernation  was  not  ascertained. 

Adults  were  reared  Sep- 
tember 10  to  23,  but  from 
the  cocoons  kept  later  in 
the  season  there  issued 
only  secondary  parasites. 
X)>iloch((lcLs  debilis,  the  hy- 
perparasite  mentioned  in 
connection  with  the  Amor- 
phota,  is  also  the  most  im- 
portant enemy  of  this 
species. 

Meteorus  hyphantriae  liiley. 

Asingle  specimen  of  this 
common  parasite  of  ////- 
phantria  cunea,  described 
by  liiley  in  Bulletin  No. 
10  of  this  Division,  was 
reared  September  23,  1895,  from  Orgyia  leucostigma.  The  cocoon  of  this 
species  is  somewhat  larger  and  of  a  darker  brown  than  that  of  Meteorus 
communis,,  and  it  hangs  suspended  by  a  long  strand  of  silk,  as  is  well 
shown  in  fig.  24,  Bulletin  10,  here  reproduced.  In  188G,  the  great  web- 
worm  year  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  this  species  was  very  abundant. 
Accordingto  observations  made  that  year,  ten  days  elapsed  between  the 
completion  of  the  cocoon  and  the  emergence  of  the  adult,  and  it  was 
found  that  a  majority  of  the  adults  had  issued  by  November  1,  making  it 
probable  that  the  insect  hibernates  in  the  adult  condition.  With  this 
speciesin  1886,  as  with  the  .1/.  communism  1895,  secondary  parasitism  was 
very  marked.  Out  of  450  cocoons  of  the  Meteorus  placed  in  a  glass  jar 
the  latter  part  of  September  only  70  adults  issued,  the  remainder  giving 


Via.  9 — Meteoruu  hyphantriae:  a,  adult  female  from  >iil<  bx 
empty  cocoon  showing  cap — enlarged  (from  Bull.  10,  Div. 
Entom.TJ.  S.  Dipt.  Agr.). 


23 


out  secondary  parasites.  Thus  ouly  10  per  cent  of  the  cocoons  pro- 
duced the  species  which  made  them,  while  84  per  cent  were  parasitized. 
Mr.  Slingerland  has  recently  reared  this  species  in  New  York  from 
Xylina  laticinerea,  and  it  is  probably  or  may  become  a  general  parasite 
of  free  living  lepidopterous  larva\ 

Limneria  valida  Cresson. 

This  species,  which  is  also  a  parasite  of  Hyphantria  ciinea,  was  one  of 
the  unimportant  primary  parasites  of  the  Orgyia.  It  was  not  reared 
in  1895,  but  made  its  appearance  among  the  rearings  of  July,  1896.  It 
issued  from  collected  cocoons  of  the  Orgyia,  and  but  three  adults  were 
reared,  all  issuing  July  17,  1890.  This  apparent  scarceness  of  the 
species  was  only  apparent,  however,  for  many  of  its  empty  cocoons 
were  found  among  the 
cocoon  masses  of  the 
Orgyia  the  following 
December.  The  co- 
coon is  rather  long 
ellipsoidal,  averaging 
7.5  mm.  in  length  by 
2.8  mm.  in  greatest 
diameter.  It  is  com- 
posed of  two  distinct 
coverings,  the  outer 
one  of  weak,  close- 
spun,  crinkly,  gray  or 
gr  ay  i  sh  -  b  ro  w  n  silk, 
readily  peeling  off  in 
a  sheet,  and  the  inner 
one  close,  tough, 
parchment-like,  dark 
brown  in  color,  with  golden  reflections,  of  the  type  common  among 
the  Ophiouime.  The  adult  issues  from  a  round  hole  without  a  cap, 
gnawed  almost  precisely  at  one  end,  and,  judging  from  the  evidence  at 
hand,  hibernates  as  an  imago.  At  all  events,  of  the  many  cocoons 
examined  December  11  to  17,  1896,  all  were  empty.  All  of  the  cocoons 
found  at  this  date  were  associated  with  spun-up  larva?  of  the  Orgyia,  and 
none  with  the  pupa?  of  this  insect.  In  one  instance  a  single  Orgyia 
cocoon  contained  three  of  Pinipla  inquisitor,  all  empty,  and  one  cocoon 
of  this  Limneria,  from  which  a  hyper  parasite  had  evidently  emerged. 

Limneria  sp. 

An  allied  and  congeneric  species  issued  in  a  single  specimen  on  July 
16, 1896.  Its  abdomen  was  unfortunately  broken  off,  and  the  specimen 
was  otherwise  damaged  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  of  uncertain 
specific  position. 


Fig.  10. 


-Limneria  valida :  Female  from  side,  with  empty  cocoon  at 
right,  and  male  abdomen  above— enlarged  (original). 


24 


Theronia  fulvescens  Brulle. 


A  single  male  of  this  species  issued  from  a  mass  of  Orgyia  cocoons 
on  July  24,  1890.  It  is  a  species  which  was  originally  described  from 
Colorado,  but  which  is  more  or  less  common  in  the  Eastern  States.  It 
has  not  previously  been  associated  with  its  host,  so  far  as  we  know. 


Apanteles  delicatus  n.  sp.1 

The  small  white  cocoons  of  this  species,  occurring  singly,  attached  to 
the  bark  of  trees  over  which  Orgyia  larvae  were  crawling,  were  reason- 
ably abundant  in  September,  1895,  and  in  the  autumn  of  180G.  This 
species  again  was  greatly  hindered  in  its  beneficial  work  by  the  abun- 
dance of  secondary  parasites,  so  much  so  that  but  four  specimens  of  the 
adult   have   been  reared.     These  specimens  hibernated   within   their 

cocoons  and  issued  in  March 
and  April,  1896,  from  cocoons 
collected  September  9  and  10, 
1895.  From  other  cocoons  col- 
lected at  the  same  time  issued 
specimens  of  Dibrqwhys  bouchea- 
tuts  and  Spilochaleis  debilis,  A 
number  of  these  cocoons  were 
collected  and  opened  December 
1  1,  1896,  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining whether  the  parasite 
hibernates  within  its  cocoon  as 
larva  or  as  pupa,  but  all,  with  a 
single  exception,  instead  of  the 
original  constructor  of  the  co- 
coon, contained  hyperparasites. 
Of  these  the  most  abundant  was  Elasmus  atratus,  which  seems  to  be  a 
very  destructive  enemy  of  this  species.  From  two  to  four  of  its  pupae 
were  found  in  nearly  every  Apanteles  cocoon  examined.  In  one,  how- 
ever, were  two  larva-  of  Dibrachys  boucKeanus,  and  the  single  exception 
referred  to  contained  a  dead  adult  of  the  Apanteles. 

On  September  10,  1895,  the  writer  saw  a  nymph  of  Podistts  spinosus 
trying  to  penetrate  a  cocoon  of  the  Apanteles  with  its  beak;  but, 
although  watched  for  some  minutes,  it  was  unsuccessful,  and  crawled 
away  in  search  of  some  easier  prey. 

Apanteles  hyphantriae  Riley. 

This  species,  which  is  an  extremely  common  and  important  parasite 
of  Hyphantria  cunea,  was  mentioned  in  Bulletin  Xo.  10  of  this  division, 
pages  53,  54.  It  made  its  appearance  early  in  the  season  of  188G,  and 
attacked  only  half-grown  caterpillars  of  the  web  worm.     During  the 


Pig.  11. 


-A pant'  leg  cL  Meatus:  Adult  male,  with  empty 
cocoon  below— enlarged  (original). 


Described  in  the  appendix,  page  55. 


25 

autumn  its  cocoons  were  found  to  contain,  in  the  main,  secondary  para- 
sites. When  affecting  Hyphantria,  the  white  silken  cocoon  is  formed 
almost  under  the  middle  of  the  half-grown  caterpillar,  and  is  fastened 
securely  to  the  object  its  host  happens  to  rest  upon  and  slightly  to  the 
host  itself,  which  is,  however,  readily  carried  to  the  ground  by  wind 
and  rain,  and  can  therefore  only  be  found  in  position  in  the  more  shel- 
tered places,  such  as  cracks  in  the  bark  of  trees.  But  one  Apanteles  is 
found  in  a  caterpillar,  so  that  each  white  cocoon  indicates  the  death  of 
a  victim.  The  cocoon  of  this  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  that 
of  the  foregoing  species  by  its  denser  consistency,  its  apparently  tougher 
silk,  and  greater  opacity.  The  cocoon  of  Apanteles  delicatiis  is,  moreover, 
more  firmly  attached  to  the  bark  of  the  tree  upon  which  the  host  insect 
has  been  feeding  and  by  a  greater  number  of  attaching  threads,  as 
shown  in  fig.  11. 

In  the  summer  of  1895,  as  will  be  noted  later,  the  larvae  of  the  fall 
webworm  were  frequently  found  (usually  in  the  half-grown  condi- 
tion) wandering  about  the  trunks  of  trees  affected  by  the  Orgyia,  this 
peculiar  condition  of  affairs  resulting  mainly  from  the  destruction  of  the 
food  supply  by  the  very  unusual  numbers  of  tussock-moth  caterpillars. 
Apanteles  hyphantrice  was  very  abundant,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
these  wandering,  unprotected  half-grown  webworms  were  stung  by  this 
species.  It  happened  in  a  number  of  cases  that  tussock-moth  cater- 
pillars of  a  corresponding  stage  of  growth  were  also  stung,  and  it  can 
definitely  be  said  that  this  Apanteles,  while  apparently  preferring  the 
webworm,  is  also  a  true  primary  parasite  on  occasion  of  the  tussock- 
moth  caterpillar.  Its  habits  when  attacking  this  latter  host  are  similar 
to  those  just  described.  Its  cocoons  were  abundant  upon  the  tree  trunks 
during  the  winter  of  1890-97,  and  examination  showed  that  they  were 
almost  without  exception  infested  by  hyperparasites.  Among  these 
were  recognized  Elasmus  atratus  (by  far  the  most  abundant),  Dibrarftys 
bouclieanus,  and  Spilochalcis  debilis.  Aseeodes  albitarsus  was  also  in 
one  case  reared  from  a  cocoon  which  had  been  infested  by  Dibravhys 
boucheanus, 

Chalcis  ovata  Say. 

This  widespread  species,  which  is  found  all  over  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  which  also  extends  into  the  West  Indies,  is  a  very 
general  parasite  of  Lepidoptera,  issuing  as  a  rule  from  their  pupre. 
The  writer  in  1835  (Bulletin  Xo.  5,  Division  of  Entomology)  recorded 
it  as  having  been  reared  from  pupa*  of  Thyridopteryx  ephemercvformis, 
Apatura  clyton,  Aletia  argillacea^  Desmia  maculalis,  Caccecia  rosaceana, 
Gelechia  gallw-solidaginis,  and  Botis  alnialis.  It  is  rarely  parasitic  on 
the  fall  webworrn  (Hyphantria  cunea),  but  is  the  most  important  of  the 
primary  parasites  of  the  tnssock-moth  caterpillar  next  to  Pimpla 
inquisitor. 

It  was  first  observed  ovipositing  in  the  tussock-moth  cocoons  on  Sep- 
tember 7,  1895,  when  the  writer  observed  it  in  some  numbers  flying 


26 


about  the  trees  defoliated  by  the  caterpillars  of  this  insect.  A  female 
of  the  Chalcis  was  watched  while  engaged  in  ovipositing  in  a  fresh 
chrysalis.  She  new  around  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  examining  one  cocoon 
after  another,  perhaps  six  in  all,  until  she  found  a  male  cocoon  contain- 
ing a  freshly  transformed  pupa.  This  cocoon  she  felt  over  from  one 
end  to  the  other,  her  antenna1  constantly  vibrating.  Finally  she  inserted 
her  ovipositor,  withdrawing  it  after  a  few  seconds,  then  inserted  it 
again  and  again  a  third  time.  At  the  fourth  insertion  she  apparently 
penetrated  to  the  right  spot,  for  she  forced  her  ovipositor  through  the 
silk,  hugging  the  cocoon  close  and  pushing  her  abdomen  as  close  as 
possible  to  the  pupa.  In  this  position  she  remained  two  and  a  half 
minutes,  finally  withdrawing  her  ovipositor,  walking  to  the  upper  end 
of  the  cocoon  and  remaining  for  a  minute  or  two  actively  cleaning  her 
legs  and  antenna?,  rubbing  them  against  each  other  for  sometime,  after 

which  she  was  cap- 
tured. The  pupa 
which  had  been 
stung  was  placed 
in  a  vial,  and  from 
it  on  September 
14  there  issued  a 
healthy  male  moth. 
We  can  not  sur- 
mise the  cause  of 
failure  of  this  ap- 
parently success- 
ful oviposition  on 
the  part  of  the  par- 
asite. On  Septem- 
ber    10     another 

Fig.  12.— Chalcis  orata  :  a,  pupa;  b,  parasitized  pupa  of  Orgyia  ;  c,  adult;     specimen    was   ob- 
d,  outline  of  same  from  aide;  e,  pupal  exuvium— enlarged  (original). 

served  ovipositing 
in  a  pupa  which  was  evidently  several  days  old  and  which  bore  signs  of 
having  been  previously  parasitized.  This  second  pupa  was  preserved, 
but  did  not  give  out  an  adult  parasite.  It  died  and  dried  up.  Another 
specimen  was  observed  ovipositiug  in  a  shrunken  larva  which  bore  a 
Tachiuid  egg  on  the  dorsum  of  the  sixth  abdominal  segment.  The 
movements  of  a  large  dipterous  larva  could  be  seen  through  the  skin  of 
the  caterpillar.  This  specimen  also  was  placed  in  a  vial,  but  eventually 
dried  up  and  no  parasite  issued.  The  two  adult  specimens  observed 
ovipositing  on  the  10th  were  placed  in  vials  with  cotton  stoppers  and 
on  the  11th  were  still  alive  and  active.  They  were  removed  to  differ- 
ent tubes  and  provided  with  pupa?  of  the  tussock  moth  in  an  advanced 
state  of  development.  One  of  them  oviposited  in  the  same  pupa  twice 
and  the  other  once.  On  the  following  day  (September  12)  both  died. 
On  the  13th  the  moth  issued  from  one  of  the  pupa?  oviposited  in  on  the 


27 

llth,  the  egg  of  the  parasite  having  been  laid  too  late  to  interfere  with 
the  development  of  the  adult  Orgyia,  or  perhaps  the  already  greatly 
toughened  skin- of  the  pupa  was  not  penetrated  by  the  ovipositor  of  the 
Chalcis. 

Owing  to  the  failure  to  rear  parasites  from  pupa?  or  larva?  in  which 
the  adults  were  observed  to  oviposit,  the  length  of  the  life  round  can 
only  be  surmised.  It  is  unquestionably,  however,  very  short.  The 
tussock-moth  caterpillars  were  transforming  to  pupa?  rather  rapidly 
at  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  September,  and,  as  just  noticed,  the 
Chalcis  flies  were  abundant  at  this  time,  and  were  actively  engaged  in 
ovipositing  The  first  adult  of  the  parasite  was  reared  on  September  17 
from  a  discolored  pupa  found  September  13.  The  second  one  issued  on 
the  18th  from  a  discolored  pupa  taken  on  the  17th,  and  the  third  on  the 
19th  from  a  pupa  taken  on  the  4th.  The  longest  period  under  observa- 
tion in  the  fall  of  1895  occurred  in  the  case  of  certain  cocoons  taken  on 
August  23,  from  which  the  majority  of  the  Chalcis  flies  issued  from  the 
19th  to  the  25th  September,  and  from  which  a  very  few  belated  indi- 
viduals issued  as  late  as  October  19.  The  probabilities  are  that  at  this 
time  of  the  year  the  entire  life  round  of  the  parasite  occupies  on  an 
average  from  three  to  four  weeks.  A  little  later  it  is  naturally  length- 
ened. From  the  mass  of  cocoons  taken  September  10  the  last  Chalcis 
issued  October  4. 

In  issuing  from  the  Orgyia  pupa  this  Chalcis  invariably  gnaws  a  hole 
through  the  dorsum  of  the  first  and  second  thoracic  segments.  This 
hole  is  usually  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  median  line. 

It  is  an  easy  matter  to  recognize  the  Orgyia  pnpae  which  have  been 
parasitized  by  this  species.  Not  only  is  the  large  round  hole  near  the 
head  of  the  pupa  characteristic  of  Chalcis  ovata — that  is  to  say,  char- 
acteristic among  the  parasites  of  the  tussock  moth — but  if  the  chrysa- 
lis be  broken  open  the  pupal  exuvium  of  the  Chalcis  will  always  be 
found,  and  this  is  in  itself  so  characteristic  as  to  be  recognized  at  a 
glance.  The  sheaths  of  the  large  hind  femora  and  those  of  the  corre- 
sponding tibia1  and  tarsi  projecting  straight  out  at  nearly  right  angles 
from  the  femora  distinguish  this  exuvium  from  that  of  any  of  the  other 
parasites.  It  is  well  shown  at  fig.  12  e.  Very  many  of  these  para- 
sitized pupa?  of  the  Orgyia  were  examined.  Never  more  than  a  single 
pupal  exuvium  of  the  Chalcis  was  found.  If  more  than  a  single  speci- 
men develops  in  a  single  Orgyia  pupa,  it  has  not  been  observed.  This 
is  rather  strange,  for  it  is  seldom  that  the  entire  contents  of  the  body  of 
the  pupa  are  devoured  by  this  parasite,  and  in  many  female  pupa?  from 
which  an  adult  Chalcis  had  emerged  fully  one  half  of  the  eggs  were 
undisturbed  and  sound. 

No  instances  have  been  recorded  in  which  this  insect  seemed  to  be 
hyperparasitic,  but  there  was  in  the  collection  a  swollen  larval  skin  of 
an  Orgyia  caterpillar  apparently  parasitized  by  some  other  insect,  from 
which  had  issued  from  the  anterior  ventral  segment  a  specimen  of  this 
Chalcis,  according  to  the  label.     The  specimen  was  carefully  dissected 


28 

and  was  found  to  contain  a  dipterous  puparium  about  the  size  of  that 
of  Exorista  griseomicans,  and  from  a  hole  in  its  anterior  end  some  insect 
had  emerged.'  No  trace  of  the  pupa  skin  of  the  Ohalcis  could  be  found, 
however,  and  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  label  was  incorrect. 

In  all,  200  specimens  of  Chalets  ocatavrere  reared,  and  dates  of  issu- 
ance will  appear  from  the  following-  table: 


Date. 

Num- 
ber. 

Date. 

ber.                '  '"   •               ber. 

Dale. 

Num- 
ber. 

1895. 
Sept.  17 

3 
3 

14 
14 
22 
39 
18 
•24 
18 

1895. 
Sept  30 . .. 

1895. 
o.t   17 

1896. 
July  20 

2 

18 

Oct.       1 

2 

I 

1 
:{ 
l 
:{ 
1 
1 
1 

19 

*  21... 

7 

19 

•J6 . . . 

1 

1 
1 
:t 
4 
8 
3 
3 

23.. 

7 

20  .. 

3 

1896. 

Julvll 

13 

24 

3 

21 

4 

7          

25... 

7 

23 

27.. 

5 

24  .. 

8  . 

14. 

28 

8 

25 

9 
11 

15... 

29... 

5 

26 

16 

30.    . 

2 

27 

15  ... 

Total 

28 

16 

:J 

18 

260 

It  will  be  observed  from  this  table  that  no  rearings  were  made  in  the 
spring  of  1896  from  cocoons  taken  the  previous  fall  or  from  cocoons 
taken  in  the  early  spring.  From  this  fact  it  seems  reasonably  certain 
that  this  insect  hibernates  in  the  adult  condition. 

We  have  no  positive  evidence  that  it  possesses  secondary  parasites, 
but  specimens  of  TXbrachya  boucheanus  have  been  reared  from  pupa1  of 
the  Orgyia,  the  first  inhabitant  of  which  we  do  not  know,  but  it  may 
very  well  have  been  this  species. 

Pteromalus  cuproideus  n.  sp.1 

On  October  5,  1895,  two  specimens  of  this  parasite  were  reared  from 
the  100  Orgyia  cocoons  collected  September  10  to  ascertain  the  per- 
centage of  parasitism.  All  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  section  of 
the  genus  Pteromalus,  to  which  this  belongs,  are  primary  parasites  on 
lepidopterous  larva1,  and  we  may  therefore  safely  consider  that  this 
species  is  a  primary  parasite  of  the  larva  of  the  tussock  moth. 

Cratotechus  orgyiae  (Fitch). 

The  adult  of  this  insect  has  been  reared  only  by  Dr.  Fitch.  In  his 
Second  Report  on  the  Noxious,  Beneficial,  and  Other  Insects  of  the 
State  of  Xew  York  (separate  edition,  p.  216, 1850)  he  gives  the  follow- 
ing account  of  this  insect: 

I  once  gathered  two  of  these  caterpillars,  which  I  placed,  with  some  leaves,  in  a  box. 
Two  days  afterwards  one  of  them  was  found  to  he  dead,  and  the  other,  being  lively 
and  vigorous,  was  removed  to  another  box.  Next  day  what  appeared  to  be  the  ends 
oi  little  worms  were  seen  protruding  from  the  body  of  the  dead  caterpillar.  Upon 
the  following  day  these  worms  were  found  to  be  seventeen  in  number.  They  had 
all  left  the  dead  carcass  of  the  caterpillar,  and  just  above  it  on  the  side  of  the  box 


Described  in  the  appendix,  page  55. 


29 

they  had  arranged  themselves  in  a  circular  row  and  had  changed  to  pupse  of  a  milk- 
white  color,  0.12  [inch]  long  and  half  as  broad,  hanging  by  their  tails,  with  their  heads 
downward  and  their  backs  against  the  side  of  the  box.  This  was  upon  the  last  day 
of  July.  Next  day  they  had  changed  to  a  pale  red  color  and  had  somewhat  shriveled, 
each  having  discharged  a  little  cluster  of  clay-yellow  grains,  which  were  adhering  to 
the  side  of  the  box  at  the  tip  of  their  bodies.  They  subsequently  altered  to  a  black 
color,  and  on  the  6th  of  August  they  hatched  the  winged  insects,  which  were  of  a 
brilliant  brassy-green  color,  with  a  blackish-purple  abdomen  and  white  legs,  and 
about  the  same  size  as  the  pupae. 

Both  Dr.  Fitch's  account  of  the  method  of  transformation  and  an 
examination  of  the  fragmentary  specimens  still  remaining  in  his  collec- 
tion, now  in  the  possession  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
indicate  that  this  parasite  belongs  to  the  genus  Cratotechus. 


Fig.  13.— Cratotechus  orgyice :  Pupae  in  sitv  below,  with  greatly  enlarged  pupa  above  (original). 

In  December,  1896,  a  few  specimens  of  the  pupae  of  a  Cratotechus 
or  some  closely  allied  Eulophine  genus  were  found  among  the  cocoons 
of  an  Orgyia,  and  we  assume  that  they  belong  to  this  species.  Efforts 
to  rear  the  adult,  however,  have  failed  up  to  the  time  of  writing  since 
all,  or  nearly  all,  had  been  stung  by  a  hyperparasite— Elachistus  cacce- 
cia\  A  group  of  seven  of  these  pupae  attached  to  a  leaf  about  the 
shriveled  remains  of  a  half-grown  Hyphantria  larva  is  shown  at  fig.  13, 
while  one  of  the  pupa3  enlarged  is  illustrated  in  the  same  figure. 

These  exposed  pup*  of  Cratotechus  are  frequently  in  other  instances 

parasitized  by  species  of  Tetrastichus,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  species 

of  this  genus  reared  by  Dr.  Liutner  has  for  its  true  host  Cratotechus 
orgyice. 


30 
Ophion  bilineatum  Say. 

This  species  is  mentioned  in  this  connection  with,  unfortunately,  no 
certainty  as  to  whether  it  is  a  parasite  of  the  Orgyia  or  not.  The 
reason  for  introducing  it  is  simply  that  in  December,  189G,  a  single 
specimen  of  its  easily  recognizable  cocoon  was  found  in  a  mass  of  the 
Orgyia  cocoons  and  apparently  inclosed  in  the  outer  envelope  of  one. 
The  cocoon  was  opened,  but  the  adult  had  issued  at  some  previous 
time.  On  the  whole,  it  is  not  likely  that  it  was  a  parasite  of  the 
tussock-moth  caterpillar.  Ordinarily  this  species  is  reared  from  larger 
Bombycids,  such  as  the  Arctians  and  Saturnians,  and  it  is  quite  likely 
that  the  larva  making  this  cocoon  had  issued  from  a  larva  of  one  of 
these  groups,  had  spun  its  cocoon  upon  the  bark  of  the  tree  where  it 
was  subsequently  found,  and  had  afterwards  been  spun  over  by  the 
Orgyia  larva'  in  making  their  own  cocoons. 

Ichneumon  subcyaneus  Cresson. 

This  species  was  observed  in  September  investigating  full-grown 
Larvae  and  recently  spun  cocoons  of  the  Orgyia.  The  writer  watched 
several  specimens,  and  has  little  doubt  that  it  may  be  put  down  as  a 
parasite  of  this  species,  although  no  specimens  were  actually  reared. 
It  is  a  widespread  species  recorded  from  Canada  and  generally  through- 
out the  United  States,  and  is  said  to  have  been  reared  from  several 
Bombycids,  as  well  as  from  Xematus  ventralis. 

Ichneumon  cceruleus  Cresson. 

The  same  statement  may  be  made  regarding  this  species.  It  was 
observed  in  September,  1895,  under  exactly  similar  circumstances,  and 
has  practically  the  same  distribution,  but  has  been  reared  only  from 
pupa'  of  Bombycids. 

TELENOMUS   EGG   PARASITES    REARED    FROM   OTHER    SPECIES   OF 

ORGYIA. 

Telenomus  californicus  Ashmead. — There  are  four  female  specimens 
of  this  genus  in  the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
which  were  reared  by  Mr.  Fhrhorn  from  an  egg  mass  of  a  species  of 
Orgyia  at  Mountain  View,  Cal. 

Telenomus  orgyice  Fitch. — This  minute  egg  parasite  issues  from  the 
egg  mass  of  the  closely  allied  Orgyia  nova.  With  this  insect  the  eggs 
are  left  naked  and  not  covered  with  the  white,  frothy  substance  with 
which  the  female  of  0.  leucostigma  covers  and  hides  her  eggs.  It  may 
result  from  this  fact  that  this  parasite  will  not  be  reared  from  the  egg 
mass  of  the  species  of  Orgyia  under  consideration.  It  has  been  reared 
from  the  eggs  of  a  species  of  Orgyia  at  Ottawa,  Canada,  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Harrington,  as  well  as  by  Dr.  Fitch  in  New  York.     The  species  referred 


31 

to  on  page  34,  second  edition  Bulletin  No.  10  of  this  division,  is  probably 
T.  orgyice,  but  we  are  unable  to  substantiate  the  statement  that  it  has 
been  reared  from  eggs  of  0.  leucostigma. 

Hemiteles  townsendi  Ashmead. 

With  the  consideration  of  this  species  we  begin  the  hyperparasites, 
leaving  the  primary  dipterous  parasites  to  be  considered  after  all  of 
the  Hymenoptera  have  been  treated.  So  far  as  known,  all  of  the  spe- 
cies of  Hemiteles,  as  well  as  of  at  least  most  of  the  genera  into  which 
it  was  subdivided  by  Foerster,  are  hyperparasites.  They  are  reared 
from  all  sorts  of  lepidopterous  larvie  and  pupa-,  from  dipterous  puparia, 
from  oak  galls,  and  from  spider  cocoons,  but  in  every  case,  so  far  as  the 
published  records  go,  where  the  exact  host  relationships  have  been 
determined,  they  have  been  found  to  be  hyper  parasitic.  There  is  a 
species,  however,  at  Washington  which  is  very  deceptive  in  this  regard. 
It  issues  from  the  egg  cocoons  of  certain  spiders,  and  a  close  examina- 
tion of  the  cocoons  from  which  it  issues  fails  to  show  even  the  frag- 
mentary remains  of  a  primary  parasite. 

In  the  case  of  the  present  species  (Hemiteles  to/cnsendi)  no  such  diffi- 
culty exists.  The  type  specimen  was  collected  in  Michigan  by  Mr. 
TowDsend,  and  in  December,  1889,  another  specimen  was  reared  from 
the  puparium  of  a  dipterous  insect  at  Washington.  There  have  been 
four  specimens  reared  from  the  cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth.  All  four 
issued  in  early  November,  1895,  and  it  is  practically  safe  to  say  that 
they  came  from  contained  puparia  of  one  of  the  Tachinid  parasites  of 
this  insect.     Of  the  four  specimens,  three  are  females  and  one  is  male. 

Bathythrix  meteori  n.  sp.1 

A  number  of  specimens  of  a  very  distinct  Hemiteline  were  reared 
during  1896.  The  first  specimen  issued  March  5  from  a  cocoon  of 
Meteor  us  communis,  collected  in  December,  1895.  All  of  the  others, 
thirteen  in  number,  issued  between  July  21  and  August  5,  1896,  from 
the  mass  of  624  cocoons  of  the  Orgyia  collected  between  June  30  and 
July  8,  1896.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  not  a  single  specimen  of  the 
Meteorus  was  reared  from  this  lot  of  cocoons.  Of  the  thirteen  specimens, 
eight  were  females  and  five  males. 

Bathythrix  pimplae  n.  sp.2 

Four  specimens  of  this  insect  were  reared  August  29,  September  18, 
28,  and  30, 1895,  from  masses  of  cocoons  of  the  Orgyia  under  observa- 
tion in  the  rearing  cages.  Its  exact  host  relationships  are  not  known, 
but  it  is  probably  a  parasite  of  Pimpla  inquisitor. 

1  Described  in  the  appendix,  page  53. 

2  Described  in  the  appendix,  page  54. 


32 


Adiastola  americana  n.  sp.1 

Three  specimens  of  this  species,  two  females  and  one  male,  were 
reared  November  6,  1805,  from  cocoon  masses  of  Orgyia  under  observa- 
tion.   This  species  also  is  likely  to  be  a  parasite  of  Pimpla  inquisitor. 

Otacustes  periliti  Ashm. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  spe- 
cies issued  from  a  cocoon  of  Mete- 
orus  comm  un  is  March  5, 1896,  the 
Meteorns  haying]  >re viously  par  - 
asitized  an  Orgyia  larva.  This 
species  was  reared  from  the  same 
host  at  Washington  in  1882,  but 
lias  not  since  been  found.  - 

Allocota  thyridopterigis  ( Kiley). 

A  single  specimen  of  this  in- 
sect, which  is  commonly  reared 
from  the  bags  of  the  bagworm 
and  which  was  firsl  described  by  Kiley  as  a  parasite  of  this  species, 
was  seen  crawling  rapidly  over  the  trunk  of  a  poplar  tree  in  Septem- 
ber, 1895,  investigating  Orgyia  cocoons.     It  was  doubtless  attracted  by 


Pig.  14. — Bathythrix pimpla :  Female— enlarged  (origi 

nali. 


Fig.  15.— Otacustes  periliti:  Female,  dorsal  view,  at  right;  same,  ovipositing  in  Meteorus  cocoon,  at 
left— enlarged  (original;  the  latter  from  field  sketch  by  Pergande). 

the  abundance  of  Pimplas,  and  as  Kiley  has  shown  that  it  is  a  hyperpara- 
site  of  Pimpla  conquisitor,  we  may  safely  put  it  down  as  a  secondary 
parasite  in  the  case  of  Orgyia  leucostigma,  the  more  especially  as  no 


'Described  in  the  appendix,  page  n4. 


33 

specimens  of  the  bagworm  were  noticed  in  the  vicinity.  That  this 
species  should  be  attracted  to  the  Piinpla  only  when  contained  within 
the  bags  of  the  bagworm  would  be  somewhat  of  an  anomaly. 

Pezomachus  insolitus  n.  sp.1 

The  species  of  the  genus  Pezomachus  may  or  may  not  be  hyper- 
parasites.  The  genus  somewhat  resembles  Hemiteles,  and  there  have 
been  published  statements  to  the  effect  that  the  two  genera  are  identical, 
the  one  comprising  the  one  sex  and  the  other  the  other  sex.  These 
statements,  however,  are  due  to  a  faulty  appreciation  of  the  generic 
characters  and  to  the  fact  that  species  of  each  genus  are  often  reared 
from  the  same  host,  notably  from  the  egg  cocoons  of  spiders.  So  close 
an  observer  as  Foerster,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  placed  the  two  genera  in 


Fio.  16. — Spilochalcis  debilis :  a,  adult;  6,  antenna  of  same;  c,  Meteorus  cocoon,  and  d,  Amorphota 
cocoon  from  which  this  species  has  issued — enlarged  (original). 

different  families,  the  one  being  the  type  of  the  Hemiteloidre  and  the 
other  of  the  Pezomachoidse.  Three  male  specimens  of  the  species  under 
consideration  were  reared  November  9  and  19,  1895,  from  the  cocoon 
mass  of  the  Orygia. 

Spilochalcis  debilis  (Say). 

This  beautiful  little  species,  which  is  recorded  by  Oresson  from  Del- 
aware, Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and  is  also  known  to  the  writer  to  occur  in 
North  Carolina  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  has  frequently  been  reared 
in  the  course  of  these  investigations.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that 
some  of  the  species  of  Spilochalcis  are  primary  parasites  of  Lepidoptera. 
Others  are  with  equal  certainty  hyperparasites.  For  example,  Walsh's 
Smicra  albifrons,  which  belongs  to  this  genus,  is  with  little  doubt  a 
tertiary  parasite,  since  it  issues  from  a  Pezomachus  which  is  parasitic 
upon  a  Microgaster  which  destroys  the  army  worm  (larva  of  Leueania 
unipuncta). 


lDescribed  in  the  appendix,  page  54. 
11859— No.  5 3 


34 

The  present  species  is  a  very  important  hyperparasite.  It  was  exten- 
sively reared  at  this  office  in  188G  from  the  cocoons  of  Meteorus  hyphan- 
trice  and  is  the  species  referred  to  as  Spilochalois  sp.  on  page  57  of  the 
second  edition  of  Bulletin  Xo.  10  of  this  Division. 

During  the  observations  upon  Orgyia  parasites  in  1895-96  it  was 
reared  from  the  cocoons  of  Amorphota  orgyice,  of  Meteorus  com  munis  and 
M.  hyphantrice,  and  of  the  two  species  of  Apanteles  just  considered. 
Moreover,  empty  cocoons  of  Limneria  valida  have  been  found  pierced 
by  holes  of  about  the  size  of  the  exit  holes  made  by  this  species,  so  that 
it  is  very  possibly  a  parasite  of  this  species  also.  There  is  a  further 
possibility  that  it  may  parasitize  Pimpla  inquisitor,  although  I  have  no 
definite  proof. 

The  cocoons  of  the  Meteorus  from  which  this  insect  has  issued  may 
readily  be  distinguished  from  those  cocoons  from  which  the  Meteorus 
itself  has  issued  by  the  fact  that  the  Spilochalcis  makes  a  round  hole 
before  the  tip  and  does  not  cut  off  the  circular  hinged  cap  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  issuing  hole  of  the  Meteorus.  This  appearance  is 
well  indicated  upon  fig.  K>.  With  a  lesser  degree  of  certainty,  the  same 
distinction  may  be  made  with  regard  to  the  cocoons  of  the  Amorphota. 
Here  the  issuing  hole  of  the  true  maker  of  the  cocoon  is  not  only  con- 
siderably larger  than  that  of  the  Spilochalcis  parasite,  but  it  is  usually 
made  nearer  to  the  exact  end  of  the  cocoon  than  is  that  of  the  parasite. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Apanteles  cocoons.  It  is  noticeable  that 
the  specimens  which  issue  from  the  Amorphota  cocoons  are  somewhat 
larger  than  those  from  the  Meteorus  cocoons,  while  those  from  the 
Apanteles  cocoons  are  still  smaller.  No  observations  have  been  made 
upon  the  early  stages  of  this  species.  The  total  number  of  specimens 
reared  is  twenty.  Fifteen  of  them  issued  between  September  3  and 
October  5,  L895j  one  January  4,  1896,  and  the  others  April  20  and  22, 
1896.  Those  issuing  in  the  autumn  consisted  of  both  males  and  females, 
while  those  issuing  in  April  were  ;ill  males,  were  darker  in  color,  and 
all  came  from  the  cocoons  of  the  Apanteles.  These  facts  suggest  a 
dual  hibernation,  either  as  adults  or  as  larvae  or  pupae  within  the 
cocoons  of  the  host  insect,  but  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  no  specimens 
of  this  insect  in  any  stage  were  found  during  the  extensive  examinations 
made  the  middle  of  December.  181)0. 

Habrocytus  thyridopterigis  Ash  mead. 

This  Pteromalid  is  rather  commonly  reared  from  the  bags  of  the  bag- 
worm,  in  which  the  writer  has  assumed  it  to  be  a  tertiary  parasite,  hav- 
ing for  its  host  Riley's  Hemiteles  thyridopterigis,  which  in  its  turn  is 
in  all  probability  parasitic  upon  Pimpla  conquisitor,  so  often  found  in 
the  bags.1     Eight  specimens  only  of  this  species  have  been  reared  in  the 

1  An  observation  is  recorded  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Washington,  I,  28,  showing  that  a 
Chalcidid  larva  feeds  in  the  bags  on  the  larva  of  the  Hemiteles.  This  chalcidid  is 
with  little  doubt  Habrocytus  thyridopterigis. 


35 

course  of  the  Orgyia  observations,  and  all  practically  between  April  16 
and  May  18,  1896,  in  the  jars  containing  cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth 
collected  in  March  and  early  April.  Of  the  eight  specimens,  four  were 
males  and  four  females.  The  probabilities  are  this  species  overwinters 
within   the   cocoon  of  its 

host.     What  its  true  host  £ 

may  be  we  can  only  sur- 
mise.   It  is  probably  one  of 

the  Hemitelines  parasitic  ^>**5i*'n^      v  i^  i  J?    ^<r 

upon     Pimpla    iaq  u  is  ito  r . 


Dibrachys  boucheanus 
(Eatzeburg). 

This  widespread  and 
very  abundant  hyperpara- 
site  is  common  in  Europe, 
and  was  frequently  reared 
by  Eatzeburg,  Brischke. 
and  later  observers,  from  different  hosts.  Ratzeburg,  in  the  first  volume 
of  his  Ichneumonen  der  Frostinsecten,  pages  196-197,  states  that  he 
reared  a  number  of  specimens  as  secondary  parasites  in  the  year  1812,  at 
the  close  of  the  feeding  period  of  Liparis  dispar  (the  gypsy  moth).  He 
took  many  Microgaster  cocoons  in  July  of  that  year  from  the  larva'  of 
the  gypsy  moth  found  dead  upon  the  trees.     Hardly  half  of  the  Micro- 


FlG.  M.—Habruciitva  thyridopterigis — enlarged  ^original). 


Fig.  18.— Dibrachys  boucheanus:  a,  larva:  b  nupa  :  c,  adult  female— greatly  enlarged:  rf.  head  of  larva; 
e.  antenna  of  adult — still  more  enlarged  (original). 

gasters  issued  from  these  cocoons,  the  remainder  giving  forth  this 
hyperparasite,  which  issued  from  needle-like  holes  in  the  cocoons,  the 
true  makers  of  the  cocoons  issuing  from  holes  made  by  cutting  off  cir- 
cular caps.  He  found  that  in  some  cases  the  larvae  of  the  Microgasters 
were  wholly  eaten  out  by  the  parasite  and  prevented  from  pupating. 
In  other  cases  the  larvae  retained  sufficient  strength  and  substance  to 


36 

transform  to  pupae,  and  were  killed  in  that  state  by  the  parasite.  In 
one  case  he  found  a  Microgaster  pupa  which  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
pupa  of  a  Pteromalid,  from  which  a  tertiary  parasite,  which  he  consid- 
ers possibly  to  have  been  this  species,  had  emerged.  The  development 
of  the  hyperparasite  he  found  to  occur  rather  late,  for  on  the  18th  of 
December  he  had  living  pupae  and  adults  and  even  one  living  larva, 
although  the  gypsy-moth  larvae  had  been  killed  as  far  back  as  the 
month  of  July  by  the  Microgasters.  In  his  second  volume,  pages 
189-190,  he  states  that  he  bred  this  species  in  1847  from  Microgaster 
cocoons  from  Bombyx  salicis,  and  at  the  same  time  from  hanging 
cocoons  such  as  Perilitus  spins.  From  neither  of  these  kinds  of  cocoons 
did  he  obtain  the  true  maker,  but  only  this  parasite,  together  with  two 
other  secondary  species.  In  his  third  volume,  pages  231-232,  he  men- 
tions an  instance,  on  the  authority  of  Tischbein,  in  which  this  species 
was  probably  a  tertiary  parasite,  destroying  Hemiteles  social  is,  which 
itself  was  parasitic  in  Microgaster  cocoons. 

Brischke  records  the  rearing  of  this  species  from  Microgaster  glome- 
rains.  M.  fulvipes,  and  Meteorus  unicolor. 

Mr.  Ashmead,  in  the  course  of  his  careful  studies  of  the  Pteromalime 
of  the  United  States,  has  decided  that  Fitch's  Gleonymus  clisiocampce, 
reared  from  the  chrysalis  of  Glisiocampa  americana  and  stated  by  Fitch 
(erroneously,  it  Mr.  Ashinead's determination  be  correct)  to  be  a  primary 
parasite  of  this  species,  is  identical  with  this  European  species. 

It  has  been  reared  as  a  hyperparasite  from  several  insects  at  this 
office.  It  is  recorded  among  the  hyperparasites  of  Hyphantria  cunea, 
under  the  name  of  Pteromalus  sp.,  in  the  revised  edition  of  Bulletin 
No.  10  of  this  Division  as  parasitic  upon  Apanteles  hyphantrice,  Meteorus 
hyphantrice,  and  Limneria pallipes  (      ralida). 

In  the  observations  upon  the  parasites  of  the  tussock  moth  this  species 
\\  as  by  far  the  most  abundant  of  the  Chalcidids  reared.  It  is  parasitic 
npon  Pimpla  inquisitor,  upon  both  of  the  species  of  Apanteles,  upon  both 
species  of  Meteorus,  and  probably  also  upon  Limneria  ralida  when 
affecting  this  host.  It  was  first  reared  August  30, 1895,  from  one  of  the 
isolated  cocoons  of  Pimpla  inquisitor,  and  in  the  course  of  the  ensuing 
year  hundreds  of  specimens  were  reared.  Nearly  400  were  counted, 
bin  many  more  issued.  The  mere  labor  of  counting  the  specimens  on 
some  days  of  abundant  issuing  from  the  mass  of  Orgyia  cocoons  placed 
in  the  breeding  cages  was  too  great  to  be  undertaken.  From  August 
30  to  November  0  a  number  of  specimens  issued  nearly  every  day.  The 
most  abundant  periods  of  issuing  were  about  the  1st  of  September,  the 
last  of  October,  and  the  1st  of  November.  None  were  reared  during 
the  winter  of  1895-90,  but  they  began  issuing  again  from  overwintered 
cocoons  on  March  31  and  continued  until  the  end  of  June,  beginning 
again  toward  the  end  of  July  and  issuing  at  intervals  through  the  rest 
of  the  season.  The  number  issuing  from  a  single  specimen  of  the  host 
seems  to  depend  entirely  on  the  size  of  the  host. 


37 

Although  many  host  cocoons  have  been  dissected,  an  instance  has 
never  been  found  where  the  host  larva  (and  it  is  the  larva  apparently 
when  full  grown  which  is  attacked)  was  not  almost  entirely  destroyed, 
the  only  remaining  fragment  being  the  strip  of  shriveled  skin.  The 
only  exception  to  this  rule  which  the  writer  has  noticed  was  in  the  case 
of  an  Apanteles  cocoon  which  was  examined  December  31,  1896.  In 
this  cocoon  was  found  a  single  pupa  of  the  Dibrachys,  while  the  per- 
fectly developed  Apanteles  showed  singly  a  large  cavity  at  the  base  of 
the  underside  of  the  abdomen.  The  largest  number  observed  to  issue 
from  a  single  cocoon  of  Pimpla  annul  ipes  has  been  twenty-three.  In  the 
instance  in  which  this  count  was  made  the  specimens  emerging  were 
counted,  the  cocoon  was  cut  open  and  the  number  of  pupal  exuvia  was 
found  to  correspond.  Successful  transformation  had  been  effected  in 
every  case  and  the  adults  had  all  issued  through  two  holes,  one  near 
one  end  of  the  Pimpla  cocoon  and  the  other  near  the  other  end.  Pimpla 
cocoons  were  found,  however,  during  the  winter  of  1896  in  which  there 
were  as  many  as  twelve  exit  holes  of  this  parasite,  while  in  another 
instance  twenty-two  specimens  of  the  Dibrachys  issued  from  a  single 
hole  in  a  Pimpla  cocoon.  This  time,  however,  the  hole  was  near  the 
middle  of  the  cocoon. 

A  number  of  cocoons  of  Apanteles  were  cut  open  December  13,  1896, 
and  in  one  case  contained  two  larva*  of  this  Dibrachys,  which  trans- 
formed to  pupa*  December  29.  The  pupae  were  at  first  milk-white,  and 
no  darker  color,  even  in  the  eyes,  was  observed.  Thirty-six  hours  later 
the  eyes  had  become  red,  and  ten  days  from  pupation  ( January  8, 1897) 
the  adults  emerged.  From  a  single  cocoon  of  Meteor us  communis  the 
highest  number  of  this  species  reared  was  six. 

Judging  from  the  large  number  of  specimens  which  issued  at  the  end 
of  October  and  first  of  November,  and  from  the  fact  that  the  dissections 
of  the  Apanteles  cocoons  just  referred  to  in  December  showed  larvae 
and  pupae,  this  insect  seems  to  hibernate  both  as  adult  and  as  larva. 
The  midwinter  condition  of  this  species  in  the  cocoons  of  Pimpla  is 
described  in  the  closing  paragraphs  of  the  section  on  Pimpla  inquisitor. 
It  occurred  both  as  larva*  and  pupae  December  13  to  16,  and  adults 
issued  in  warm  rooms  December  27. 

The  larva  and  pupa,  as  well  as  the  adult,  are  shown  at  fig.  IS.  The 
simple  nature  of  the  mouth  parts  of  the  larva  is  especially  brought  out. 
So  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  maxillae  are  not  differentiated,  nor  is 
there  any  differentiation  of  the  parts  of  the  labium.  The  only  parts 
observed  are  mandibles,  labrum,  and  labium.  The  mandibles  are  very 
minute  and  are  excessively  sharp,  looking  like  minute  slightly  curved 
spicules. 

A  singular  and  practically  inexplicable  instance  was  observed  Decem- 
ber 16,  1896,  where  in  a  cocoon  of  the  Orgyia  a  dead  female  chrysalis 
was  found  in  an  advanced  stage  of  development.  The  moth  was  appar- 
ently just  ready  to  emerge  at  the  time  of  death.     Ail  of  the  scales  on 


38 


the  body  and  legs  were  fully  formed  and  the  wings  were  also  fully 
developed.  On  breaking  the  body  across,  in  the  interior  of  the  abdo- 
men were  found  two  active  living  larvae,  which  were  entirely  indistin- 
guishable from  the  larva  of  this  species.  The  specimen  was  put  aside 
to  await  developments,  and  the  writer  has  at  this  time  no  explanatory 
comments  to  make.1 

This  species  has  been  observed  to  oviposit  in  freshly  spun  cocoons  of 
Meteorus  and  of  Amorphota.  It  has  also  been  seen  investigating 
cocoons  of  the  Orgyia,  presumably  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
whether  they  contained  Pimpla  cocoons.  It  oviposits  customarily  in 
parasite  cocoons  containing  the  as  yet  untransformed  larva,  although  it 
may  also  lay  its  eggs  in  the  parasitic  larva'  which  have  just  issued 
from  the  host  and  are  about  to  begin  spinning.  We  have  no  evidence 
that  this  species  is  often  a  tertiary  parasite,  but  it  is  quite  within  the 
bounds  of  possibility  that  it  may  become  so  by  virtue  of  ovipositing  in 

cocoons  of  Meteorus, 
Apanteles,  or  Amor- 
phota which  have  al- 
ready been  stung  by 
spilocJidlcis  debilis. 


Syntomosphyrum  esurus 
(Riley). 

This  interesting  lit- 
tle hyper]  >arasite  was 
first  reared  from  the 
cotton  worm  of  the 
South  (Aletia  <(r<jiU<< 
cea)  in  the  course  of 
the  cotton- worm  inves- 
tigation by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1878.  In  Corn- 
stock's  report  on  cotton  .insects,  1879,  and  in  Bulletin  No.  3  of  the 
U.  S.  Entomological  Commission,  it  was  mentioned  under  the  name 
Cirrospilus  esurus.  In  the  Fourth  Keport  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological 
Commission  it  is  designated  as  Tetrastichus  esurus.  The  chrysalidsof 
Aletia  formed  during  the  latter  part  of  the  season  were  frequently 
found  infested  with  this  parasite,  each  chrysalis  nourishing  a  number. 
The  parasite  was  found  to  be  generally  distributed  and  was  reared  in 
Texas,  Alabama,  and  Georgia.  Adults  issued  all  through  the  autumn, 
during  mild  winter  weather,  and  in  the  spring.  It  was  considered  in 
the  first  two  reports  published  to  be  a  primary  parasite.     In  the  fourth 

'The  only  recorded  instance  of  an  at  all  similar  case  known  to  the  writer  was  gi^en 
by  Rev.  T.  A.  Marshall  in  the  Entomologists'  Monthly  Magazine  for  December,  1896, 
in  which  an  iclmeumonid  larva  is  said  to  have  been  found  alive  in  the  body  of  an 
adult  Acherontia  atropos.  The  writer's  record  (Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Wash.,  I,  95)  of  the 
rearing  of  Ichneumon  imtabiHs  by  Scudder  from  an  adult  of  CEneis  semidea  was  based 
on  a  wrong  reading  of  a  manuscript  note  of  Scudder's. 


Fig.  19.— Syntomosphyrum  erunu—gTO&tly  enlarged  (original). 


39 

report  the  statement  is  made  that  it  is  possibly  not  a  primary  parasite, 
but  that  it  infests  one  of  the  larger  Ichneumonid  parasites  of  the  cotton 
worm.  "  This  supposition  is,  however,  contradicted  by  the  fact  that 
Aletia  pup*  parasitized  by  this  Chalcid  are  always  found  packed  to 
overflowing  with  the  Tetrastichus,  whereas  were  the  latter  simply  para- 
sitic upon  Pimpla  or  Obalcis  they  would  in  all  probability  be  found 
only  in  the  abdomen  of  the  Aletia  pupa." 

In  1894  Mr.  Ashmead  (Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXI,  pp.  343-314) 
described  a  parasite  reared  June  10,  1891,  by  Dr.  A.  D.  Hopkins,  at 
Morgan  town,  W. 
Va.,  from  Orgyia 
leucosiigma  on  ma- 
ple, as  Syntomos- 
phyrum  orgy  ice. 
This  species  proves 
to  be  identical  with 
Eiley's  S.  esurus 
and  introduces  it 
among  the  tussock- 
moth  parasites.  It 
has  not  been  reared 
at  Washington 
from  the  tussock 
moth,  but  during 
the  spring  of  1890  a  large  series  of  specimens  was  reared  from  overwinter- 
ing chrysalids  of  the  fall  webworm.  A  single  parasitized  chrysalis 
was  examined  after  tliese  parasites  had  emerged  and  no  trace  could  be 
found  of  a  primary  parasite.  The  exact  host  relations  of  this  species 
must  therefore  still  remain  in  doubt,  although  from  group  habits  it 
is  reasonably  safe  to  say  that  it  is  a  hyperparasite.  In  this  event  it 
may  be  secondary  (feeding  upon  Pimpla)  or  tertiary  (feeding  upon 
Bathythrix). 

Eupelmus  limneriae  n.  sp.1 

But  two  specimens  of  this  insect  were  reared  in  the  course  of  the 
investigations  upon  the  tussock  moth,  both  issuing  from  cocoons  of 
Limner ia  valida.  It  is  the  same  species  which  was  recorded  in  Bulletin 
No.  10  as  being  a  hyperparasite  upon  Limneria  and  upon  Meteorus. 


Fig.  20.— Eupelmus  limnei  iu: ;  Female— enlarged  (original). 


Elachistus  cacoeciae  Howard. 
This  insect,  which  was  originally  described  in  Bulletin  No.  5, 


first 


series,  of  the  Division  of  Entomology,  page  28,  as  probably  a  primary 
parasite  upon  Gacceeia  rosaeeana  and  HypJiantria  cunea,  now  appears, 
without  doubt,  to  be  a  secondary  parasite.  A  single  male  issued  in 
a  vial  in  which  the  pupae  of  what  we  take  to  be  Cratotechus  orgyiw  Fitch, 
shown  at  fig.  13,  were  being  kept  to  rear  the  adult. 


1  Described  iu  the  appendix,  page  56. 


40 
Elasmus  atratus  n.  sp.' 

The  most  abundant  of  the  parasites  of  Apanteles  hyphantrice  was,  dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1S9G-97,  this  curious  little  Ghalcidid,  which  was  men- 
tioned under  its  manuscript  name  in  the  writer's  article  entitled  "The 
habits  of  Elasmus,"  Insect  Life,  Vol.  IV,  pages  253-254,  as  being  a  com- 
mon parasite  of  Apanteles  hyphantrice  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  No 
specimen  of  this  insect  was  reared  in  1S95  and  none  in  189G  until  the 
end  of  December.  December  13  a  number  of  cocoons  of  the  Apanteles 
were  found  in  the  cocoon  mass  of  the  Orgyia,  and  all  were  cut  open,  as 
described  under  the  section  on  Apanteles,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing the  hibernating  condition  of  the  Apanteles.  In  nearly  every 
cocoon  thus  examined  were  found  from  two  to  four  small  black  pupae, 
one  of  which  is  shown  at  tig.  21.     These  pupa3  were  at  once  seen  to  be 


Fig. 21. — Elasmus  atratus , 


Adult   mah'  at    left,  with  hind  leg  and  female  antenna,  and  with  pupa  at 
right— enlarged  (original). 


different  from  the  pupa'  of  Dfbrachys,  and  were  placed  in  a  vial  to  rear 
the  adults.  The  adults  issued  December  29  to  January  15,  1897,  and 
proved  to  be  Elasmus  atratus.  The  date  of  issuing  is  doubtless 
abnormal,  since  the  specimens  were  purposely  kept  in  a  warm  room  to 
force  early  issuing  in  order  to  determine  the  species  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble.    Normally,  they  probably  would  not  have  issued  until  spring. 

Asecodes  albitarsis  Ashmead. 

This  insect  plays  in  the  economy  of  the  Orgyia  the  apparently  unusual 
role  of  a  tertiary  parasite.  Its  immediate  host  is  Dibrachys  uoucheanus. 
We  have  secured  the  pupa  of  the  Dibrachys  under  circumstances  which 
render  its  identity  positive,  and  it  has  been  carefully  illustrated  at  fig. 
186.     The  identity  of  this  pupa  having  been  ascertained,  the  actual 

1  Described  in  the  appendix,  page  56. 


41 


observation  on  the  Asecodes  issuing  from  the  pupa  shown  at  fig.  22, 
and  through  the  round  hole  on  the  ventral  side  below  the  head  at  once 
establishes  the  tertiary  parasitism.  Very  many  specimens  of  this 
species  were  reared.  The  dates  of  rearing  in  numbers  were  September 
10  to  12,  November  6,  1895,  January  20,  April  29,  and  July  30,  1896. 
We  have  found 
neither  the  pupa 
nor  the  larva  of 
this  species.  A 
strange  variation 
in  habit  was  ob- 
served Septem- 
ber 9,  1895,  and 
again  in  Decem- 
ber, 1896,  when  a 
number  of  speci- 
mens of  this  spe- 
cies issued  from 
oneofthepuparia 
of  a  little  scaven- 
ger fly,  Gaurax 
anch  or  a. 

With  this  species  we  have  a  possible  though  unproved  instance  of 
quartern ary  parasitism.  In  the  closing  paragraph  of  our  consideration 
of  the  Dibrachys  we  have  shown  how  it  may  become  a  tertiary  parasite. 
In  such  an  instance  as  this  the  Asecodes,  should  it  be  attracted  to  such 
a  stung  cocoon  of  Meteorus,  for  example,  would  become  quarternary. 


Fig.  22.—  Asecodes  albitarsis:  a,  pupa  of  Dibrachys  from  which  this  para- 
site has  emerged;  b,  adult  female;  c,  male  abdomen— greatly  enlarged 
(original). 


Frontina  aletiae  Riley. 


This  is  the  first  of  the  primary  dipterous  parasites  to  be  discussed.1 
It  is  one  of  the  most  important  enemies  of  the  cotton  caterpillar  of  the 
South,  from  which  fact  it  derives  its  specific  name.  It  was  found  in 
the  course  of  the  investigations  of  the  cotton  worm  that  this  fly  issues 
from  puparia  formed  by  maggots  issuing  from  the  larva  and  occasion- 
ally the  pupa  of  Aletia  argillacea  in  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
Texas.  It  has  been  estimated  at  different  times  that  the  proportion  of 
caterpillars  killed  by  this  species  has  reached  40  per  cent.  Its  further 
distribution  is  stated  by  Mr.  Coquillett  to  be  Massachusetts,  Florida, 
California,  and  Venezuela.  It  has  been  reared  at  this  office  from  sev- 
eral different  host  insects.  In  addition  to  Aletia  and  Orgyia  it  has 
issued  from  Cerura  sp.,  Dasylopha  anguina,  Halisidota  maeulata,  H. 
tessellata,  Heterocampa  manteo,  and  Lagoa  opercularis. 


,rThe  writer  is  fortunate  in  presenting  these  few  notes  in  having  the  benefit  of  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  1).  W.  Coquillett  in  the  determination  of  the  species  and,  further, 
the  opportunity  to  consult  the  notes  on  habits  and  distribution  which  he  has  brought 
together  for  a  monographic  paper  on  the  Tachinidae  of  North  America. 


42 

It  was  first  met  with  in  the  course  of  the  observations  upon  Orgyia 
on  August  30, 1895.  A  larva  of  the  Orgyia  which  had  already  spun 
up  could  plainly  be  seen  to  be  parasitized.  A  large  dipterous  larva 
could  actually  be  seen  through  its  skin.  No  eggs,  however,  were  found 
upon  its  body.  It  was  placed  in  a  vial  to  breed  and  on  the  following 
day  two  Tachinid  larva'  left  the  empty  and  dry  skin  of  the  caterpillar 
and  transformed  to  puparia,  which,  however,  dried  up  and  nothing- 
was  reared  from  them.  On  September  7  a  tussock-moth  caterpillar  was 
found  which  bore  Tachinid  eggs  upon  its  back,  and  from  this  larva  an 
adult  of  this  species  issued  on  September  18.  On  September  20 
an  adult  emerged  from  a  puparium  the  larva  of  which  issued  from  an 
Orgyia  larva  found  September  5,  and  which  was  collected  for  the 
reason  that  it  had  a  black  spot  around  one  of  the  spiracles;  the  larva 
issued  on  September  0  and  transformed  to  its  puparium,  making  the 
duration  of  the  puparium  stage  eleven  days.  The  same  day  a  specimen 
issued  from  a  tussock  moth  caterpillar  which  was  observed  upon  Sep- 
tember 11  to  have  been  oviposited  in  by  Pimpla  inquisitor.  On  September 
6  an  ( >rgyia  cocoon  was  opened  which  contained  a  chrysalis  upon  which 
a  dipterous  larva  was  apparently  feeding  externally.  This  maggot  con- 
tracted into  a  puparium,  and  a  tiy  of  this  species  issued  on  September 
23.  On  September  13  a  full  grown  tussock-moth  caterpillar  was  found 
which  had  a  sick  appearance  and  a  pale-colored  head.  On  September 
18  a  full-grown  Tachinid  larva  issued  from  it  and  contracted,  and  the 
fly  issued  September  30.  The  total  number  of  specimens  of  this  insect 
reared  was  forty-live.  They  issued  quite  regularly  through  Septem- 
ber; two  specimens  appeared  in  October,  one  in  January,  two  in  Feb- 
ruary, and  the  remainder  between  the  14th  and  27th  of  July,  1806. 
During  the  examination  of  Orgyia  cocoons  in  the  winter  of  1890  no 
specimens  of  this  insect  were  found  in  any  stages.  In  all  probability 
it  hibernates  as  an  imago. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

This  species  is  very  widespread,  occurring  from  Massachusetts  to 
California,  and  has  been  reared  from  no  less  than  twenty-two  different 
species  of  Lepidoptera,  including  Bombycids,  Noctuids,  and  llhopalo- 
cera  (Papilio  turnus  and  Pyramcis  cardui). 

In  the  Orgyia  observations  it  was  not  an  important  species  and  was 
not  reared  at  all  in  1805.  Seventeen  specimens  were  reared,  all  in  July, 
189G.  In  the  case  of  two  of  the  specimens  the  flies  issued  July  G  from 
two  puparia  found  June  20.  There  is  nothing  in  the  observations 
which  indicates  the  duration  of  any  of  the  different  stages. 

Tachina  mella  Walker. 

This  species  is  also  widespread,  occurring  in  Toronto,  Canada;  Fran- 
conia,  K".  H. ;  Massachusetts;  XewYork;  District  of  Columbia;  West 
Virginia;  Florida;  Texas;  Xew  Mexico;  California,  and  Oregon.    It  has 


43 


been  reared  from  several  different  Bombycid  larvae  at  this  office.  It 
appeared  both  in  1895  and  1896  in  the  present  series  of  observations. 
On  September  16,  1895,  a  single  adult  issued  from  an  Orgyia  cocoon 
taken  September  7.  In  the  different  series  of  rearings  undertaken  to 
ascertain  percentage  of  parasitism  eighteen  specimens  issued,  five  in 
September,  1895,  and  the  remainder  in  July,  1896. 

Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

This  was  the  most  abundant  of  the  Dipterous  parasites.  Like  the 
other  species,  it  occurs  practically  all  over  the  country.  It  has  been 
reared  at  this  office  from  twenty- seven  distinct  species  of  Lepidoptera, 
including  among  the  species  of  greatest  economic  importance  Agrotis 
ypsilon,  Aletia  argillaeea,  Anarsia  lineatella,  Ceratomia  catalpce,  Datana 
ministra,  Feltia  Iter  His,  Hy- 
drcecia  immanis,  Hyphantria 
cunea,  Leucania  albilinea,  and 
Mamestra  trifolii. 

It  was  first  reared  on  Sep- 
tember 21, 1895,  from  a  pupa 
of  Orgyia  collected  Septem- 
ber 7,  the  Tachinid  larva  hav- 
ing left  the  chrysalis  before 
pupating.  September  23  a 
specimen  issued  from  a  pupa- 
rium  found  within  a  chrysalis 
of  Orgyia  on  September  6. 
On  September  24  one  speci- 
men issued  from  a  larva  found 
September  7  with  a  single 
Tachinid  egg  attached  to  it. 
Another  issued  on  the  same 
day  from  a  larva  found  September  4  with  a  Tachinid  egg  attached  to 
it,  and  still  another  from  a  larva  found  September  11,  also  with  a 
Tachinid  egg  upon  its  back.  This  last  had  pupated  within  the  body 
of  its  host.  On  the  30th  of  the  same  month  a  specimen  issued  from 
a  caterpillar  found  in  its  cocoon  September  11,  and  in  which  Pimpla 
inquisitor  had  been  observed  to  oviposit. 

Xinety-seven  specimens  in  all  were  reared ;  eighty-one  of  them  issued 
between  September  19  and  October  15,  1895,  a  single  specimen  issued 
April  16,  and  the  remainder  appeared  from  July  14  to  28,  1896.  The 
usual  method  of  hibernation  here  must  also  be  in  the  imago  state, 
although  in  the  case  of  the  fly  which  issued  April  16  the  puparium 
must  have  overwintered. 


Fig.  23.  —Euphorocera  claripennis:  Adult    with  enlarged 

antenna  and  with  empty  puparium  at  right — enlarged 
(original). 


44 
Winthemia  quadripustulata  Fabr. 

This,  again,  is  a  species  of  wide  distribution,  occurring  throughout 
the  northern  portion  of  the  United  States  and  also  in  Germany.  It 
has  been  reared  from  twelve  species  of  lepidopterous  larvae  at  this 
office,  including  certain  cutworms,  the  army  worm  (Leucania  unipuncta), 
the  grass  worm  of  the  South  (Laphygma  frugiperda),  the  promethea 
caterpillar  (Attacus  promt-thai),  and  several  sphingid  larvae.  Four 
specimens  were  reared  in  the  Orgyia  observations,  three  issuing  in  late 
October,  1895,  and  the  fourth  April  14,  1896,  this  latter  having  evi- 
dently hibernated  in  thepuparium. 

Exorista  griseomicans  v.  d.  W. 

This  species,  which  we  know  only  from  the  District  of  Columbia  and 
Central  America,  and  which  has  been  reared  from  this  host  insect  alone, 
made  its  appearance  in  our  experiments  only  in  late  July,  189G,  when 
four  specimens  were  reared  from  the  mass  of  Orgyia  cocoons  under 
observation. 

THE   SCAVENGER   FLIES. 

Helicolna  helicis  Towns.  Limosina  sp. 

Sarcophaga  (two  species).  Honialomyia  scalaris  Fab. 

Phora  nigriceps  Loew.  (Jaurax  anchora  Loew. 

Phora  incisnralis  Loew.  Neoglaphyroptera  bivittata  Say. 

Phora  fasciata  Fallen.  1  Jiplosis  sp. 

Phora  agaraci  Liotner. 

It  seems  hardly  worth  while  to  give  any  detailed  consideration  to  any 
of  the  above  species.  All  were  reared  from  Orgyia  cocoons,  and  most 
of  them  from  cocoon  clusters  which  had  overwintered  and  were  col- 
lected in  the  spring  of  189G  and  placed  in  rearing  jars  for  observation. 
It  was  especially  noticed  that  nearly  all  of  the  scavenger  flies,  particu- 
larly the  Sarcophagids,  after  issuing,  remained  among  the  litter  at  the 
bottom  of  the  cage,  whereas  the  adults  of  the  parasitic  Diptera,  and 
Hymenoptera  as  well,  immediately  flew  to  the  upper  parts  and  sides  of 
the  cage,  apparently  trying  to  find  a  way  out. 

By  far  the  most  abundant  of  the  eleven  species  was  the  little  Oscinid, 
Gaurmx  anchor  a.  This  little  fly,  shown  at  fig.  24,  was  first  reared 
on  September  10,  1895.  Its  larva)  and  pnparia  were  found  abundantly 
in  old  Orgyia  cocoons  the  larva1  of  which  had  been  destroyed  by  Plm- 
pla  inquisitor.  The  larvae  of  the  Gaurax  were  found  to  feed  upon  the 
quite  dry  remains  of  the  caterpillar.1  Other  larvae  were  found  in  dead 
pupae  early  in  September.       Several  hundred  were  reared  in  all,  of 

•Loew,  Centur.,VII,  page  111, mentions  the  fact  thatOsten  Sacken  found  the  larva 
of  this  species  in  New  York  feeding  gregariously  upon  the  chrysalis  of  the  Cecropia 
moth  inclosed  within  its  cocoon.  In  Osten  Sacken's  catalogue  the  fact  is  recorded 
simply  in  the  words  "  inquilinous  in  cocoons  of  Attacus  cecropia."  The  same  species 
was  reared  from  the  cocoons  of  the  gypsy  moth  (Porthetria  dispar)  by  Professor 
Fernald  and  his  assistants. 


45 

which  only  five  appeared  in  the  fall  of  1895,  the  remainder  appearing 
in  May,  July,  and  August,  1896.  Active  larvae  of  this  species  were 
found  feeding  upon  the  remains  in  old  cocoons  in  the  middle  of  Decem- 
ber, 1896,  and  remained  rather  active  for  several  weeks  in  spite  of  cold 
weather. 

Living  puparia  of  one  of  the  species  of  Sarcophaga  were  found  in 
the  old  cocoon  masses  of  the  Orgyia  in  December,  1896,  and  nearly  all 
of  the  specimens  of  both  species  issued  in  July  and  August,  1896. 
The  other  Sarcophagid,  Helicobia  helivis  (Towns.),  originally  reared  from 
a  snail  (Helix  thyroides  Say)  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Surface,  Warren  County, 
Ohio,  seems  to  be  a  general  scavenger  after  all.  Eighteen  specimens 
were  reared  in  October,  1895,  from  cocoon  masses  of  the  Orgyia,  and 
three  more  July  27, 1896.     It  is  a  widespread  species,  and  Mr.  Coquillett 


Fig.  24 — Gaurax  anchora  :  a,  larva ;  b,  anal  segment  of  same ;  c,  spiracles  of  same  ;  d,  puparium ; 
/,  antenna  of  same — a,  d,  e,  enlarged;  b,  c,  /,  still  more  enlarged  (original). 


adult; 


has  recorded  it  from  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida,  Mississippi,  Illinois, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  Ohio,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  (Proc.  Acad. 
Kat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1895,  p.  317). 

The  four  species  of  Phora  were  not  reared  in  large  numbers.  Of 
P.  nigriceps  about  thirty  were  bred  from  dead  larva1  of  Orgyia  at  the 
end  of  July,  1896.  Of  P.  incisuralis  five  specimens  were  reared  Sep- 
tember 1, 1896.  Of  P.fasciata  eight  were  reared  July  28  to  30, 1896,  and 
of  P.  agarici  one  specimen  was  reared  September  30,  1895,  from  discol- 
ored chrysalids  of  Orgyia  collected  September  13,  while  on  October  28 
of  the  same  year  about  a  dozen  specimens  were  reared  from  another 
discolored  chrysalis,  also  found  on  September  13.  The  facts  gained  by 
the  rearing  of  these  four  species  of  this  genus  present  no  positive 
evidence  on  the  question  as  to  whether  Phora  may  ever  attack  living 
insects. 

Of  the  Limosina  a  single  specimen  was  reared  September  2,  1896, 


46 

while  the  only  specimen  of  the  Anthomyiid  (Homalomyia  scalaris)1  which 
was  reared  was  found  in  the  breeding  cage  with  cocoons  of  Orgyia  on 
September  1'G,  1895.  Neoglaphyroptera  bivittata,  a  beautiful  little  black 
and  yellow  Mycetophilid,  was  reared  in  two  instances,  the  first  on 
May  28  and  the  second  one  April  30,  1896.  They  were  found  in  the 
breeding  cage  with  cocoons  of  the  Orgyia  collected  October  15  of  the 
previous  year.  The  Diplosis  was  reared  in  April,  1896,  and  again  in 
September,  1896,  the  first  time  from  cocoons  collected  October  15, 1895, 
and  the  second  time  from  cocoons  collected  in  July,  1896. 

THE    OTHEB    INSECTS. 

Among  the  other  insects  found  feeding  upon  the  tussock-moth  cater- 
pillars or  reared  from  their  cocoon  masses  none  arc  worthy  of  especial 
mention  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  larva'  of  J  nthrenus  varius. 
These  larva*  were  found  constantly  in  the  old  cocoon  masses  of  the 
( )i gvia  and  under  the  batches  of  eggs  whicli  had  already  hatched, 
where  they  were  engaged  in  feeding  upon  the  dry  remains  of  pupa' 
and  eggs.  This  is  quite  in  accordance  with  the  known  habits  of  this 
insect.  Its  frequent  occurrence  in  the  v\xg  masses  led  us  to  surmise 
that  it  might  be  found  to  feed  upon  the  living  eggs,  and  thus  become  a 
true  enemy  of  the  tussock  moth.  Predatory  habits  begin  in  this  way. 
This  surmise  was  proved  to  be  correct  in  February,  1897.  Mr.  Busck, 
who  had  been  instructed  to  watch  carefully  all  egg  masses  whicli  he 
should  observe  out  of  doors,  with  this  object  in  view,  brought  in,  Feb- 
ruary 14,  two  egg  masses  which  had  evidently  been  eaten  by  some 
insect.  Both  egg  masses  were  eaten  on  one  side  of  the  surface.  One 
was  eaten  into  from  the  under  side,  and  in  the  hole  was  a  cast  skin  of 
the  larva  of  a  Trogoderma,  presumably  T.  tarsale.  These  egg  masses 
were  carefully  examined,  since  it  was  suggested  that  simply  the  frothy 
secretion  might  have  been  fed  upon,  but  eggs  were  found  which  had 
been  half  eaten,  and  examination  of  the  other  eggs  in  the  mass  showed 
that  they  were  unhatched  and  living.  Later,  on  the  same  day,  Mr. 
Busck  was  sent  out  for  additional  material,  and  succeeded  in  finding  a 
spot  where  the  egg  masses  were  numerous  and  collected  50  or  more 
larva'  of  Anthrenus  varius  and  Trofjodermtt  tarsale  hidden  among  the 
egg  masses.  These  were  brought  in  and  kept  under  observation  in  con- 
finement. It  was  soon  proved  beyond  all  doubt  that  they  eat  sound 
eggs  of  the  tussock  moth  with  avidity,  and  certainly  just  as  readily  as 
they  eat  dead  animal  matter,  which  was  given  them  at  the  same  time. 
We  have  thus  the  beginning  of  what  may  ultimately  prove  to  be  a  very 
beneficial  predatory  habit  on  the  part  of  these  Dermestid  larva?.  The 
only  record  known  to  us  of  a  true  predatory  habit  on  the  part  of  a  Der- 
mestid larva  is  published  by  A.  Kuwert  in  the  Stettiner  Entomolo- 
gische  Zeitung  for  1871,  page  305,  where  it  is  stated  that  the  larvae  of 

^his  species  is  common  to  Europe  aud  North  America.  In  Europe  its  larva  has 
been  found  in  human  excrement. 


47 

Megatoma  undata  were  found  inside  the  cocoons  of  Tenthredo  lutea. 
Kuwert  considered  their  work  in  killing  pupae  of  this  sawfly  of  consid- 
erable importance  and  ascribed  the  immunity  of  his  garden  from  the 
work  of  the  sawfly  larvse  to  this  cause.  It  seems,  however,  that  there 
may  still  be  doubt  about  the  accuracy  of  his  conclusions. 

As  illustrating  the  necessity  for  the  most  careful  examination  of  all 
the  circumstances  surrounding  a  case  of  supposed  parasitism,  and  as 
bearing  upon  the  subject  of  Anthrenus  varius,  the  fact  may  be  men- 
tioned that  on  December  17  a  living  specimen  of  an  adult  Proctotrypid 
parasite  was  found  in  the  center  of  an  ei  ipty  egg  mass  of  the  Orgyia. 
The  species  was  new  to  the  series  of  Orgyia  parasites,  and  study  showed 
it  to  be  Laelius  trogodermatis  Ashmead,  a  parasite,  as  the  name  indi- 
cates, of  Dermestid  larvre.  Further  examination  showed  a  full  grown 
larva  of  the  Anthrenus  in  the  same  egg  mass.  Mr.  Ashmead  informs 
the  writer  that  he  has  previously  reared  this  Proctotrypid  from  Anthre- 
nus varius,  and  the  presence  of  this  specimen  on  the  Orgyia  egg  mass 
was  thus  explained. 

A  very  constant  feature  in  the  examination  of  the  Orgyia  cocoon 
masses  during  December,  1896,  was  the  finding  of  many  of  the  charac- 
teristic cocoons  of  a  Chrysopa.  They  were  hidden  away  among  the 
mass  in  all  conceivable  situations.  Some  were  empty,  some  contained 
parasites,  while  others  contained  the  hibernating  larva'  of  the  Chrysopa. 
During  the  preceding  summer  adult  Chrysopas  were  reared  in  some 
numbers  from  Orgyia  cocoon  masses  placed  in  the  rearing  cages  for 
study.  The  frequent  parasitism  of  these  Chrysopa  cocoons  introduced 
another  element  of  danger  in  drawing  conclusions  as  to  the  true  para- 
sites or  hyper  parasites  of  Orgyia.  For  a  time  the  writer  considered 
one  of  the  species  of  Hemiteles  (sens,  lat.)  reared  from  the  Orgyia 
cocoons  as  one  of  the  tussock  moth  hyperparasites.  While  opening 
many  Orgyia  cocoons,  however,  in  December,  one  was  found  which 
contained  several  old  and  empty  cocoons  of  Pimpla  inquisitor,  and  in 
one  of  these,  back  at  its  far  extremity,  was  the  imparium  of  a  Sarcoph- 
agid  fly,  from  which  the  adult  had  issued.  More  in  a  spirit  of  idle 
curiosity  than  in  anticipation  of  any  result,  this  empty  puparium  was 
cut  open  and  here  again  in  its  far  extremity  was  another  object,  the 
cocoon  of  this  Chrysopa.  The  cocoon  was  intact,  and  upon  cutting  it 
open  it  was  found  to  contain  an  adult  of  the  Hemiteles,  which  up  to  that 
time  had  been  considered  a  hyperparasite  of  Orgyia.  The  larva  of  the 
Sarcophagid  having  reached  full  growth  after  feeding  on  the  remains 
of  the  Pimpla  pupa  skins,  or  perhaps  dead  pupa?  as  well,  had  trans- 
formed within  the  Pimpla  cocoon  and  the  fly  had  issued.  The  para- 
sitized full-grown  Chrysopa  larva,  seeking  to  hide  itself  as  effectu- 
ally as  possible,  had  crawled  first  into  the  Orgyia  cocoon,  second  into 
the  Piinpla  cocoon,  and  third  into  the  empty  puparium,  and  in  its 
far  extremity,  with  its  little  remaining  strength,  had  spun  its  own 
cocoon  only  to  die  immediately  thereafter  from  the  attacks  of  the  larva 


48 

of  a  primary  parasite  already  containing  eggs  of  the  hyperparasitic 
Hem  i  teles ! 

The  abundance  of  these  Chrysopa  cocoons  in  these  situations  does 
not,  it  seems  to  ns,  prove  that  the  larvae  which  constructed  them  had 
fed  upon  the  Orgyia.  It  is  more  likely  that  they  were  attracted  by  the 
abundance  of  dipterous  larvae,  particularly  of  the  larvae  of  the  little 
Gaurax,  although  this  is  supposition  only. 

The  work  of  predatory  Heteroptera  was  not  especially  marked,  and 
in  fact  for  some  reason  these  insects  do  not  seem  to  prey  as  extensively 
upon  tussock-moth  caterpillars  as  upon  the  fall  webworm  and  other 
caterpillars.  We  have  already  called  attention  to  the  exemption  from 
bird  attack  which  this  species  possesses,  and  in  fact  the  conspicuous 
coloration  of  the  caterpillar  seems  to  mark  it  as  an  especially  protected 
form. 

(JEir^AL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

Except  for  the  remarkable  number  of  species  involved,  there  is 
nothing,  perhaps,  after  all,  so  extremely  unusual  in  the  extensive  case  of 
parasitism  of  which  we  have  just  given  the  details.  Wherever  a  plant- 
feeding  species  from  some  cause  or  from  some  combination  of  causes 
transcends  its  normal  abundance  to  any  great  extent,  there  is  always 
a  great  multiplication  of  its  natural  enemies,  and  this  multiplication  is 
usually  so  great  as  to  reduce  the  species  to  a  point  even  below  its 
normal.  Exceptions  to  this  rule  are  seen  with  especially  protected 
species,  which,  through  the  possession  of  some  distasteful  or  repug- 
nant quality,  have  no  predatory  or  parasitic  enemies.  Even  in  such 
cases,  however,  disease  steps  in  and  tills  the  want.  I  need  only  refer 
to  the  chinch  bug  as  a  familiar  example  of  this  class  of  injurious 
insects.  It  possesses  no  parasites,  but  when  it  increases  beyond  the 
bounds  of  what  may  be  called  nature's  law,  for  want  of  a  better  term, 
bacterial  and  fungous  diseases  speedily  carry  it  off. 

With  all  very  injurious  lepidopterous  larv<T,  however,  we  constantly 
see  a  great  fluctuation  in  numbers,  their  parasites  rapidly  increasing 
immediately  after  the  increase  of  the  host  species,  overtaking  it  numer- 
ically and  reducing  it  to  the  bottom  of  another  ascending  period  of 
development.  The  unusual  number  of  parasitic  forms  in  the  present 
case,  however,  and  the  extreme  thoroughness  of  their  work,  as  well  as 
the  plain  evidence  of  the  important  part  which  hyperparasites  have 
played,  renders  this  particular  case  of  perhaps  more  than  usual  interest. 

The  culmination  of  the  Orgyia  attack  may  be  placed  at  the  end  of 
August  and  early  part  of  September,  189o.  At  that  time  almost  every 
poplar,  soft  maple,  box  elder,  elm,  alder,  birch,  and  willow  in  the  city 
of  Washington  was  completely  defoliated,  while  other  maples,  syca- 
mores, horse-chestnuts,  ashes,  and  many  other  trees  were  badly  dam- 
aged. The  rapidly  developing  parasites  (some  of  them,  as  we  have 
shown,  requiring  only  two  weeks  for  the  development  of  an  entire  gen- 
eration) by  this  time  had  become  so  numerous  that  it  was  an  exception 


49 

to  find  a  healthy  caterpillar  which  one  of  the  parasites  was  not  engaged 
in  stinging".  The  rearings  which  were  undertaken  at  this  time  show  a 
parasitism  of  perhaps  90  per  cent  of  the  caterpillars. 

The  species  principally  involved  in  this  work  were  Pimpla  inquisitor 
and  Chalcis  ovata,  both  primary  parasites.  The  remaining  species  were 
not  abundant  and  very  few  hyperparasites  were  reared  in  the  autumn 
of  1S95.  It  is  worthy  of  record,  however,  that  many  caterpillars  were 
killed  at  this  time  by  some  disease  the  nature  of  which  has  not  as  yet 
been  ascertained,  although  some  work  has  been  done  upon  it  by  Mr. 
A.  F.  Woods.  About  10  per  cent  of  the  cocoons  at  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember gave  forth  adult  moths,  and  of  these,  of  course,  only  about  one- 
half  were  females.  Ten  per  cent,  then,  of  the  possible  females  of  the 
fall  generation  laid  their  eggs,  and  the  majority  of  these  eggs  hiber- 
nated successfully,  so  that  in  April  and  May,  1896,  there  was  a  moder- 
ately abundant  hatching  of  young  Orgyia  caterpillars. 

In  the  meantime,  however,  the  extremely  abundant  primary  parasites 
had  successfully  hibernated  and  were  in  position  to  make  their  presence 
felt.  It  resulted  that  at  the  points  of  observation  this  first  generation 
of  tussock-moth  caterpillars  was  practically  exterminated,  and  in  June 
it  was  a  very  difficult  matter  to  find  enough  living  individuals  to  carry 
on  rearing-cage  experiments  at  the  very  points  where  they  had  been 
present  the  previous  year  by  thousands  and  thousands.  Rearing-cage 
experiments  at  this  time  showed  the  actual  percentage  of  parasitism  to 
reach  above  98  per  cent.  The  details  of  one  of  these  experiments 
follows: 

On  June  30  and  July  8,  189G,  621  cocoons  of  the  tussock  moth  were 
collected  without  discrimination  from  the  trunks  of  trees  in  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  park.  From  these  621  cocoons  issued  the 
following  parasites: 

Specimens. 

Pimpla  inquisitor 729 

Bathy  thrix  pimplie 13 

Linmeria  valida 1 

Theronia  fulvescens 1 

Chalcis  ovata  . 69 

Dibrachys  boucbeanus '  50 

Asecodes  albitarsis 1 

Frontina  aletia* 7 

Frontina  frencbii 14 

Tachina  mella 12 

Euphoroeera  claripennis 15 

Exorista  griseomicans 4 

Total ' 916 

Thus  from  the  624  cocoons  were  reared  916  parasites,  all  but  61  of 
which  were  primary.  Of  moths  12  were  reared,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  these  12,  all  of  the  others  which  were  not  parasitized,  and  these 

'Estimated. 
11859— No.  5 1 


50 

were  only  a  few,  died  from  disease.  The  exact  mortality  ratio  was, 
therefore,  98.08  per  cent. 

In  the  later  months  of  181)0  the  abundant  presence  of  hyperparasites 
was  made  manifest.  Many  hundreds  of  specimens  of  Dibrachy^  bou- 
cheanus  were  reared  from  the  cocoons  of  the  Pimpla,  and  while  the 
next  most  important  primary  parasite.  Ghal-eis  ovata,  has  not  definitely 
been  proved  to  have  its  own  parasites,  it  is  almost  safe  to  state  that 
it  also  is  destroyed  by  this  species  or  some  other  of  the  secondary 
parasites.  The  other  primary  parasites,  notably  Meteorus  communis, 
Limner  la  raliria.  and  the  Apanteles,  were  also,  almost  without  excep- 
tion, destroyed  by  hyperparasites.  principally  Spilo  chalets  debilis  and 
IHbrachys  boucheanus. 

The  effect  of  this  hyperparasitism  began  to  be  noticed  by  the  time 
the  third  generation  of  tussock-moth  caterpillars  became  full  grown. 
It  was  no  longer  so  difficult  to  find  specimens  as  it  had  been  in  June. 
They  were  still  rare,  however,  and  the  number  of  e<ig  masses  laid  in 
the  late  autumn  at  the  points  where  these  studies  were  carried  on  was 
very  small. 

The  length  of  time  which  it  will  take  the  Orgyia  to  recover  from  this 
exterminative  parasitic  attack  can  not  be  surmised.  The  partial  recu- 
peration toward  the  close  of  1896  was  a  matter  of  some  surprise,  and 
must  be  attributed  almost  entirely  to  the  work  of  hyperparasites. 
Ordinarily  recovery  from  a  severe  case  of  parasitism  following  an 
undue  multiplication  of  lepidopterous  larvae  is  rather  slow,  as  is 
instanced  by  the  published  records  regarding  the  army  worm  [Leucania 
unipnncta). 

We  should  naturally  have  expected  a  period  of  abundance  of  tertiary 
parasites  to  have  followed  that  of  the  secondary  parasites.  This,  how- 
ever, was  not  the  case.  Tertiary  parasitism  seemed  to  be  comparatively 
rare  and  was  only  definitely  proven  in  the  case  of  Asecodes  albitarsis 
and  Dibrachys  boucheanus,  the  latter  being  usually  a  secondary  parasite. 
The  majority  of  the  specimens  of  the  Asecodes  issued  in  the  late  fall 
and  early  winter  of  1895-90.  There  must  be  a  limit  to  this  work  of 
parasite  upon  parasite  at  some  point,  and  it  seems  certain  that  tertiary 
parasitism  is  rare,  and  that  quaternary  parasitism  seldom  occurs.  An 
interesting  fact  was,  however,  noticed  in  the  late  fall  and  early  winter 
of  1890,  and  that  was  that  many  of  the  parasitic  larva1  died  apparently 
as  the  result  of  disease,  although  possibly  from  some  other  cause — as, 
for  example,  the  puncture  of  a  hyperparasite,  the  larva*  of  which  did 
not  develop.  A  number  of  dead  larvae  of  Pimpla  inquisitor  and  Dibra- 
chys boucheanus  were  found  in  the  Orgyia  cocoons  in  December,  189(>, 
more  or  less  shriveled  and  slightly  moldy,  but  apparently  whole. 

It  must  be  stated  that  nearly  all  of  the  observations  which  Ave  have 
recorded  were  made  on  or  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  grounds  of 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  that  observations  made  inci- 
dentally and  by  no  means  with  the  same  thoroughness  in  other  parts 
of  the  city  show  that  conditions  vary  in  neighboring  localities,  and  that 


51 

at  different  points,  distant  from  each  other  less,  perhaps,  than  a  mile, 
there  was  by  no  means  the  same  relative  abundance  of  species.  It  can 
be  seen  at  the  time  of  this  writing-  (January,  1897)  that  hibernating 
egg  masses  of  the  Orgyia  are  certainly  four  times  as  abundant  at  some 
places  in  the  city  as  they  are  at  others,  a  fact  which  points  plainly  to  a 
greater  scarcity  of  primary  parasites  at  the  first-named  points.  The 
tussock-moth  caterpillar  is  itself  a  slow  traveler.  Its  primary  parasites 
naturally  congregate  at  the  points  of  greatest  caterpillar  abundance. 
At  points  where  the  caterpillars  are  scarcer  they  are  thus  less  exposed 
to  the  attacks  of  their  parasitic  enemies,  and  it  results  that  there  may 
actually  be  an  increase  of  the  species  at  one  point  simultaneously  with 
a  decrease  at  another.  This,  then,  at  once  suggests  that  in  a  small  way 
artificial  transportation  of  the  Pimpla  in  particular  may  often  be  of 
some  practical  benefit.1 

The  part  played  by  the  dipterous  parasites  in  this  instance  was  not 
great.  Only  187  specimens  in  all  were  reared.  All  were  of  rather 
well  known  Tachina  fiies,  which  are  general  and  widespread  parasites. 
Even  though  the  work  of  these  species  was  not  important  in  this 
instance,  as  is  well  known,  they  frequently  play  a  most  important  part 
in  the  reduction  of  the  numbers  of  injurious  larvae.2 

It  is  an  extraordinary  thing  that  these  flies  are  by  no  means  so 
restricted  in  their  host  relations  as  are  the  parasites  which  belong  to 
the  order  Hymenoptera.  The  parallelism  between  structure  and  host 
relation,  which  is  so  striking*  among*  the  Hymenoptera,  seems  to  be  prac- 
tically absent  with  these  parasitic  Diptera,  as  Brauer's  tables  plainly 
indicate. 


It  has  "been  shown,  for  example,  that  Pim}>hi  inquisitor,  the  most  numerous  of  the 
parasites  mentioned,  is  a  very  general  feeder  on  lepiuopterous  larva-,  and  in  such 
cases  as  this  extensive  parasitism  of  Orgyia  in  Washington,  if  the  right  moment 
were  seized,  a  surplus  of  the  parasites  could  readily  he  sent  to  such  points  as  Boston, 
for  example,  where  the  tussock  moth  appears  to  he  abundant  nearly  every  year,  and 
where,  perhaps,  the  species  would  be  found  to  attack  even  the  gypsy  moth,  although, 
according  to  the  reports  of  the  gypsy  moth  committee,  this  species  has  not  as  yet 
been  reared  from  this  host. 

-The  writer  has  searched  for  hours  in  grass  tields  overrun  with  army  worms  with- 
out rinding  a  single  specimen  of  the  worm  which  did  not  bear  upon  its  hack  the  eggs 
of  JTintheinia  4-pusiulata.  It  has  long  been  known  that  many  of  these  eggs  fail  to  pro- 
duce any  result,  through  the  molting  of  the  caterpillar  before  the  hatching  maggots 
have  an  opportunity  to  work  their  way  into  its  body,  hut  the  observations  made  by 
Professor  Fernald  and  his  assistants  in  their  work  upon  the  gypsy  moth  in  Massa- 
chusetts have  thrown  a  new  light  on  the  number  of  failures  in  Tachina  parasitism. 
On  page  385  of  the  1896  report  upon  the  gypsy  moth  it  is  stated  that  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1893  Mr.  Reid  collected  a  number  of  caterpillars  on  which  the  eggs  of  the 
parasites  had  been  laid.  Two  hundred  and  thirty-five  of  these  caterpillars,  having 
from  1  to  33  eggs  on  each,  were  fed  in  cages  until  they  changed  to  pupa-,  and  from 
these  226  moths  emerged,  but  only  4  dipterous  parasites  were  secured  from  the  entire 
number.  The  caterpillar  which  had  33  Tachina  eggs  on  it  molted  before  the  eggs 
hatched,  passed  through  all  its  transformations,  and  the  moth  emerged  in  good  con- 
dition. In  1895,  50  larv.e  bearing  eggs  were  isolated,  and  43  moths  resulted  and  no 
parasites.  Later  252  caterpillars  were  taken  in  the  tield,  each  bearing  dipterous  eggs, 
and  were  fed  and  carried  through  their  transformations  without  the  appearance  of 
a  single  adult  Tachina  fly. 


52 


The  main  function  of  the  Diptera  in  the  interesting  struggle  which 
we  have  described  was  that  of  scavengers.  The  scavenger  flies  were 
much  more  abundant  than  the  parasitic  flics,  and  the  dead  bodies  of  the 
caterpillars,  the  chrysalis  skins,  and  the  remains  of  the  different  species 
of  parasites  were  abundantly  preyed  upon  by  species  of  this  class. 

The  table  which  follows  shows  the  exact  host  relations  of  the  Ilymen- 
optera  reared  in  the  course  of  the  observations: 

Tabic  showing  host  relations  of  the  Hymenopterous  parasites  so  fur  as  they  are  known 

or  surmised. 

Host,  i  )r.i:yia  liurostigma. , 


Primary  parasite 


ondary  parasit< 


Tertiary  parasite. 


Possible  quater- 
nary. 


Pimpla  inquisitor. 


Pimpla  annulipea 

Pimpla  conquisitor 

Ichueumon  cceruleus  . . . 
Ichneumon  Bubcyaneus. 

Amorphotaorgyia- 


Dibrachya  bouebeanus Asecodea  nlbitarsis.  - . 

Allocota  tbyridopterigia Habrocytus  thyr.  !.... 

Bathythrix  pimplas Dibrachya  boucheanua 

Adiastola  americana 


Allocota  thyridopterigit 


Habrocytus  tbyr. 


Meteorut 


■omnium- 


Bleteorus  byphantria 


Limneria  sp 

Limneria  valida 


Spiloohalcis  debilia Dibraohy 

nua  ' 

Dibrachya  boucheanua Asecodea  albitarais. 

Spilochalcia  debilia 

( )tac\isti's  periliti I 

Bathythrix  nieteori 

Dibrachya  bouoheanua 

Spilochalcia  debilia Rupelmus  limneria' . 

Otacustea  periliti 

Dibracln a  boucheanua 


bouchea-     Asecodea  albil 
sis 


Theronia  fulvescena  - . 
Apantelea  byphantria- 


Apantelea  delical 


Dibrachys  boucheanua Tetra 

Eupelmua  limneria' 

ElasmuH  atratua 


icL 


ap 


< lhalcia  ovata 

I'iciomaliis  cuproideus 
( Iratotecbua  orevise 


Spilochalcia  debilia 

I  tibraohya  boucheanua 

Plasmas'  atratua 

Spilochalcia  debilia 

Dibrachya  boucheanua 

Elaamna  atratua 


Telenomus  orgj  ise 


Elaohistus  cacceciae  - 

Tetrastichus  sp. '. . . 


Dibrachya  bouch. '  . . 
Asecodea  albitarsia '. 


Asecodea  albitar- 


As  far  as  we  were  able  to  ascertain,  the  dipterous  parasites  had  no 
hyperparasites.  It  will  be  seen  that  there  were  seventeen  species  of 
primary  Hymeuoptera  and  six  of  primary  Diptera.  Of  the  secondary 
liymenopterous  parasites  there  were  thirteen  species,  several  of  them, 
however,  affecting  more  than  one  species  of  primary  parasite.  There 
were  but  two  species  of  tertiary  parasite,  so  far  as  positive  observations 
go,  but  three  other  species  were  strongly  suspected  to  sustain  this  rela- 
tion, while,  as  indicated,  one  of  the  species  of  which  we  have  proof  of 
tertiary  parasitism  may  under  certain  conditions,  in  our  opinion,  prove 
to  be  a  quaternary  parasite.  In  the  table  those  species  followed  by  an 
interrogation  point  are  problematically  placed.  The  parasitism  indi- 
cated is  strongly  suspected,  but  has  not  been  definitely  proved.  The 
placing  of  all  of  the  other  species  is  based  upon  exact  observations. 


APPENDIX.— DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES. 

Genus  AMORPHOTA. 
Amorphola  Foerster.    Verb.  d.  Naturhist.  Ver.  d.  Preus.  Kkeinl.  ti.Westph.  1868,  p.  151. 

Amorphota  orgyiae  new  species. 

Female. — Length  9.5mm;  expanse  11  mm.  Color  black:  abdomen 
rufous,  with  darker  petiole;  disk  of  second  segment  and  hind  border  of 
same  black;  all  legs  rufous,  except  hind  tibia'  and  tarsi,  which  are 
black;  trochanters,  tarsi,  and  spurs  of  hind  tibiae  light  yellow,  nearly 
white;  antennal  scape  rufous;  mouth  parts  and  teguhe  whitish;  head 
and  thorax  densely  and  finely  punctate,  with  sparse  whitish  pubescence, 
more  marked  on  metanotum;  metanotum  with  shallow  central  longitu- 
dinal groove  with  transverse  elevations;  abdominal  segments  3  to  6 
subequal  in  length;  7  shorter;  2  longer;  the  latter  two  thirds  length 
of  petiole. 

Male. — Resembles  female,  except  that  abdomen  is  darker,  dusky 
shade  extending  down  its  dorsum:  femora  are  of  darker  rufous:  scape 
black. 

Described  from  two  females,  one  male,  reared  from  Orgyia  leucostigma. 

Habitat :  District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3509. 

Genus  BATHYTHRIX. 
BathythHx  Foerster.     Verb.  d.  Naturhist.  Ver.  d.  Preus.  Rheinl.  u.  Westph.  1868,  p  176. 

Bathythrix  meteori  new  species. 

Female. — Length  7  mm.;  expanse  11  mm.  General  color  black  and 
rufous;  head,  mesoscutum,  mesopleura  and metathorax black;  all  legs, 
including  cox;e,  abdomen,  prothorax,  mesoscutellum,  teguhe,  rufous; 
abdomen  darker  toward  tip;  front  and  middle  coxa*  and  trochanters,  all 
tibiae  and  tarsi  lighter ;  sheaths  of  the  ovipositor  black ;  antennae  rufous 
with  the  joints  accentuated  with  black;  darker  toward  tip;  mandibles 
dark  rufous;  palpi  white;  head  and  mesoscutum  finely  shagreened; 
mesopleura  nearly  smooth,  shining;  metanotum  with  several  distinct 
raised  areolets ;  entire  thorax  with  fine  white  pile,  more  abundant  upon 
metanotum  and  at  borders  of  clypeus;  abdomen  shining,  faintly  longi- 
tudinally aciculate-punctate;  abdominal  segments  decreasing  in  length 
from  1  to  7. 

Male. — Resembles  female  except  that  abdomen  is  black  at  tip;  anten- 
nae fuscous;  thorax  shining  and  very  faintly  shagreened. 

53 


54 

I  )escribed  from  many  male  and  female  specimens  reared  from  cocoons 
of  Meteorus. 

Habitat:  -District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3511. 

Bathythrix  pimplae  new  species. 

Female. — Length  (3.5  mm;  expanse  11  mm.  General  color  black; 
head  and  thorax  opaque;  abdomen  shining;  all  legs,  including  coxa', 
rufous,  with  the  exception  of  black  band  at  the  tip  of  hind  femora  and 
at  tip  of  hind  tibia';  hind  tarsi  blackish,  except  at  base  Of  first  joint; 
mandibles  dark  rufous:  palpi  nearly  white;  mesothorax  very  faintly 
and  sparsely  punctate;  metascutum  divided  into  six  areolets;  entire 
thorax  with  sparse  line  whitish  pile;  lower  face  with  very  close  and 
dense  whitish  pile,  particularly  marked  at  edge  of  clypeus. 

Described  from  three  female  specimens,  presumably  parasitic  upon 
Pimpla  inquisitor. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

I'.  S.  National  .Museum  type  No.  3512. 

Genus  ADIASTOLA. 
Adiastola  Foerster.     Verh.  d. Naturhist.  Ver.  <1.  Preus.  Rheinl.  u,  Westpb.  18(>8.  p. ISO. 

Adiastola  americana  new  species. 

Female. — Length  5  mm.;  expanse  1)  mm.  General  color  black;  all 
coxae  and  femora  and  joints  2  to  7  of  abdomen  rufous;  hind  tibia'  and 
all  tarsi  black;  front  and  middle  tibia*  rufous;  teguhe  whitish;  mandi- 
bles  and  palpi  black:  petiole  black,  finely  longitudinally  aciculate; 
ovipositor  sheaths  nearly  black;  head  and  mesonotum  very  finely  and 
very  closely  granulate,  subopaque:  mesoscutellum  shining;  areolets  of 
metascutum  marked,  the  hinder  median  one  very  concave,  showing  on 
profile  view  two  sharp  prominences;  pleura  shining,  but  very  delicately 
shagreened. 

Male. — Resembles  female  except  that  abdomen  is  entirely  black  and 
that  second  abdominal  segment,  as  well  as  petiole,  is  closely  longitudi- 
nally aciculate,  though  not  so  coarsely  as  petiole. 

Described  from  two  females  and  one  male  reared  from  cocoon  masses 
of  Orgyia  leueostigma  and  presumably  parasitic  upon  Pimpla  inquisitor. 

Habitat:   District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  :3510. 

Genus  PEZOMACHUS. 

Pezoinachus  Gravenborst.     Icbneunion.     Europ;ea,  II,  1829,  p.  867. 

Pezomachus  insolitus  new  species. 

Male. — Length  5  mm. ;  expanse  10  mm.  General  color  black ;  antennae 
dusky;  all  legs,  including  coxjc,  dark  rufous;  under  side  of  abdomen, 
especially  at  base,  somewhat  rufous;  clypeus  rufous;  mandibles  rufous, 
black  at  tip;  palpi  dusky,  nearly  black;  teguhe  dark;  fore  wings  yel- 


55 

lowish  at  base;  head  aiid  mesonotum  shining,  very  faintly  shagreened; 
metanotum  closely  punctulate  with  areolets  faintly  indicated;  abdomen 
shining,  very  faintly  shagreened;  joints  4  and  7  subequal  in  length; 
1  to  4  gradually  decreasing  in  length ;  stigma  pitchy  black,  yellowish 
at  proximal  extremity. 

Described  from  three  males  reared  from  cocoon  masses  of  Orgyia 
leucostigma. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

IT.  S.  National  Museum  type  Xo.  3513. 

Genus  APANTELES. 
Apan  teles  FoersteT.     Verb.  d.  Naturhist.  Ver.  d.  Preus.  Ebeiul.  u.  Westpb.  1862,  p.  245. 

Apanteles  delicatus  new  species. 

Male. — Length  2.8  num.;  expanse  6.2  mm.  General  color  black;  all 
legs,  except  coxa1,  light  reddish-yellow,  hind  tibiae  somewhat  darker 
at  the  tips;  palpi  light  honey-yellow;  face  faintly  punctate,  with  a 
slight  incomplete  median  carina  below  insertion  of  antenna-;  clypeus 
regularly  rounded;  metascutum  with  faint  median  longitudinal  carina; 
abdomen  rather  coarsely  punctate  on  first  three  joints ;  remaining  joints 
smooth;  joints  1  and  2  with  slight  median  carina,  which  is  absent  in 
joint  3;  dorsal  plate  of  first  segment  with  somewhat  rounded  sides; 
pleura  faintly  shagreened. 

Described  from  two  males  reared  from  Orgyia  leucostigma. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3514. 

Genus  PTEROMALUS. 
Pteromalus  Swederus.     Vetensk.  Acad.  Handl.,  1795,  T.  16. 

Pteromalus  cuproideus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  3.5 "mm.;  expanse  (J  mm.  General  color  brownish- 
green;  antennal  scape  rufous;  funicle  dusky;  all  legs  except  coxae 
light  honey-yellow;  teguhe  darker  honey-yellow;  abdomen  and  meta- 
thorax  concolorous  with  remainder  of  thorax  and  head,  except  that  the 
basal  two-thirds  of  second  abdominal  segment  is  blue  or  purplish,  the 
second  segment  occupying  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  the  dorsal 
extent  of  the  abdomen;  joint  3  as  long  as  4  and  5  united;  C>  and  7  sub- 
equal,  longer  than  3,  the  terminal  segment  conical;  head  and  thorax 
uniformly  and  rather  coarsely  punctate;  metascutum  with  median  lon- 
gitudinal carina  and  two  curved  lateral  carina. 

Male. — Differs  from  female  in  possessing  yellowish  antenna-  with 
scape  black  at  extreme  base;  color  somewhat  brassy. 

Described  from  one  male  and  one  female  reared  from  Orgyia  leu- 
costigma. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

1T.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3515. 

Comes  closest  to  Ashmead's  P.  acronyctm. 


56 

Genus  EUPELMUS. 
Eupelmm  Swederus.     Vetensk.  Acad.  HandL,  1*20.  pp.  136.376. 

Eupelmus  limneriae  new  species. 

Female. — Length  3  mm. ;  expanse 4.2  mm.  General  color  dark  metal- 
lic green;  all  coxae  metallic  green;  front  femora  honey-yellow,  with 
dark,  somewhat  metallic  stripe  on  outer  side:  middle  femora  honey  yel- 
low, somewhat  darker  above:  hind  femora  metallic;  front  and  middle 
tibiae  honey-yellow ;  hind  tibiae  with  rather  more  than  basal  half  fus- 
cous: tibia-  yellowish  white;  all  tarsi  yellowish,  black  at  tip;  antenna' 
black,  somewhat  metallic:  body  moderately  stout:  abdomen  about  as 
long  as  thorax,  widening  gradually  to  joint  •*>:  joint  (>  rather  abruptly 
acuminate:  head  about  as  wide  as  thorax:  mesoscutum  sparsely  punc- 
tate; mesoscutellum  and  mesopleura  closely  and  finely  shagreened. 

Male. — Differs  in  having-  all  femora  honey-yellow;  hind  tibia1  dusky: 
middle  tibia'  dusky  toward  tips;  punctation  of  mesoscutellum  similar 
to  that  of  mesoscutum. 

Described  from  one  male  and  one  female  reared  from  cocoons  of  Lim- 
neria  valuta. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

U.S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3516. 

Genus  ELASMUS. 
h'lasmus  Weetwood.     Loud.  Edinb.  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  1833,  ]>.  43. 

Elasmus  atratus  new  species. 

Female. — Length  1.6  nun.;  expanse  3.2  nun.;  greatest  width  of  fore 
wing  4.0  mm.  Face  and  vertex  with  moderately  sparse  large  punctures; 
pronotum  and  mesoscutum  regularly  scaly,  with  sparse  hairs;  oieso- 
8cu  tell  urn  very  finely  shagreened,  shining;  abdomen  smooth,  rather 
longer  than  head  and  thorax  together;  pleura  and  hind  coxae  shining, 
the  latter  finely  aciculate:  antenna'  very  short:  funicle  joints  subequal 
in  length  and  about  as  long  as  wide;  club  slightly  flattened;  hind  tibiaj 
above  with  three  closed  cells  of  spines  placed  end  to  end  and  a  portion 
of  another  cell  at  each  extremity:  general  color  black,  shining:  thorax 
with  faint  metallic  cluster;  meso  postscutellum  not  differentiated  in 
color;  front  and  middle  tibiae  dusky,  rather  lighter  at  bases. 

Male. — Antenna]  branches  dusky,  reaching  to  base  of  club;  in  other 
respects  resembles  female. 

Described  from  many  male  and  female  specimens  reared  from  Apan- 
teles  hyphantrhe,  Apanteles  delicatus,  and  Lhnneria  ralida. 

Habitat:  District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  National  Museum  type  No.  3517. 


57 


APPENDED   NOTE. 


Prof.  V.  Deprez  has  given,  under  the  title  "Une  Invasion  de  Dasy- 
chira  pudibunda,"  in  the  Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de 
Belgique  for  1895,  pages  333-335,  some  account  of  an  outbreak  of  a 
European  species  closely  related  to  our  white-marked  tussock  moth  in 
the  vicinity  of  Carlsbourg,  in  the  years  1892  to  1895. 

Vigorous  efforts  were  made  by  the  authorities  to  put  a  stop  to  the 
work  of  the  insect.  The  forestry  administration  employed  a  special  oil, 
made  in  Germany,  to  cover  the  eggs  and  thus  to  asphyxiate  them,  and 
also  made  use  of  different  methods  for  preventing  the  climbing  of 
the  trees  by  the  caterpillars.  Moreover,  the  inhabitants  of  the  sur- 
rounding villages  were  requisitioned  in  May  to  collect  the  perfect 
insects.  " Nevertheless,"  says  Professor  Deprez,  "what  can  human 
means  accomplish  against  such  a  prodigious  quantity  of  enemies?'' 
"Happily,"  he  says,  "nature,  always  foresighted,  has  placed  a  remedy 
beside  the  evil,  and  the  researches  of  the  most  eminent  naturalists  have 
established  the  law  that  when  an  injurious  insect  develops  in  abnormal 
numbers  its  parasites  are  but  little  behind  it  in  becoming  proportionally 
multiplied.  Thus,  with  the  species  of  which  we  are  speaking  we  have 
noticed  an  increasing  multiplication  of  its  natural  enemies — the  Ich- 
neumon flies — which  charge  themselves  with  the  duty  of  reducing  con- 
siderably the  number  of  the  caterpillars,  and  often  of  reestablishing 
the  equilibrium  which  had  been  broken  for  several  years." 

Experiments  were  instituted  to  determine  the  increase  of  the  para- 
sites. In  the  winter  of  1892-93,  among  200  chrysalids,  30  were  found 
to  have  been  parasitized.  A  year  later,  from  the  same  number,  53  were 
parasitized.  A  year  later,  in  the  winter  of  1891-95,  from  the  same 
number,  95  were  found  to  be  parasitized. 

How  far  this  instance  falls,  in  the  completeness  of  the  parasitism, 
below  the  instance  which  we  have  described  in  the  foregoing  pages 
will  at  once  be  evident.  His  concluding  paragraph,  freely  translated, 
reads:  "Will  this  proportion  of  the  parasites  increase  still  further  dur- 
ing following  years,  as  has  been  noticed  in  other  countries,  so  as  to 
bring  about  the  complete  stoppage  of  this  unusual  outbreak  of  the 
caterpillars,  or  will  the  parasites  themselves  be  destroyed  by  other 
parasites,  which,  limiting  their  destructive  action,  will  thus  prolong 
the  caterpillar  invasion  ?  Future  observations  will  determine." 
11859— No.  5 5 


1 


Technical  Series  No   6. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OE   AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  EXT<  >MOL< )( !  V 


THE  SAN  JOSE  SCALE 


AXD    ITS   NEAREST   ALLIES. 


A  BRIEF  CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  CHARACTERS  WHICH  DISTINGUISH  THESE  CLOSELY 
RELATED  INJURIOUS  SCALE  INSECTS. 


Prepare« I  under  the  direction  of  I  hf   Entomologist 

BY 

T.  D.  A.   CO(  1KERELL, 

Entomologist  of  the  New  Mexico  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Las  ('races, 

New  Mexico. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 
1897. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  ENTOMOLOGY", 

Washington,-  D.  C,  April  20,  1S97. 
Sin:  I  have  the  lionor  to  Btibmit  for  publication  the  accompanying  technical  bul- 
letin, which  it  is  hoped  will  enable  all  entomologists  as  well  as  all  other  persons  who 
have  access  to  a  compound  microscope  to  distinguish  definitely  between  the  San  .lose 
scale  and  its  closest  allies.  This  bulletin  has  been  prepared  under  your  authoriza- 
tion by  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerel],  whose  long  technical  study  of  the  scale  insects  has 
especially  fitted  him  for  the  work.  Although  the  specific  characters  of  the  San  Jose 
scale  have  been  given  in  a  number  of  different  publications,  they  have  not  been  dis- 
played by  exact  contrast  to  those  of  the  most  closely  allied  species,  and  it  has  resulted 
that  almost  allot  the  entomologists  in  the  United  States  have  felt  themselves  unable 
to  decide  authoritatively  as  to  the  identity  of  suspected  forms,  and  have  always  for- 
warded specimens  either  to  this  oltice  or  Professor  Cockerell  in  New  Mexico  for  cer- 
tain determination.  Jt  is  the  hope  and  expectation  of  the  author  of  the  bulletin  and 
of  the  writer  that  by  the  aid  of  this  account  of  the  insect  and  its  allies  all  of  this 
uncertainty  will  be  done  away  with  and  that  much  valuable  time  will  be  saved. 
Respectfully, 

L.  O.  Howard, 
Hon.  James  Wilson,  Entomologist. 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

The  preliminary  examination 3 

The  study  of  the  scale 4 

The  microscopic  characteristics  of  the  adult  females 5 

The  subgenera  and  sections  of  Aspidiotus 9 

The  relationships  of  the  8an  Josse  scale 14 

Habits  of  the  species 16 

Annotated  list  of  the  species  of  Aspidiotus 18 

Postscript 31 

2 


THE  SAN  JOSE  SCALE  AND  ITS  NEAREST  ALLIES. 

By   T.    1).    A..    COCKERELL. 
THE   PRELIMINARY   EXAMINATION. 

Suppose  that  some  objects  suspected  to  be  San  Jose  scales  have 
been  found  upon  a  fruit  tree.  The  hist  thing  to  do  is  to  ascertain 
whether  they  are  scales  (Coccidfe)  at  all.  I  have  known  fly  marks  to 
be  taken  for  Ooccidae,  and  occasionally  the  lenticels  on  the  young 
growth  of  trees  are  supposed  to  be  scale  insects  by  those  whose  experi- 
ence ought  to  have  taught  them  better.  It  is  really  remarkable  how 
the  lenticels  on  cotton  wood  twigs  in  the  Mesilla  Valley,  N.  Mex.,  resem- 
ble a  scale  prevalent  in  that  locality,  Aspidiotus  jvglans-regice  var.  albus. 
From  a  short  distance  the  deception  would  be  complete  but  for  the 
fact  that  the  lenticels  are  arranged  at  approximately  equal  distances 
from  one  another  and  not  massed  like  scale  insects.  Still  more  like 
coccids  are  certain  fungi;  I  have  on  occasion  been  obliged  to  use  a 
lens  to  ascertain  which  I  had  before  me.  At  Mesilla,  N.  Mex.,  I  found 
on  the  dead  wood  of  an  apple  tree  a  fungus  which  closely  resembled  the 
second  stage,  or  immature  male  scales  of  the  Sau  Jose  scale.  This 
fungus  was  kindly  identified  for  me  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Ellis  as  the  cytispora 
stage  of  Valsa  ambiens  Persoon.  It  is  presumed  that  no  entomologist 
will  be  misled  for  more  than  a  moment  by  lenticels  or  fungi,  but  for 
those  who  are  not  entomologists  it  may  be  recommended  to  scrape  the 
object  with  the  linger  nail  or  a  knife  blade,  when,  if  it  is  a  scale  insect, 
it  will  readily  come  away,  leaving  at  most  only  a  pale  film. 

Granting  now  that  we  certainly  have  a  scale  insect  before  us,  it  is  to 
be  learned  whether  it  belongs  to  the  subfamily  Diaspime.  A  mealybug 
has  no  scale — only  some  mealy  or  cottony  secretion;  a  Lecanium  or 
shield  scale  is  itself  the  scale — that  is,  the  insect  becomes  hardened  and 
scale  like,  but  has  no  scale  separable  from  its  body.  But  the  Diaspime 
are  small  soft  insects,  in  the  adult  $  stage  without  legs  and  unable 
to  move,  which  secrete  a  scale  separate  from  themselves,  much  like  the 
shell  of  an  oyster.  With  a  lens  it  is  easy  to  make  out  the  insect  and 
its  scale,  the  latter  having  first  been  overturned  with  the  point  of  a 
knife.  The  scale,  it  is  further  seen,  carries  the  exuvia)  of  the  two  first 
stages,  or  only  one  if  it  be  a  male. 

Now,  then,  if  we  are  sure  that  wre  have  a  Diaspine  is  it  an  Aspidiotus — 
the  genus  of  the  San  Jose  scale?  In  Aspidiotus  the  female  scales  are 
round,  or  nearly  so,  and  the  male  scales  vary  from  round  to  oval, 
according  to  the  species,  but  are  always  of  a  similar  texture  to  those  of 
the  female.    Therefore  we  shall  not  be  misled  by  Mijtilaspis,  in  which 

3 


the  female  scales  are  elongate,  pointed  at  one  end;  nor  by  Chionaspis, 
which  have  the  female  scales  more  or  less  pyriform  in  outline,  and  the 
male  scales  linear,  soft,  white,  with  the  usually  yellow  larval  skin  at 
one  end;  nor  by  Diaspis,  which  has  the  female  scale  much  like  Aspidio- 

tuSjbnt  the  male  scale  like  Chionaspis. 
We  maybe  misled  by  Diaspis  if,  as 
sometimes  happens,  we  find  only  fe- 
male scales.  In  Europe  two  similar 
species,  one  an  Aspidiotus  (A.  ostrecc- 
formis),  the  other  a  Diaspis,  were  long 
confounded  under  one  name.  The 
Q  Aspidiotus  piricola  recently  described 

•s.    . .     ..  ,   .         »  by  Del  (luercio,  which   L  have  recog- 

cai^*;* .     nized  in  specimens  found  on  Prunus  in 

Fig.  l.-lHaspis  piricola:  characters  offe-       California   is  said    by  Berfese  to  be  ill 
male  (original).  J 

reality  the  Diaspis  just  mentioned  sec 
tig.  1).  I  formerly  saw  only  female  scales,  but  have  lately  received  those 
of  the  male,  which  are  as  in  Diaspis.  A  figure  is  given  so  that  the  insect 
may  be  recognized  by  those  who  conic  across  it.1 

THE    STUDY    OF   THE    SCALE. 

With  an  ordinary  pocket  lens  the  characters  of  the  scale  can  be  made 
out.     The  following  table  may  be  found  useful: 

A.  Scale  quite  convex,  about  Hinm.  diameter,  whitish  with  an  cchreous  or  grayish 
tint,  with  a  contrasting  dark  spot  marking  the  exuviae,  which  are  toward 
the  side. 

1.  Scale  somewhat  translucent,  so  that  it  lias  a  decided  orange  or  yellowish 

tinge  when  covering  the  living  insect;  a  species  not  extending  above  the 
lower  austral  zone A.  rapax  Comst. 

2.  Scale  more  opaque,  thus  appearing  whiter;  a  species  common  in  the  upper 

austral  zone,  found  mainly  on  poplars  and  willows 1.  convexus  Comst. 


'Attention  is  called  to  the  four  rudimentary  Lobes  on  each  side,  besides  the  largo 
median  ones,  which  are  dark-colored.  There  is  a  well-marked  median  or  anterior 
group  of  ventral  glands,  numbering  at  leasteight.  As  Mr.  A.  ('.  F.  Morgan  remarked, 
in  Aspidiotus  Mtreceformis  the  inner  lateral  margins  of  the  median  lobes  are  produced 
to  encircle  the  anus,  while  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind  in  the  Diaspis.  Then;  has 
been  some  question  as  to  what  name  this  Diaspis  should  bear.  Fitch's  Aspidiotus 
circularis  (Tr.  N.  V.  Agr.  Soc,  1856)  from  stalks  of  currant  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  lias 
been  thought  referable  to  it,  and  would  be  the  oldest  name ;  but  it  doubtless  belongs 
to  A.  ancylus,  which  Dr.  Lintner  has  found  on  black  currant  in  Albany.  I  do  not 
recommend  its  use  for  ancylus,  however,  as  it  is  an  unrecognizable  nomen  seminudnm, 
so  far  as  Fitch's  publication  goes.  The  names  pyri  and  oslrea'formis,  as  applied  to 
the  Diaspis  by  Boisduval  and  Signoret,  respectively,  can  have  no  claim,  being  merely 
misidentitications  of  Linnean  and  Curtisian  species.  We  are  thus  obliged  to  fall  back 
on  Del  Guercio's  specific  name,  and  call  the  insect  Diaspis  piricola  (Del  Guerc.); 
unless  it  can  be  proved  identical  with  D.  pyri  Colvee,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  Bull., 
1881,  p.  lii.  The  difficulty  with  regard  to  Colvee's  insect  arises  from  his  account  of 
the  grouped  ventral  glands;  be  gives,  caudolaterals  18 to  20,  cephalolaterals20 to 24, 
median  wercr  more  than  six,  sometimes  less  or  even  none.  In  tho  Diaspis  the  median 
group  is  larger,  while  the  others  are  smaller,  viz,  median  8  to  12,  caudolaterals  8  to 
14,  cephalolaterals  12  to  13. 


5 

B.  Scale  flattened,  but  comparatively  large,  diameter  3inm.,  or  nearly;  exuvi.e  form- 

ing a  slight  prominence  between  the  middle  and  the  side,  when  rubbed  so 
as  to  remove  a  thin  film  of  secretion,  appearing  shining  orange  or  foxy-red. 

1.  Scale  grayish-brown A .  juglans-regice  Comst. 

2.  Scale  white A.juglans-regice  v.  albus  Ckll. 

C.  Scale  flattened  like  the  last,  but  smaller;  diameter  2mm.  or  less. 

1.  Scale  pale  grayish,  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge,  the  male  scales  suffused  with 

blackish,  exuvite  of  the  9  scale  somewhat  to  the  side  of  the  center,  dull 
orange A.  howardi  Ckll. 

2.  Scale  blackish  or  dark  gray  to  dull  black,  the  exuviae  when  exposed  a  deep 

orange-red,  their  position  somewhat  away  from  the  center. 

a.  Scale  usually  very  dark,  first  skin  hardly  raised  or  nipple-like ;  a  species 

common  in  the  transition  zone,  often  on  maples 1.  (inci/lus  Putn. 

b.  Scale  somewhat  paler,  first  skin  somewhat  raised  and  nipple-like,  with 

faint  indications  of  a  dot  and  ring A.  forbesi  Johns. 

3.  Scale  of  female  gray,  with  the  exuviae  central,  or  nearly  so,  yellowish,  $ 

scales  showing  a  distinct  dot  surrounded  by  a  ring,  which  is  not  the  case 
in  A.  howardi. 

a.    $  scale  all  black,  the  dot  and  ring  not  distinguished  by  color,  but  dis- 
tinctly sculptured;  a  Japanese  species A.  andromelas  Ckll.  n.  sp. 

1).    $  scale  grayish,  hardly  black,  with  a  light  dot  and  ring. 

A.  pemiciosus  Comst.  (San  Jose  scale). 

c.  $  scale  grayish  black,  the  light  dot  and  ring  Aery  conspicuous;  occurs 

on  orange  and  plum  in  Japan /.  perniciosus  v.  albopunctatua  Ckll. 

The  scale  of  A.  cydonice  Comst.,  found  on  quince  in  Florida,  resembles 
that  of  ra/pax.  A.  cfawii  Ckll.  n.  sp.,  a  Mexican  species,  has  also  a  con- 
vex scale,  but  the  exuviae  are  not  dark.  The  European  A.  ostreceformis 
Curt,  has  a  black  scale  with  deep  orange  exuviae  and  could  easily  be 
taken  for  ancylus. 

It  has  been  a  matter  for  dispute  whether  the  San  Jose  scale  can  be 
certainly  recognized  in  the  field.  Its  effect  on  the  tree,  killing  the 
branches,  is  characteristic,  but  hardly  in  any  true  sense  diagnostic; 
while  the  reddening-of  the  tissues  of  the  plant  adjacent  to  the  scale  is 
sometimes  well  marked  with  A.  ancylus  as  well  as  with  pemiciosus.  A 
little  experience,  however,  enables  one  to  recognize  the  ashy-gray,  gen- 
erally thickly  massed  scales  of  pemiciosus,  with  the  dot  and  ring  of  the 
male  scale;  as  against  the  dark  scale  and  contrasting  reddish-orange 
exuvia^  of  ancylus,  or  the  similar  scales  of  ostreceformis  and  forbesi.  Nor 
will  the  very  pale  scale  of  howardi,  found  singly  on  plums,  be  likely  to 
cause  confusion.  At  the  same  time  it  is  to  be  recommended  that  the 
diagnosis  made  in  the  field  be  in  every  case  confirmed  by  examination 
of  the  insect  under  the  compound  microscope,  if  either  locality  or  plant 
is  new. 

A.  forbesi  was  only  recently  described  from  Illinois,  but  I  have  this 
year  found  it  on  apple  trees  in  Mesilla,  X.  Mex  ,  and  it  will  probably 
be  detected  in  other  parts  of  America  if  looked  for. 

THE   MICROSCOPICAL    CHARACTERS   OF    THE   ADULT  FEMALE. 

The  female  insect  should  be  carefully  removed  from  beneath  the 
scale  and  boiled  for  a  moment  in  strong  liquor  potassa*.  It  will  then 
be  transparent,  and  can  be  examined  with  a  confound  microscope.     It 


"f 


Uhvj' 


is  the  hind  extremity  of  the  insect  which  presents  the  characteristic 
features.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  the  same  with  other  people,  but 
the  writer  can  always  judge  best  of  the  form  of  the  parts  when  the 
tail  is  pointing  upward,  as  in  the  accompanying  figures.  This  is 
explained  by  the  fact  that  the  eye  is  more  accustomed  to  judge  of 
convexities  (e.  g.,  mountain  ranges,  tree  tops,  &c.)  than  concavities. 

Baving  prepared  t  lie  specimen,  an  examination  shows  various  caudal 
structures,  known  as  lobes,  plates,  and  spines.  The  lobes  are  more  or 
less  rounded  projections  from  the  margin,  of  which  there  is  a  well- 
developed  pair  (the  median 
lobes)  at  the  caudal  extremity, 
and  varying  numbers  of  outer 
ones,  according  to  the  species. 
The  plates,  so  called,  are  gland 
hairs,  and  form  a  delicate  fringe 
adjacent  to  the  lobes;  they  are 
often  branched.  The  spines  are 
line  bristles,  placed  at  intervals 
on  the  margin,  projecting  more 
nearly  at  right  angles  than  the 
plates. 

Scattered  over  the  surface  of 
the  hind  part  of  the  insect  will 
be  found  oval  glands,  the  position 
and  number  of  which  is  often  of 
importance.  In  connection  with 
the  glands  at  the  bases  of  the 
lobes  are  found  chitinous  pro- 
cesses, which  remain  dark  after 
boiling  the  insect  in  caustic  pot- 
ash, and  are  represented  as  dark 
fusiform  objects  in  the  figures. 

The  oval  glands  just  men- 
tioned are  on  the  dorsal  surface; 
but  by  changing  the  focus  there 
will  come  into  view,  when  pres- 
ent four  or  live  groups  of  cir- 
cular glands  on  the  ventral  sur- 
face, arranged  about  the  genital 
opening.  When  well  developed,  these  ventral  grouped  glands  consist 
of  an  anterior  or  median  group  and  two  groups  on  each  side,  known 
as  caudolateral  and  cephalolateral.  Their  function  has  long  been 
doubtful,  but  Mr.  E.  E.  Green  (Ent.  .Mo.  Mag.,  April,  1890,  pp.  85-86) 
has  hit  upon  what  is  almost  certainly  their  true  purpose,  namely,  to 
secrete  the  waxy  powder  which  dusts  the  surface  of  the  eggs.  In 
accordance  with  this  view,  we  find  them  to  be  very  numerous  in  those 
forms  which  produce  numerous  eggs;  less  numerous  in  those  which 
produce  a  few  eggs  at  a  time,  which  rapidly  hatch;  and  wanting  in 


A.  V>, 


&TYvO 


ag. 


cjv.  ^U*.» . 

Fig.  2. — Atpidiottu  pernieionu  and  A.howardi: 
characters  <>i'  female  (original). 


those  which  are  ovo viviparous,  and  give  forth  their  young  in  an  active 
state.  They  are  also  wanting  in  the  immature  females  and  the  males. 
The  San  Jose  scale  is  viviparous,  and  wholly  lacks  these  ventral  glands, 
while  they  are  present  in  the  adult  females  of  the  allied  Aspidiotus 
forbesi,  ancylus,  ostrecvformis,  juglans-regice,  &c.  They  are  wanting  in 
A.  rapax,  which  however  will  not  be  confounded  with  perniciosus,  hav- 
ing a  strongly  convex  scale,  with  dark  sublateral  exuvhe.  If  the 
grouped  ventral  glands  are  found,  it  may  be  assumed  at  once  that  the 
insect  is  not  the  San  Jose  scale;  but  it  does  not  always  happen  that  we 
have  adult  females  under  examination,  so  their  absence,  even  though 
the  scale  be  iiattish,  may  not  be  conclusive.     A  little  study  of  the 


fc*  v 


0 


A.  ar\CMlu<J, 


o,    i 


A.  Wl>nr\;c»oOvi/>. 


A.-fo-rtJXQ.'. 
.Fig.  3. — Aspidiotus  juglans-regice,  A. ancylus,  A.  ostrecpformis,  A.perniciorus,  and  A.forbesi  (original). 

accompanying  figures  will,. it  is  hoped,  remove  all  difficulty.  It  will  be 
seen  that  in  the  true  Sau  Jose  scale  (A.  perniciosus)  the  median  lobes 
are  large,  upright,  notched  on  the  outer  margin,  though  a  little  variable 
in  form,  as  the  different  figures  indicate.  The  second  lobes  are  small 
but  distinct,  quite  close  to  the  first,  variable  in  shape  but  inclined  to  be 
pointed,  and  notched  also  on  the  outer  margin.  The  chitinous  proc- 
esses at  the  interval  between  the  first  and  second  lobes  are  well 
developed,  close  together,  and  of  nearly  equal  size.  Fig.  2  is  designed  to 
wShow  the  glandular  hairs  or  "  plates; "  attention  should  be  called  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  spine-like,  at  most  feebly  serrate,  not  branched ;  there 
is  a  large  pair  at  a  and  three  smaller  pairs  are  shown  at  b.    While  the 


8 


N 


Vfi 


P>  <$> 


small  pairs  of  plates  are  quite  characteristic,  there  is  a  fair  amount 
of  variation  in  these  organs,  and  it  is  worth  noting  that  if  the  speci- 
mens are  boiled  too  long  they  are  apt  to  be  destroyed  or  detached. 

In  A.  ancytus  (fig.  3),  the  species  most  commonly  confounded  with 
pernidosus,  it  is  seen  that  the  shape  of  the  median  lobes  is  different, 
though  these  organs  vary  somewhat,  and  that  there  is  nothing  but  the 
merest  rudiment  of  a  second  lobe.  It  is  further  seen  that  the  interval 
between  the  median  lobe  and  the  rudiment  of  the  second  is  very  wide, 
and  that  the  chitinous  processes  are  far  apart  and  not  of  equal  size, 
the  innermost  being  the  largest.  There  is  also  a  gland  orifice  just 
below  the  interval.  The  plates  of  ancylus,  not  shown  in  the  figure, 
are  fringed  and  of  the  type  shown  in  howardi,  though  less  developed. 
.1.  howardi  (tig.  2)  is  of  the  type  of  ancylus,  but  the  rudiment  of 
the  second  lobe  is  somewhat  more  developed.     The   figure,  from  one 

of  the  type  specimens, 
sufficiently  indicates  the 
characters  and  includes 
the  oval  dorsal  glands. 
It  must  be  admitted 
that  howardi  is  very 
close  to  ancylus;  per- 
haps only  a  variety  of  it. 
A.  forbesl  (fig.  3)  is 
really  a  good  deal  nearer 
to  perniciosus  than  is 
ancylus.  It  will  Denoted, 
however,  that  the  me- 
dian lobes  are  more  or 
less  oblique,  and  espe- 
cially that  the  chitinous 
processes  of  the  inter- 
val between  the  first  and 
second  lobes  are  very 
unequal,  the  inner  being 
very  large  and  curved,  the  outer  reri/  small.  The  second  lobe  is  quite 
distinct;  Mr.  Johnson  figures  it  as  entire,  but  it  is  almost  always 
deeply  notched. 

A.ostrcai'ormis  (fig.  3).  which  has  been  found  at  Alameda,  CaL,  has 
the  first  and  second  lobes  quite  wide  apart;  but  the  second  lobe,  though 
small,  is  distinct.  The  form  of  the  median  lobes  is  somewhat  peculiar. 
A.  juglans-regia?  (fig.  3)  and  its  var.  albas  (fig.  4)  ought  not  to  be 
confounded  with  perniciosus  on  account  of  large  scale,  but  figures  are 
given  in  case  of  any  difficulty.  The  difference  in  the  shape  of  the 
median  lobes  shown  in  the  two  figures  is  not  a  constant  one,  as  between 
the  type  and  variety.  This  species  will  be  further  known  by  the  very 
well-developed  rows  of  oval  dorsal  glands,  which  are  extremely  con- 
spicuous in  mounted  specimens. 


Fro, 


l  —Aspidiotus juglan8-regice  var.  albus,  A.  crawly  and 
.1 .  andr omelets  (origi 


lal). 


A.  albopunctatus,  now  regarded  as  a  variety  of  perniciosus  and  A. 

andromelas  (fig.  4),  both  Japanese,  do  not  differ  from  perniciosus  by  any 
marked  structural  characters  j  andromelas  is  easily  recognized  by  its  scale. 

A.  obscurus,  which  Mr.  G.  McCarthy  reports  as  occurring  rarely  on 
peach  in  North  Carolina  (N.C  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull.  138),  belougs  to  a  differ- 
ent section  of  the  genus  from  the  above,  and  is  distinguished  at  once 
by  the  dark  gray  scale,  with  exuviae  appearing  pitch-black  when  rubbed. 
There  are  five  groups  of  ventral  glands,  the  median  of  as  many  as  six. 

The  figure  of  A.  crawii  (fig.  4)  illustrates  the  group  of  rapax,  concexus, 
cydonicB,  etc.  (subg.  Hemiberlesia  Ckll.),  iu  which  tbe  median  lobes  are 
large  but  the  others  practically  obsolete,  or  at  best  very  minute.  The 
plates  are  branched  and  crowded  up  toward  the  median  lobes,  making 
quite  a  dense  fringe. 

The  following  table  of  the  grouped  ventral  glands  may  be  found 
useful : 


"•*■■■■  ffiat: 


A.perniciosus  . 
A.  andromelas. 
A. 


rapax . 


A.juglang-regice 

A.forberi 

A.ostreceformis  (from  England)  .. 

A .  convexus 

.1 .  ancylus 

A .  cydonice 

A .  era  wit 

A.  uvce  (on  grapevine) 

A.  ob.  eurus 

A .  howardi 

A.patavinus  (on  cherry  in  Italy) 


None. 
None. 


None. 
None. 


Caudo- 

laterals. 


None. 

None. 

0  to  4 

7  to  16 

1  to  3 

3  to    7 

6 

11 

None. 

7 

0  to  6 

6  to  14 

None. 

8  to    9 

None. 

5 

0  to  2 

4  to    9 

6 

12 

None. 

6  to     7 

0  to  2 

4  to    9 

None. 

None. 

None. 
4  to  8 
3  to    5 


3  to 


THE    SUBGENERA    AND    SECTIONS    OF   ASPIDIOTUS. 

Professor  Comstock,  in  his  second  Cornell  report  (1883),  gave  a  table 
of  the  American  species  of  Aspidiotus  known  at  that  time.  It  ran 
somewhat  as  follows: 

A.  Last  segment  of  female  with  six  groups  of  ventral  glands.     This  includes  A. 

sabalis,  which  is  now  placed  in  the  genus  Comstockiella, 
AA.  Last  segment  of  female  with  less  than  six  groups  of  ventral  glands. 

B.  Last  segment  of  female  with  three  pairs  of  well-developed  lobes,  and  with 

elongated  thickenings  of  the  body  wall  terminating  at  or  near  the  bases  of 
the  lobes.  This  is  the  subgenus  Chrysomphalus  Ashmead  (type  A.  ficus),  with 
the  related  groups  Jfelcuiaspis  n.  subg.  (type  A.  obscurus),  Uycetaspis  n.  subg. 
(typo  A.  personal  us),  and  Aonidiella  Berl.  &  Leon,  (type  A.  aurantii). 
BB.  Second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  smaller  or  wanting;  caudal  margin  with  two 
pairs  of  incisions,  with  thickened  edges.  This  includes  the  subg.  Diasjridio- 
tus  Berl.  &,  Leon.,  with  the  related  group  Hemiberlesia  (type  A.  rapax). 
BBB.  With  neither  elongated  thickenings  of  the  body  wall  nor  incisions  with  thick- 
ened edges.  This  includes  subg.  Aspidiotus  s.  str.  (type  J.  nerii) ;  Comstock 
also  placedhere  A.  parlatorioides,  which  belongs  to  Pscudoparlatoria.  A  figure 
is  given  of  a  Mexican  specimen  of  this,  showing  some  of  the  details  more 
precisely  than  that  of  Comstock.  It  will  be  seen  that  it  differs  widely  from 
any  Aspidiotus  in  the  characters  of  the  female  as  well  as  those  of  the  scale. 
Another  species  of  this  genus,  7\  ostreata,  is  very  destructive  to  Acahjpha  in 
Jamaica. 


10 


?.»«JS«ka/l«*o*r«*    ^o-rt-JWcK^. 


oJU^j 


-fro~ 


Fio.  5. — Pteudoparlatoria  pcuratorioidet  (original). 


Aspidiotfs  S.    STR. 

A.  nerii  Bouche  must  be  regarded  as  the  type.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  scale  is  light  colored  and  the  exuviae  are  not  covered  by 
secretion.  The  terminal  lobes  of  the  female  are  wide  apart,  and  the 
plates  (or  glandular  hairs)  are  well  developed  and  strongly  fringed. 
There  are  no  deep  depressions  between  the  lobes,  and  the  chitinous 

processes  at  their  bases  are 
[r^C^k^^ki  absent.  The  dorsal  glands 
are  very  well  developed  (see 
fig.O,  A. ])i<t< <triiis) and  in  form 
and  position  differ  from  those 
of  other  sections  of  Aspidiotus. 
It  will  be  noticed  at  the  out- 
set that  in  the  fringe,  and  es- 
pecially in  the  dorsal  glands, 
there  is  indicated  some  rela- 
tionship to  those  remarkable 
genera,  Parlatoria,  Synycnas- 
pis,  and  Leucaspis.  These 
three  genera  are  exclusively 
natives  of  the  Old  World,  tlie 
recent  determination  of  Parlatoria  pergandii  from  China  and  Japan 
(specimens  quarantined  by  Mr.  Craw)  showing  that  the  one  apparently 
American  species,  if  regarded  as  valid,  is  of  foreign  origin.  This  toler- 
ably obvious  affinity  would  of  itself  indicate  that  Aspidiotus  s.  str. 
belonged  to  the  Old  World;  and  a  careful  survey  of  the  genus  reveals 
the  fact  that  there  is  no  good  reason  for  supposing  that  any  species  of 
this  subgenus  is  a  native  of 
America.  A.  destructor,  so 
common  in  the  West  Indies, 
is  unquestionably  a  native  of 
the  eastern  tropics,  whence  it 
was  originally  described.  A. 
ohirtis,  a  modified  form  of  this 
subgenus,  might  be  thought 
surely  native  of  America, 
being  found  in  Xew  York  and 
Georgia,  but  it  proves  to  be  a 
well-known  species  of  Central 
Europe;  and  against  the 
probability  of  its  being  a  native  of  both  continents  is  the  fact  that  it 
does  not  occur  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  West,  as  does  the  really 
native  Chionaspis  pinifolii.  It  can  not  be  doubted,  I  think,  that  A. 
abietis  (inch  pini)  is  an  introduction  from  Europe. 

There  are  two  peculiar  West  Indian  species  which  represent  a  modi- 
fied type  of  Aspidiotus  s.  str.,  viz:   A.  sacchari  and  A.  hartii.     The 


Fio.  6.— Aspidiotus putearius  (original). 


11 


Ak.-e-r 


<fci" 


FlG.  7. 


Aspidiotns  eyanophylli  of  Oreen 
(original). 


former  occurs  on  sugar  cane,  the  latter  on  yams,  and  I  have  not  the 
least  doubt  that  they  were  both  introduced  from  the  tropics  of  the  Old 
World,  though  they  have  not  yet  been  detected  there.  In  certain  fea- 
tures, and  strikingly  in  the  peculiar  light  purplish-brown  tint  of  the 

scale,  they  are  recalled  by  the  Cey- 
lonese  A.  tr  il  obit  i for  mis  ^  which,  how- 
ever, departs  more  than  they  do  from 
typical  Aspidiotns.  I  am  inclined  to 
suppose  that  these  resemblances  indi- 
cate some  real  affinity. 

We  therefore  dismiss  Aspidiotns  s. 
str.  as   not  American.     In    the   Old 
World  it    is    quite    abundant;  espe- 
cially, it  would  seem,  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  temperate    zone.     Just 
how  many  species    are    known    can 
not  be  stated,  since  several  of  those  described  are  more  or  less  ques- 
tionable, either  as  to  their  validity  or  their  position.     There  would  seem 
to  be  about  a  dozen  in  Europe. 

Diaspidiotus  (Berl.  and  Leon.)  Ckll. 

This  subgenus  was  founded  by  Berlese  and  Leonardi  for  a  mixture  of 
species  belonging  to  different  groups.  Xo  type  is  designated,  but  A. 
ancylus  is  included,  and  may  be  taken  as  the  type.  This  is  the  group 
in  winch  the  scale  is  usually  dark-colored:  the  exuviae  are  covered; 
the  median  lobes  of  the  female  are  usually  quite  close  together  and 
much  larger  than  the  others,  and  there  are  between  the  lobes  u inci- 
sions, with  thickened  edges.''  This  is  a  circumpolar  subgenus  of  the 
north  temperate  zone,  living  mostly  on  deciduous  trees.  Its  food- 
plants  and  range  coincide 
to  a  great  extent  with  the 
subgenus Eulecanium  of  Le- 
canium. 

In  America  this  subgenus 
has  several  known  species, 
and  no  doubt  several  await 
discovery.  As  we  enter  the 
tropics  it  almost  disappears, 
or  is  replaced  by  the  modi- 
fied type  Hemiberlesia ;  but 
in  the  West  Indian  region 
are  two  convex  species  which 
must  be  referred  to  Diaspi- 
diotus— A.  punicce  and  A.  diffinis.  It  is  unfortunate  that  we  know  so 
little  of  the  coecidae  of  the  south  temperate  zone  of  the  Xew  World,  but 
in  Chile  is  found  at  least  one  native  Aspidiotns,  A.  latastei,  which  must 
be  regarded  as  a  much  modified  Diaspidiotus. 


■\rAol^--f^r 


Fig.  %.— Aspidiotns  trilobitiformis  (original). 


12 


It  is  of  interest  to  isk  how  far  south  Diaspidiotus  goes  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere.  Mr.  Green  sends  me  a  species  found  on  Cycas  in  Ceylon, 
which  he  cajls  A.  cyanophylli.  But  Signoret's  cyanophylli  belongs  to 
Aspidiotus  s.  str.,  or  at  any  rate  is  very  close  thereto,  while  Mr.  ( ireen's 
Ceylon  species  is  a  modified  type  of  Diaspidiotus,  largely  comparable  to 
the  neotropical  Hemiberlesia.  I  give  a  figure  of  theCeylonese  so-called 
cyanophylli  (fig.  7)     It  may  be  named  A.  greenii. 

Attention  must  also  be  directed  to  certain  types  which  seem  inter- 
mediate, more  or  less,  between  Aspidiotus  s.  str.  and   Diaspidiotus, 

while  at  the  same  time  they  recall 


\j/ 


A.  Cyioi 


/ 


a 


\ 


rc~  t=fiw  oji. 


Chrysomphalus.  Such  are  A.  trilo- 
bitiformis  from  Ceylon  (fig.  8)  and 
an  apparently  new  species  from 
I'ii -land, which  Mr.Newstead  has 
taken  for  A,  hederm  (fig.  9).  No 
one  could  take  trilobitiformis  for 
a  Diaspidiotus,  but  the  so-called 
hederw  looks  more  like  one  at  first 
sight.  It  maybesaidthataSvU/;/- 
dioius  s.  str.  is  to  Parlatoria,  etc., 
so  is  Diaspidiotus  to  Mytilaspis 
and  Ghionaspis.  The  parallel  is 
not  exact, but  it  is  approximate. 

Hemiberlesia  ( Ikll. 

This  name  replaces  the  preoccu- 
pied Aspidites  Berl.  and  Leon.,  but 
with  a  very  different  significance. 
The  type  is  A,  rapax;  and  perni- 
dosus,  tenebricasus,  smilacis,  and 
minimus,  referred  to  Aspidites  by 
Berlese  and  Leonardi,  all  belong 
elsewhere — the  first  to  Diaspidiotus,  the  next  two  to  Chrysomphalus, 
and  the  last  to  Aspidiotus  8.  str.  This  subgenus  really  represents  a 
southern  modification  of  Diaspidiotus,  with  a  convex  scale  and  large 
median  lobes,  the  others  being  suppressed.  It  appears  to  be  exclu- 
sively American,  and  belongs  to  the  tropical  and  lower  austral  regions, 
except  that  one  species  (.1.  convexus)  occurs  the  upper  So  nor  an,  and 
another  (A.  irtmi)  in  the  corresponding  zone  in  Illinois. 


Fig.  9.— Aspidiotus  "Kedera"  (after  New-stead). 


Chrysomphalus  Ashm. 

This  subgenus  must  be  credited  to  Ashmead,  as  at  the  time  of  publi 
cation  Riley  expressly  disclaimed  responsibility,  though  he  had  written 
the  name  first  in  his  MSS.  The  first  definition  was  given  by  Berlese 
and  Leonardi;  the  type  is  A.  flcus.  In  this  subgenus  the  characters 
of  the  female  are  somewhat  as  in  Aspidiotus  s.  str.,  but  the  chitinous 


13 

processes  or  tubular  glands  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes  recall  the  thick- 
enings of  a  similar  nature  in  Diaspidiotus,  though  they  are  much  more 
developed,  and  are  not  accompanied  by  incisions.  The  scales  are  usually 
large,  dark,  and  have  covered  exuviae. 

The  distribution  of  Ghrysomphalus  is  quite  remarkable.  It  seems  to 
be  quite  at  home  in  the  neotropical  region,  but,  very  curiously,  it  sends 
northward  a  branch  along  our  Atlantic  coast,  even  to  Washington 
(A.  tenebricosus)  and  Massachusetts  (A.  smilacis).  These  northern  forms 
lack  the  groups  of  ventral  glands,  and  so  are  presumably  viviparous. 
In  the  Old  World  it  is  significant  enough  that  it  appears  in  several  very 
well-marked  forms  in  Australia,  but  in  xVsia  and  beyond  it  seems  to  be 
lost,  or  greatly  altered.  It  appears  probable  that  in  such  types  as 
trilobitiformis  and  the  so-called  hederce,  above  alluded  to,  we  see  how  it 
arose  from  Aspidiotus  s.  str.,  probably  in  the  oriental  or  Australian 
region;  while  at  the  same  time  we  have  an  indistinct  hint  of  the  man- 
ner of  origin  of  Diaspidiotus  to  the  northward. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  geographical  distribution,  however,  the 
striking  thing  is  that  while  Diaspidiotus  evidently  reached  America 
from  the  north,  Ghrysomphalus  almost  as  evidently  reached  it  from  the 
south,  and  so  may  be  taken  as  supporting  the  view  that  there  formerly 
existed  more  land  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Had  it  been  otherwise 
it  seems  incredible  that  there  should  be  no  native  Chrysomphalus  in 
Europe  (unless  the  so-called  hederce  be  placed  there)  or  on  our  Pacific 
slope. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  male  scale  in  A.fieus  is  almost  round,  a 
character  which  separates  it  at  once  from  the  similar  .1.  biformis.  In 
the  Australian  A.  cladii  the  $  scale  is  considerably  elongated. 

Melaxaspis  n.  subg. 

Type  A.  obscurus.  This  is  a  modified  Chrysomphalus  of  American  ori- 
gin, with  the  exuviae  black  and  the  female  with  five  distinct  groups  of 
ventral  glands.  Berlese  placed  it  in  Diaspidiotus,  to  which  it  is  not 
related.    The  Mexican  A.  nigropunetatus  also  belongs  here. 

Mycetaspis  n.  subg. 

Type  A,  personatus.  This  appears  to  be  a  greatly  modified  Chrysom- 
phalus. The  small  convex  scale  is  very  peculiar,  as  also  are  the  char- 
acters of  the  9  .  Although  this  is  a  common  West  Indian  insect,  it  is 
just  possible  that  it  had  its  origin  somewhere  in  the  Old  World.  Mr. 
Green's  A.  artocarpi  from  India,  by  the  small  very  convex  scale,  the 
white  scar  with  a  black  ring  it  leaves  when  removed,  and  some  other 
characters,  seems  to  be  allied  to  personatus. 

Aonidikli.a  Berl.  &  Leon. 

Type  A.  aurantii.  This  shows  a  decided  affinity  with  Chrysomphalus, 
but  yet  is  very  distinct  in  some  of  its  characters.  Its  place  of  origin 
is  uncertain,  but  I  incline  to  the  opinion  that  it  represents  a  northward 
extension  of  Chrysomphalus  in  the  Chinese  region. 


14 

Targionia  Sign. 

Type  A.  siqnoreti.  This  seems  to  be  a  modification  of  Aspidiotus  s. 
str.j  but  I  have  never  seen  sjiecimeus. 

ODONAsns  Leon. 

Type  A.  secretus.    A  peculiar  oriental  type,  of  uncertain  affinities. 

PSEUDAONIDIA  n.  Sllbg. 

Type  A.  duplex.     Includes  also  A.  thew  and  A.  trilobitiformis.     A 

remarkable  Asiatic  type.     The  -  lattice- work"  patch  of  the  9  is  shared 
by  the  genus  Ischnaspis. 

Cryptophyllaspis  n.  eubg. 

Type  A.occultus.  A  form  discovered  by  Green  in  Ceylon,  living  in 
leaf- gal  Is  on  Orewia. 

SSLENA8PIDU8  n.  Sllbg. 

Type  A.  articulatus.  Common  in  the  West  Indies,  but  very  likely  of 
African  origin.     Its  similarity  to  Aonidiella  is  but  superficial. 

Xkrophilaspis  n.  snbg. 

Type  .1.  pro8opidis.  An  extraordinary  little  form  found  in  Arizona; 
superficially  it  recalls  Mycetaspis. 

There  are  some  other  subgenera  indicated  by  species  which  I  have 
not  seen,  or  have  but  partially  examined.  The  above  need  not  now  be 
discussed  in  detail;  it  will  suffice  to  separate  them  out,  so  as  to  leave 
the  larger  groups  fairly  homogeneous. 

THE   RELATIONSHIPS    OF    THE    RAN   JOSE   SCALE. 

Having  now  cleared  the  way  by  the  separation  of  the  subgenera,  we 
can  more  intelligently  discuss  the  position  of  the  San  Jose  scale,  A.per- 
nict08U8j  in  the  system.  P>erlese  and  Leonardi  placed  it  in  Aspiditcs, 
but  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  Diaspidiotus,  as  that  subgenus  is  now  defined. 

On  comparing  it  with  the  other  species  of  the  subgenus,  we  arrive 
at  some  interesting  conclusions.  It  is  now  to  be  shown,  for  the  first 
time,  that  A.  pernidosus  is,  with  little  or  no  doubt,  a  native  of  Japan. 
For  it  is  in  Japan  that  there  occur  two  varieties  or  subspecies  of  per- 
niciosus:  andromelas  and  albopunctatu*.  These  agree  almost  exactly  in 
structural  features  with  per niciosus,  but  the  first  differs  markedly  in  the 
color  of  the  scale;  the  second  slightly  in  the  scale,  and  more  noticeably 
(from  an  economic  point  of  view)  in  attacking  Citrus.  Mr.  Alex.  Craw, 
however,  says  (in  litt.,  Feb.  11,  1807):  "The  only  time  that  I  have 
found  A,  pernidosus  on  imported  stock  was  from  Japan  on  some  apple 
trees,  the  grafts  of  which  were  purchased  in  America."  Mr.  Craw  has 
examined  great  quantities  of  fruit  trees  from  Japan,  so  it  must  be 
admitted  that  his  experience  carries  weight.  But  there  are  various 
Japanese  scales  which  Mr.  Craw  has  found  only  once,  and  several 
found  by  Mr.  Takahashi  on  cultivated  plants  in  Japan  have  not  yet 


15 


m 


r^ 


^ 


c  o 

Q 


A.  C-thAlai  .   f  »«v  SaKunJd., 


come  into  Mr.  Craw's  hands.  It  is  only  quite  lately  that  Mr.  Craw 
came  upon  andromelas.  Further,  if  Japan  is  the  native  country  of  the 
San  Jose  scale,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  it  has  there  various  natural 
enemies  which  keep  it  in  check )  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  it  is  found 
everywhere  in  quantities,  any  more  than  our  native  Diaspime  are  with 
us.  Indeed,  next  time  an  economic  entomologist  goes  to  Japan  he 
should  make  it  his  particular  business  to  look  up  A.  perniciosus,  and  see 
if  there  do  not  exist  such  natural  enemies  as  are  suggested,  and  whether, 
perhaps,  one  or  more  of  them  can  be  introduced  into  this  country.  It 
has  been  shown  that  Diaspidiotus  enters  the  neotropical  region,  and 
this  might  be  thought  to  favor  the 
supposed  Chilian  origin  of  A.  perni- 
ciosus.  But  even  in  the  West  Indies 
the  type  becomes  largely  modified 
as  to  the  scale  ( A .  punicce,  A.  diffinis), 
and  greater  still  is  the  divergence  of 
tbe  Chilian  .4.  latastei — all  this  not 
at  all  in  the  direction  of  perniciosus. 
While  it  is  true  that  certain  of  our 
nearctic  types  do  appear  in  a  striking 
fashion  in  the  southern  parts  of  South 
America,  I  should  be  greatly  sur- 
prised to  receive  from  thence  such  a 
scale  as  A.  perniciosus. 

Still  less  can  the  supposed  Austra- 
lian origin  be  supported,  as  none  of 
the  native  Australian  species  seem 
to  belong  to  the  same  subgenus. 
Whether  Mask  ell's  "Aonidia"  fusca 
is  introduced  Asp.  perniciosus,  it  is 
difficult  to  say,  but  it  would  seem 
probable  from  what  he  has  written 
on  the  subject.  I  am  quite  con- 
vinced, however,  that  the  supposed 
variety  of  perniciosus  recorded  by 
Maskell  as  on  Eucalyptus  in  Australia  is  not  that  insect;  the  descrip- 
tion reads  more  like  A.  forbesi,  but  it  is  very  likely  something  else. 

It  would  seem  that  our  native  U.  S.  species  of  Diaspidiotus  are  not 
so  very  nearly  related  to  those  of  Europe.  An  examination  of  such 
European  types  as  ostrea'formis  (fig.  3),  betulw  (fig.  10),  spurcatus  (fig. 
10),  etc.,  shows  a  group  not  to  be  well  matched  in  this  country,  noticeable 
for  its  broad,  low,  median  lobes.  The  difference,  indeed,  is  not  very 
great — not  so  great  as  between  some  of  our  own  species— but  yet  it  is 
sufficiently  obvious.  In  our  species  the  median  lobes  are  narrower,  and 
usually  more  inclined  to  be  notched  on  the  outer  margin.  Thus  they 
seem  nearer  to  the  Japanese  type  of  perniciosus,  etc. 


Chit--.  SM.  1,3. 


liotug  betulce  and  A.spurcatut 
(original). 


16 

Of  the  American  species,  A.  forbesi  seems  most  to  resemble  pernici- 
osus  in  the  form  of  the  lobes,  etc.,  as  will  be  evident  from  the  figures. 
This  insect  is  so  far  known  only  from  several  points  in  Illinois,  and 
Mesilla,  N".  Mex.  It  is  just  possible  that  it  also  reached  this  country 
from  Japan,  since  it  was  only  described  last  year;  but  there  is  at 
present  no  good  evideuce  in  favor  of  such  a  supposition. 

There  is  a  tendency  noticeable  in  our  American  Diaspidiotm  to  throw 
off  a  group  with  pallid,  usually  flatter  scales,  which  occur  on  the 
peripheral  parts  of  trees,  the  leaves,  and  even  the  fruit.  Thus,  from 
the  type  of  A.  ancylus  we  get  A.  howardi,    I  have  lately  received  from 

the  Division  of  Entomology  a  specimen  of 
howardi  (fig.  11)  out  of  the  original  Canyon 
City  lot,  apparently  more  adult,  and  cer- 
tainly better  developed,  than  those  Prof. 
Gillette,  the  collector,  sent  to  me.  In  the 
^o     ^  figure  the  great  development  of  the  second 

o  lobe  will  be  noted,  so  well  is  it  developed 

0  as  to  suggest  a  different  species  on  com- 

parison with  fig.-,  but  I  have  found  similar 
.  .       ,.  differences  in  the  second  lobe  in  coloratus 

(even  from  the  same  tree)  and  uvce.  In  all 
of  the  species  the  second  lobe  seems  to 
vary  more  or  less.  The  well  developed 
second  lobe  of  howardi  has  led  to  its  being 
confounded  with  comstocM.  This  latter  in- 
sect, occurring  on  the  leaves  of  maples,  is 
very  much  like  howardi  in  many  respects, 
but  is  curious  for  the  median  and  second 
lobes  having  their  tips  on  the  same  level 
(fig.  11),  or  the  median  lobes  even  being 
exceeded  by  the  second.     This  character 

Fig.  11.— AnidiotUM  honardi  and  A.        ,      _  _       ,         .       ..  ,      .       , 

eomttoeki (original).  1S  found  also  in  the  tropical  A.  destructor, 

which,  however,  is  an  Aspidiotus  s.  str. 
The  figure  of  co'mstocki  given  is  from  a  specimen  on  sugar  maple, 
Champaign,  111. 

A.juylans-rcgiwis  certainly  a  very  distinct  form,  its  scales  almost  sug- 
gesting a  Chry.sompholus.  It  seems  to  have  been  described  from  Europe 
SLSJuglandis,  but  I  believe  it  is  a  native  of  America,  more  especially  since 
it  has  a  marked  color  variety  (albus)  found  in  New  Mexico. 

HABITS   OF   THE   SPECIES. 

It  may  be  said  that  A.perniciosus  mainly  affects  rosaceous  trees  and 
shrubs.  It  is  quite  bad  upon  garden  roses.  Fearing  that  some  of  the 
published  records  might  not  be  reliable,  I  asked  Dr.  Howard  for  a  list 
of  the  food  plants  on  which  the  scale  had  actually  been  seen  at  the 


17 

Division  of  Entomology.  Here  is  the  list  as  given :  Apple,  crab  apple, 
quince,  pear,  Bartlett  pear,  dwarf  Duchesse  pear,  plum,  Japan  plum, 
Satsuina  plum,  Prunuspissardi,  Primus  maritima,  peach,  apricot,  almond, 
cherry,  Kocky  Mountain  dwarf  cherry,  currant,  black  currant,  Citrus 
trifoliata  (this  should  have  been  albopunctatus),  Osage  orange,  grape, 
elm,  cottonwood,  European  linden,  American  chestnut,  Pyrus  japonica, 
Catalpa  bignonioides,  walnut,  Japan  walnut,  loquat,  red  dogwood,  june- 
berry,  rose,  sumac,  Photinia  glauea  (does  this  refer  to  andromelas  ?), 
Carolina  poplar. 

Thus  the  habitat  on  rosaceous  plants  is  confirmed.  As  to  the  excep- 
tions, too  much  stress  should  not -be  laid  upon  them,  unless,  perchance, 
some  indicate  the  beginning  of  a  new  race,  such  as  dlbopunetatus.  I  do 
not  find  the  scale  to  infest  the  Osage  orange  nor  the  grape  .vines  in  the 
Mesilla  Valley,  even  when  they  are  grown  abundantly  in  the  vicinity  of 
scaly  orchards. 

So  far  as  we  know,  A.  forbcsi  has  similar  food  habits,  but  A.  ancy I us 
is  different.  This  last  is  especially  a  maple  species,  and  will  flourish 
also  on  Populus,  Quercus,  etc.;  it  does  not  seem  to  take  very  kindly  to 
fruit  trees  as  a  general  rule.  A.  ancylus  also  does  well  (probably  best) 
in  the  transition  zone,  whereas  A.  perniciosus  belongs  to  the  upper 
Austral. 

As  to  the  time  of  hatching,  I  have  not  statistics  for  the  various 
species.  At  Las  duces,  N.  Mex.,  I  found  A.  perniciosus  to  begin  pro- 
ducing young  as  early  as  April  26.  A  somewhat  later  date  is  given 
for  other  localities. 

The  manner  of  attack  is  different,  more  or  less,  in  the  various  species 
under  discussion.  A.  ancylus,  on  fruit  trees,  will  be  found  upon  the 
smaller  branches,  but  in  my  experience  more  or  less  scattered,  rarely 
in  any  great  quantity.  A. perniciosus  is  found  largely  upon  the  branches, 
becoming  very  abundant,  covering  and  killing  them.  On  the  young 
shoots  the  reddening  effect  is  very  marked,  though  ancylus  will  also 
produce  reddening.  A.  forbcsi,  as  seen  on  apple  trees  in  Mesilla,  occurs 
largely  under  loose  bark  on  the  trunk,  wintering  there  in  numbers,  and 
only  invades  the  branches  in  limited  quantity.  Thus,  there  may  be 
quite  a  lot  of  forbcsi  on  a  tree  without  its  being  noticed.  A.  juglans- 
regiw  occurs  on  the  trunk  and  twigs,  more  or  less  scattered,  or  in  little 
groups. 

10742— No.  6 2 


ANNOTATED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  ASPIDIOTUS. 

ASPIDIOTUS  Bouche". 
Palaearctic. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  .9.  str.)  abietis  Schr. —  9  scale  dark  gray,  margin  lighter,  exuviae  covered. 
$  with  three  pairs  of  Lobes,  plated  divided  at  ends,  ventral  grouped  glands 
present.  <$  orange,  with  the  thoracic  hand  very  dark.  Europe  and  N.  Y. 
A.  pint  Coinst.  is  the  same  species. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  afflnis  Targ. —  9  scale  circular,  with  central  exuvi;e ;  6  lobes; 
scale-like  plates;  grouped  glands  present.    On  Ruscus  acuhatm.    Italy. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  betulae  Baer. —  9  scale  plumbeous,  with  an  orange  spot  indicating 
the  place  of  the  covered  exuvisB.  The  scale  is  much  like  that  of  A.  anvylus. 
On  bark'of  birch  in  Europe.     Said  to  occur  in  New  Jersey. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  a.  str.?)  caldem  Targ. —  9  scale  thin,  circular, pellucid,  white;  exuviae 
central;  median  lobes  very  large;  grouped  glands  wanting.  $  scale  ellip- 
tical.    <  >n  Daphne. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  x.str.)  ceratoniae  Sign. — Allied  to  neHi,  but  differs  in  the  $ ,  which  has 
the  thoracic  band  almost  invisible,  etc.     On  Ceratonia  at  Nice. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  sir.)  erics  Boisd. — Kescmbles  nerii,  On  Erica  mediterranea  in 
France.     (Nomen  seminudum.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  denticulatus  Targ. —  9  scale  thin,  transparent ;  grouped  glands 
wanting.     On  Rubia  peregrina.    Italy. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  8.  str.)  genistae  Westw. — On  Genista.  Similar  to  A.  nerii.  (Nomen 
seminudum.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  gnidii  Sign. — On  Daphne  gnidium.  Similar  to  A.  nerii.  (Nomen 
seminudum.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  hederae  Vail. —  9  scale  yellowish-brown,  exuviae  central  and 
yellow.      9  with  0  lobes.     On  ivy,  holly,  and  box. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  hippocastani  Sign.  — 9  scale  circular,  blackish,  exuvia>  central  and 
yellow.  9  with  the  median  lobes  large;  groujied  glands  present.  On  horse- 
chestnut. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus?)  ilicis  Sign. —  9  scale  grayish-yellow,  exuvia>  nearly  marginal; 
grouped  glands  four  in  number.     On  Quereusilex.     Franco.     (Fssai,  18(59,  p.  123.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  juglandis  Colv. —  9  scale  small,  reddish,  almost  always  isolated  ;  i.  e., 
not  massed.  9  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  the  median  ones  much  the  largest; 
four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  8  to  12,  caudolaterals  6  to  9;  a 
single  orifice  marking  the  median  group.  The  rows  of  dorsal  glands,  four  in 
number,  are  very  well  marked;  the  first  of  3  or  4,  the  second  of  7  or  8,  the 
third  of  22  to  24,  and  the  fourth  of  16  to  18.  Found  in  Catalonia,  NE.  Spain. 
I  think  this  is  the  same  as  A.  juglans-regias /  both  were  published  in  1881.  I  do 
not  know  which  has  priority.  This  is  not  A.  juglandis  Fitch,  1856,  which  is 
MijtUaspis  pomorum. 

A.  {Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  lentisci  Sign. —  9  scale  yellowish-brown;  allied  to  nerii.  S.France 
and  Algeria. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  minimus  Leon. —  9  scale  suboval.      9  yellow,  very  large  median 
lobes,  a  smaller  second  pair,  no  groups  of  ventral  glands.     The  small  9  scales, 
less  than  a  mm.  diam.,  are  found  on  the  leaves  of  Quercus  ilex.     Portici,  Italy. 
(Riv.  Pat.  Veget.,  IV,  350.) 
18 


19 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  niger  Sign. —  9  scale  circular,  black,  exuviae  yellow;  two  lobes;  no 
grouped  glands.     On  willow.     France,     (Essai,  1809,  p.  130.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  8.  sir.)  oleae  Colv. — On  the  olive  in  Spain,  producing  yellow  spots  on 
the  fruit  at  the  points  attacked.  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Howard  I  have 
been  able  to  see  the  "Gaceta  Agricola  del  Ministerio  de  Fomento,"  Vol.  XIV, 
No.  2  (1880),  containing  ColveVs  description.  The  insect  is  said  to  most 
resemble  A.  nerii,  ceratonice,  and  villosus,  and  we  are  told  how  these  three  differ 
from  it,  without  any  direct  statement  of  its  specific  characters.  It  seems  to 
be  nearest  to  nerii,  differing  only  in  the  J  .  It  is  worth  while  to  remark  that 
in  the  same  paper  there  is  described  a  Diaspis  olece  Colv.,  which  has  escaped 
the  notice  of  coccidologists.  This  may  not  be  a  Diaspis,  as  the  9  scale  has  a 
black  spot  in  the  middle  marking  the  exuviae,  and  $  scale  is  dirty  gray.  The 
9  itself  is  of  an  intense  mulberry  color. 

A.  (Subtj.  f)  oleastri  Colv. — Description  not  seen.  Described  in  "Xuevos  Fstndios 
sobre  algunos  insectos  de  la  familia  de  los  Coccidos."     (Valencia,  1882.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  ostreaeformis  Curt. —  9  scale,  similar  to  that  of  A.  ancylus.  9  with 
four  lobes,  the  median  pair  much  the  largest.  Western  Europe.  A. pari  Licht., 
is  the  same.  See  Douglas,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  XXIII,  239;  Morgan,  Fnt.  Mo.  Mag., 
XXV,  350.  It  occurs  on  apple,  plum,  cherry,  and  Calluna  vulgaris.  Also  on 
peach  at  Isleworth,  England  (G.  M.  Fenn.).  I  found  English  specimens  of 
this  species  to  be  attacked  by  a  fungus  similar  to  that  which  destroys  American 
species  of  Diaspidiotus.     I  have  seen  it  from  Alameda,  Cal.     (Div.  Ent.,  351k.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  oxyacanthae  Sign. —  9  scale  blackish-gray,  exuviae  yellow;  median 
lobes  large  ;  grouped  glands  present.     On  Crataegus  oxyaeantha. 

A.  (Diasjjidiotus)  patavinus  Berl. —  9  scale  oval,  fuscous  or  fuliginous,  exuvke  not 
central,  length  of  scale  nearly  1A  mm.  9  much  as  in  A.  spurcatus  or  J.  vitis, 
median  lobes  large  and  broad,  second  lobes  low,  separated  by  a  wide  interval 
from  first,  plates  serrate,  four  or  five  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  bark  of 
cherry.     Italy.     (Riv.  Pat.  Veget.,  IV,  350.) 

A.  (Targionia)  sigaoreti  Comst. —  9  scale  black,  very  convex,  exuviae  central.  On 
Cineraria  maritima.  France.  (Sign.,  Essai,  1870.  p.  106;  Comst.,  Cornell  Rep., 
1883,  p.  82.)      Targionia  nigra  Sign,  is  the  same. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  spurcatus  Sign. —  9  scale  blackish-brown,  exuviae  yellow.  Grouped 
glands  present.  On  poplar.  France.  Essai,  1869,  p.  138.  A  variety  on  l'la- 
tanus  orientalis  in  Italy.     (Berl.  and  Leon.,  Cherm.  Ital.,  Ease.  1.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  tiliae  Sign. —  9  scale  gray;  only  two  lobes;  grouped  glands  present, 
lateral  groups  of  9  or  10,  median  group  of  7  or  8.  This  species  is  probably 
widely  distributed  in  Central  Europe;  Dr.  M.  llollruug  has  a  reference  to  it 
in  his  Halle  Bulletin  of  1891. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  villosus  Targ. —  9  scale  circular,  grayish,  depressed,  exuviae  not 
central.  9  with  two  lobes;  groups  of  ventral  glands  of  about  3  each.  On 
leaves  of  olive. 

A.  (Diasjndiotus)  vitis  Sign. —  9  scale  dark  gray,  exuviae  more  or  less  covered;  when 
rubbed  the  exuviae  are  brilliant  black.  9  with  only  two  lobes.  On  litis, 
near  Nice;  on  raisins  from  Algiers. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  zonatus  Frauenf. —  9  scales  gray  or  even  nearly  black,  exuvia*  red- 
dish-yellow. 9  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  grouped  glands  usually  absent,  but 
once  reported  as  present  by  Morgan.  The  9  scales  occur  upon  the  branches, 
the  $  scales  upon  the  leaves,  of  oak.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe.  A. 
quercus  Sign.,  is  the  same.  See  Morgan,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  XXIV,  207,  and 
XXV,  120 ;  and  Xewstead,  Eut.  Mo^Mag.,  N.  S.;  IV.  279.  1893.  Morgan  figures 
the  J. 


20 

Japanese. 

A.  (Diaspidiotns)  andromelas  Cfldl. — Resembles  A.  perniciosus ;  exuviae  of  male  scale 
wholly  black,  without  any  light  dot  and  ring.  On  "  Phatenia  glauca" — I  find 
no  such  name  in  the  Index  Kewensis. 

A.  (Pseudaonidia)  duplex  Ckll. —  $  scale  subcircular,  moderately  convex,  dark  black- 
ish brown;  exuvhe  nearly  at  the  side,  orange.  9  with  very  large  median 
lobes,  and  three  other  pairs  of  very  small  lobes;  plates  scale-like;  four  large 
groups  of  ventral  glands,  and  two  orifices  representing  the  median  group; 
lattice-work  pattern  as  in  A.  their.  Japan.  On  camellia,  orange,  camphor, 
azalea,  tea,  Olea  fragrans,  etc.     On  azalea  in  Washington,  I).  C.     (Div.  Eat.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  perniciosus  var.  albopunctatus  Ckll. —  J1  scale  with  the  pale  dot  and 
ring  very  distinct.  Japan.  On  orange.  Also  found  by  Mr.  Craw  on  plum 
from  Japan. 

A.  (Odontitis)  secretus  Ckll. —  9  scale  white,  shiny;  exuviae  exposed,  shiny,  rather 
large,  very  pale  yellow,  placed  rather  to  one  side.  9  when  adult  with  a  sin- 
gle (median)  lobe,  as  is  the  ease  also  with  A.  miilobis;  two  elongated  groups 
of  ventral  glands,  with  80  to  90  orifices  in  each.  On  bamboo  in  Japan;  on 
Arundinaria  in  Ceylon.     (Green,  Coccidse  of  Ceylon,  p.  47,  PL  XV.) 

Nearctic. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  aesculi  Johns. —  9  scale  about  2\  mm.  diam.,  dirty  gray,  exuvia?  cov- 
ered,  orange-red  when  rubbed.  9  yellow,  only  one  pair  of  lobes,  plates  simple, 
spines  prominent;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  5  to  17,  cau- 
dolaterals  1  to  11.  On  bark  of  AEnculus  calij  arnica.  California.  (Ijull.  111. 
Lab.  N.  II.,  IV.  387.) 

A.  (Diaxpidiotus)  ancylus  Pntn. —  9  scale  nearly  circular;  exaviffi  sublateral,  reddish 
when  the  covering  film  is  removed.  The  9  has  ventral  grouped  glands.  On 
ash.  maple,  beech,  linden,  oak,  osage  orange,  peach,  hackberry,  bladder  nut, 
and  water  locust.  Iowa,  New  York,  etc.  Putnam,  in  Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc, 
.1877,  p.  321,  says  the  scale  is  usually  of  a  light  drab  color,  which  certainly 
does  not  accord  with  what  we  commonly  know  as  ancylus.  However,  he  proba- 
bly examined  old  scales,  which  eventually  become  pallid;  and  from  the  rest  of 
his  writings  on  the  insect  there  can  hardly  be  any  doubt  as  to  what  was 
intended.     He  refers  to  the  eggs. 

A.(Z/eM(/;(r/rAi'<i /)  bigeloviae(  kll.n.sp.  (Fig. 12.)— 9  scale  on  twigs,  like  that  of  &  Hemi- 
berlesia, size  and  shape  of  J.  rapax,  but  dull  grayish-brown;  exuvue  placed  to 
one  side  as  in  rapax,  when  rubbed  shining  black,  but  more  or  less  covered  by  a 
film  of  white  secretion.  Removed  from  twig  the  scales  leave  a  white  patch. 
9  circular,  deep  brownish-orange ;  no  groups  of  ventral  glands;  no  plates;  lobt  a 
Bubobsolete.  See  the  figure,  which  is  from  a  9  full  of  embryos.  Los  Angeles, 
Calif,  on  Bigelovia  brachylepie.  (Div.  Ent.,  -U»73,  coll.  by  D.  \V.  Coquillett.) 
I  do  not  know  whether  or  not  to  consider  this  an  extremely  degenerate  type  of 
Hemiberlesia  ;   it  is  certainly  very  peculiar. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  coloratus  Ckll. —  9  scale  about  14  nun.  diam.,  broad  oval,  flat,  dull 
pale  orange-brown ;  exuviae  concolorous,  first  skin  somewhat  paler.  9  much 
like  ura  ;  ventral  glands  present.  On  Chilopsis  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley, 
N.  Mex. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  comstocki  Johns. —  9  scale  rather  flat,  cream-buff,  the  part  covering 
the  exuviae  brownish  or  concolorous.  9  pale  yellow;  two  pairs  of  well-devel- 
oped lobes,  the  tips  of  the  median  pair  below  the  level  of  the  tips  of  the 
second  pair,  after  the  manner  of  A.  destructor;  4  groups  of  ventral  glands, 
cephalolaterals  of  6,  caudolaterals  of  4.  On  leaves  of  sugar  maple.  Illinois 
and  New  York.     (Bull.  111.  Lab.  N.  H.,  IV,  383.) 

A.  (Hemiberlesia)  convexus  Comst. —  9  scale  similar  to  that  of  rapax,  but  more  opaque. 
Grouped  glands  present.     On  poplar  and  willow. 


21 

A.  (Hemiberlesia)  cydoniae  Comst. —  9  scale  like  that  of  rapax.  $  with  four  groups  of 
ventral  glands,  differing  from  con  vex  us  in  having  only  two  pairs  of  interlobular 
incisions,  and  the  plates  more  prominent.  On  quince  in  Florida.  Maskell 
reports  it  on  Citrus  from  Samoa,  and  Green  on  fig,  Citrus,  etc.,  at  Punduloya, 
Ceylon.  Dr.  Howard  informs  me  that  it  has  never  been  received  at  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  since  1880,  so  it  must  be  rare  in  America. 
A.  (Diaspidiotus)  forbesi  Johns. —  9  scale  much  like  that  of  A.  anci/lus.  9  yellowish, 
with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  5  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  cherry,  apple,  pear, 
plum,  quince,  currant,  and  perhaps  other  trees.  Illinois,  and  Mesilla,  N.  Mex. 
A.  (Diaspidiotus)  howardi  Ckll. —  98cale  flat*  circular,  pale  grayish;  exuviie  covered, 
dull  orange.  9  very 
similar  to  that  of  A.  an- 
cylus,  but  two  pairs  of 
lobes.  On  plum,  Canyon 
City,  Colo. ;  Albuquer- 
que, N.  Mex. 
A.  (Diaspidiotus)  juglans-regiae 
Comst. —  9  scale  circu- 
lar, flat,  grayish-brown, 
exuviae   covered;  diam. 

of  scale,  3  mm.      9  with  Div.Cnh  Hq7* 

two   or    three    pairs  of  OM  Bi^tioW*.. 

lobes;    grouped    glands  As|a;d;oW>  4n*3tl©v{<a.  cyj. 

present.     On    English  Fig.  12. — Aspidiotus bigelovice  (original). 

walnut     in    California; 

on  locust,  pear,  and  cherry  in  New  York  and  District  of  Columbia, 
var.  pruni  Ckll. —  9  with  the  oval  pores  more  numerous,  the  fourth  or  external 

row  of  about  20.     On  plum,  Las  duces,  N.  Mex. 
var.  albus  Ckll.—  9  scale  white;  exuvhe  orange-red,  covered  by  white  secretion. 
Mesilla  Valley  and  Las  Vegas,  N.  Mex. 
A.  (Pseudodiaspis  n.  subg.)  larreae  Ckll.,  n.  sp.  (Fig.  13.) — 9  scales  abundant  on  a  stem 

of  Larrea    tridentata;    scale    about 
^--""■\/"-x.  2  mm.  diam.,  flat,  irregular,  round 

w-^l  [r'n  i  \  i  \  i  \ ,  to  suboval ,  dull  white  w  i  th  a  slightly 

,  /  \\     \Y    A  creamy  tint;  exuviae  not  visible  in 

J  )  \j  \       C//    \  the  mature   scale,  but   in   younger 

/'       II         0  scales  the  elongate-oval,  pale  straw- 

colored  first  skin   is   exposed,  sub- 
lateral  or  even  quite  lateral.     9  cir- 
,,fT(  cular,  not  chitinous;  only  one  pair 

/  Ar.-tovva..  of  lobes;  these  broad  and  low,  close 

A.  \a/rr£*i.Ck\i  together    but   not    touching;    no 

(s.4."Pst«fcofci«*^a.}      plates;  no  groups  of  ventral  glauds. 
Fio.  13.— Aspidiotus  larrca>  (original).  The  9  '«  contain  embryos,  which  even 

after  boiling  remain  sepia  brown. 
A  dried  9  is  oval,  orange,  with  prominences  on  the  margin.  $  scale  small, 
elongate,  mytiliform,  white,  with  the  elongate  first  skin  projecting  at  the  small 
end,  like  a  Mytilispis.  Yuma,  Ariz.  (Div.  Ent.,  7502,  coll.  by  H.  G.  Hubbard). 
This  carious  species  is  for  the  present  left  in  Aspidiotus,  because  it  seems  to 
have  points  in  common  with  the  Indian  A.  nioorei,  Green.  Pseudodiaspis  will, 
however,  no  doubt  eventually  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus,  on  account  of 
the  mytiliform  $  scale  and  other  characters. 
A.  (Metanaspis)  obscarus  Comst. —  9  scale  very  dark  gray,  only  slightly  convex;  exuviae 
sublateral,  covered;  diameter  of  scale  3  mm.;  $  scale  oval.  9  with  three 
pairs  of  well-developed  lobes;  5  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  willow-oak  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 


A 


22 


A.  (Chry8omphalu8)  perseae  Comst. —  9  scale  circular,  flat;  exuviae  nearly  central  and 
covered;  outer  part  of  scale  dark  reddish-brown,  that  covering  exuviae  from 
dark  gray  to  black;  diaui.  of  scale  from  11  to  2  mm.     Has  a  general  resem- 
blance to  A.  ficus.     9  with  4  groups  of  ventral  glands.     On  Per  sea  carolinensis, 
Florida.     Mexico,  on  cocoanut  palm. 
A.  (Xeroj>hi1asj)is)  prosopidis  Ckll. —  9  scale  about  I  mm.  diam.,  slightly  convex,  cir- 
cular to  very  broad  pyriforni.  pitch-black,  with  large  uncovered  exuvia>,  which 
may  be  slightly  greenish  or  brownish.      9  with  four  small  lobes,  no  groups  of 
ventral   glands;    a    cephalic   protuberance   after  the   manner   of  personatus. 
Near  Phcenix,  Ariz.,  on  I'rosojiis. 
A.  (Chrysomphalus)  smilacis  Comst. —  9  scale  circular;  exuviae  central;  color  brown  to 
very  dark  gray:  exuviae  marked  by  a  white  dot  and  ring.     No  grouped  glands; 
:;  pairs  of  lobes,  median  smallest,  second  and  third  pairs  notched.     On  Smilax 
at  Woods  Holl,  Mass. 
A.     Chrysomphalus)  tenebricosus  Comst. —  9  scale  very  dark  gray;  the  protuberance 
indicating  the  position  of  the  exuviae  marked   by  ;i  white  dot  and  concentric 
ring,  but  smooth  and  black  in  rubbed  specimens.     The  scale  is  very  convex, 
diam.  11  mm.     $  scale  oval.     On  deer  rubrum  :  Washington,  1).  C. 
A.  (Diaspidiotus)  townsendi  Ckll. —  9  scale  1A  mm.  diam.,  circular  or  slightly  oval, 

quite  Hat,  thin,  grayish-white; 
exuviae  covered,  pale  orange.     9 
orange  ;  2  pairs  of  rounded  lobes, 
(bur  groups   of  ventral   glands, 
i  ephalolaterals  1  to  8,  caudolat- 
erals  5.     On  leaves  of  some  tree. 
Coahnila,     Mexico.       (Bull.     4, 
Tech.  Ser.,  Div.  Knt.,  p.  32.) 
A.  (Hemiberlesia)  ulmi  Johns. —  9  scale 
quite   convex,   whitish,    exuviae 
orange-yellow.    9  lemon-yellow, 
only  one  pair  of  lobes,  no  groups 
of  ventral  glands.     On  trunk  of 
(Intus  americana  at  Urbana,  111. 
Although  Johnson  found  no  ventral  grouped  glands,  he  alludes  to  eggs. 
(  Diaspidiotus)  uvae  Comst. —  9 scale  flat,  nearly  circular,  light  yellow-brown;  exu- 
viae  bright  yellow,  covered  with  a  white  secretion.     $  scale  elongated.     9  with 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  obsolete;  grouped  glands  present.     On  grape- 
vines, Indiana,  etc.:   on  hickory  in  Florida. 


A.  meuaketli,  CM|. 
(su^tj.  "moraa.^tUo/3 
Fio.  li.—Aspidiottu  mask-ill!  (original). 


Sandwich  Islands. 


(Morganella,  n.  subg.)  maskelli  Ckll.  n.  sp.  (Fig.  14.) —  9  scale  1  mm.  diam.,  tolerably 
convex,  circular  to  broad  oval,  pitch-black;  exuviae  concolorous,  very  incon- 
spicuous, placed  toward  the  side.  9  with  no  groups  of  ventral  glands.  Differs 
from  ./.  longi8pinus  by  the  contiguous  lobes,  the  tirst  pair  of  spines  short,  three 
following  pairs  very  long,  and  thirteen  strongly  serrated  and  divided  plates 
on  each  side  of  the  lobes.  It  is  evidently  what  Maskell  recorded  as  A.  loiuji- 
spina  in  Trans.  N.  /.  Inst.,  xxvii,  38.  Div.  Knt.  (><)*(>,  "on  Ohia  tree,  from  W. 
S.  Wait,  Kailua,  N.  Kona.  Hawaii,  23  Dec,  18!)3."  The  subg.  Morganella  (after 
the  describer  of  one  of  the  species)  will  be  known  by  the  closely  adjacent  or 
contiguous  median  lobes,  which  are  long  aud  slender,  the  absence  of  other 
lobes,  the  anal  oritice  at  base  of  lobes,  and  especially  the  very  long  spines. 


23 

Neotropical. 

A.  (Selenaspidus)  articulatus  Morg.—  9  scale  very  flat,  grayish-white,  appearing  orange 
or  rufous  in  the  middle,  mainly  from  the  insect  showing  through.  The  scale 
looks  like  that  of  J.  aurantii,  but  if  it  is  lifted  up,  the  flat  orange  9,  with  a 
deep  constriction  between  the  cephalothorax  and  the  abdomen,  is  easily  seen 
with  a  hand  lens  sufficiently  for  identification.  It  occurs  on  the  leaves  of 
palms  and  on  a  variety  of  other  plants.  West  Indies,  Demerara,  Mexico,  and 
lately  reported  by  Xewstead  from  Lagos,  W.  Africa.    (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  xxv,  352.) 

A.  (Chrysomphahts)  biformis  Ckll. —  9  scale  about  2  mm.  diam.,  very  dark  brown, 
circular  to  broadly  oval,  depressed,  granulose;  exuviae  nipple-like,  dark  red- 
brown,  placed  to  one  side  of  center.  $  scale  elongate.  9  with  three  pairs  of 
lobes.  On  orchids.  Jamaica  and  Triuidad.  Also  from  Central  America ;  the 
specimens  showing  four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  rather  scattered,  cephalo- 
laterals 4  or  5,  caudolaterals  5. 
var.  cattleyae  Ckll. — Exuviae  black.    On  Catthya  bowringiana.    Jamaica.    (Gard. 

Chron.,  May  6,  1893,  p.  548.) 
var.    odontoglossi    Ckll. — Exuviae  pale,  black  when  rubbed.     On    Odontoglossum 
grande.     .Jamaica.     (Gard.  Chron.,  May  6,  1893,  p.  548.) 

A.  (ChrysompbaJus)  bowreyi  Ckll — 9  scales  crowded  on  the  plant,  elongate,  gray, 
with  the  blackish  exuviae  toward  one  end.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  none 
very  prominent,  margin  serrate  beyond  the  lobes;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands, 
cephalolaterals  about  7,  caudolaterals  about  8.  On  Agave  rigida.  Jamaica. 
(Ent.  News,  1894,  p.  59.) 

A.  (Hemiberlesia)  crawii  Ckll. —  9  scale  about  2  mm.  diam.,  circular,  moderately  con- 
vex, dull  reddish-gray,  rather  pale ;  exuviaB  nearly  marginal,  concolorous,  incon- 
spicuous, except  the  first  skin,  which  is  marked  by  a  little  shining  yellowish 
prominence.  Scales  largely  covered  by  the  red-brown  epidermis.  Removed 
from  the  twig  they  leave  a  conspicuous  white  mark.  9  similar  to  cydonicv ; 
four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals  -4,  cephalolaterals  5.  On  twigs  of 
grapevine  from  Mexico,  found  by  Mr.  Alex.  Craw  in  the  course  of  his  quarantine 
work.  The  passenger  who  brought  the  plants  said  they  were  sarsaparilla,  but 
Mr.  Craw  thinks  it  is  grapevine,  and  I  am  of  the  same  opinion. 

A  (Chrysomphalus)  dictyospermi  Morg. —  9  scale  grayish-white,  depressed,  oval,  exu- 
viae  central,  light  yellow,  center  of  larval  skin  dark  orange.  9  with  three 
pairs  of  lobes ;  a  conspicuous  pair  of  long,  serrated  plates  luterad  of  third  lobe. 
On  Dictyo8pervium  album.  Demerara.  (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1889.  p.  352.)  There  are 
four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  3  or  4,  caudolaterals  2.  It  occurs 
as  a  hothouse  species  in  the  United  States, 
var.  arecae  Xewst. —  9  scale  more  circular,  deeper  colored,  with  a  nipple-like 
prominence  surrounded  by  a  depression,  beyond  which  is  a  strong  circular 
ridge.  On  Arera  triandra.  Demerara.  (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1*93,  p.  185.) 
var.  jamaicensis  Ckll. —  9  scale  more  circular,  red-brown,  no  conspicuous  central 
depression  or  ridge.     Jamaica.     On  Cycas  and  rose. 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  diffinis  Xewst. —  9  scale  convex,  slightly  elongate,  grayish-brown, 
exuviaj  covered,  brown  when  rubbed.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  plates  and 
ventral  grouped  glands  wanting.  Demerara.  (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1893,  p.  186.) 
var.  lateralis  Ckll. —  9  with  distinct  plates*.  Jamaica,  on  Jasminum.  This  is 
very  near  to  pnniciv,  but  the  scale  is  brownish-white  to  brown,  with  the  exu- 
viae away  from  the  center,  and  the  groups  of  ventral  glands  seem  to  be  absent. 

A.  (Chrysompbalus)  ficus  Ashm. —  9  scale  circular,  2  mm.  diam.,  black  or  blackish, 
with  the  covered  exuvia*  reddish  or  orange.  9  with  three  pairs  of  well- 
developed  lobes  and  four  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  Ficus  nitida  and  Citrus. 
Elorida,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Australia,  Ceylon,  Egypt.  It  lives  on  a  great  variety 
of  plants.  Mr.  Pettit  sent  it  to  me  from  the  Shaw  Botanic  Garden,  St.  Louis, 
on  Laurus  virginiana.     It  is  common  in  the  West  Indies.     Mr.  Hy.  Tryon  states 


24 

that  he  bought  in  Brisbane  some  imported  American  apples  which  had  numerous 
A.Jicus  on  the  rind;  but  did  lie  perhaps  mistake  the  species?  Its  food  plants 
at  Brisbane  he  says  are  orange,  MyrtushiUii,  camphor  laurel,  Atlantic  buxijolia, 
and  Ga8taneo8permum. 

A.  (.ispidioltis  8.  8/r.f)  hartii  Ckll. —  9  scale  subcircular  to  oval,  about  1$  mm.  diam., 
moderately  convex,  dull  brownish-gray,  with  a  Blight  purplish  tint  (sacchari  is 
similar),  exnviae  shining  pale  straw-color.  9  with  two  pairs  of  well-developed 
lobes,  branched  plates,  live  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  yam  tubers.  Trini- 
dad. W.I. 
var.  lintii  Ckll. — Median  lobes  entire,  as  in  Jiarlii;  no  groups  of  ventral  glands. 
Trinidad.  The  median  lobes  of  sacchari,  which  this  resembles,  are  very  dis- 
tinctly notched. 

A.  (».  subg.  f)  latastei  Ckll. —  9  Bcale  about  1|  mm.  diam.,  circular,  strongly  convex, 
concentrically  ridged,  white,  with  the  covered  ]>ale  orange  exuviae  to  one  side. 
9  with  median  lobes  large,  wide  apart,  second  small,  third  almost  obsolete; 
four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  of  5  each.     Chile. 

A.  (Morganella)  longispinus  Morg. —  9  scale  dark,  convex,  less  than  a  mm.  broad; 
exnviae  central,  covered,  inconspicuous.  9  with  only  one  pair  of  lobes,  these 
long,  notched  without;  long  simple  plates,  and  very  long  spines.  On  Cupania 
sapida.     Demerara.     (Ent.  Mo.  Mag..  XXV,  352.) 

A.  (Ckrysomphalut  |  mangiferae  Ckll. —  9  scale  circular,  Battened,  with  central,  covered, 
nipple-like  CXUVifB,  which  are  reddish.  Median  lobes  largest,  second  pair 
nearly  as  large,  third  pair  small,  fourth  rudimentary;  a  pair  of  very  largo 
spine-like  plates  in  the  region  of  3rd  and  4th  lobes.  On  leaves  of  mango. 
Jamaica.         (Journ.  Inst.  .Jamaica,  i,  255.  I 

A.  (Chry8omphalu8)  miir.osae  Comst. —  9  Bcale  resembling  that  <>f  teneibrico8U8 ;  very 
dark'  gray,  convex,  exuvisB  covered,  its  position  marked  by  a  white  dot  and 
ring.  .'!  pairs  of  lobes;  no  group  of  ventral  glands.  On  Mimosa;  Tampico, 
Mexico.     (2nd  Cornell  Rep.,  L883,  p.  G2.) 

A.  (Mvlanaspis)  nigropunctatus  Ckll. — Much  like  A.  obsciirus.  9  scale  3  mm.  diam., 
dirty  gray:  exuviae  Bublateral,  pitch-black,  with  a  narrow  reddish  margin:  at 
first  covered  by  a  film  of  whitish  secretion.  9  with  live  groups  of  ventral 
glands,  cephalolater.il-  16  <>r  more,  caudolaterals  10  or  11,  median  7  or  X.  On 
11  trueno,"  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico.      (Bull.   1.  Tech.  Ser..  Div.  Ent.,  p.  31.) 

A.  (Ifcniihvrh's'm)  palmae  Morg.  &  Ckll. —  9  scale  much  like  that  of  rapax.  9  differ- 
ing by  the  distinct  though  small  second  and  third  lobes,  median  lobes  wider 
apart,  plates  longer  and  much  branched  at  tips,  1  groups  of  ventral  glands. 
On  cocoanut  and  banana,  and  rarely  on  other  plants.     West  Indies. 

A.  i  Mijci  'aspis :)  personatus  Comst. —  9  scale  very  small  and  convex,  circular,  dark 
gray  or  black.     No  groups  of  ventral  glands.      West  Indies. 

A.  (Dia8pidiotii8)  punicae  Ckll. —  9  scale  circular  or  nearly  so,  white,  first  skin  shin- 
ing metallic.  9  orange,  median  lobes  large  and  prominent,  second  pair  small, 
third  rudimentary:  grouped  glands  present,  i  dull  yellow.  On  pomegran- 
ate in  Jamaica;  on  cocoanut  in  Dominica.  (Journ.  Inst.  Jamaica,  i,  255.) 
A  variety  of  this  on  a  palm  at  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
(Div.  Ent.,  0982),  has  broader  lobes  and  a  Hatter  scale.  It  appears  to  be  identi- 
cal with  the  form  found  by  Mr.  Barber  on  cocoanut  in  Dominica.  This  is  a  good 
deal  like  the  Ceyloncse  form,  which  Green  calls  A.  cydonice;  and  wb  He j)ttflica?  and 
cy (Ionia  seem  sufficiently  distinct,  with  the  var.  of  punicce  and  the  Ceylonese 
eydonia  there  is  formed  a  sufficiently  continuous  series  to  call  for  further 
investigation.  Whatever  may  be  the  final  result  as  to  the  status  of  the  species 
concerned,  the  interesting  fact  remains  that  here  we  have  Diaapidiotvs  running 
completely  into  Hemiberlesia  as  it  passes  southward.  Another  related  species 
is  A.  greenii. 

A.  (Chiff8omphalu8)  reniformis  Ckll.— 9  scale  circular,  diam.  2  mm.,  flat,  pale  reddish- 
brown;  exuviae  concolorous  or  slightly  darker,  covered,  but  both  skins  very 


25 

distinctly  visible,  large,  laterad  of  the  middle;  first  skin  when  nibbed  shin- 
ing coppery.  9  reniform,  with  four  very  low,  broad,  inconspicuous  lobes,  4 
groups  of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  8,  caudolaterals  4  to  7.  Tehuantepec 
City,  Mexico      Collected  by  Prof.  Townsend. 

A.  (A8pidiotu8  s.  str.  f)  racchari  Ckll. —  9  scale  white,  becoming  grayish,  more  or  less 
oval,  first  skin  brown,  second  orange.  $  scale  elongate.  9  very  pale  yel- 
lowish, with  a  slight  pink  tinge;  median  lobes  rather  large,  2nd  pair  smaller, 
3rd  rudimentary.     On  sugar  cane,  Jamaica.     (Journ.  Inst.  Jamaica,  i,255.) 

A.  (Chrysomphalus)  scutiformis  Ckll. —  9  scale  superficially  rather  like  A.  Jicus,  but 
large,  very  flat,  with  large  orange  exuviae,  not  nipple-like.  The  scales  are 
occasionally  nearly  white.      9  very  much  like  persece.     On  Citrus,  etc.,  Mexico. 

A.  (Hemiberleshi)  tricolor  Ckll. —  9  scale  If  mm.  diameter,  approximately  circular, 
very  little  convex,  white  with  a  brownish  stain ;  exuviae  central  or  sublateral, 
covered  by  a  film  of  secretion;  first  skin  black  or  dark  brown,  second  skin 
deep  orange.  9  with  only  a  single  pair  of  lobes,  these  large;  no  groups  of 
ventral  glands.  Allied  to  ulmi  and rapax.  Salina  Cruz,  Mexico.  Collected  by 
Prof.  Townsend. 

A.  (Chrysomphalus  f)  yuccae  Ckll. —  9  scale  oval,  dirty  whitish ;  exuviae  covered,  incon- 
spicuous, pale  brown;  when  rubbed  becoming  very  conspicuous,  dark  brown 
or  black.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  only  the  median  well  developed.  On 
Yucca.     Coahuila,  Mexico.     (Bull.  1,  Tech.  Ser.,  Div.  Ent.,  p.  32.) 

Fiji  Islands. 

A.  (subg.  nor.  f )  vitiensis  Mask. —  9  scale  grayish  white,  occurring  thickly  massed; 
exuviae  snbcentral,  yellow.  9  with  very  large,  widely  apart,  median  lobes, 
and  others  smaller;  four  conspicuous  forked  plates;  four  groups  of  ventral 
glands,  caudolaterals  about  15,  cephalolaterals  6  to  10.  On  various  forest  trees. 
(N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxvii,  40.) 

New  Zealand. 

(Most  of  the  New  Zealand  and  Australian  species  seem  not  to  fit  well  in  the 
subgenera  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  It  will  be  necessary  to  make  a  special 
study  of  them  before  they  can  be  classified  subgenerically.) 

A.  (subg.  f )  atherospermae  Mask. —  9  scale  circular,  flat,  brown;  exuviae  forming  a 
lighter  protuberance  in  center.  9  light  yellow  ;  several  lobes,  the  two  median 
pairs  largest;  scale  like  serrated  plates;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands.  The 
$  scale  is  oval.     On  Atherosperma.     New  Zealand.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xi,  198.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  sir.  ?)  carpodeti  Mask. —  9  scale  usually  light  brown  but  rather  vari 
able,  convex,  circular;  exuviae  central.      9  with  large  median  lobes,  second 
pair  much  smaller;   four  groups  of  ventral  glands.      $    scale  narrow,  with 
parallel  sides.     On  Cafpodetus  and  Vitex.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xvii,  21.) 

A.  (subg.  t)  corokiae  Mask: —  9  scale  circular,  slightly  convex,  yellow  or  (rarely)  white; 
exuviae  central,  yellow.  9  with  no  distinct  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On 
Corolla.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxiii,  2.) 

A.  (subg.  t)  dysoxyli  Mask. —  9  scale  circular,  somewhat  convex,  brown.  9  bright 
yellow;  six  lobes,  of  which  only  the  median  two  are  conspicuous;  four 
groups  of  ventral  glauds.  $  scale  oval.  On  Dysoxylon  spectabile.  (N.  Z.  Trans., 
xi,  198.) 

A.  (subg?)  sophorae  Mask. —  9  scale  nearly  circular,  flat,  bluish  gray.  9  greenish- 
yellow;  median  lobes  conspicuous,  plates  as  in  went,  five  (sometimes  four) 
groups  of  ventral  glands.  J  scale  oval.  On  Sophora  teiraptera.  (N.  Z.  Trans., 
xvi,  121.) 


26 

Australia. 

A.(subg.f)  acaciae  Morg. —  2  scale  circular,  convex;  exuvia^  central,  orange-yellow; 
diam.  of  .scale  about  1  mm.      2  with  one  pair  of  lobes,  no  groups  of  ventral 
glands.    On  Acacia  pycnantk*.    Tasmania.    (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1889,  p.  353.)    Has- 
kell reports  it  on  Eucalyptus  from  Xew  South  Wales, 
var.  propinquus  Mask. — Exuviae  deeper  red.      $  scale  elliptical,  white.      $  dark 
red.     On  Acacia  and  Hakea  Maligna,  New  South  Wales.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxv, 
205.) 
A.  (subg.  t)  bossieae  Mask. —  o  scale  circular,  convex,  dirty  white  to  yellow,  sometimes 
dark  brown,  soft  and  woolly  looking ;  exuviae  central,  very  small  and  incon- 
spicuous, yellow.      9  dark  brown,  with  two  rounded  lobes,  and  a  second  pair 
rudimentary;   no  groups  of  ventral   glands.     On   Bossiea   procumbens.     (N.  Z. 
Trans.,  xxiv,  11.) 
A.  {subg.  f)  casuarinae  Mask. —  9  scale  dark  yellowish-brown,  circular,  rather  convex; 
exuviae  yellow.      9  yellow,   (J  lobes,   no  groups  of  ventral   glands.      $    scale 
elongated.     <  »n  Casuarina  equiseUfolia.     |  \.  /.  Trans.,  xxvi,  66.) 

A.,  (subg./)  ceratus  Mask. —  2  scale  snow 
wbite,  circular,  convex,  usually  oc- 
curring massed;  exuviae  central, 
faintly  yellow,  with  a  white  cover- 
ing. 9  orange,  two  lobes  only,  with  a 
pair  of  club-shaped  processes  arising 
from  their  inner  bases;  no  groups  of 
ventral  glands;  a  peculiar  widely 
bifid  plate  on  the  margin  some  dis- 
tance from  each  lobe.  On  Acacia 
stenophylla.  |  X.  /.  Trans.,xxvii,  39.) 
Fig.  15—  Aspidiotus rosti (original).  K.  (Chrysomphalus)   cladii   Mask. —  9    scale 

rich  dark  brown,  the  margin  orange- 
red,  and  the  central  exuviae  dark  yellow,  g  scale  elongated.  2  wit  li  no  groups 
of  ventral  glands.  On  Cladium.  (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxiii,  3.)  On  aloe  in  Natal,  as 
well  as  various  localities  in  Australia,  where  it  occurs  on  Xerotes  and  I.ep'ulo- 
sperma  as  well  as  (Indium. 
A.  (8kIxi.  /)  eucalypti  Mask. —  9  scab;  circular,  slightly  convex,  dirty  white;  exuviae 
central,  verj  inconspicuous.  9  with  large  median  lobes;  no  groups  of  ventral 
glands,  but  rows  of  pores  along  the  margins  of  the  hindmost  segments;  a  deep 
constriction  behind  the  cephalothorax.  after  the  manner  of  articulatus.  £  scale 
narrow,  elongated]  exuviae  terminal,  as  in  Diaapis.  On  Eucalyptus.  (Tr.  Roy. 
Soc.  S.  Australia  for  1888.) 
var.  comatus  Mask. — Distinguished  by  the  nonincised  lobes  and  the  longer  hairs 
in  couples.  Found  on  Eucalyptus  viminalis.  (N.Z. Trans.,  xxviii,  385.) 
A.  (Chentraspis.)  extensus  Mask. —  9  scale  dirty  yellow  or  brown,  convex,  first  skin 
black.  9  dark  brown,  writh  a  single  pair  of  contiguous  lobes,  after  the 
manner  of  Ckionaspis  minor;  no  groups  of  ventral  glands.  £  dark  browTu. 
I  >n  Eucalyptus  capitellata.  (X.  Z.  Trans.,  xxvii,  41.; 
A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  fimbriatus  Mask. —  9  scale  circular,  flat,  very  thin,  first  skin 
uncovered.  9  yellow,  three  pairs  of  lobes,  scale-like  plates;  four  groups  of 
ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  and  caudolaterals  each  of  about  10  to  14.  On 
Eugenia  smitkii.  (X.  Z.  Trans.,  xxv,  208.)  Described  as  a  doubtful  Diaspis, 
on  account  of  the  elongated  form  of  the  9  . 
A.  (Chrysomphalus)  fodiens  Mask. —  9  scale  circular,  slightly  convex,  grayish  or 
reddish-brown;  exuvhe  central,  bright  orange,  forming  a  slight  boss,  often 
covered  with  a  thin  grayish  coating.  9  orange,  6  lobes,  scale-like  serrated 
plates;  4  groups  of  ventral  glands,  not  over  5  orifices  in  a  group.  Very  near 
to  cladii,  hut  smaller.     On  Acacia.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxiv.) 


27 

A.  (Phatdaspis)  hakeaeMask.—  $  scale  circular,  slightly  convex,  grayish- white ;  exuviae 
dark  orange,  central.  9  orange-yellow,  no  lobes  in  adult,  but  four  lobes  in 
second  stage;  no  groups  of  ventral  glands.  $  dark  red.  Related  to  A.  acacke. 
On  Hakea.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxviii,  384.) 

A.  (Chrysomphalus)  rossi  Mask— Fig  15. —  9  scale  normally  circular,  very  slightly  con- 
vex, deep  dull  brown,  almost  black ;  exuviae  central,  small,  forming  a  little  boss 
which  is  sometimes  yellowish.  9  with  6  lobes ;  4  groups  of  ventral  glands,  not 
over  8  orifices  in  a  group.  On  oleander,  Eucalyptus,  Ricinocarpus,  etc.  Also  in 
Ceylon,  on  Capparis.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxiv,  11.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  sir.)  subrubescens  Mask. —  9  scale  reddish-brown,  subcircular,  flat; 
exuviae  central,  forming  a  small  slightly  elevated  boss.  $  scale  white.  9 
with  6  lobes,  and  serrated  plates ;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  Eucalyp- 
tus (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxiv,  9) ;  on  Pittosporum  from  Australia  (Div.  Ent.,  No.  7399). 

A.  (Chentraspis)  unilobis  Mask. —  9  scale  whitish,  but  usually  blackened  by  fungus 
growth,  circular,  slightly  convex;  exuvire  central,  orange.  9  dark  orange, 
with  a  single,  median,  lobe,  after  the  manner  of  Chionaspis  quercus;  no  groups 
of  ventral  glands.     On  Acacia.     (N.  Z.  Trans.,  xxvii,  40.) 

A.  (subg.f)  virescens  Mask. —  9  scale  subcircular,  flat,  grayish-white;  exuviae  eubcen- 
tral,  first  skin  distinctly  green,  second  greenish  in  middle  and  yellowish  on 
border.  9  yellow  with  a  greenish  tinge;  six  lobes,  not  close  together;  ser- 
rated scale-like  plates;  4  groups  of  ventral  glands,  cephalolaterals  of  17  to  21, 
caudolaterals  8  to  13.     On  Eugenia  smithii.     (Tr.  N,  Z.  Inst.,  xxviii,  384.) 

Oriental. 

A.  (Mycetaspis  f)  artocarpi  Green. —  9  scale  less  than  1  mm.  diam.,  blackish,  very  con- 
vex; first  skin  exposed,  central,  dark  brown  with  a  pale  reddish  margin. 
Scale  leaving  a  white  scar  surrounded  by  a  blaik  ring,  after  the  manner  of 
personatus.  9  deeply  constricted  between  cephalothorax  and  abdomen,  four 
pairs  of  tooth  like  lobes,  no  plates,  no  grouped  ventral  glands.  On  leaves  of 
Artocarpus  intcgrij'olius.     Bombay.     (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  189(5,  p.  200.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus,  s.  str.)  excisus  Green. —  9  scale  convex,  of  irregular  outline,  thin,  semi- 
transparent,  whitish  or  very  pale  oehreous :  exuviae  yellow,  approximately  cen- 
tral. 9  with  the  median  lobes  sunk  in  a  deep,  squarely  cut  recess,  an  exag- 
geration of  the  condition  in  A.  destructor  ;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  cepha- 
lolaterals 8  to  15,  caudolaterals  7  to  9.     On  leaves  of  Cyanotis  pilosa.     Ceylon. 

A.  (Diaspidiolus)  greenii  Ckll. — See  fig.  7.  This  is  founded  on  the  supposed  cyano- 
phylli  found  by  Green  on  Cycas  at  Kandy,  Ceylon,  specimens  having  been  kindly 
sent  by  Mr.  Green." 

A.  (n.  subg.)  inusitatus  Green. —  9  scale  very  large,  flattish,  becoming  elongated,  even 
to  11  mm.  long,  brownish  white  or  brownish  fulvous:  exuviae  yellow,  more  or 
less  concealed.  9  with  no  lobes,  and  no  grouped  ventral  glands.  On  bamboo. 
Ceylon.     (Coccid*  of  Ceylon,  p.  4$.)     I  have  not  examined  specimens  of  this 


i 


*  Since  writing  the  above  I  have  examined  specimens  of  an  Aspidiotus  oncocoanut 
palms  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  forwarded  by  Mr.  Alex.  Craw.  These  are  evidently 
Greens  supposed  typical  cyanophylli,  but  they  are  allied  to  Diaspidiotus,  having  the 
incisions  between  the  lobes  very  well  marked.  The  glands  in  the  groups  are  few, 
eephalolaterals  4  or  5,  caudolaterals  3.  After  studying  these  insects,  I  begin  to  feel 
less  sure  regarding  cyanophylli  than  I  had  been.  They  certainly  may  be  the  insect 
described  by  Signoret,  notwithstanding  certain  discrepancies.  They  also  agree  excel- 
lently with  Comstock's  cyanophylli,  except  that  Comstock  not  only  fails  to  figure  the 
incisions,  but  in  his  table  places  the  species  in  the  section  without  them.  If  the 
examination  of  Signoret's  types  eventually  proves  that  the  present  insect  really  is 
cyanophylli,  then  the  name  greenii  will  have  to  be  confined  to  the  variety  from  Cycas, 
on  which  it  is  primarily  based.  But  in  the  meanwhile,  I  should  prefer  to  include 
the  Mazatlan  insect  under  greenii.     The  species  is  probably  of  neotropical  origin. 


28 

curious  species ;  perhaps  Mr.  Green  will  propose  a  subgeneric  (or  generic)  name 
for  it. 

A.  (n.  snbg.)  moorai  Green  —  $  scale  2$  mm.  diam.,  rugose  and  colored  like  the  bark 
on  which' -it  rests;  exuviae  reddish-brown.  9  reddish-brown,  skin  entirely 
chitinous,  body  divided  by  deep  constrictions  into  three  subequal  parts,  three 
pairs  of  lobes,  plates  apparently  absent,  no  grouped  ventral  glands;  long  chi- 
tinous processes  arising  from  the  first  interlobular  interval,  but  none  in  the 
second  or  beyond.  On  bark  of  Grislea  tomentosa.  Madras.  (Hut.  Mo.  Mag., 
1896,  p.  199.) 

A.  (Cryptophyllaspis)  occultus  Green. —  9  pale  yellow;  no  groups  of  ventral  glands. 
In  minute  gulls  on  leaves  on  (Ircu-'m  oHentalis.  Ceylon.  The  reader  should 
refer  to  Green's  "Coccidae  of  Ceylon."  p.  41,  and  PI.  XI.  for  an  account  of  this 
very  remarkable  insect. 

A.  (subg.f)  orientalis  Newst. —  9  scale  about  1\  mm.  diam.,  brownish-yellow  or  straw 
color;  exuviae  covered  by  a  nipple-like  prominence  which  is  darker  than  the 
rest.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  plates  simple  and  hair-like;,  four  groups  of 
ventral  glands  of  about  .">  each.     Madras.     (Ind.  Mns.  notes,  iii,  6.) 

A.  {Diaspidiotus)  o.bocki-e  Green. — '"Allied  to  nerii,"  hut  scale  opaque,  brownish,  and 
marginal  fringe  of  9  different.  <>n  steins  of  Osbcckla.  Ceylon.  The  excel- 
lent figures  in  Green's  work  show  that  this  species  really  belongs  with  Diaspi- 
diotus,  and  therefore  is  only  superficially  like  nerii.  The  median  lobes  arc 
fairly  wide  apart,  and  the  second  lobes  well  trilobed;  there  are  four  groups  of 
ventral  glands,  and  a  single  orifice  representing  the  fifth  group. 

A.  {Aspidiotus  8.  str.)  putearins  Green. —  9  scale  round.  Hat,  or  slightly  concave  "form- 
ing an  operculum  to  the  pit-like  depression  in  which  the  insect  rests;"  color 
very  pale  brownish  ochreous,  semiopaque;  exuviae  central,  pale  yellow.  9 
without  grouped  ventral  glands.  On  Slrobilanthes.  Ceylon.  This  insect  is  of 
interest  as  showing  the  fust  stage  toward  gall  formation,  the  advanced  or 
completed  stage  of  the  same  process  being  exhibited  in  the  extraordinary  ./. 
occultus.  The  Australian  A.  fodiens,  belonging  to  a  different  group,  forms  pits 
in  the  leaves  of  Acacia,\)ni  no  gall-  inhabiting  Aspidiotus  is  yet  known  from 
Australia. 

A.  (  Pseudaonidia  )  theie  Mask. —  2  scales  clustered  thickly  on  twigs,  as  nearly  circular 
as  their  numbers  and  position  will  permit,  slightly  convex,  light  brown,  with 
a  very  thin  coat  of  white  secretion;  exuvisB  yellow,  very  small,  near  the  mar- 
gin. 9  brown;  four  lobes,  the  second  pair  smaller;  1  large  groups  of  ventral 
glands.  On  tea  plant.  India.  The  insect  has  a  patch  of  "lattice  work"  on 
doisal  surface  of  9  ,  after  the  manner  of  Ischnaspis.  This  is  not  A.  then  Green, 
"Insect  posts"  (1890),  p.  13,  which  consists  of  female  Howardia  biclavis,  with 
the  J  of  some  other  species,  apparently  a  Chionaspis. 

A.  {Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  transparens  Green.— There  are  four  groups  of  ventral  glands, 
cephalolaterals 6  to  11,  caudolaterals  1  to  6.  Ceylon,  on  tea,  etc.,  now  referred 
by  Green  to  latonice,  but  very  likely  distinct. 

A.  {Pseudaonidia)  trilob'tiformis  Green. —  9  scale  broad  and  flat,  opaque,  reddish- 
brown.  9  with  the  segments  strongly  marked,  a  deep  transverse  groove 
behind  the  cephalic  portion;  hind  portion  with  a  well-marked  reticulated 
patch.  On  leaves  of  Da  I  bergia.  Ceylon.  Mr.  Green  says  of  this:  "Very  closely 
allied  to  (possibly  only  a  variety  of)  A.  them  Maskell."  I  do  not  think  the 
affinity  is  so  very  close,  though  they  have  some  striking  features  in  common. 
I  think  duplex  is  closer  to  thecB. 

Ethiopian. 

A.  (subfj.?)  macda'usXewst.— 9  scale  pure  white,  rather  thick;  exuvise  black,  forming 
a  large,  conspicuous,  central  spot.  9  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  minute, 
rounded,  second  pair  greatly  elongated,  plates  well  developed,  no  groups  of 
ventral  glands.     Lagos.     (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  189G,  p.  133.) 


29 

Patria  Incerta. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  alo83  Boisd. —  9  scale  white;  exuviae  central  and  yellow.  Median 
lobes  large;  grouped  glands  present.  Allied  to  nerii.  On  Aloe  umbellataf 
Europe.     (Signoret,  Essai,  1869,  p.  114). 

A.  (Aonidiella)  airantii  Mask.— 9  scale  light  gray,  but  appearing  orange  or  reddish 
from  the  insect  showing  through  ;  exuviae  marked  by  a  nipple-like  prominence. 
9  reniform,  three  pairs  of  lobes,  no  groups  of  ventral  glands.  On  Citrus  trees 
in  California,  Australia,  and  the  western  Mediterranean  region.  On  lignum- 
vitae  principally,  never  on  Citrus,  in  Jamaica.  A  variety  on  Podocarpus  in 
Japan,  collected  by  Mr.  Takahashi  at  Tokio.  New  Zealand,  Fiji  Is.,  Sandwich 
Is.,  Samoa,  Tonga,  Now  Caledonia;  on  cocoa-nut  in  Central  America;  on  Tax  us 
in  Italy;  on  Citrus  japonica  at  the  University  of  Arizona,  sent  by  Prof.  Tourney. 
var. citrinm  Coquill. — A  yellow  variety.  California;  Japan.  According  to  How- 
ard, this  occurs  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  never  on  the  bark.  See  Insect  Life, 
Feb.,  1891,  p.  228.  Howard  records  three  parasites  from  v.  citrinus,  all  different 
from  the  three  bred  from  typical  aurantii. 

A.  {Aspidiotus  s.  sir. )  buddleias  Sign. —  $  scale  circular,  white ;  exuviae  yellow.  Ventral 
grouped  glands  present.  On  lluddleia  salicina,  hothouses  of  the  Luxembourg. 
Maskell  reports  it  on  Acacia  in  New  Zealand. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  8.  str.?)  chamaeropsis  Sign. —  9  scale  elongated,  transparent;  exuviae 
yellow  and  to  one  side.  Lobes  terminated  by  long  hairs;  grouped  glands 
present.     On  Chamarops  australis.     (Essai,  1>69,  p.  118.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  cyanophylh  Sign. —  9  scale  circular,  brownish  yellow;  exuviae 
central,  bright  yellow  but  covered  by  white  secretion.  Median  lobes  large; 
plates  long  and  branched,  4  small  groups  of  ventral  glands,  3  to  5  in  a  group. 
On  Cyanophyllum,  Paris  (Signoret) ;  on  Ficus,  U.  S.  (Comstock,  Cornell  Rep. 
1883,  p.  59).  On  palm  and  Cycas  in  Ceylon,  according  to  Green,  but  his  insect 
is  a  different  species,  A.  greenii,  n.  sp.,  at  least  so  far  as  the  form  sent  to  me  is 
concerned. 

A.  ( A  spidiotus  s.  str.)  cycadcola  Boisd. —  9  scale  circular,  white;  exuviae  central,  yel- 
low; median  lobes  large;  grouped  glands  present.  $  with  the  thoracic  baud 
large.     On  Cycas  reroluta,  Europe.     (Signoret,  Essai,  1869,  p.  119). 

A.  (Chrysomplialus)  degeneratus  Leon. —  9  scale  greenish,  convex,  about  1^  mm.  long. 
9  pale  yellow,  three  pairs  of  lobes;  serrated  plates;  chitiuous  processes  at 
base  of  lobes  hardly  longer  than  the  lobes;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  not 
over  4  in  a  group.  On  leaves  of  Camellia  japonica.  Italy.  (Riv.  Pat.  Veget., 
IV,  345.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  destructor  Sign. —  9  scale  circular,  Hat,  yellowish  or  whitish; 
exuviae  large,  central.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  or  even  a  fourth  clearly  dis- 
tinguishable, and  scale-like  divided  plates;  the  level  of  the  tips  of  the  median 
lobes  below  or  at  any  rate  not  above  that  of  the  tips  of  second  lobes.  A.  fallax 
Ckll.  and  cocotis  Newst.  are  the  same.  On  palms  and  various  other  plants. 
West  Indies,  Demerara,  Bourbon,  Marquesas  Islands,  Laccadive  Islands. 
Distinguished  at  once  from  nerii,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  by  the  larger 
exuviae  and  the  short  median  lobes  not  extending  beyond  the  tips  of  the 
second  lobes.  The  var.  fallax,  on  mango  in  Antigua,  shows  the  four  pairs  of 
lobes.     (See  Ent.  Mo.  Mag..  March,  1894,  p.  57.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  epidondri  Bouche. — Resembles  nerii,  but  differs  in  the  $ .  On 
Epidendrum,  Europe.  (Signoret,  Essai,  1869,  p.  121.)  Maskell  reports  it  on 
Acacia  in  New  Zealand. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.str.f)  kennedyae  Boisd. — Resembles  nerii.  On  Kennedya.  (Nomen 
seminudum.) 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.  str.)  lataniae  Sign. —  9  scale  a  little  elongated,  clear  yellow,  trans- 
lucid  at  center;  exuvhe  large.  Median  lobes  large;  four  groups  of  ventral 
glands.  On  Latania.  A  hothouse  species  in  Europe.  Green  reports  it  from 
Ceylon,  but  it  is  not  certain  that  his  insect  is  the  true  latania). 


30 

A.  (Chrysomphahts)  minor  Berl. —  9  scale  brown,  convex,  very  little  over  1  mm.  dlam. 
9  yellow,  three  pairs  of  lobes,  serrated  plates;  a  couple  of  long  plates  laterad 
of  third  lobe,  after  the  manner  of  dictyospermi;  four  small  groups  of  ventral 
glands,  not  over  1  to  a  group.  On  leaves  of  Pandanus,  in  hort.  Italy.  (Kiv. 
Pat.  Veget.,  IV,  340.)  This  seems  to  me  to  be  identical  with  A.  dictyospermi 
var.  jamaicensis ;  if  not,  it  is  at  least  extremely  close  to  it. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.str.)  myrsinae  Sign. — Allied  to  nerii.  On  Myrsina  ret usa  in  the  hot- 
houses of  the  Luxembourg. 

A.  (Aspidiotits  s.str.)  nerii  Bouche*. —  9  scale  flat,  whitish;  exuviae  exposed,  central 
or  nearly  so,  dull  orange  yellow.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  scale-like  plates  ; 
lour  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolaterals  about  7,  eephalolaterals  about  9. 
On  oleander,  Melia,  Yucca,  and  a  variety  of  other  garden  plants,  very  widely 
distributed, bat  not  universal;  very  rare  in  the  West  Indies,  only  once  found, 
viz:  On  olive  in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Grenada.  Elsewhere  in  the  neotropical 
region.  Lataste  found  it  at  Santiago,  Chili,  while  it  occurs  in  several  localities 
in  Mexico.  It  is  common  enough  in  the  United  states.  Berlese  appears  to 
have  demonstrated  what  was  before  suspected,  that  nerii  is  but  a  variety  of 
A.  hedercp. 
var.  limonii  Sign. —  9  with  the  end  of  the  abdomen  more  elongated,  and  the  plates 
larger,  than  in  the  type.  Pound  on  lemons  in  Europe.  Also  in  the  Sandwich 
Islands.     (Essai,  1869,  p.  125.) 

A.  (Asjndiotus  8.  str.)  palmarum  Bouch6. —  9  scale  white,  circular;  exuviae  reddish- 
yellow.    Grouped  glands  present.    On  palms.    Europe.    (Nomen  seminudum.) 

A.  {subg. t )  pandani  Sign. —  2 scale  blackish-brown,  center  whitish.  Grouped  glands 
present.     On  Pandanus  utUis.     (Essai,  1869,  p.  131.) 

A.  (Diaspidiotus)  perniciosus  Comst.  —  United  States  (Ala.,  Ariz.,  Cal.,  Del.,  Fla.,  Ga., 
Idaho,  Iud.,  La..  Mass.,  Md.,  X..I..  N.  V.,  N.  M.,  Ohio,  Oreg.,  Pa.,  Va.,  Wash- 
ington, \Y.  Va.),  British  Columbia,  Australia,  Sandwich  Islands.  (For  full 
particulars  see  Bull.  3,  n.  s.,  Div.  Ent.  The  San  Jose  scale;  by  L.  <).  Howard 
and  C.  L.  Marlatt.) 
A  species  perhaps  allied  to  perniciosus,  but  possibly  new,  was  found  by  Prof.  C.  H. 
T.  Townsend  on  Fraxinus  at  Brownsville,  Texas.  The  scales  were  attacked  by 
some  parasite,  and  it  proved  impossible  to  satisfactorily  describe  or  figure  the 
species.  The  scale  is  more  convex  than  perniciosus,  the  exuviae  are  dark;  the 
median  lobes  are  quite  elongated. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  s.str.t)  phormii  de  Breme. —  9scalo  white,  circular;  exuviae  central. 
On  Phormium  ienox  in  Switzerland.     (Sign ore t,  Essai,  1869,  p.  130.) 

A.  (Hemibtrlesio)  rapax  Comst. —  9  scale  convex,  gray,  appearing  yellowish  from  tho 
contained  insect;  exuvhe  toward  one  side,  marked  by  a  dark  brown  or  black 
spot.  9  xvith  one  pair  of  large  lobes;  branched  plates;  no  groups  of  ventral 
glands.     On  various  trees,  etc. ;  nearly  cosmopolitan. 

A.  {Chrysomphalus)  sphaerioides  Ckll. —  9  scale  circular,  rather  over  1  mm.  diam. ; 
moderately  convex;  dark  reddish-brown,  with  the  part  covering  the  exuvhe 
indicated  by  a  pale  raised  ring;  when  rubbed  the  exuviae  appear  shining 
black.  9  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  tive  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudolat- 
erals, 3;  eephalolaterals,  4;  median,  3.  Said  to  be  on  New  Zealand  ilax. 
Louisiana. 

A.  (Aspidiotus  8.str.)  spinosus  Comst. —  9  scale  circular,  very  light  brown  or  dirty 
white;  exuvhe  central  and  covered.  4  groups  of  ventral  glands,  of  not  over  6 
each;  median  lobes  prominent;  plates  more  or  less  notched ;  spines  large.  On 
camellia.     Washington,  D.  C. 

A.  (Aspidiotu8  s.  8tr.)  vriesciae  Sign. — Allied  to  nerii;  scale  more  elongated,  yellowish 
gray.     On  Vriescia  splendens. 

A.  (?)  osmanthi  Vallot,  1829,  a  white  scale  with  central  exuviae,  found  on  Oleafra- 
grans,  is  at  beat  a  nomen  seminudum. 


31 

POSTSCRIPT. 

Since  this  Bulletin  went  to  press  I  have  received  an  interesting  note 
from  Dr.  G.  Leonardi,  to  whom  I  had  communicated  some  of  my  views 
by  letter.  One  of  the  subgenera  which  I  had  proposed,  having  for  its 
type  A.  seeretus,  proved  to  be  identical  with  a  new  genus  (Odonaspis) 
of  Dr.  Leonardi's.  I  therefore  adopt  his  name  and  suppress  my  own; 
though  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  if  Odonaspis  is  from  odovs-d(T7riS  it  is 
equivalent  to  Odontaspis,  preoccupied  by  Agassiz.  Dr.  Leonardi  goes 
on  to  say  that  he  would  refer  Melanaspis  to  Chrysomphalus,  Xerophilas- 
pis  to  Targionia,  and  Gryptophyllaspis  and  Selenaspidm  to  Aspidiotus, 
s.  str.,  in  which  they  will  represent  sections.  The  change  of  Aspidites 
to  Hemiberlesia  is  assented  to,  and  the  generic  value  of  Chrysomphalus 
and  Aonidiella  is  maintained.  At  the  same  time  Dr.  Leonardi  has 
published  (liiv.  Pat.  Veget.,  1897)  a  preliminary  classification  of  Aspir 
diotus,  dividing  it  into  the  following  groups,  which  are  all  regarded  as 
genera:  Aspidiotus,  Aspidites,  Chrysomphalus,  Aonidiella,  Targionia, 
Odonaspis,  Chentrasjris,  Phaulaspis — the  last  three  new — and  with 
Aonidia  added.  I  can  not  at  all  agree  with  this  classification,  which 
throws  into  the  same  genus  (Aonidiella)  such  diverse  species  as  A. 
aurantii,  pemiciosus, and  mimosa',  while  it  places pernieiosus  nudaneylus 
in  separate  genera!  However,  it  is  intended  only  as  a  preliminary  state- 
ment, and  no  doubt  the  author  will  greatly  improve  it  in  his  detailed 
publication  and  explain  away  some  of  the  apparent  difficulties. 


Technical  Series  No.  7. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


REVISION  OF  THE  TACHINIM 


OF 


AMERICA  XORTII  OF  MEXICO. 


FAMILY   OF  PABASITIC   TWO  WINGED   INSECTS. 


BY 


D.  W.    COQUILLETT. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1897. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


I 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  I).  C.,  June  2,  1897. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  lioiior  to  suomit  for  publication  the  seventh  of  the 
technical  series  of  bulletins  of  this  Division.  It  has  been  prepared  by 
Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett,  of  the  office  force,  and  consists  of  a  revision  of 
the  species  of  the  parasitic  flies  belonging  to  the  family  Tachinidse, 
which  occur  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  desirability  of 
such  a  revision  of  these  economically  important  flies  has  been  apparent 
to  all  workers  in  economic  as  well'  as  systematic  entomology  for  many 
years.  They  are  among  the  most  important  enemies  of  many  of  our 
most  injurious  insects,  and  their  characters  are  so  obscure  that  workers 
have  had  the  greatest  difficulty  in  separating  one  species  from  another, 
and  the  result  is  that  the  literature  of  economic  entomology  in  par- 
ticular contains  many  wrong  determinations  and  absolute  misstate- 
ments based  upon  such  erroneous  names.  During  the  last  eighteen 
years  many  species  of  Tachinidse  have  been  reared  at  this  oflice  from 
injurious  insects  which  were  being  studied.  It  has  been  heretofore 
impossible  to  record  the  results  of  these  roarings,  on  account  of  the 
confusion  which  existed  in  this  family,  and  in  its  original  conception 
this  study  of  the  group  was  undertaken  in  order  to  enable  us  to  record 
the  results  of  this  biologic  work.  The  records  are  now  given  in  the 
shape  of  two  tables — one  of  parasites  and  hosts  and  the  other  of  hosts 
and  parasites — and  a  glance  at  these  tables  will  be  instantly  convin- 
cing as  to  the  important  and  beneficial  role  which  these  insects  play. 
With  the  clear  and  systematic  diagnoses  of  the  genera  and  species 
which  Mr.  Coquillett  has  prepared,  any  economic  entomologist  should 
be  able  to  determine  just  what  species  of  Tachina  flies  are  assisting 
him  in  his  work  against  injurious  insects. 

Kespectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTENTS. 

Pago. 

Nature  and  scope  of  the  work 7 

Habits  of  the  family 7 

Tachinid  flies  and  their  hosts 9 

Parasites  and  their  hosts 9 

Hosts  and  their  parasites 22 

Classification 27 

Terms  used  in  describing  Tachinidae 29 

Table  of  genera 30 

Systematic  arrangement  of  the  genera 40 

Synopses  of  the  species 42 

Index  to  genera  and  species t 149 

5 


REVISION  OF  THE  TACHIXID.E  OF  AMERICA 
NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 


NATURE   AND    SCOPE    OF    THE   WORK. 

The  present  paper  is  the  result  of  several  years'  study,  and  is  based 
upon  the  large  series  of  specimens  contained  in  the  National  Museum 
collection,  mainly  received  from  this  office,  supplemented  by  those  in 
my  own  and  those  received  for  study  and  identification  from  various 
correspondents,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned:  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson, 
Dr.  Garry  deX.  Hough,  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson,  Dr.  W.  A.  Xason.  Mr. 
Charles  Robertson,  Mr.  Theodore  Pergande,  Mr.  F.  H.  Chittenden, 
Prof.  H.  E.  Weed.  Mr.  R.  W.  Doane,  and  L'Abbe  Begin.  The  series 
in  the  National  Museum  collection  is  especially  valuable,  containing  as 
it  does  a  large  number  of  bred  specimens,  which,  more  than  anything 
else,  enables  us  to  correctly  judge  of  the  extent  to  which  the  various 
specimens  of  the  same  species  will  vary  among  themselves.  This  col- 
lection also  contains  a  duplicate  set  of  a  series  of  specimens  sent  to 
Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  of  Vienna,  Austria,  in  exchange  for  a 
named  series  of  European  forms,  and  the  latter  have  been  very  val- 
uable for  comparison  with  our  own  genera  and  species.  These  authors 
returned  names,  principally  generic,  of  the  series  sent  to  them,  and 
in  the  following  pages  I  have  indicated  these  identifications  as  "mi 
litt."  Mr.  C.  II.  T.  Townsend  kindly  sent  to  the  Museum  cotypes 
of  many  of  his  new  species,  and  Mr.  Charles  Kobertson  generously 
donated  specimens  from  the  same  series  as  those  from  which  Mr. 
Townsend  described  several  of  his  new  forms. 

The  region  covered  by  this  paper  includes  all  of  this  country  north 
of  Mexico,  but  does  not  take  in  any  of  the  West  Indies.  When  the 
faunas  of  these  two  regions  have  been  carefully  compared  with  our 
own,  many  additional  species  will  no  doubt  be  found  to  inhabit  two  or 
even  all  of  these  regions. 

HABITS   OF   THE   FAMILY. 

Among  the  fifty  odd  families  into  which  the  Diptera  of  this  country 
have  been  divided,  the  Tachinidse  is  by  far  the  most  beneficial,  judged 
from  the  standpoint  of  an  agriculturist.  The  only  other  family  that  at 
all  competes  with  it  for  this  honor  is  the  Syrphidae;  but  in  this  family 


8 

only  a  comparatively  small  number  of  genera  are  directly  beneficial  by 
preying  upon  plant  lice,  and  even  in  this  respect  their  services  could 
in  most  instances  be  dispensed  with,  since,  as  a  general  rule,  the  plant- 
lice  are  held  in  check  by  the  larvae  of  ladybirds  assisted  by  several 
kinds  of  internal  parasites  belonging  to  the  hymenopterous  families 
Braconidae,  Cynipidae,  and  Chalcididae. 

So  far  as  at  present  known  the  Tachinidae  prey  upon  living  insects 
only,  and  by  far  the  greater  number  of  these  are  the  leaf-eating  cater- 
pillars of  butterflies  and  moths,  a  group  that  contains  a  large  number 
of  our  most  injurious  insects:  and  the  numbers  of  these  destroyed  in  a 
single  season  by  these  parasites  is  almost  beyond  computation.  Unlike 
the  parasitic  Hymenoptera,  each  species  of  which  as  a  rule  confines  its 
attacks  to  a  single  group  which  in  some  cases  is  restricted  to  one  genus, 
it  not  infrequently  happens  that  the  same  species  of  Tachina  fly  attacks 
several  different  families  of  insects,  while  quite  a  number  are  known  to 
attack  two  and  even  three  different  orders  of  insects — Lepidoptera, 
Hymenoptera.  and  Coleoptera.  This  has  been  observed  notonly  in  our 
own  country  but  also  in  Europe. 

At  present,  only  live  different  orders  of  insects — the  three  above 
mentioned  and  the  (  hthoptera  and  Hemiptera — are  known  to  be  attacked 
by  the  Tachinidae  in  this  country,  but  in  Europe  several  cases  are 
reported  of  their  also  attacking  Diptera  of  the  family  Tipulidae.  The 
Lepidoptera,  Hymenoptera,  and  Diptera  are  preyed  upon  in  their  pre- 
paratory stages  only,  whereas  it  is  usually  only  the  adults  of  the 
Orthoptera,  Hemiptera.  and  Coleoptera  that  are  attacked. 

The  tachinid  eggs  are  attached  by  a  viscid  substance  to  the  surface 
of  the  host,  and  the  full  grown  larvae  usually  enter  the  earth  to  pass 
through  their  transformations.  Hie  larva-  are  of  the  usual  maggot  form, 
large  and  truncated  at  one  end  and  tapering  to  a  point  in  the  opposite 
direction.  Pupation  takes  place  in  the  hardened  skin  of  the  larva,  which 
assumes  a  nearly  cylindrical  form  with  rounded  ends,  and  is  known  as 
a  puparium.  In  issuing,  the  adult  fly  breaks  away  the  entire  end  of 
the  puparium.  It  was  formerly  supposed  that  any  caterpillar  upon 
which  one  of  these  flies  had  fastened  an  egg  was  doomed  to  certain 
destruction,  but  actual  observation  has  shown  that  this  is  not  always 
the  case,  since  in  many  instances  the  caterpillar,  by  molting  or  casting 
off"  its  skin,  rids  itself  of  the  egg  before  the  latter  has  hatched  out  and 
the  young  larva  made  its  way  into  the  body  of  the  caterpillar.  In  this 
respect  the  parasitism  of  these  insects  is  not  so  certain  as  is  the  case 
with  those  hymenopterous  parasites  which  puncture  the  body  of  their 
victim  and  deposit  the  egg  within. 

In  regard  to  the  possession  and  exercising  of  that  faculty  commonly 
termed  instinct,  the  Tachina  Hies  appear  to  be  far  behind  the  parasitic 
Hymenoptera.  The  latter  seem  to  be  able  to  ascertain  by  a  touch  of 
their  antenna1  whether  or  not  an  insect  has  already  been  parasitized, 
and  only  rarely  insert  an  egg  in  the  body  of  an  insect  that  already 


contains  an  egg  or  larva  of  a  parasite t  nor  has  one  of  them  been 
known  to  consign  a  greater  nuinbei  of  eggs  to  an  insect  than  the 
number  of  larvae  which  that  insect  can  maintain.  On  the  contrary,  a 
Tachina  fly  has  repeatedly  been  known  to  attach  to  a  caterpillar  three 
or  four  times  as  many  eggs  as  the  number  of  larvae  the  caterpillar  can 
maintain.  Owing  to  this  fact,  a  great  many  tachinid  larvae  must  neces- 
sarily perish  for  want  of  food,  while  several  which  have  barely  had  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  keep  them  alive  will  be  considerably  dwarfed  in 
size,  as  compared  to  their  more  fortunate  brothers,  and  thus  it  will 
sometimes  happen  that  some  of  the  adult  flies  will  be  only  one-half, 
and  in  rare  instances  even  only  one-third,  as  long  as  others  which  were 
the  progeny  of  the  same  parent.  Certain  systematic  writers,  who  have 
had  no  experience  in  rearing  these  Hies,  lay  great  stress  on  a  difference 
in  size  as  indicative  of  a  distinct  species;  but  our  breeding  records 
have  abundantly  demonstrated  the  fact  that  one  specimen  may  be 
fully  three  times  as  long  as  an  other  and  yet  both  belong  to  one  and 
the  same  species. 

TACHINID   FLIES   AND    THEIR.    HOSTS. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Tachina  flies  that  have  been  bred  by 
this  Division,  together  with  the  hosts  from  which  they  were  bred.  By 
far  the  greater  number  of  these  were  reared  in  the  department  insec- 
tary,  in  charge  of  Mr.  Theo.  Pergande.  A  few  additional  species,  speci- 
mens of  which  have  been  studied  by  the  writer,  are  included  in  this 
list.  Of  the  published  records,  only  those  are  included  where  the  flies 
have  been  bred  from  other  hosts  than  those  from  which  this  Division 
and  its  correspondents  have  reared  them;  such  species  are  indicated 
by  asterisks  (*)  in  addition  to  the  names  of  the  persons  who  reared  them 
and  to  the  published  references.  A  few  of  the  breeding  records,  which 
are  evidently  erroneous,  are  preceded  by  a  mark  of  interrogation  ("?). 

The  list  is  in  two  parts,  arranged  alphabetically: 

I. — Parasites  and  their  hosts. 

Parasites.  I  fas  I  insects. 

Acemyia  dentata  Coq Chortophaua  viridifasciata  DeG.     Bred  by  T.  Per- 

gande  Jnue  26,  1877,  from  an  adult  collected  Juno 
11  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Admoutia  demvlus  Walk Lophyrus    abbotii    Leach.      Issued    June  24,   1882, 

from  a  larva  collected  by  E.  A.  Schwarz,  in  Mary- 
land. 
Lophyrus  lecontei  Fitch.     Issued  May  6,  1886,  from 
a  larva  collected    by   T.  Pergande   in   Virginia, 
October  19,  1885. 

Admontia  retiniae  Coq Retinia  sp.     Bred   April  17,  1888,  by   A.   Koebele, 

Alameda,  Cal.,  from  a  caterpillar  found  in  a  bud 
on  Pinus  ins'ujnis. 

Am  obi  a  distincta  Town Acronycta  dactylina  Grote.     Issued  March  24,  1884, 

from    a    caterpillar  collected   by   A.    Koebele    at 
Holderuess,  N,  II.,  September  26,  1883. 


10 

Aphria  ocypterata  Town Carneades   messoria    Ilarr.     Bred  by  C.  A'.  Piper, 

Pullman,  Wash. 

Archytas  analis  Fabr * Clisiocampa  californica  Stretch.     (Gillette,  Trans. 

Araer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  70.) 

Archytas  aterrima  Desr Acronycta  occidentalis  a.  &  li.     Issued  Augusl  L3, 

1883,  from   a   chrysalis   collected  July  10   by  A. 
Koebele  in  Virginia. 
Acronycta  ovata  Grole.     Issued  May  13,  1880,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  from  J.  G.  Barlow,  Cadet,  Mo. 
Cerura  sp.     Bred  by  O.  Lugger  April  11,  1874,from 
a    caterpillar    received  from  G.  W.   Letterman, 
October  12,  1873. 
Lagoa  crispata   Facie.     Issued  June  5,  1885,  from  a 
cocoon  received  October  22, 1884,  from  .).  M.  Shaf- 
fer, Keokuk,  Iowa.     Another  issued  February  15, 
1890,  from  a  cocoon  collected  in  Washington,  !>.('., 
in  September,  1889. 

Belvosia  bifasciata  Fabr Citheronia  regalia  lahr.     Issued  July  17,  1873,  and 

June  24,  1881. 
Dryocampa  rubicunda  Fabr.     Bred  August  1">,  1872, 
by  0.  Lugger,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  a  caterpillar 
collected  July  3. 
Hemileuca  sp.     Bred  in  1889  by  A.  Koebele,  from  a 
caterpillar  found  at  Lancaster,  Cal. 

Belvosia  unifasciata  Detv Leucania  nnipuncta   Harr.     Bred  in   L896  by  M.  V. 

Slingerland,  at  [thaca,  N.  Y. 

Biomyia  georgiae  Br.  $•  Berg Calosoma   calidum   Fabr.     Bred  by  A.    F.  Burgess 

June  28,  1896,  from  a  beetle  found  Jnne 6  at  Am- 
herst, Mass. 
Calosoma  peregrinator  Guer.     Bred  by  the  writer 
June  '_'.">,  1888,  ;it  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  the  tacbinid 
puparia  were  found  in  a  dead  beetle  .June  17. 

Blepharipeza  adnata  Lone Arachnis  picta  Pack. 

Clisiocampa  constricta  Stretch.  Bred  in  January 
and  February,  1891,  by  A.  Koebele  from  caterpil- 
lar- collected  at  St.  Helena,  Cal. 
Clisiocampa  thoracica  stretch.  Bred  in  1890,  by  A. 
Koebele,  from  caterpillars  collected  at  Glen  Ellen, 
Cal. 
Ilalisidota  edwardsii  Pack.     Bred  by  the  writer  at 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Leucarctia  acra-a  Drury.     (II.  Edwards,  in   Loew's 
Dipt.  Amer.  sept,  indig.,  Cent.  X,  No.  07.) 

Brachycoma  davidsoni  Coq Bombus  fervidus  Fabr.     Bred  by  Dr.  A.  Davidson, 

Los  Angeles,   Cal. ;    the  tachinid   larvae   fed   on 
those  of  the  Bombus. 

Celatoria  diabrotica-   Shimcr Diabrotica  12-punctata  Oliv.    Issued  August  3, 1889, 

from  adult  beetles  collected  by  T.  Pergande  in 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Diabrotica  soror  Lcc.  Bred  by  the  writer  July  5, 
1888,  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  the  tacbinkl  larva 
issued  from  an  adult  beetle  June  21.  Another 
issued  August  15  and  was  changed  to  ally  August 
28.  Other  flies  issued  August  29  and  31.  Also 
bred  in  June,  1889,  by  A.  Koebele  from  an  adult 
collected  in  Santa  Clara  County,  Cal. 


11 

Celatoria  diabroticae  Shimer Diabrotica  vittata  Fab.     Bred  July  21  and  August 

5,  1897,  by  F.  H.  Chittenden  from  an  adult  col- 
lected at  Brookland,  Md. 

Chsetogsedia  crebra  v.  d.  W Agrotis  sp.    Bred  July  11,  1888,  by  the  writer  from 

a  caterpillar  found  June  2  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Taeniocampa  rufula  Crotc.     Bred  July  29,  1888,  by 
the  writer  from  a  caterpillar  found  June  9  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Clnetogredia  monticola  B'ujot Carneades  sp.     Bred   by  W.   G.   Wait,   Kailua,  N. 

Kona,  Hawaii. 
Peridroma  saucia  Hueb.    Issued  June  14,  1895,  from 
a  chrysalis  received   May  13  from  William  Chap- 
pelow,  Monrovia,  Cal. 
Pyrameis  cardui    Linn.     Bred  by  the  writer  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 
Cistogaster  immaculata  .Macg -,--*( ?)Leucania   unipuncta    Haw.     (Forbes,    Psyche, 

June,  1893,  p.  466.) 
Cryptomeigenia  theutis  Wall:..  .Lachnosterna  inversa  Horn.    Issued  March  23, 1893, 

from  an  adult  beetle  collected  by  T.  Pergande,  in 
May,  1892,  at  Washington.  1).  C. 

Echinomyia  algens  Wied *Hadena  lignicolor  Guen.     (Gillette,  Trans.  Amer. 

Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  70.) 

Epigrimyia  floridensis  Town Plodia  sp.      Bred   by  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  Mesilla, 

N.  Mex. 
Euphorocera  claripennis  Macg.-Acronycta  hamamelis  C.uen.    Issued  August  8,  1882, 

from  a  caterpillar  collected  July  23,  by  A.  Koe- 
bele,  in  Virginia. 
Agraulis  vanilhe  Linn.     Bred  September  12, 1893,  by 

Dr.  A.  Davidson,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Aletia  argillacea  Hueb.     Issued  August  11,  1879. 
Anisota  senatoria  S.  <!'•  A.     Issued  June  13,  1880. 
"Apatura  celtis  Bd.-Lec.  (Riley,  in  Scudder's  But- 

terflies  of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1922.) 
Apatura  clyton  Bd.-Lec.     Bred   by  II.  A.  Morgan, 

Baton  Rouge,  La. 
Arctia  docta    Walk.     Bred   June  26,    1883,   by  the 

writer  at  Anaheim,  Cal. 
Ceratomia  catalpae  Boisd.      Issued  January   7  and 
October  5,  1894,  and  January  5  and  26  and  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1895. 
Chrysomela  multipunctata  Say.     Bred  July  14,  1872, 
by  O.  Lugger  from  a  larva  found  July  1  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 
Clisiocampa  disstria  Hueb.     Bred  by  C.  H.  Fernald, 

Amherst,  Mass 
Crocota  rubicundaria  Hueb.    Issued  October  25, 1882, 
from  a  caterpillar  collected  March  15  by  A.  Koebele 
at  Archer,  Fla. 
Datana  contracta  Walk.     Bred  August  30,  1886,  by 
F.  M.  Webster,  Lafayette,  Ind. ;  one  caterpillar 
bore  115,  another  131,  a  third  213,  and  a  fourth  228 
eggs  of  the  Tachina  fly. 
Empretia  stimulea  Clem.     Issued  July  24, 1885,  from 
a  cocoon  received  September  3,  1884,  from  J.  B. 
Smith,  Monticello,  Ind. 


12 


Euphorocera  claripennis  Macg..  Epilachna  borealis  Fabr.     Bred  by  Dr.  Riley,  Sep- 
tember 10,  1871,  from  a  larva  collected  August  18 

in  New  York  or  New  Jersey. 

Euboliuaf  sp.  Bred  by  A.  Koebele  from  a  caterpil- 
lar found  on  Prosopis  juliflora  in  Panamiut  Valley, 
California,  in  1891. 

Peltia  herilis  Grote.  Issued  May  11, 13,  and  18,  1895, 
from  caterpillars  received  April  13  from  \Y.  D. 
Kierolf,  Jackson,  Term.  Also  June  (i.  1895,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  May  8  from  S.  Merrill,  Mine 
la  Motte,  Mo. 

Ealisidota  tessellata  S.  A-  A.  Issued  August  24,  1896, 
from  a  caterpillar  received  August  1  from  L.  Col- 
lins, Brooklyn,  N.  V. 

1  larrisina  americana  Harris.  Issued  June  26  and 27, 
1891,  from  a  caterpillar  received  June  13  from 
J.  F.  Wilson.  Poulan,  Ca. 

Hemileuca  artemis  Pack.  Issued  April  30.  1894,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  June  6,  1803,  from  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerel],  Las  Cruces,  \.  Mex. 

Hemileuca  electra  Wright.  Bred  June  25,  1887,  by 
the  writer  from  a  caterpillar  collected  April  12 
near  Riverside,  Cal.  ;»the  tachinid  larva  issued 
June  5. 

Lagoa  sp.     Issued  October  3,  1878. 

Lophyrus  sp.  Issued  March  5,  1880,  from  a  larva 
received  September  28,  1888.  from  C.  W.  Martin, 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Mamestra  trifolii  Rott.  Bred  July  1.  1876,  by  T. 
Pergande  from  a  caterpillar  received  June  8  from 
M.  c.  Cant.  Parksville,  Mo.  Issued  November  17 
and  18,  1881,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  October 
12  by  Dr.  Howard  in  Washington,  1).  ('. 

(Edemasia  concinna  8.  «\  A.  Bred  August  2.'!,  1876, 
by  T.  Pergande  from  a  caterpillar  received  Au- 
gust 10  from  John  Barritt,  East  Canton,  Mo. 

Orgyia  lencostigma  8.  ,y-  A.  Issued  September  21, 
1895,  from  a  chrysalis  collected  September  0;  and 
September  23  from  a  chrysalis  collected  Septem- 
ber 0;  and  September  21  from  caterpillars  col- 
ic* ted  September  1.  7,  and  11;  and  September  30 
from  a  caterpillar  collected  September  11,  1805. 
Also  issued  April  16  and  in  July,  1896.  All  were 
from  Orgyias  collected  at  Washington,  1).  C. 

Phasiana  neptata  Guen.  Bred  July  2,  1880,  by  the 
writer  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ;  the  tachinid  larva 
issued  June  2. 

"Vanessa  antiopa  Linn.  (Dimmock,  in  Scudder's 
Butterflies  of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1022.) 

Lachnosterna  arcuata  Smith.     Issued  March  12,  16, 

and  23,  1805,  from  an  adult  beetle  collected  iu 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Arctia  I  sp.     Issued  December  16,  18,  and  10,  1889, 

from  a  caterpillar  stated  to  be  European,  received 
December  2  from  O.  Lugger,  St.  Anthony  Park, 
Minn. 


Eutrixa  masuria  Trail- 


Exorista  aflinis  Fall  . .. 


13 


Exorista  blauda  0.  S . 


Exorista  boarmiae  Coq 


Exorista  ceratomiaa  Coq. 


Exorista  chelonia-  Rond. 


Exorista  conlinis  Fall. 


Exorista  eudryae  /'< 


Euclea  cippus  Cram.  Issued  June  24,  1884,  from  a 
caterpillar  collected  October  9,  1883,  by  A.  Koe- 
bele, in  Virginia. 

*Nisoniades  brizo  Bd.-Lec.  (Scudder,  Butterflies  of 
New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1919.) 

*Pyrameis   cardui   Linn.      (Riley,  Canadian  Ento- 
mologist, Vol.  XIX,  p.  163.) 
.Boarmia  pampinaria   Guen.     Issued  September  12, 
1883,  from   a  caterpillar  received  August  13  from 
J.  B.  Smith,  Cotnid,  Mass. 

Loxostege  similalis  Guen.  Issued  July  10,  1886, 
from  a  chrysalis  received  from  W.  F.  Avera,  Cam- 
den, Ark. 
.Ceratomia  undulosa  Walk.  Bred  May  i;s,  1875,  by 
Dr.  Riley,  from  a  caterpillar  found  October  2, 
1874,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Omphalocera  cariosa  Led.  Issued  July  2,  1M»2.  from 
a  caterpillar  received  from  \Y.  S.  Newlon,  Oswego, 
Kaus. 

Pempelia  sp.  Issued  May  28, 1889,  from  a  caterpillar 
found  by  II.  Allison  on  a  hackberrv  tree  in  Octo- 
ber, 1888,  .it  Fort  Worth,  Tex. 

Pyralid.      Issued  in  September,  1890,  from  a  cater- 
pillar found  on  poison  ivy  by  J.  0.  Barlow.  Cadet, 
Mo. 
.Arachnis  picta  Pack.     Bred  in  1882  by  the  writer  at 
Anaheim,  Cal. 

Arctiadocta  Walk.     Bred  June26, 1883,  by  the  writer 
at  Anaheim,  Cal, ;  the  tachinid  larva  issued  June  17. 
.    Chrysophanus xanthoides Boisd.      (Skinner,  Ento- 
mological News,  December,  1891.  p.  198.) 

Dendrobinus  howardi  Dyar.  Issued  April  20,  1895, 
from  a  caterpillar  received  April  10  from  J.  \V. 
Toumey,  Tucson,  Ariz. 

Lycsena  exilis  Boisd.  Bred  by  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell.Las 
(  rues.  X.  Mex. 

Lycsena  pseudargiolus  Bd.-Lec.     (Scudder.  Butter- 
dies  of  Xew  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1920.) 

Lycana  sp.  Issued  May  24.  1886.  from  a  caterpil- 
lar found  on  a  hickory  tree  May  9,  by  T.  Pergande, 
in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

'  Thecla  calanus  Much.     (Saunders,  Can.  Entomolo- 
gist, Vol.  XIX.  p.  166.) 
.Acronycta  hamamelis  Guen.     Issued  August  8,  1882, 
from  a  caterpillar  found  by  A.  Koebele,  July  23,  in 
Virginia. 

Acronycta  luteicoma  G.  $  B.  Bred  by  Dr.  Riley 
December  31. 1871,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Acronycta  sp.  Bred  April  11,  1874,  by  O.  Lugger, 
from  a  caterpillar  collected  April  5,  1873,  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  Issued  J  uly  24,  1882,  from  a  caterpillar 
found  by  A.  Koebele,  July  9,  on  an  oak  tree  at 
Hyattsville,  Md.  Another  issued  May  10,  1883, 
from  a  caterpillar  found  on  an  oak  tree. 

Agrotis  ypsilon  llott.     Issued  February  15,  1875, 


14 

Exorista  eudryae  Town Alypia  octomaculata   ITueb.      Issued  Juno   2,   1884, 

from  a  caterpillar  received  from  Missouri. 
Eudryas  unio  Hueb.     Bred  by  II.  S.  Jewett,  Dayton, 

Ohio. 
Heterocampa  marthesia  (ram.     Bred  by  ().  Lugger, 

at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Hyperchiria  io  Fab.     Issued  May  31,  1895. 
Pyrameis  atalanta  Linn.     Bred  by  P.  S.  Sprague, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Exorista  tlavirostris  v.  4.  " Lagoa  opercularis  S.   4"  A.     Issued  June  30,  1880, 

from  a  cocoou  received  March  4,  from  R.  S.  Turner, 
Fort  George,  Fla.  Also  January  21  and  22,  1889, 
from  a  caterpillar  received  from  T.  M.  McMeekin, 
McMeekin,  Fla.  Also  December  3  and  1,  1889,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  from  Dr.  Neal,  Florida;  and 
July  31,  1893,  from  a  cocoon  received  from  E.  W, 
Rogers.  Jennings,  Va.  Bred  May  11,  1891,  by 
11.  E.  Weed,  Agricultural  College,  Mississippi. 
Issued  June  2.  1896,  from  caterpillars  collected 
November  2."..  1895, by  E.  A.  Schwarz,  at  Victoria, 
Tex. 

Exorista  futilisO.fi Clisiocampa  thoracica  stretch.     Bred  iu  1890,  by  A. 

Koebele,  at  Glen  Ellen,  Cal. 
lladcna  apamiformis  (irate.     Issued  May  16,  1884. 
"  l'\  r.inicis  ;it;il;mta    Linn.     (Harris   and   Scudder, 
Can.  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  1G2.) 
Exorista  griseomicans    r.  <l.    /!'_.<  )rgyia  leuCOStigma  Sm.  A'  Abb.     Issued  July  17.  L896, 

from  a  cocoon  collected  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Exorista  Lsae   Coq lsa  inornata  G.  .}•  R.     Issued  June  !(!,  1886,  from  a 

caterpillar   collected    September  29,    1885,    by   (). 

Lugger. 

Exorista  lobelia  Coq Lcronycta  hamamelis  Guen.     Issued  August  8,  1*82, 

from  a  caterpillar  collected  by  A.  Koebele  iu  Vir- 
ginia. 

Acronycta  lobelia-  Guen.     Issued  April  21,  1885. 

Acronycta  sp.  Issued  July  28  and  31,  1882,  from  a 
caterpillar  found  on  an  oak  tree  in  Maryland,  July 
2,  by  A.  Koebele. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  S.  <r  A.  Issued  July  21,  1N97, 
from  a  cocoon  collected  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Exorista  petiolata  Coq .Lophyrussp.     Issued  June  23,  18815,   from  a  larva 

collected  June  3,  by  Dr.  Riley,  iu  Virginia. 

Exorista pyste  Walk Hyponomeuta   multipunctella   clem.     Issued  Jam; 

20  and  23,  1884,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  June 
1.  by  A.  Koebele.  iu  Washington, D.  C. 

Mineola  indiginella  Zell.  Issued  July  it,  1880,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  from  O.  S.  Roberts,  Ox  Ibid, 
Ind.  And  June  18,  1897,  from  a  caterpillar  re- 
ceived June  in,  from  W.  A.  Fisher,  Moselle,  Mo. 

Pyralid.  Issued  Juue  22,  1886,  from  a  caterpillar 
found  May  9,  on  a  hickory  tree,  by  T.  Pergande, 
at  Washington,  D.  ('.  Also  ( >etober  6,  1896,  from 
a  caterpillar  found  August  10,  ou  cabbage,  by  H. 
M.  Simons,  Charleston,  S.  (  . 

*Thecla  autolycus  Edw.  (Belfrage,  in  Scudder's 
Butterflies  of  New  England^  Vol.  III.  p.  1921.J 


15 

Exorista  pyste  Walk Tortricid.     Issued  June  26,  1889,  from  a  caterpillar 

found  June  21,  on  a  cedar  tree  "by  H.  T.  Fuchs, 
Tiger  Mills,  Tex. 

Exorista  vulgaris  Fall *  Pieris  rap*  Linn.     (Lintner,  Can.  Entomologist, 

Vol.  XIX,  p.  164.) 

*  Pyrausta  penitalis  Grote.  (Forbes,  Pysche,  June, 
1893,  p.  467.) 

Frontina  alethe  Riley Aletia  argillacea  Hueb.      Issued  November  23,  1878. 

Also  bred  August  21  to  31,  1880,  by  H.  G.  Hub- 
bard, at  Centerville,  Fla. 

Cerura  sp.  Bred  by  A.  Koebele  from  a  caterpillar 
found  on  willow  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Dasylopha  anguina  S.  $  A.  Bred  by  E.  Burgess, 
Beverly,  Mass. 

Hallsidota  maculata  Harr.  Bred  in  February, 
March,  and  April,  1889,  by  the  writer  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Halisidota  tessellata  S.  <J-  A.  Issued  August  14  and 
15,  1896,  from  a  caterpillar  received  from  L.  Col- 
lins, Brooklyn,  X.  Y. 

Lagoa  operculars  S.  J-  A.  Issued  Xovember  27, 
1891,  from  a  caterpillar  received  Xovember  12  from 
H.  Stevens,  Brazaria,  Tex. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  S.  <j-  A.  Issued  September  18, 
1S95,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  September  7; 
and  September  20  from  a  caterpillar  collected  Sep- 
tember 5,  the  tachinid  larva  having  issued  Septem- 
ber 9.  Also  September  23  from  a  cocoon  collected 
September  6.  Also  September  30  from  a  caterpil- 
lar collected  September  13;  the  tachinid  larva 
issued  September  18,  1895.  Also  issued  in  Janu- 
ary, February,  and  July,  1896.  All  were  from 
Orgyia  collected  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Frontina  archippivora  Will Agrotis  ypsilon  Bott. 

(lisiocampa  constricta  Stretclt.  Bred  by  Dr.  A. 
Davidson,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Clisiocampa  pluvialis  Dyar.  Bred  by  C.  V.  Piper, 
Pullman,  Wash. 

Danais  arehippus  Fabr.  Bred  by  C.  W.  Johnson, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  andC.  V.  Piper,  Pullman,  Wash. 

Laphygma  tlavimaculata  JIarv.  Issued  May  29, 1897, 
from  a  caterpillar  received  May  17  from  S.  A. 
Pease,  San  Bernardino,  Cal. 

Pyrameis  cardui  Linn.  Bred  by  the  writer  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Pyrameis  carye  Hueb.  Bred  February  20,  1888,  by 
A.  Koebele,  Alameda,  Cal. ;  also  bred  by  the 
writer  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Frontina  armigera  Coq Heliothis  armiger  Hueb.     Bred  June  14,  1888,  by  the 

writer  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  the  tachinid  larva 
issued  June  1. 

Frontina  freuchii  Will Anisota  senatoria  S.  $  A.     Issued  in  August,  1879, 

and  June  21,  1880.  Also  July  7, 16, 18,  and  22, 1896, 
from  caterpillars  collected  by  F.  C.  Pratt  at  Lake- 
land, Mdv  September  2,  1895, 


16 

Frontina  frenchii  Will Anisota  virginiensis  Drury.     Issued  May  27  and  June 

7.  1874. 
Attacus  cecropia  Linn.     Bred  March  17,  1890,  by  (J. 

Valentine,  Haramontown,  X.  .1. 
Attacus  sp.     Bred  June  21, 1891,  by  the  writer,  from 

a  Cecropia-like  cocoon  on  Ceanothua  sp.,  near  Los 

Angeles,  Cal.j  the  tachinid  larva  issued  May  26. 
Bomb  us  sp.     Bred  from  a  nest;  Canada. 
Ceratomia  catalpse  Boisd.     Issued  in  August,  1890, 

from  a  caterpillar  collected  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 
('it heronia  regalia  Fdbr. 
Clisiocampa  americana  Rarr.     Issued  July  17,  1893, 

from  a  cocoon  received  July  11  from  G.  B.  King', 

Lawrence,  Mass. 
Clisiocampa  californica   Stretch.     Bred  iu   May,  by 

A.  Koebele,  Alameda,  Cal. 
Clisiocampa  constriota  Stretch.     Bred  July  5,  1889, 

by  the  writer,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  May  5 

near  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
"  ( llisiocampn  disstria  Hueb.    ( 1  [arvey,  Psyche,  May, 

L891,  p.  85. 
Clisiocampa  thoracica  Stretch.     Bred  in  1890  by  A. 

Koebele  from  a  caterpillar  found  at  Glen  Ellen, 

Cal. 
Dasylopha  anguina  S.  A   A.     Lied  by  E.  Burgess, 

Be\  erly.  Mass. 
Datana  ministra  Drury.     Issued  May  2,  21,  25,  and 

30,   L874.     Also  September  11,    1893,  and  July  17 

and    August   6,    1894,    from    caterpillars    received 

July  21.  1893,  from  A.  \Y.  Butler,  Brookville,  End. 
Datana  s]>.     Issued  May  28,  1875,  from  a  caterpillar 

found  on  a  birch  tree. 
Dissosteir a  Carolina  Linn.     Three  were  bred  April 

22,   1874,  by  <>.  Lugger,  from  adults  collected  at 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  the  previous  year. 
Dryocampa  rubicunda  Fdbr.    Issued  June  30,  1896, 

from  a  caterpillar  collected  by  F.  C.  Pratt,  July 

11,  1895,  at  Lakeland,  Md. 

Euchaetes  egle  Drury.    (Forbes,  Psyche,  June,  1893, 

p.  107.) 
Heliot his  armiger  Hueb. 
I  Ivpen  liiria    io    Fdbr.     Bred  October    11,   L879,   by 

(J.  II.  French,  Carbondale,  111. 
Hypsoropha  liormos  Hueb.      Issued  July  L8  and  23, 

1884. 
Ichthyura  inclusa  Hueb.     Bred  March  11,  1875,  by 

O.   Lugger,    from   a   caterpillar  collected  at    St. 

Louis,  Mo.,  the  previous  year.     Also  bred  in  1889 

by  F.  M.  AVebster,  Lafayette,  Iud.     Issued  July 

27,  1X93,  from  a  cocoon  received  July  18. 
Orgyia  leucostigma  S.  §"  A.     Issued  in  July,  1896, 

from  caterpillars  collected  at  Washington,  I>.  C. 

Papilio  turnus  Linn.    (Scudder,  Lutterflies  of  New 

Lnglaud,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1923.) 


17 

Frontiua  frenchii  Will Pyralid.    Issued  April  28  and  May  8,  1883,  from  cat- 
erpillars found  October  20,  1882,  on  an  alder  tree 
in  Virginia  by  A.  Koebele. 
*Pyranieis  cardui  Linn.     Bred  by  F.  M.  Webster; 

Townsend  in  lift. 
*  Scbizura  anicornis  S.  <$•  A.     (F.  A.  Marhitt,  Psyche, 

December,  1891,  p.  187.) 
Smerinthus  cerisyi  Kirby.  Bred  by  A.  Koebele,  in 
1887,  from  a  caterpillar  found  at  St.  Helena,  Cal. 
Telea  polyphemus  Cram.  Issued  November  15, 1882, 
and  May  3, 1884.  Also  bred  by  S.  Baldy,  Catawissa, 
Pa. 

Frontina  irrequieta  Walk Papilio  thoas  Linn.     Issued  February  23,  1880,  from 

a  chrysalis  received  January  27  from  Prof.  J.  H. 
Comstock,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Frontina  violenta   Walk Philampelus  vitis  Linn.     Bred  October  8,  1884,  by 

T.  Pergande,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
'Vanessa  antiopa  Linn.     (Riley,  in  Scuclder's  But- 
terflies of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1924.) 

Gonia  capitata  DeG Hadena  devastatrix  Brace.     Bred  July  29,  1890,  by 

C.  P.  Gillette,  Amos,  Iowa. 
Eaphygma  frugiperda  S.  §  A.     Bred  in  1880  by  Eyne 

Starling,  Sunnyside.  Ark. 
Peridroma  saucia  II neb.     Issued  June  14,  1895,  from 
a  caterpillar  received  May  13  from  Win.  Chappe- 
low,  Monrovia,  Cal. 

Hilarella  fulvicornis  Coq Acridiidid.     Issued  March  4,  1884,  from  a  puparium 

found   among  locust   eggs   at  Boscowen,  N.  H., 
September  14,  1883,  by  A.  Koebele. 
1 1  vphantrophaga      hyphantriae 

Town *  Eucaterva    variaria     (irote.     (Townsend,   Psyche, 

April.  1892,  p.  258.) 
Hyphantria  cunea  Drury.     Bred  by  C.  H.  T.  Town- 
send,  September  1,  1891,  at  Bas  Cruces,  X.  Mex. 
"Vanessa  milberti    Codt.     (Gillette,  Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  75.) 

Hypostena  barbata  Coq Coptocycla  clavata  Fahr.    Bred  from  a  larva,  in  July, 

1897,  by  W.  (J.  Johnson,  College,  Md. 
Disonycha     xanthomekena    Dalm.     Bred   June    26, 
1897,  by  F.   II.  Chittenden,  from  an  adult  beetle 
collected  at  Washington,  J).  C. 

Hypostena  rlorideusis  Town Blastobasis  nubilella  ZeU.     Issued  June  26,  1895. 

Schizocera  ebena  Xort.  Issued  August  19  and  Sep- 
tember 19,  23,  and  27,  1887,  from  larvae  received 
August  18  from  ('.  Werckle,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss. 

Hypostena  tortricis  Coq Tortricid.     Bred  August  15,  1890,  by  the  writer  from 

a  caterpillar  found  July  26  in  a  nest  of  leaves  on 
Solan um  douglasi  at  Bos  Angeles,  Cal. 

Hypostena  variabilis  Cqq Carpocapsa  pomonella  Linn. 

Pyrausta  penitalis  Grote.  Issued  August  15,  1883, 
from  a  caterpillar  collected  August  1,  by  A.  Koe- 
bele, in  Washington,  D.  V. 
Tenthredinid.  Issued  May  27,  1884,  from  a  larva 
found  on  an  alder  tree;  also  August  20,  1896, 
from  a  larva  found  on  Jponuva  pandnyatq  in  Mis- 
souri, 

8359— So,  7 2 


Jurinia  metal lica  Pesr Ecpantheria  scribonia Stoll.     Bred  June  10,  1880,  by 

Dr.  Turner,  Fort  George,  Fla. 
Leskiomiina  tenera  Wied Pyralid.      Issued  July  3,    1885,   from  a   caterpillar 

found  by  T.  Pergande,  May  30,  on  a  fern  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
Linmemyia  eomta  Fall Agrotis  ypsilon  llott.     Bred  July  19,  1887,  by  the 

writer  from  a  caterpillar  received    June  7  from 

Mrs.  M.  Stafford,  Napa  County,  Cal.;  the  tachinid 

larva  issued  J  uly  1. 
Carneades  messoria   Harr.     Bred  by  C.   V.   Piper, 

Pullman,  Wash. 
Maequartia  pristis  Walk Halisidota    argentata    Pack.     Issued   June  2,    1893, 

from  a  caterpillar  received  May  is  from  A.  Koe- 

bele,  Aurora  Mills,  <  >reg. 
*  Limacodes  sp.      (Comstock,  Psyche,  June!,  1*92,  p. 

275.) 
Masicera  eutitchia»  Town "Fulitchia  ribearia    Fitch.     (Gillette,  Trans.  Aiuer. 

Tut.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  287.) 

Hyphantria  cunea  Drury.     (Forbes.  Psyche,  June, 

L893,  p.  467.) 
Masicera  myoidsea  Desv \r/ama  obliquata  G.  <\-  /.'.     Issued  May  12  and  13, 

1SS2,  and  June  21,  1884. 
Hy.hu  ria   nitela   Cncn.      Issued  July  26,  1890,  from 

a    caterpillar  received  July  2.~>  from  F.  A.  Brown, 

Everel  i .  Mass. 
Masicera  t»-nt  h  red  inid  a  r  n  m 

Town Tenthrcdinid.     (Harrington,    Trans.    Anier.    Ent. 

Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  280./ 
Microphthalma  disjuueta  Wied.. Lachnosterna    arcuata  Smith.     Issued   Octobei  15, 

1891,  from  a  puparium  found  in  the  skin  of  a  larva 

August  12,  by  T.  Pergande,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Myiophasia  ;cnea  Hied Balaninus  nasicus  Say.     Issued  July  22.  1895. 

Chalcodermus  sp.     Bred  by   II.  A.  Morgan,  Baton 

Rouge,  La. 
Conotrachelus  juglandis  Lee,     Issued  July  16,  1886, 

from  a  larva  found  by  T.  Pergande  in  Washington. 

Also  June  29  and  30,  1X9(>,  from  a  larva  received 

June  2  from  J.  (i.  Barlow,  Cadet,  Mo. 

(  .'iLeucania    unipuncta   Haw.     (Forbes,    Psyche, 

June,  1893,  p.  467.) 

Sphenophorus  parvulua  Gyll.     (Forbes,  lo<:  cit.) 
Myiophasia  robusta  Coq Sphenophorus  robustus   Horn.      Bred   in   October, 

1886,  by   A.  Koebele,  from   a  larva  found  at  Los 

Angeles,  Cal. 
Ocypteia  Carolina-  Deso Acridiidid.     (Forbes,  Psyche,  June,  1893,  p.  466.) 

(  F)Leucania    unipuncta  Haw.     (Forbes,  loc.  cit., 

p.  166.) 
Pacbyophthalmus        Qoridensis 

Town Isodonta   elegans   Sm.     Bred  by  Dr.  A.  Davidson, 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
I'elopauis  cementarius  Drury.     Bred  by  the  writer 

in  October,  1891,  14  specimens  from  a  nest  found 

November  11.  1890,  near  Rincon,  Cal.     Also  bred 

July  28,  1892,  by  Dr.  A.  Davidson  from  the  nest, 

of  a  burrowing  wasp  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.     Issued 

July  27,  1897,  from  a  nest  received  that  day  from 

A.  Oemler,  Wilmington  Island,  Ga. 


19 

Path yopli thalmus    11  oridensi  s 

Town *  Trypoxylon   politum  Say.     (Webster,   Bull.   Ohio 

Exper.  Station,  Technical  Series,  Vol.  I,  No.  3, 

p.  158.) 

Pachyophthalmus signatus Meig . Pelopseus  cementarius  Drury.     Bred  by  II.  Gr.  Bub- 
bard,  August  14,  from  a  nest  collected  at  Center- 
ville,  Fla. 
Trypoxylon  sp.     Bred  .Inly  X,  1896,  by  E.  A.  Schwarz, 
from  a  nest  found  at  Berkeley,  W.  Va. 

Panzeria  penitalis  Coq Pyrausta  penitalis  Grote.     Bred  June  1,  1876,  by  Dr. 

Riley,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  a  caterpillar  col- 
lected the  previous  year.  Also  bred  May  15, 1885, 
by  Miss  M.  E.  Murtfeldt,  Kirkwood,  Mo. 

Panzeria  radicum  1'abr llyphantria    cunea    Drury.     Bred  April  13,  1874,  by 

O.  Lugger,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  a  cocoon  found 
October  26,1873.  Also  issued  from  a  caterpillar 
collected  in  Washington,  D.C. 
Hyphantria  sp.  Issued  March  26  and  30,  1896,  from 
caterpillars  collected  August  18,  1805,  ou  a  per- 
simmon tree  at  Riverview,  Md.,  by  T.  Pergande. 

Phoricha-ta  sequax  Will *  Noctua  fennica  Tauach.     ( ( look,  Notes  on  Injurious 

Insects,  1884.) 
Noctuid.     Bred  in  duly,  1888,  by  A.  Koebele,  from  a 
caterpillar  collected  at  Summit,  Cal. 

Phorocera  comstocki  Will *  Lophyrus  sp.     (Forbes,  Psyche,  June,  1893,  p.  467.) 

. Megathymas  yucca-  Bd.-Lec.  Bred  March  14,  1874, 
by  O.  Lugger,  from  a  puparimn  received  from 
South  Carolina.  Issued  March  21  and  26,  1892, 
from  a  caterpillar  received  from  J.  II.  Mellichainp, 
Bin  lit  on,  S.C. 
*  Pyrausta  penitalis  Grote.  (Forbes,  Psyche,  June, 
1893,  p.  467.) 

Phorocera  doryphorae  Eiley Doryphora   10-lineata   Say.      Issued   July  30,  1897, 

from  a  larva  collected  by  Frank  Benton  at  Ber- 
wyn,  Md. 
Vanessa  antiopa   Linn.     Bred  by    Dr.  Riley,  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

Phorocera  leucaniae  Coq Leucania   unipuncta   Haw.     Issued   June  4,    1896, 

from   a   caterpillar   received   May    1    from  J.  C. 
Mackey,  Ripley,  Tenn. 
Loxostege  similalis  Guen.     Issued  July  7  and  9, 1888, 
from  caterpillars  received  from  \Y.  F.  A  vera,  Cam- 
den, Ark. 

Phorocera  parva  Bigot Tortrix  citrana  Fern.     Bred  by  the  writer  May  13, 

1887,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  April  28  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Phorocera  saundersii  Will Argynnis  cybele    Vdbr.     (Riley,  in  Scudder-s  But- 
terflies of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1922.) 

Phorocera  tortricis  Coq Tortricid.     Bred  by  C.  P.  Gillette,  from  a  caterpil- 
lar found  on  a  cherry  tree  in  Michigan. 

Plectops  melissopodis  Coq Melissopus  latiferreana  Wlshm.     Issued  July  19, 1892. 

Also  bred  July  20,  1893,  by  Miss  M.  E.  Murtfeldt, 
Kirk  wood,  Mo.  Issued  May  5,  21,  25,  and  28,  1894, 
from  caterpillars  collected  in  April  by  T.  Per- 
gande in  AVashington,  D.  C. 


20 


Sturmia  albifrona  Walk 


Sturm 


dist-incta    Wied. 


Pseudochseta  argentifrous  Coq  ..Bonibycid.     lived  by  the  writer  May  23,  24,  and  30, 

L890,  from  a  caterpillar  found  May  20  feeding  <>n 
lichens  on  an  apple  tree  at   Santa  Barbara,  Cal. 

Pseudochseta  pyralidis  Coq Pyralid.     Issued  March  24,  1880,  from  a  caterpillar 

found  in  a  nest  of  leaves  on  an  oak  tree. 

Senotainia trilineata v. d.  W ( ?) Leucania    unipuncta   Haw.     (Forbes,    Psyche) 

June,  1893,  p.  467.) 
sphecius  speciosns    Drury.     Issued  August  7,  1890, 
from  a   nest  found  August  5,  by  T.  Pergande,  in 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Siphona  plusiae  Coq Plasia  californica  Speyer.     Bred  l>,v  the  writer  July 

2,  1892,  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ;  the  tachinid  larva 
issued  June  18  from  a  caterpillar  collected  June  17. 
Spallanzania  hesperidarum  Will,     Ludamus  t  ityrus  Jraln\     (  Harris,  in  Scudder's  But- 
terflies of  New  England.  Vol.  HI.  p.  Ii»l7.) 
. .  Ecpantheria  scribonia  SlolL     Bred  by  H.  G.  Bub- 
bard,  at  (  entei  \  ille,  Ida. 
l.eiiearetia   acra-a    Drury.      Bred    June  25   ami    July 
2,  1881,  by  Dr.  Riley,  from  a  caterpillar  received 
June    11     from     A.    1'.    Butler,    Columbia.    S.    ('. 
Issued   March  20  and  26,  1883,  from  a  cocoon   re- 
ceived  March  !'  from   Mrs.  A.  E.  Bush,  San  Jose, 
Cal.     Also   bred    by  Mrs.  \Y.  Seliger,    Hartford, 
Conn.      Issued   June    It!,    L885,    from   a   cocoon   re- 
ceived from  Murphy  Brothers,  Paris,  Tex. 
..Protoparce   celens    Hueb,     Bred  June   1,   1880,  by 
( i.  II.  French,  ( larbondale,  ill. 
Protoparce  jamaicensis    Hull.     Bred    September  7, 
L889,  by  C.  H.  T.  Townsend,   Kingston.  Jamaica, 
Sphingid.     Issued  May  11,  L889,  from  a  caterpillar 
found  on  an  ash  tree  by  G.  II.  Hathaway,  rales- 
tine.  Tex.     Also  November 21,  1893,  from  a  cater- 
pillar received  from  the  same  source. 
. .  Harrisina  ainericana  Harris.    Issued  <  October  7,  1880. 
. .  ( 'eratomia  amyntor   Hueb.     Issued  May  28  and  31, 
1881. 
Ceratomia  nndulosa    Walk.     Bred    March   11,  1875, 
by  Dr.  Riley,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo., from  a  caterpillar 
collected  the  previous  season.     Also  issued  July 
27  and  28,  1888. 
Deilephila  lineata  Fabr.     Bred  October  1,  18!)2,  by 

H.  A.  Morgan,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 
Ilemileuca  maia  Drury.     Issued  September  25. 
Philampelus   achemon    Drury.     1*  specimens  were 
bred  from  one  chrysalis  October  L8,  1881,  by  Miss 
M.  E.  Murtfeldt,  Kirkwood.  Mo. 
Protoparce  Carolina   Linn.     Bred  May  17,  1880,  by 
G.    ii.    French,    Carbondale,    111.      Also    issued 
December    2X,    1891,    from    a    chrysalis    collected 
November  21,  by  Dr.  Riley,  in  Colorado. 
Protoparce  celeus  Hueb.     Bred  in  April,  1871,  by  Dr. 

Riley,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Protoparce  cingulata  Fabr.     Issued  January  20  and 
27,  1882,  from  ;:  chrysalis  received  December  17, 
1881,  from  J.  C.  Neal,  Archer,  Fla, 


Sturmia  harrisime  Coq. .  . 
Sturmia  inquiuata  v.d.  If 


21 

Sturmia  phyciodis  Coq Phyciodes  sp.  Issued  October  7, 1880,  from  a  cater- 
pillar collected  September  15,  by  T.  Pergande,  at 
Piney  Point,  Md. 

Sturm ia  scbiznrap   Cor Schizura  ipomcese  Doubl.     Bred  in  May,  1895,  by  C. 

V.  Piper,  Pullman,  AY  ash. 

Tacbina  mella   J/u.A \eronyeta  i>opuli  Filey.     Issued  September  26  aud 

December  7,  1874. 

Arctia  pbyllira  Drury.  Issued  April  7,  1882,  from  a 
caterpillar  collected  March  15,  by  A.  Koebele,  at 
Arcber,  Fla. 

( 'lisiocampa  disstria  JIueh.    (Harvey,  Psycbe,  May, 
1891,  p.  81.) 

(lisiocampa  sp.  Issued  July  10,  1888,  from  a  cater- 
pillar received  from  Evanston,  Wyo.  Also  October 
2,  ISSN,  from  one  received  June  25,  from  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerel!,  West  Cliff,  Colo.  Bred  by  tbe  writer 
from  a  caterpillar  found  on  an  oak  tree  near  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Clisiocampa  tboracica  Stretch.  Bred  in  1890  by  A- 
Koebele,  from  a  caterpillar  found  at  (den  Ellen, 
Cal. 

Leucarctia  acraea  Drury.  Bred  July  6,  7,  and  8,  by 
F.  F.  Crevecoeur,  Ona.ua.  Kans. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  S.  $  J.  Issued  September  16, 
1895,  from  a  cocoon  collected  September  7.  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  Also  issued  inJuly,1896,  from 
caterpillars  collected  in  the  same  locality. 

*Porthetriadispar£iww.  (Pern aid.  The  Gypsy  Moth, 
p.  387.) 

Pyrrh arctia isabell a  S.  §■  A.     Issued  June  14.     Bred 
June  10.  1892.  by  W.  Brodie,  Toronto.  Canada. 
Tacbina  robusta  Town Agrotis  ypsilon  Rott.     Issued  April  12.  1873. 

('lisiocampa  sp.  Bred  by  A.  Koebele  from  cater- 
pillars collected  in  Sonoma  County,  Cal. 

Tacbina  rnstica  Fall Tenthredinid.      (Harrington,    Trans.    Amer.   Ent. 

Soc;  Vol.  XIX,  p.  285.) 

Triehophora  miscelli    Coq Adisopbanes  miscellus  Grote.     Bred  in  1886,  by  A. 

Koebele,  at  bos  Angeles,  Cal. 

Tricbopoda   pennipes  Fabr Anasa  tristis   DeG.      Issued    September  12   and    13, 

L894,  from  an  adult  received  from  M.  P.  Barnard, 
Kennett  Square,  Pa. 

Tricbopoda  plnmipes  Fabr Dissosteira  \  'enusta  Stal.    Bred  by  A.  Koebele,  August 

30, 1887,  from  an  adult  collected  at  St.  Helena,  Cal. 

Wintbemia  4-pustulata  Fabr Alypia  octomaculata   Ilneb.     Issued  July  28,  1897, 

from  a   caterpillar  received  July  13  from  ('.  Gr. 
Griswold,  Brooklyn,  X.  Y. 

Atticus  cecropia  Linn.  Bred  by  Dr.  Riley  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

Bombycid.  Issued  October  21,  1882,  from  a  cater- 
pillar found  on  a  birch  tree. 

Datana  ministra  Drury. 

"Deilephila  lineata  Fabr.  (Riley,  Can.  Entomolo- 
gist, Vol.  XIX,  p.  165. ) 

Feltia  herilis  Grote.  Issued  June  6,  L895,  from  a 
caterpillar  received  May  8  from  Spencer  Merrill, 
Mine  la  Motte.  Mo. 


22 

Winthemia  4-pustulata  Fain- Halisidota    tessellata  S,  <V'   A.      Issued  August  14, 

L896,  from  a  caterpillar  received  August  1   from 
I..  Collins.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

*  Hemaris  diffinis  Boisd.  (Forbes,  Psyche,  June, 
1893,  p.  407.) 

Laphygma  frugiperda  S.  <f  A. 

Leucania  unipuncta  Haw.  Issued  Juno  12,  13,  14, 
and  18,  1879,  from  caterpillars  collected  by  Dr. 
Howard  near  Portsmouth,  Va.  Also.  August  12, 
1880,  from  a  caterpillar  received  August  2  from 
R.  A.  Ayres,  Stillville,  Va.  Also  June  21,  22,  and 
23,  L894,  from  caterpillars  received  dune  7,  from 
E.  P.  Hatcher,  Chester,  Pa,  And  .Inly  23,  L896, 
from  a  caterpillar  collected  at  Agawam,  Mass. 
Also  bred  in  1896,  by M.  V.  Slingerland,  Ithaca, 
V  V. 

Orgyia  lencostigma  S.  $  A.  Issued  in  October,  lSi).">, 
and  April  14,  1S!H;.  from  caterpillars  collected  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Peridroma  saucia  Hueb.     Issued  .Tune  10,  1872. 

Protoparoe  oeleus  /Inch.  Bred  in  April,  1871,  by  Dr. 
Riley,  from  a  caterpillar  collected  the  previous 
year  at  St.  Louis,  }Io. 

Telea  polyphemus  Cram.  Issued  May  29,  1882,  from 
a  caterpillar  collected  September  5,  1881,  by  B.  P. 
Mann,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

II. — H08T8  wo  Their  Parasites. 

[The  breeding  records  are  omitted  in  this  pari  of  1  In1  lisi .] 
Host  insects.  Parasites. 

HYMENOPTERA. 

Bombus  fervidus  Fabr Brachycoma  davidsoni  Coq. 

Bombns  s]> Prontina  frenchii  Will. 

Isodonta  elegans  Smith Pachyophthalmua  floridensis  Town. 

Lophyms  abbotii   Leach Admontia  demylns  Walk, 

Lophyrus  lecontei  Fitch  - Admontia  demylus  Walk. 

Lophyrus  sp Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Exorista  petiolata  Coq. 

*  Phorocera  comstocki  Will. 
Pelopseus  cementarins  Drnry Pachyophthalmus  floridensis  Town. 

Pachyophthalmus  signatus  Meig. 

Schizocera  ebena  Nori Hypostena  floridensis  Town. 

Spheciua  speciosns  Drury Senotainia  trilineata  v.  <L  ll\ 

Tenthredinid Hypostena  variabilis  Coq. 

Masicera  tenthredinidarurn  Totvn. 

*  Tachina  rustica  Fall. 

Trypoxylon  politum  Say "  Pachyophthalmus  floridensis  Town. 

Trvpoxylon  sji Pachyophthalmus  signatus  Meig. 

BEMIPTERA. 

Anasa  trisris  DeG Trichopoda  pennipes  Fabr. 


23 


ORTFIOPTERA. 

Acridiidid *Hilarella  fulvicornis  Coq. 

Trichoiioda  plumipes  Fcibr. 

Ocyptera  Carolina'  Desv. 
Chortophaga  viridifasciata  ZteGLAcemyia  deutata  Coq. 

Dissosteira  Carolina  Linn Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Dissosteira  veil  us  ta  Stal Trichopoda  plumipes  Fabr. 

COLEOI'TEKA. 

Balaniinis  na&icus  Say Myiophasia  a-nea  Wied. 

Calosoma  calidum  Fabr Biomyia  georgiae  Br.  §  Berg. 

Calosouiaperegriuator  Guer Biomyia  georgiae  Br.  o  Berg. 

Chalcodermns  sp Myiophasia  anea  Jl'ied. 

Chrysomela  multipunctata  Say .  .Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Conotrachelus  jnglandis  Lee Myiophasia  aenea  Wied. 

Coptocycla  clavata  Fabr Hypostena  barbata  Coq. 

Diabrotica  12-punctata  Oliv Celatoria  diabrotica-  Shimer. 

Diabrotica  soror  Lee Celatoria  diabrotica'  Shimer. 

Diabrotica vittata  Fahv Celatoria  diabrotica'  Shimer. 

Disonycha  xanthomelaena  Dalm. Hypostena  barbata  Co<[. 

Doryphora  10-lineata  Say Fhorocera  doryphorae  Riley. 

Epilachnaborealis  Fabr Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Lacbuosterna  arcuata  Smith Eutrixa  masuria  Walk. 

Microphthalmia  disjnncta  Wied. 

Lacbuosterna  inversa  Horn Cryptqmeigenia  thelitis  Walk. 

Sphenopnorns  parviilus  Cyll "Myiophasia  anea  Wied. 

Sphenophorns  robustus  Horn Myiophasia  robusta  Coq. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Acronycta  dactylina  Grote Ainobia  distincta  Town. 

Acronycta  hamamelis  Guen Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Exorista  eudrysB  Town. 

Exorista  lobelia-  Coq. 

Acronycta  lobelia'  Guen Exorista  lobelia'  Coq. 

Acronycta  luteicoma  G.  $  11 Exorista  eudrya-  Town. 

Acrouycta  occidentalis  a.  $-  I!.. Archytas  aterrima  Desv. 

Acronycta  ovata  Grote Archytas  aterrima  Desv. 

Acronycta  populi  Riley Tachina  mclla   Walk. 

Acronycta  sp Exorista  eiulrya-  Town. 

Exorista  lobelia'  Coq. 

Adisophanes  miscellus  Grole Trichophora  miscelli  ('<><i. 

Agraulis  vanilla-  Linn Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Agrotis  sp Chaetogaedia  crebra  v.  d.   W. 

rborichata  sequax  Will. 
Agrotis  ypsilon  llott Exorista  eudryae  Town. 

Frontina  archippivora  Will. 

Liuna-myia  comta  Fall. 

Tachina  robusta  Town. 
Aletia  argillacea  Hneh Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  aletia'  Riley. 
Alypia  octomacnlata  Hneh Exorista  eudryae  Town. 

Winthcinia  4-pnstulata  Fabr. 
Anisota  senatoria  S.  $  A Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 


LIBRARY 


21 

Anisota  virginienaia  Drury Frontina  frenchii   Will. 

Apatura  celtia  Bd.-Lec *  Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Apatura  clyton  Bd.-Lec Eupliorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Araclmis  picta  rack Blepharipeza  adusta  Loeiv. 

Exorista  cheloniae  Bond. 
Arctia  docta  Walk Euphorocera  claripenDis  Macq. 

Exorista  cheloniae  Eond. 

Arctia  pliyllira  Drury Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Arctia  ap Exorista  al'linis  Fall. 

Argynnis  cybele  Fahr Pliorocera  saundersii  Will. 

Arzama  obliqnata  G.  <V  /.' Masicera  myoidaea  Dear. 

Attacus  cecropia  I. inn Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Winthemia  4-pustulala  Fahr. 

Attacus  Bp Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Blastobasis  nnbilella  Zell Hypostena  ftoridensis  Town. 

Boarmia  pampinaria  Guen Exorista  boarmiae  Coq. 

Bombycid Pseudochaeta  argentifrona  Coq. 

Winthemia  4-pustnlata  Fabr. 
Carneades  messoria  Hani* Apbria  ocypterata  Town. 

Linnaemyia  comta  Fall. 

Carneades  sp Chaetogaedia  monticola  Bigot. 

Carpocapsa  pomonella  Linn Hypostena  variabilis  Coq. 

Ceratomia  amyntor  Hueb Sturmia  inquinata  v.  <l.  W. 

Ceratomia  catalpae  Boied Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 
Ceratomia  undulosa  Walk Exorista  ceratomiae  Coq. 

Sturmia  inquinata  v.  <1.  W. 
Cerura   sp Irchytas  a t err i ma  Deav. 

l'ront  ina  aletiae  Riley. 
Cbrysophanus  xanthoides  Boisd.   Exorista  connnis  Fall. 
Citheronia  regalia  Fabr Belvosia  bifasciata  Fabr. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Clisiocampa  americana  Harr Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Clisiocampa  californica  Stretch..  'Archytas  analis  Fabr. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 
Clisiocampa  constricta  Stretch.  ..Blepharipeza  adusta  Loew. 

Frontiua  arcbipivora  Will. 

Fmntina  frenchii  Will. 

Clisiocampa  diaatria    Hueb Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  frenchii   Will. 
Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Clisiocampa  pluvial i a  Dyar Frontina  archippivora  Will. 

( (lisiocampa  sp Tachina  mella  Wall:. 

Tachina  robusta  Town. 
Clisiocampa  thoracica  Stretch Blepharipeza  adnsta  Loew. 

Exorista  futilis  0.  S. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Croeota  rnbicundaria  Hueb Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Dauais  archippus  Fabr Frontina  archippivora  Will. 

Dasylopha  anguina  S.  <)'■  J Frontina  alethe  Riley. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Datana  con  tract  a  Wall- Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Datana  ministra  Drury Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Winthemia  4-pnstnlata  Fabr. 
Datana  sp Frontiua  frenchii  Will. 


25 

Deilephila  lineata  Fabr Stnrmia  inquinata  v.  d.  W. 

Winthemia  4-pustulata  Fabr. 

Dendrobinus  howardi  Dyar Exorista ,  confinis  Fall. 

Dryocampa  rubicunda  Fabr *Belvosia  bifasciata  Fabr. 

Frontina  freucbii  Will. 
Ecpantheria  scribonia  Stoll Jurinia  metallica  Desr. 

Stnrmia  albifrons  Walk. 

Empretia  stimulea  Clem Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Eubolina?  sp Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Eucaterva  variaria  (irote *  Hyphantrophaga  hyphantria?  Town. 

Euchaetes  egle  Drury *  Frontina  frencbii  Will. 

Euclea  cippus  Cram Exorista  blanda  O.  S. 

Eudamus  tityrus  Fabr *  Spallanzania  besperidarnni  Will. 

Endryas  unio  Hueb Exorista  eudrya?  Town. 

Eufitcbia  ribearia  Fitch *  Masicera  eufitchia?  Town. 

Feltia  herilis  (Irote Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Wintbemia  4-pustulata  Fain-. 

Hadena  apamiformis  Grote Exorista  futilis  0.  S. 

Hadena  devastatrix  Brace Gonia  capitata  DeG. 

Hadena  lignicolor  Guen *Echinomyia  algens  Wied. 

Halisidota  argentata  Pack Macquartia  pristis  Walk. 

Halisidota  edwardsii  Pack Blepharipeza  adusta  Loew. 

Halisidota  maculata  Harr Frontina  aletia?  Riley. 

Halisidota  tessellata  S.  $  A Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  aletia-  Pile}/. 

Wintbemia  4-pustulata  Fabr. 
Harrisina  americana  Ilarr Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Sturmia  harrisina?  Co<j. 
Heliotbis  armiger  Hueb Frontina  armigera  Coq. 

Frontina  frencbii   Will. 

Hemaris  dimnis  Boisd *  Wintbemia  4-pustulata  Fabr. 

Hemileuca  artemis  Pad: Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Hemilenca  electra  Wright Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Hemileuca  maia  Drury Stnrmia  inquinata  r.d.  IV. 

Hemilenca  sp Belvosia  bifasciata  Fabr. 

Heterocampa  martbesia  Cram Exorista  eudrya?  Toivn. 

Hydroeeia  nitela  Guen Masicera  rayoidaea  Desr. 

Hyperchiria  io  Fabr Exorista  eudrya'  Turn. 

Frontina  frencbii   Will. 
Hypbantria  cnnea  Drury Hyphantrophaga  hyphantria?  Town. 

*  Masicera  eufitcbia?  Town. 

Panzeria  radicum  Pabr. 

Hyphantria  sp Panzeria  radicum  Fabr. 

Hyponomeuta        multipunctella 

Clem Exorista  pyste  Walk. 

Hypsoropba  bormos  Hueb Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Icbthyura  inclusa  Hueb Frontina  frencbii  Will. 

Isainornata  G.  $  P Exorista  isa?  Coq. 

Lagoa  crispata  Pack Arcbytas  aterrima  Dcsr. 

Lagoa  opercularis  S.  $  A Exorista  flavirostris  v.  d.  W. 

Frontina  aletia'  Riley. 

Lagoa  sp Eupborocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Laphygma  flavimacnlata  Harv .. Frontina  arebippivora  Will. 
Lapbygma  frugiperda  S.  <i   A Gonia  capitata  Ded. 

Wintbemia  4-pustulata  Fabr. 


26 

Leucuiia  nnipnncta  Haw Belvosia  nnifasciata  Desv. 

*(?)Ciatogaater  immacnlata  Maoq. 
*(  t )Myiophasia  ranea  Wied. 


i  > 


)Ocyptera  Carolina'  Dear 


Phoroeera  leucanise  Coq. 

*(f)Senotainia  trilineata  v.  d.  W. 

Winthemia  4-pnstnlata  Vahr. 
Lencarctia  acrraa  Drurjf 'Blepharipeza  adnata  Loew. 

Sturniia  albifrons  Walk. 

Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Lima  codes  sp *Macqnartia  ]>iist  is  Walk. 

Loxoste<;e  similalis  Citen Exorista  boarmise  Coq. 

Phoroeera  parva  Bigot. 

Lycaena  exilis  Boisd Exorista  con  finis  Fall. 

Lycaena  psendargiolns  lid. -I.cc.  *Exorista  confinia  Fall. 

Lycsena  sp Exorista  confinia  Fall. 

Maiiicstra  trifolii  Holt Enphorocera  claripennis  Maoq. 

Megathymns  ynccse  Hd.-I.ec  :. . .  Phoroeera  comstocki  Will. 
Melissopus  latiferreana  FP7«Am..Plectope  meliaaopodia  Coq. 

Mineola  indiginella  Zell Exoriata  pyate  Walk. 

N  iaoniadea  brizo  Bd.-Lec 'Exoriata  blanda  0.  S. 

Noctua  fennica  Tausck *  Phorichasta  seqnax  Will. 

Noctnid Phorichseta  seqnax  Will. 

CEdemaaia  cone  inn  a  8.  A-  A Enphorocera  claripennis  Maoq. 

Omphalocera  carioaa   !.<d Exoriata  ceratomiaa  Coq. 

Exoriata  flaviroatris  o.  <l.  W. 
Orgyia  Lencostigma  S.  <t  ./ Enphorocera  claripennis  Maoq. 

Exorista  griaeomicans  r.  d.  W. 

Exoriata  lobelia?  ( 'oq. 

Frontina  aletise  Riley. 

Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Winthemia  L-puatnlata  Fabr. 

Papilio  thoaa  Linn Frontina  irreqnieta  /I  a  Ik. 

Papilio  tnrnna  Linn 'Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Pempelia  sp Exorista  ceratomiae  Coq. 

Peridroma  Baucia  Hueh ChsBtogandia  montioola  IHgot. 

( ronia  capitata  DeG. 

Winthemia  t-pustulata  Fabr. 

Phaaiana  neptata  G-uen Enphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Philampelns  achemon  Drnry Stnrmia  inqninata  v.  <l.  W. 

Philampelus  vitis  Linn Frontina  violenta  Walk. 

Phyciodes  sp Stnrmia  phyciodis  ( 'oq. 

Pieris  rapse  Linn Exorista  vulgaris  Fall. 

Plnsia  californica  Speyer Siphona  plusise  Coq. 

Plodia  sp Epi grimy ia  floridensis  Town. 

Porthetria  dispar  Linn 'Tachina  mella  Walk. 

Protoparce Carolina  Linn stnrmia  inqninata  v.  d.  W. 

Protoparee  celens  Hneb Stnrmia  distincta  Wied. 

Stnrmia  inqninata  u.  d.  W. 

Winthemia  i-pnstnlata  Fabr. 

Protoparce  cingnlata  Fabr Stnrmia  inqninata  /•.  d.  W. 

Protoparce jamaicenaia  Ilutler.  ..Stnrmia  distincta  Wied. 
Pyralid  Exorista  ceratomia?  ('oq. 

Exorista  pyate  Walk. 

Frontina  frencbii  Will. 


27 

pyralid Leskiomima  tenera  Wied. 

Pseudoelneta  pyralidis  Coq. 
Pyrameis  atalanta  /   •     Exorista  endryae  Town. 

*Exorista  futilis  0.  S. 
Pyrameis  carduL  Linn Chaetogaedia  monticola  Bigot. 

*Exorista  blanda  0.  S. 

Frontina  archippivora  Will. 
Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Pyrameis  carye  Hneh Frontina  archippivora  Will. 

Pyrausta  penitalis  Grote.. Exorista  vulgaris  Fall. 

*  Hypostena  variabilis  Coq. 

Panzeria  penitalis  Coq. 
Phorocera  comstocki  Will. 

Pyrrharctia  isabella  S.  $  A Tachina  mella  Wall-. 

Retinia  sp , Admontia  retinia*  Coq. 

Scliizura  ipomceae  Doubl Sturmia  schiznrae  Coq. 

Schizura  unicornis  S.  $ •  A *  Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Smerinthus  cerisyi  Kirby Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Sphingid Sturmia  distincta  Wied. 

Taeuiocampa  rufula  Grote Chaetogaedia  crebra  v.  d.  W. 

Telea polyphemus  Cram Frontina  frenchii  Will. 

Winthemia  4-pustulata  Fair. 

Thecla  autol yens  Edw *  Exorista  pyste  Walk. 

Thecla  calanus  limb "Exorista  confinis  Fall. 

Tortrix  citrana  Fern Phorocera  parva  Bigot. 

Tortricid Exorista  pyste  Walk. 

Hypostena  tortricis  Coq. 

Phorocera  tortricis  Coq. 

Vanessa  antiopa  Linn *Euphorocera  claripennis  Macq. 

Frontina  violenta  Walk. 

Phorocera  doryphorae  Riley. 
Vanessa  milberti  Godt *  Hyphantrophaga  hypkantrhc  Town. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

Probably  no  single  family  of  Diptera  lias  received  greater  considera- 
tion in  Europe  than  the  Tachinidae,  and  yet,  strange  as  this  may  seem,  no 
Ocher  family  at  the  present  time  is  in  greater  disorder.  Several  authors 
accord  them  only  subfamily  rank,  but  it  appears  desirable  to  cousider 
them  as  a  distinct  family,  although  their  relationship  to  the  Dexida3 
and  Sarcophagidae  is  a  very  intimate  one.  They  may  be  recognized  by 
the  bare,  or  at  least  never  plumose,  antennal  arista.  They  are  com- 
monly divided  into  live  subfamilies,  and  these  have  by  one  or  two 
writers  even  been  accorded  family  rank.  The  characters  employed  in 
separating  them  are  as  follows : 

Abdomen  destitute  of  stout  macrochaetae: 

With  only  four  abdominal  segments Gymnosomime. 

With  five  or  six  abdominal  segments Phasinae. 

Abdomen  bearing  stout  macrochaetae  : 

With  only  four  abdominal  segments Taehininae. 

With  five  abdominal  segments — 

Abdomen  not  clavate * Phaninae. 

Abdomen  clavate,  narrow  at  the  base Ocypterinae. 


28 

This  classification  looks  very  nice  on  paper,  but  when  we  under- 
take to  apply  it  to  the  specimens  themselves,  then  the  difficulty  arises. 

In  the  first  -place,  in  many  species  the  macrochaetae  are  so  reduced  in 
size  that  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  decide  as  to  whether  they  should  be 
considered  as  macrochaetae  or  simply  as  bristly  hairs.  Then  again,  the 
males  of  several  species  have  five  visible  abdominal  segments,  while 
their  females  have  only  four:  and,  conversely,  the  females  of  a  few 
species  have  live  and  their  males  only  four.  This  difference  is  due  to 
the  greater  or  less  development  of  what,  in  those  with  only  four  abdom- 
inal segments,  is  the  first  segment  of  tin4  genitalia,  and  as  this  varies 
in  size  in  the  different  species,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  decide  as  to 
whether  to  regard  it  as  belonging  to  tin4  genitalia  or  as  forming  a  dis- 
tinct abdominal  segment.  In  at  least  one  genus  (Hemyda),  the  fourth 
abdominal  segment  is  so  reduced  in  size  as  to  appear  as  a  part  of  the 
genitalia,  and  thus  there  arc  apparently  only  three  abdominal  segments. 
These  differences,  therefore,  are  developmental  rather  than  structural. 
If  there  were  differences  in  habits  between  these  subfamilies  there 
would  then  be  some  reason  for  retaining  these  divisions,  but  the  differ- 
ences are  so  slight  that  they  hardly  enter  into  this  consideration. 
Thus  the  Tachininae  are  known  to  attack  the  Bymenoptera,  Lepidoptera, 
I >iptera.  <  Joleoptera,  and  Orthoptera,  but  not  the  Hemiptera  ;  the  Phasi- 
mc  and  ( >cypterinae  attack  the  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  and  Hemiptera  : 
the  Gymnosominae  attack  the  Hemiptera  only,  and  the  Phaninae  theCole- 
optera.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  all  of  these  subfamilies,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Gymnosominae,  attack  Coleoptera;  that  all  except  the 
Tachininae  and  Phaninae  prey  upon  the  Hemiptera;  while  the  Tachininae 
is  the  only  one  known  to  attack  the  Hymenoptera,  Lepidoptera,  and 
Diptera.  In  point  of  numbers  the  Tachininae  outnumber  all  of  the 
other  subfamilies  put  together  by  at  least  fifteen  species  to  one.  and  to 
this  fact  alone  is  apparently  due  the  greater  diversity  in  regard 
to  their  hosts. 

The  most  recent  attempt  at  a  classification  of  the  Tachinidae  of  the 
world  is  by  limner  and  Bergenstamm,  of  Vienna,  Austria.  These 
authors,  who  are  new  workers  in  this  field,  had  access  to  the  types  of 
most  of  the  species  described  byMeigen,  Wiedemann,  Schiner,  Kondani, 
Jaenuicke,  and  several  by  Macquart,  and  their  figures  and  redescrip- 
tions  of  many  of  the  species  can  not  but  prove  to  be  great  aids  to  future 
students  of  this  group.  In  the  first  part  of  their  work1  they  threw 
together  in  one  mass  the  live  families:  CEstridae,  Tachinidae, Dexidae, 
Sarcophagidae,  and  Muscidae,  and  out  of  this  chaotic  mass  they  erected 
fifty-five  families,  which  were  duly  given  family  names:  but  this  classifi- 
cation did  not  prove  satisfactory  to  the  authors,  so  in  the  third  or  hoi 
part  of  their  systematic  work  they  again  threw  all  the  families  into  one 
and  divided  it  into  sixty  groups,  which  they  call  sections. 


'Published  in  the  Denkschriften tier  Mathematisoh-Naturwissenchaftlichen  ('lasso 
der  Kaiserlichen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  for  L889. 


29 

So  far  as  our  own  fauna  is  concerned,  the  species  are  too  nearly 
related  to  one  another,  both  structurally  and  also  in  regard  to  their 
habits,  to  permit  of  being  separated  into  smaller  groups  with  any 
degree  of  satisfaction. 

TERMS   USED   IN   DESCRIBING   TACHINID^E. 

Only  a  few  terms  employed  in  the  present  work  will  require  an  expla- 
nation, since  in  most  cases  the  terms  used  in  designating  the  various 
parts  of  the  specimens  are  the  same  as  those  employed  in  the  other 
departments  of  entomology.  The  term  macrocJicetw  is  used  to  desig- 
nate the  stout  bristles  which  arise  from  a  convex  and  usually  polished 
base;  ihey  are  regularly  arranged  in  pairs,  rows,  or  otherwise,  and 
afford  excellent  specific  and  sometimes  even  generic  characters.  The 
frontal  bristles  are  composed  of  two  rows  of  such  macrochaetae,  which 
descend  from  the  very  top  of  the  head  to  or  below  the  insertion  of  the 
antenme.  The  ocellar  bristles  are  composed  of  a  pair  of  macrochaetae 
placed  among  the  ocelli,  but  they  are  absent  in  several  species.  The 
orbital  bristles  are  two  or  more  pairs  of  forwardly  directed  macrochaetae, 
situated  between  the  frontal  bristles  and  the  eyes;  they  are  usually 
present  in  female  specimens,  and  sometimes  also  in  the  males.  Beneath 
the  antenme  is  a  cavity  known  as  the  facial  depression,  bounded  on 
the  sides  by  the  facial  ri<l<jcs;  at  the  lower  ends  of  the  ridges  is  a 
pair  of  macrochaetae  called  the  vibrissa'.  The  cheeks  are  between  the 
lower  ends  of  the  eyes  and  the  opening  of  the  mouth.  The  antenna', 
as  well  as  their  two  arista1,  are  always  composed  of  three  joints,  but 
sometimes  the  basal  joint  is  extremely  short. 

On  the  thorax  the  two  rows  of  macrochaetae  in  the  middle  of  the 
dorsum  are  known  as  acrostichal,  and  the  next  two  rows  are  the  dorsal, 
although  these  four  rows  are  sometimes  called  the  dorso-centrals;  these 
rows  usually  extend  the  entire  length  of  the  thorax,  those  in  front  of 
the  transverse  suture  being  called  the  prwsutural  and  those  behind  it 
the  postsutural;  but  when  the  latter  term  is  used  in  the  accompanying 
pages  it  applies  to  those  in  the  outer  rows  only.  The  row  on  either 
side  of  these  four  is  called  the  intra-alar;  this  row  sometimes  extends 
in  front  of  the  transverse  suture  by  a  single  macrochaeta,  which  has 
received  the  name  of  the prcesutural  intra-alar  bristle.  One  European 
author,  Mr.  Girschner,  x^roposes  to  separate  the  Tachmuhe  into  two 
groups  according  to  whether  this  bristle  is  present  or  absent,  but  in 
some  of  our  species  it  is  present  in  some  specimens  but  absent  in  others 
that  belong  to  the  same  species;  this  character,  therefore,  is  not  of 
specific,  much  less  of  subfamily,  importance.  The  sternopleural  macro- 
cha'ta'  are  situated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  transverse,  more  or  less 
triangular,  piece  located  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax  between  the  front  and 
middle  coxa1,;  when  only  one  is  present,  this  is  the  posterior;  when  two, 
these  are  the  anterior  and  the  posterior :  when  three,  two  are  in  front  and 
one  behind;  and  when  four,  these  are  in  a  downwardly  curving  row. 

The  macrocluetie  on  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  are  called  disval 


30 

when  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  segment,  and  mar- 
ginal when  located  near  its  posterior  margin. 

The  veins  and  cells  of  the  wings  are  called  by  the  same  terms  as  in 
the  other  families  of  Diptera,  except  that  the  first  posterior  cell  is  com- 
monly called  the  apical,  and  the  portion  of  the  fourth  vein  beyond  the 
bend  is  sometimes  termed  the  apical  crossvein. 

TABLE    OF    (JE.XERA. 

The  only  attempt  at  publishing  a  synoptic  table,  comprising  all  of  the 
genera  reported  as  occurring  in  North  America,  is  that  by  Mr.  0.  EL  T. 
Town  send,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Wash- 
ington '  and  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Soci- 
ety.- That  in  the  former  publication  is  a  reprint  of  the  table  given  by 
Dr.  Schiuer,3  and  that  in  the  latter  a  reprint  of  the  one  by  F.  M.  van 
derWulp,4  both  modified  so  as  to  comprise  only  the  North  American 
genera.  As  the  ajathor  did  not  have  access  to  specimens  of  many  of 
these  genera,  and  as  the  characters  he  uses  are  in  many  cases  irT>t  of 
specific,  much  less  of  generic,  value,  the  result  is  not  altogether  satis- 
factory, and  I  have  therefore  constructed  an  entirely  new  table, 
which,  however,  includes  only  those  genera  from  America  north  of 
.Mexico  of  which  I  have  examined  representatives.  A  list  of  the  remain- 
ing genera  reported  from  this  region  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  table. 

In  some  cases  doubt  will  arise  as  to  which  section  a  given  genus 
should  be  referred,  but  in  such  cases,  at  least  so  far  as  they  occur  to 
the  writer,  the  genus  is  placed  in  both  sections: 

1.  Abdomen  provided  with  true  macroohaetse 8. 

Abdomen  destitute  of  macrochaetae,  apical  cell  ending  at  or  aear  the  extreme 

wing  tip 2. 

2.  Upper  side  of  abdomen  very  convex,  abdomen  subhemispherical,  sides  of  face 

bare 3. 

Upper  side  of  abdomen  flat,  or  the  abdomen  elongated  and  cylindrical 4. 

3.  Antenna  not  reaching  lower  third  of  face (p.  12)  Cistogaster, 

Antennae  reaching  lowest  fifth  of  face,  or  even  lower (p.  43)  Grymnosoma, 

1.   Hind  tibia-  outwardly  not  cilia  to  with  scales 5. 

Hind  tibiae  ciliate  with  nearly  erect  scales,  sides  of  face  bare.  .(p.  47)  Trichopoda. 

5.   Sides  of  face  bare (i. 

Sides  of  face  bristly,  third  and  fourth  veins  almost  equally  converging  toward 

their  tips,  which  meet  or  almost  meet  each  other (p.  1!))  Gymnophania. 

C.  Proboscis  at  most  slightly  longer  than  the  head,  geniculate  near  the  base  onlv, 
antennae  at  most  reaching  slightly  below  middle  of  face,  apical  cell  closed,  the 

petiole  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  small  crossvein 7 

Froboscis  bristle  like,  almost  as  long  as  the  body,  geniculate  near  the  base  and 
also  near  the  middle (p.  49)  Eusiphona. 

1  Vol.  II,  pp.  92  to  99;  April  2, 1891. 

*  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  134  to  141 ;  June.  1892. 

"Fauna  Austriaca,  Diptera,  Vol.  I,  pp.  LXX  to  LXXI;  1K<;2. 

4  Biologia  Centrali-Amerieana,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  pp.  5  to  7,  and  11  to  44  ;  1888  and  1890. 


31 

7.  Sides  of  front  hairy  except  a  narrow  space  along  each  eye (p.  44)  Alophora. 

Sides  of  front  bare  except  two  or  three  rows  of  hairs  along  each  side  of  the 

frontal  vitta (p.  43)  Phoranlha. 

8.  Palpi  present,  well  developed 17. 

Palpi  absent  or  rudimentary,  facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest 

fourth,  first  vein  bare 9. 

9.  Eyes  bare,  or  with  indistinct,  short,  sparse  hairs 10. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy,  apical  cell  ending  far  before  the  wingtip,  sides  of  face 

bare,  upper  edge  of  third  an tcunal  joint  concave (p.  86)  Linnami/ia. 

10.  Face  on  the  sides  bearing  hairs  or  macrochaetse 11. 

Face  on  the  sides  bare 14. 

11.  Head  at  the  vibrissa'-  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna",  apical  cell  ending  far  before 

the  extreme  wingtip 12. 

Head  at  vibrissas  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna1,  sides  of  face  bare  except 
the  row  of  three  or  four  macrochsetse  on  each;  apical  cell  ending  close  to  the 
extreme  wingtip (p.  126)  Atrophopalpus. 

12.  With  one  or  more  stout  macroehsetae  on  each  side  of  face  near  lower  end  of  the 

eye 13. 

"Without  such  macrochaetae,  body  very  robust (p.  145)  Epalpus. 

13.  Each  side  of  the  face  bearing  one  inacrochaeta,  body  slender,  (p.  139)  Trichophora. 
Each  side  bearing  two  or  three  macrochsetse,  body  robust (p.  140)  Cuphocera. 

14.  Proboscis  at  most  only  slightly  longer  than  height  of  head 15. 

Proboscis  over  twice  as  long  as  height  of  head,  head  at  vibrissas  longer  than 

at  base  of  antennae,  apical  cell  ending  close  to  the  wingtip (p.  73)  Bcskia. 

15.  Horizontal  diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa?  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna'. ..   16 
Horizontal  diameter  of  head  at  vibrissa'  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna', 

apical  cell  open,  ending  considerably  before  the  extreme  wingtip. .  (p.  66)  Ervia. 

16.  Apical  cell  open,  ending  at  the  extreme  wingtip (p.  67)  Apinops. 

Apical  cell  closed,  its  petiole  longer  than  the  small  crossvein,  ending  far  before 

the  extreme  wingtip (p.  86)  Ocyptera. 

17.  First  vein  bare 30. 

First  vein  wholly  or  partly  bristly,  two  or  more  pairs  of  frontal  bristle  below 

base  of  antenna',  vibrissa'  nearly  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin, 

antennae  reaching  at  least  to  lowest  fifth  of  face 18. 

IX.   Eyes  bare  or  with  indistinct  short  sparse  hairs 20. 

Eves  distinctly  hairy,  head  at  the  vibrissa'  noticeably  shorter  than  at  base  of 
antenna',  sides  of  face  bare,  apical  cell  open 19. 

19.  Facial  ridges  bristly  on  more  than  the  lower  half,  third  vein  bearing  from  one  to 

three  bristles  near  its  base (p.  65)  Hypochceta. 

Facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fourth,  third  vein  bristly 
more  than  halfway  from  base  to  the  small  crossvein (p.  90)  Exoristoides. 

20.  Diameter  of  head  at  vibrissa'  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna' 26. 

Diameter  of  head  at  vibrissa'  noticeably  shorter  than  at  base  of  antennae 21. 

21.  Tip  of  apical  cell  far  before  the  extreme  tip  of  wing 23. 

Tip  of  apical  cell  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  tip  of  wing 22. 

22.  Penultimate  joint  of  arista  over  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  facial  ridges  never 

bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fifth (p.  57)  Plcctops. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  not,  or  only  slightly,  longer  than  broad,  facial  ridges 
bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  half (p.  59)  Cluvtophleps. 

23.  Apical  cell  open 24. 

Apical  cell  closed  and  long  petiolate (p.  126)  Afetacha <:ta . 

24.  Sides  of  face  destitute  of  rows  of  macrochaetae 25. 

Sides  of  face  each  bearing  a  row  of  macrochaetae  which  descends  almost  to  the 

lower  end  of  the  eye , (p.  127)  Cha-toplagia. 


32 

25.  Bend  of  fourth  vein  furnished  with  a  Long  appendage,  hind  crossvein  unusually 
oblique,  lowest    frontal  bristles  directed  downward,  proboscis   thick,  fleshy, 

labella  large (p.  78)  Playia. 

Bend  of  fourth  vein  destitute  of  an  appendage,  hind  crossvein  nearly  at  right 

angles  to  the  fourth  vein (p.  118)  Houghia. 

20.   Fourth  vein  ending  at  or  (lose  to  the  extreme  tip  of  wing 27. 

Fourth  vein  ending  less  than  halfway  from  tip  of  second  vein  to  the  extreme  tip 
of  wing,  proboscis  slender,  labella  very  small,  lowest  frontal  bristles  directed 
upward (p.  78)  Siphoplagia. 

27.  Third  vein  bristly  at  least  almost  to  the  small  crossvein,  proboscis  at  most  only 

slightly  longer  than  height  of  head 28. 

Third  vein  bristly  on  less  than  one-third  of  the  distance  from  its  base  to  the 
small  crossvein.  proboscis  twice  as  long  as  height  of  head.  .(p. 74)  EpigHmyia. 

28.  Arista  pubescent,  the  longest  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  greatest  diameter  of 

the  arista 29. 

Arista  bearing  short  hairs,  the  longest  of  which  are  slightly  longer  than  its  great- 
est diameter  (p.  67  j  Leskiomima. 

29.  1'rontal  \itta  next  the  antennas  nearly  four  times  as  wide  as  either  side  of  the 

front,  third   vein  never  hristh  to  the  small  crossvein,  scntelliim  bearing  only 

t  wo  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrocha-ta- (p.  5!))  La8ioneura. 

frontal  \ittane\t  the  antenna'  at  most  t  w  ice  as  wide  as  either  side  of  the  front, 
third  vein  bristly  almost  to  it>  tip.  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  mar- 
ginal raacrochaetae (p.  58)  Acti<(. 

30.  Face  on  the  lower  half  of  its  sides  hare 79. 

Face  bearing  macroch.et.-e  or  brist  ly  hairs  on  at  least  a  portion  of  the  lower  half 

of  its  sides 31. 

31.  Tip  of  apical  cell  far  before  the  extreme  t  ip  of  wing 40. 

Tip  of  apical  cell  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  tip  of  wing,  proboscis  beyond  the 
basal  articulation  at  most  only  slightly  longer  than  height  of  head 32. 

32.  Abdomen  subopaque,  partly  or  wholly  covered  with  grayish  pollen 33. 

Abdomen  largely  or  wholly  shining  and  destitute  of  pollen. .(p.  50)  Myiophasia. 

33.  Eyes  bare,  or  with  indistinct, short,  sparse  hairs 34. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy,  antenna'  as  long  as  the   face,  facial   ridges  never  bristly 

on  more  than  the  lowest   fourth (p.  52)  lUtlasiona. 

31.  Frontal  bristles  to  the  Dumber  of  from  one  to  three  pairs  beneath  base  of  anten- 
na';  antenna-  at  least  t  hree- fourths  as  long  as  the  face 37. 

Frontal  bristles  not  descending  beneath  base  of  antenna- ;  antenna- less  than  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  face,  cheeks  two-thirds  as  broad  as  eye-height. .  (p.  51)  I'hyto. 

35,  36.  (Omitted.) 

37.  First  posterior  cell  open,  or,  if  closed,  short  petiolate 38. 

First  posterior  cell  closed  and  long  petiolate,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  hind 

crossvein,  third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the  small  crossvein.  .<  (p.  51)  Mauromyia. 

38.  Third  vein  never  bristly  on  more  than  one- fourth  of  the  distance  from  base  to 

small  crossvein,  sides  of  face  destitute  of  macrocha-ta- 39. 

Third  vein  bristly  at  least  three-fourths  of  distance  from  base  to  the  small  cross- 
vein,  sides  of  face  bearing  macrocha-ta' (P-52)  Ceraiomyiella. 

39.  Face   in   profile  strongly  convex,  orbital  bristles  usually  present  in  both  sexes, 

front  tarsi  of  female  generally  dilated (p.  53)    Admontia. 

Face  in  profile  concave,  orbital  bristles  wanting  in  the  male,  front  tarsi  slender 
in  both  sexes (p.  52)  Cryptomeigcnia. 

40.  Eyes  bare,  or  with  indistinct  short  sparse  hairs 49. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy H« 

41.  Sides  of  face  bearing  stout  macrochajtaj,  at  least  near  lower  end  of  each  eye..  45. 
sides  of  face  destitute  of  macrochietaj  ------ • -- 42. 


'     33 

42.  Macrochaetae  of  second  segment  of  abdomen  covering  more  than  its  apical  half.  44. 
Macroch setae  of  second  segment,  when  present,  confined  to  the  apical  fifth  of  this 

segment 43. 

43.  Cheeks  over  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye-height (p.  50)  Afyiophasia. 

Cheeks  less  than  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  eye-height (p.  124)  IVinthemia. 

44.  Third  joint  of  the  antennae  almost  straight  on  the  front  edge,  the  apex  subtrun- 

cated (p.  145)  Bombyliomyia. 

Third  joint  strongly  convex  on  the  front  edge,  the  apex  rounded,  (p.  147)  Jurinella. 

45.  Posterior  end  of  hind  crossvein  nearer  to  the  margin  of  the  wing  than  to  the 

small  crossvein 46. 

Posterior  end  of  hind  crossvein  at  least  twice  as  far  from  the  margin  of  tho  wing 
as  from  the  small  crossvein,  third  joint  of  antennas  less  than  three  times  as 
long  as  the  second (p.  78)  Cyrtophlceba. 

46.  Facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fifth 47. 

Facial  ridges  bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  half,  third  joint  of  antennae  about 

three  times  as  long  as  the  second,  apical  cell  open (p.  136)  Ga>dio2)sis. 

47.  Last  joint  of  antennae  at  least  iivo  times  as  long  as  the  second 48. 

Last  joint  scarcely  longer  than  the  second,  penultimate  joint  of  arista  broader 

than  long (p.  125)  Muscopteryx. 

48.  Penultimate  joint  of  arista  at  least  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  third  joint  of 

antenme  of  male  divided  lengthwise  into  two  parts,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bris- 
tles in  both  sexes (p.  137)  Dicliocera. 

Penultimate  joint  at  most  slightly  longer  than  broad,  third  joint  of  antennas 
entire,  male  destitute  of  orbital  bristles (p.  126)  Paradidyma. 

49.  Ocellar  bristles  present 55. 

Ocellar  bristles  wanting 50. 

50.  Vibrissa'  inserted  near  lower  edge  of  face 51. 

Vibrissa-  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  face,  cheeks  broader  than  the  eye  height. 

(p.  138)  Microphthalma. 

51.  Sides  of  face  destitute  of  macrochaetae 52. 

Sides  of  the  face  each  bearing  two  or  three  stout  macrochaetae  on  the  lower  part. 

(p.  140)  Peleteria. 

52.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  never  bearing  more  than  six  marginal  macrochaetae. 

(p.  141)  Archytas. 
Second  segment  of  abdomen  bearing  at  least  twelve  marginal  lnacroclueta'. ..  53. 

53.  Palpi  gradually  thickening  from  the  base  outwardly,  proboscis  shorter  than 

height  of  head 54. 

Palpi  thickened  on  the  apical  three-fourths,  proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articula- 
tion at  least  one  and  one-third  times  as  long  as  height  of  head. .  (p.  146)  Dejeania. 

54.  Outline  of  abdomen  subquadrate,  the  apex  deeply  emarginatc. 

(p.  146)  Paradejeania. 
Outline  of  abdomen  conical,  the  apex  not  distinctly  emarginato . .  (p.  146)  Jurin  ia. 

55.  The  ocellar  bristles  directed  obliquely  forward 57. 

The  ocellar  bristles  curving  backward,  very  robust 56. 

56.  Front  opaque,  the  vitta  deep  brown  or  black (p.  134 )  Spallanzania. 

Front  shining,  largely  semitranslucent  yellow,  the  vitta  light  yellowish. 

(p.  132)  Gonia. 

57.  Apical  cell  open,  or,  if  closed,  the  petiole  less  than  two-fifths  as  long  as  the  hind 

crossvein 58. 

Apical  cell  closed,  the  petiole  at  least  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein. 

(p.  126)  Phorichwta. 

58.  Last  section  of  fifth  vein  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  preceding  section 61. 

Last  section  of  fifth  vein  almost  as  long  as  the  preceding  section,  hind  crossvein 

nearly  midway  between  the  small  and  the  bend  of  the  fourth 59. 

3359— No.  7 3 


34 

59.  sides  of  face  destitute  of  stout  macrocha-ta- 60. 

Sides  of  face  hearing  one  or  more  pairs  of  stout,  downwardly  Clin  ing  maeroeha'ta' 
below  the  lowest  frontal  bristles,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three-fourths. 

(p.  77)  Paraplagia. 

60.  Arista  thickened  almost  to  the  tip,  third  vein  bristly  nearly  to  the  small  cross- 

vein (p.  77)  Meiaplagia. 

Arista  never  thickened  to  the  middle,  third  vein  bristly  less  than  halfway  to  tfje 
small  crossvein (p.  76)  HeteropteHna. 

61.  facial  ridges  bristly  on  less  than  the  lowest  fourth 63. 

Facial  ridges  bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  half (12. 

62.  Penultimate  joint  of  arista  over  twice  as  long  as  broad,  bend  of  fourth  vein 

destitute  of  a  distinct  appendage (p.  137)  Chcetogwdia. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  shorter  than  broad,  bend  of  fourth  vein  with  a  dis- 
tinct appendage (]>.  127)  Araba. 

63.  Antenna-  reaching  only  slightly  below  middle  of  face 64. 

Antennae  reaching  to  or  below  the  lowest  fourth  of  the  face 72. 

64.  First  posterior  tell  open 65. 

First  posterior  cell  closed,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  small  crossvein,  cheeks  two- 
thirds  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  facial  ridges  nearly  parallel,  sides  of  the  face 
at  narrowest  pari  each  as  wide  as  the  median  depression. (p.  132)  Euthyprosopa. 

65.  Abdomen  subopaque,  partly  or  wholly  covered  with  pollen 66. 

Abdomen  shining,  desl  itute  of  pollen (p.  50  )  Myiophasia. 

66.  Vibrissa-  inserted  at   least    the  length  of  the  second   antennal  joint  above  the 

oral  margin 67. 

Vibrissae  inserted  half  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint  or  less  above  the 
oral  margin 70. 

67.  Frontal  bristles  not  descending  below  base  of  antennae  68. 

Frontal  bristles,  at   least  two  pairs,  situated  below  base  of  antennae,  vibrissae 

near  middle  of  face,  cheeks  broader  than  the  eye  height,  (p.  138)  Microphthalma. 

68.  Cheeks  less  than  one-half  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  sides  of  face  destitute  of 

macro* -had a-  69. 

Cheeks  almost  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  sides  of  face  bearing  a  row  of  macro- 
dueta- (p.  51)  Phijto. 

69.  Small  crossvein  beyond  the  tip  of  the  first  vein (p.  80)  Senotainia. 

Small   crossvein  far  before  the  tip  of  the  first  vein (p.  138)  Amobia. 

70.  Third  joint  of  antennae  at  most  but  slightly  longer  than  the  second,  sides  of  the 

face  destitute  of  macrocha-ta- 71. 

Third  joint  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  second,  antennae  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  face,  sides  of  face  bearing  a  row  of  macrocha-ta'.  ..(p.  131)  Brachycoma. 

71.  Second  joint  of  arista  over  twice  as  long  as  broad (p.  143)  Eehinomyia. 

Second  joint  at  most  only  slightly  longer  than  broad (p.  138)  Amobia. 

72.  Face  bearing  macrochaetae  at  least  near  lower  ends  of  the  eyes 73. 

Face  destitute  of  macrochaetae  on  its  sides 76. 

73.  Head  at  the  vibrissa-  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna-,  third  joint  of  antenna-  less 

than  twice  as  long  as  the  second 71. 

Head  at  the  vibrissae  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna- 75. 

74.  Hind  crossvein  much  nearer  to  the  bend  of  the  fourth  vein  than  to  the  small 

crossvein (p.  131)  Jiracbijcoma. 

Hind  crossvein  at  most  only  slightly  nearer  to  the  bend  than  to  the  small  cross- 
vein (p.  130)  THcogena. 

75.  Facial  ridges  almost  parallel,  sides  of  face  at  narrowest  part  each  nearly  as  wide 

as  the  median  depression (p.  128)  Opsidia. 

Facial  ridges  widely  diverging  below,  sides  of  face  each  less  than  one  half  as 
wide  as  the  median  depression (p.  127)  Metopla. 


35 

76.  Last  j.oi tit  of  antenna' at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  second 77. 

Last  joint  at  most  only  slightly  longer  than  the  second (p.  143)  Echinomyia. 

77.  Second  segment  of  ahdomen  bearing  at  most  only  two  marginal  macrochata, 

hind  tibiae  not  ciliate 78. 

Second  segment  bearing  at  least  four  marginal  inacrochata',  hind  tibia*  out- 
wardly densely  ciliate  with  flattened  seta1 (p.  1 23)  Blepharipeza. 

78.  Diameter  of  the  head  at  the  vibrissa?  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antennae,  third 

joint  of  the  antenna-  at  least  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second. 

(p.  128)  HilareUa. 

Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna1,  third  joint  of 

antenna  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  second (p.  131)  Brachycoma. 

79.  Proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articulation  at  most  one  and  one-fifth  times  as  long 

as  height  of  head 84. 

Proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articulation  at  least  one  and  one-third  times  as  long- 
as  height  of  head,  eyes  bare 80. 

80.  Apical  cell  ending  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  tip  of  wing. 82. 

Apical  cell  ending  far  before  the  extreme  tip  of  wing,  proboscis  geniculate  near 

the  base  only 81. 

81.  Ridges  of  face  bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  three- fourths,  apical  cell  (dosed,  the 

petiole  longer  than  the  small  crossvein (p.  79)  Clurtoglossa. 

Ridges  efface  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fifth,  apical  cell  open. 

(p.  85)  Aphria. 

82.  With  only  one  geniculation  in  the  proboscis,  situated  near  its  base 83. 

With  two  geniculations,  one  near  the  base  and  the  other  near  the  middle,  facial 

ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fourth (p.  75)  Siphona. 

83.  Facial  ridges  bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  half (p.  73)  Isoglossa. 

Facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fifth (p.  74)  Epigrimyia. 

84.  Abdomen  bright  green  or  bluish  green,  facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than 

the  lowest  fourth,  eyes  hairy  (p.  89)  Gymnochceta. 

Abdomen  black  or  more  or  less  yellowish. 

Apical  cell  ending  far  before  the  extreme  tip  of  wing 85. 

Apical  cell  ending  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  tip  of  wing 129. 

85.  Last  section  of  fifth  vein  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  preceding  section. .  87. 
Last  section  of  fifth  vein  almost  as  long  as  the  preceding  section,  bend  of  fourth 

vein  with  a  long  appendage,  eyes  bare  or  with  indistinct,  short,  sparse  hairs, 
ocellar  bristles  directed  obliquely  forward 86. 

86.  Bristles  of  facial  ridges  confined  to  their  lowest  third (p.  76)  Meter  opterina. 

Bristles  ascending  at  least  to  upper  third  of  the  ridges,  .(p.  77)  Hagiprospherysa. 

87.  Ocellar  bristles  when  preseut  directed  obliquely  forward 89. 

Ocellar  bristles  curving  backward,  apical  cell  closed  and  petiolate 88. 

88.  Penultimate  joint  of  arista  over  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  facial  ridges  bristly 

on  more  than  the  lower  half (p.  79)  Distichona. 

Penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad,  facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than 
the  lowest  fifth (p.  68)  Leitcostoma. 

89.  Eyes  bare,  or  with  indistinct,  short,  sparse  hairs 99. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy *!". 90. 

90.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  bearing  at  most  only  three  pairs  of  macroclueta  in 

the  middle  of  the  dorsum 91. 

Second  segment  thickly  covered  with  inacrochata  on  at  least  two-thirds  of  its 
length (p.  145)  Bombyliomyia. 

91.  Facial  ridges  never  bristly  on  more  than  the  lower  half 94. 

Facial  ridges  bristly  on  at  least  their  lower  two-thirds 92. 


36 

92.  Front  destitute  of  back  wardly  curving  macrochaBtee  outside  of  the  two  frontal 

rows 93. 

Front  in  ea'cli  sex  hearing  two  or  three  pairs  of   backwardly  curving  macro- 
cha'ta-  outside  of  the  regular  frontal  rows (p.  116)  Paeudoeha  ta. 

93.  Bend  of  fourth  vein  bearing  a  long  appendage  or  distinct  fold. (p.  101)  Euphorocera. 
Bend  of  fourth  vein  destitute  of  an  appendage  or  fold (p.  102)  Phorocera. 

94.  Sides  of  face   at   narrowest    part  less  than  one-third    as   wide  as   the   median 

depression 96. 

Sides  of  face  more  than  ono-half  as  wide  as  the  median  depression 95. 

95.  Head  at  tin- vibrissa-  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna',  bend  of  fourth  vein 

destitute  of  an  appendage (p.  89)  Macrome'ujcnia. 

Head  at  the  vibrissa'  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna-,  bend  of  fourth  vein  bearing 
an  appendage (p.  89)  Metaphyto. 

96.  Diameter  of  head  at  the  \  ibrissae  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna',  bend  of 

fourth  vein  destitute  of  an  appendage 97. 

Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa?  as  Long  as  at  base  of  antenna- 98. 

97.  Frontal  bristles  descending  at  least  to  last  third  of  the  second  an tennal  joint. 

(p.  91)  Exorista. 
frontal  bristle  m>t  descending  below  the  base  of  the  second  an  tennal  joint. 

(p.  64)  Macquartia. 

98.  Base  of  fourth  vein  bearing  a  long  appendage ;  second  and  third  segments  of  the 

abdomen  destitute  of  discal  inacrochsets (p.  87)  Nemoraa. 

Bend  of  fourth  vein  at  most    with  an  extremely  short   appendage,  second  and 

third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  macrocha-ta- (p-88)  Panzeria. 

Jt'.t.    Antenna-  reaching  at  least  the  lowest  fourth  of  the  face 110. 

Antenna-  not  reaching  below  the  lowest  third  of  the  face 100. 

100.  Vibrissa  at  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  second  antenna]  joint  above 

the  level  of  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin 108. 

Vibrissa  inserted  at  least  the  length  of  the  second  an  tennal  joint  above  the  level 
of  the  trout  edge  of  the  oral  margin 101. 

101.  Lowest  frontal  bristles  below  middle  of  the  second  antenna!  joint 105. 

Lowest  frontals  not  below  base  of  the  second  an  tennal  joint 102. 

102.  Cheeks  Less  than  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  arista  never  thickened 

on  more  than  the  basal  third 103. 

Cheeks  almost  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  arista  thickened  nearly  to  the  tip, 

abdomen  shining,  not  pollinose (p.  85)  Melanophrt/8. 

LOS.    Frontal  bristles  in  two  rows 101. 

frontal  bristles  in  four  rows (p.  79)  Pachyophthalmus. 

104.  Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa-  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna-,  lower  front 

angle  of  the  third  antennal  joint  not  prolonged  in  the  form  of  a  tooth. 

(p.  80)  Scnotainia. 
Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa-  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna-,  lower 
front  angle  of  the  third  antennal  joint  prolonged  into  a  sharp  tooth. 

(p.  115)  Accmyia. 

105.  Ocellar  bristles  present,  directed  obliquely  forward 106. 

<  (cellar  bristles  wanting (p.  81)  Helvosia. 

106.  Hind  tibia'  not  distinctly  ciliate  outwardly 107. 

Hind  tibia-  outwardly  ciliate  with  bristles,  apical  cell  open (p.  83)  Aiacta. 

107.  Apical  cell  open (p-81)  Biomyia. 

Apical  cell  closed  and  short  petiolate (p.  81)  Pseudotractocera. 

108.  Pair  of  lowest  frontal  bristles  not  below  base  of  second  antennal  joint 109. 

Pair  of  lowest  frontals  below  middle  of  second  antennal  joint,  frontal  bristles 

in  two  rows (p.  83)  Atacta. 

109.  Frontal  bristles  in  four  rows (p.  79)  Pachyophthalmua. 

Frontals  in  two  rows (p.  122)  Poraphyto. 


37 

110.  Vibrissa  at  most  only  one-half  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint  above 

the  level  of  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin 113. 

Vibrissas  at  least  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint  above  the  level  of  the 
oral  margin,  frontal  bristles  descending  below  middle  of  the  second  antennal 
joint HI* 

111.  The  ocellar  bristles  present,  directed  obliquely  forward,  facial  ridges  never 

bristly  on  more  than  the  lowest  fourth 112. 

The  ocellar  bristles  wanting,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  at  least  the  lowest  third. 

(p.  84)  Belvosia. 

112.  Outer  side  of  hind  tibiae  distinctly  ciliate  with  bristles (p.  83)  Atacta. 

Outer  side  of  hind  tibia'  not  ciliate (p.  81)  Blomyia. 

113.  Lowest  frontal  bristles  below  the  base,  and  usually  beneath  the  middle,  of  sec- 

ond antennal  j  oint 116. 

Lowest  frontals  not  below  base  of  second  antennal  joint 114. 

114.  Facial  depression  destitute  of  a  median  carina 115. 

Facial  depression  with  a  high  median  carina,  apical  cell  closed,  the  petiole 

twice  as  long  as  the  small  crossvein (p.  120)  Euthera. 

115.  Cheeks  about  as  broad  as  the  eye-height (p.  85)  Melanophrys. 

Cheeks  less  than  one-half  as  broad  as  the  eye  height. 

Lower  front  corner  of  the  third  antennal  joint  produced  in  the  form  of  a 

sharp  tooth (p.  115)  Acemyia. 

Lower  front  corner  of  the  third  antennal  joint  not  produced  in  the  form  of 
a  tooth. 

Head,  viewed  from  in  front,  broader  than  high,  arista  bare,  or  nearly 

so (p.  128)  ffilarella. 

Head  higher  than  broad,  arista  short  haired.  ..(p.  117)  Yanderwulpia. 

116.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  never  bearing  more  than  four  marginal  macro- 

ch»t3B... 117. 

Second  segment  bearing  at  least  six  marginal  iuacrochsetae,  hind  tibire  out- 
wardly ciliate  with  bristles (p.  123)  Blepharipeza. 

117.  Hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate  with  bristles 118. 

Hind  tibia'  not  ciliate 123. 

118.  Bristles  of  cheeks  covering  at  least  the  lower  three-fourths 119. 

Bristles  of  cheeks  covering  less  than  the  lower  half. ..  .(p.  91)  Hyph«ntrop>haga. 

119.  Facial  ridges  bristly  at  least  almost  to  the  middle 121. 

Facial  ridges  bristly  on  less  than  the  lowest  fourth 120. 

120.  Head  at  the  vibrissas  as  long  as  at  the  base  of  antenna',  proboscis  slender,  rigid, 

the  labella  horny  and  not  thicker  than  the  proboscis. . .  .(p.  83)  Sijphosturmia. 

Head  at  the  vibrissa  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna',  proboscis  robust, 

fleshy,  the  labella  soft (p.  108)  Stnrmia. 

121.  With  at  least  three  backwardly  curving  bristles  in  each  of  the  frontal  rows, 

abdomen  largely  or  wholly  opaque  pollinose 122. 

With  only  two  backwardly  curving  bristles  in  each  of  the  frontal  rows,  abdo- 
men shining,  destitute  of  pollen (p.  123)  Parachceta. 

122.  Front  bearing  two  or  three  pairs  of  backwardly  curving  macrockyet.'e  outside 

of  the  frontal  rows,  the  anterior  pair  midway  between  the  lowest  ocellus  and 

base  of  antenna' (p.  116)  Pseudochata. 

Front  destitute  of  such  inacroclueta^ (p.  105)  Frontina. 

123.  Ocellar  bristles  present,  directed  obliquely  forward 124. 

Ocellar  bristles  wanting (p.  84)  Belvosia. 

124.  Bend  of  fourth  vein  destitute  of  an  appendage 126. 

Bend  of  fourth  vein  bearing  an  appendage  or  distinct  fold 125. 

125.  Arista  distinctly  pubescent,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  five-sixth. 

(p.  117)  Prosplierysa. 
Arista  bare,  facial  ridges  at  most  bristly  on  the  lower  three-fifths. 

(p.  118)  Tachum. 

126.  Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa-  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna' 127. 

Diameter  of  head  at  the  vibrissa'  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna;..  .   128. 


38 

127.  Ridges  of  face  bristly  on  at  least  the  lower  two-thirds (p.  120)  Tachinopsis. 

Ridges  bristly  on  less  than  the  lowest  third (p.  120)  DcmoHcus. 

128.  Lower  front  corner  of  the  third  antennal  joint  produced  in  the  form  of  a  sharp 

tooth (p.  115)  Aoemyia. 

Lower  front  corner  of  the  third  antennal  joint  not  produced  in  a  tooth. 

Vibrissas  on  a  level  with  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin. (p.  113)  Masicera. 
Vibrissa*  far  above  the  level  of  front  edge  of  oral  margin.. (p.  81)  Biomyia. 

129.  Eyes  bare  or  with  indistinct  short,  sparse  hairs 133. 

Eyes    distinctly    hairy,   antenna'    reaching    at    least   to   lowest   fourth    of  the 

face 130. 

130.  Frontal  bristles  not  descending  below  base;  of  second  antennal  joint;  abdomen 

largely  or  wholly  opaque  gray  poll i nose 131. 

Frontal  bristles  descending  below  middle  of  second  antennal  joint 132. 

131.  Cheeks  nearly  as  broad  as  the  eye  height (p.  64)  Hyalurgns. 

Cheeks  less  than  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye  height (p.  61)  Mac<iuartia. 

132.  Body  shining,  destitute  of  pollen (p.  61)  Polidea. 

Body  partly  or  wholly  opaque  pollinose (p.  63)  Didyma. 

133.  Frontal  vitta  opaque,  abdomen  of  four  segments  besides  the  very  short  basal 

one 131. 

Frontal  vitta  shining  black,  abdomen  of  only  three  segments  besides  the  very 
short  basal  one (p.  73)  Hemyda. 

134.  Apical  cell  op<  n,  or  with  a  petiole  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  hind  cross- 

vein 137. 

Apical  cell  closed,  the  petiole  almost  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein 135. 

Abdomen  sub: -ylindi  i<  al.   nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide,  the  second  and  third 

segments  destitute  of  discal  macrochsetae 136. 

Abdomen  siihhemispherical.   only  slightly  longer  than  broad,  the  second  and 

third  segments  bearing  discal  macrochsetae (p.  70)  Hyalomyodes. 

136.  The  ocellar  bristles  curving  backward,  small  crossvein  before  the  tip  of  the 

tirst  vein (p.  68)  Leucostoma. 

The  ocellar  bristles  directed  obliquely  forward,  small  crossvein  far  beyond  the 
tip  of  the  first  vein . (p.  69)  Sciasma. 

137.  Palpi  subcylindrical,  less  than  one-half  as  wide  as  the  proboscis 138. 

Palpi  flattened   and  unusually   dilated,  wider  than  the  proboscis,  penultimate 

joint  of  arista  almost  one-half  as  long  as  the  last  one (p.  57)  Lispidea. 

138.  Penultimate  joint  of  arista  over  1  wice  as  long  as  broad 139. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  at  most  only  slightly  longer  than  broad 142. 

139.  Third  vein  at  most  bearing  four  bristles  near  its  base 140. 

Third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the  small  crossvein (p.  57)  Thryptoccra. 

140.  Arista  slender  on  apical  half  of  the  last  joint,  third  antennal  joint  entire  in 

both  sexes 111. 

Arista  thickened  to  the  apex,  third  antennal  joint  in  the  male  divided  length- 
wise into  two  parts (  p.  55)  Schizotachina. 

141.  Hind  crossvein  nearer  to  bend  of  fourth  vein  than  to  the  small. (p.  55)  Medina. 
Hind  crossvein  nearer  to  the  small  than  to  bend  of  fourth  vein  .  (p.  55)  Claiuticella, 

112.  Sides  efface  at  narrowest  part  at  most  one-third  as  wide  as  the  median  depres- 
sion, fourth  vein  entire 143. 

Sides  of  face  one-half  as  wide  as  the  median  depression,  fourth  vein  obliterated 
beyond  the  bend (p.  66)  Bacodineura. 

143.  Head  at  the  vibrissa'  noticeably  shorter  than  at  base  of  antennas 144. 

Head  at  the  vibrissas  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna' 149. 

144.  Horizontal  diameter  of  the  occiput  above  the  neck  less  than  one-half  as  long  as 

that  of  the  eye 145. 

Horizontal  diameter  of  occiput  above  the  neck  as  long  as  that  of  the  eye,  antennae 
reaching  at  least  to  lowest  fifth  of  the  face,  vibrissas  on  a  level  with  front 
edge  of  the  oral  margin (p.  65)  Pelatachina. 


39 

145.  With  one  or  more  pairs  of  frontal  bristles  below  base  of  the  second  antennal 
joint If 7. 

Without  any  frontals  below  base  of  second  antennal  joint 146. 

116.  Occiput  at  most  only  slightly  convex,  body  short  and  robust,  (p.  70)  (Estrophaxia. 

Occiput  strongly  convex,  body  elongate  and  slender (p.  72)  Eutrixa. 

147.  Front  of  male  destitute  of  orbital  bristles,  venter  of  abdomen  of  female  destitute 

of  short  spines,  third  vein  bearing  at  least  two  bristles  near  the  base.. ..   148. 

Front  in  both  sexes  bearing  orbital  bristles,  venter  of  female  bearing  many 

short  black  spines  on  the  second  segment,  third  vein  usually  with  a  single 

bristle  near  the  base (p.  59)  Celatoria. 

148.  Antenna'  not  reaching  below  the  lowest  fourth  of  the  face (p.  81)  Biomyia. 

Antennas  almost  or  quite  reaching  the  oral  margin (p.  60)  Hypostena. 

149.  Arista  bare,  or  very  short  pubescent 150. 

Arista  bearing  hairs  which  are  as  long  as  its  greatest  diameter,  antenna"  reach- 
ing lowest  fifth  of  the  face (p.  66)  Leslcia. 

150.  Body  short  and  robust 151. 

Body  elongate  and  slender,  antenna'  not  reaching  below  the  lowest  third  of  the 

face,  apical  cell  closed  and  short  petiolate (p.  72)  Xauiliomelana. 

151.  Tip  of  antenme  not  below  lowest  third  of  the  face,  frontal  bristles  usually  not 

descending  below  base  of  the  second  antennal  joint 152. 

Tip  of  antenna'  at  or  below  lowest  fifth  of  face,  frontals   usually  descending 
below  base  of  the  second  antennal  joint 153. 

152.  Head  over  twice  as  high  as  long,  occiput  at  most  only  slightly  convex. 

(p.  70)  (Kstropliasia. 
Head  about  one  and  one-third  times  as  high  as  long,  occiput  usually  strongly 

convex (p.  71)  Glytiomyia. 

15:;.  Third  vein  bearing  only  two  or  three  bristles  near  the  base,  head  unusually 

short (p.  70)  (Ksirophasia. 

Third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the  small  crossvein,  head  not  unusually  short. 

(p.  75)  Siphona. 

UNRECOGNIZED   GENERA. 

The  folio wiug  genera,  which  have  been  reported  from  America  north 
of  Mexico,  together  with  the  species  referred  to  them,  have  not  been 
recognized  by  the  writer,  or  else  the  species  belong  to  other  genera: 

Baumhaueria  analis  van  der  Wulp,  belongs  to  Clnetoga'dia. 

Besseria  (Wahlbergia)  brevipennis  Loew.     Nebraska. 

Chrysosoma  n.  sp.  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  407; 
1891.     Georgia. 

Clista  americana  Townsend  is  a  synonym  of  Myiophaaia  cenea  Wied. 

Clistomorpha  hyalomoidea  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  pp.  79  to 
81 ;  1892.     New  York. 

Cryptopalpus  Jlaviceps  Bigot,  Rocky  Mountains,  and  melanopygatus  Bigot,  Washing- 
ton, Bulletin  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  141;  1887. 

Daocha/a  harveyi  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  97  and  98;  1892. 
Maine. 

EUozcta  americana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  388; 

1891.  Georgia. 

Euceromyia  robcrtsonii  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  115  to  116; 

1892.  Southern  Illinois. 

Eucnephalia  gonoides  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  pp.  166,  167; 

1892.     New  Mexico. 
Eumyothyria  illinoicnsis  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  121,  122; 

1892.     Carlinville,  111. 


40 

Euscopolia  dakotensU  Townsend,  1.  c,  pp.  123,  124.     South  Dakota. 
Kribrissa  amcricana  l>igot,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,,  p.  25B;  1888.    Washington. 
Ginglymia  acriro8trt8  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  lis,  119; 

1892.     Constantine,  Mich. 
Goniochata  plagioides  Townsend,  1.  c,  Vol.  XVIII,  pp.  .Til,  352;  1891.     Las  duces, 

N.  Mex. 
Hemithrixion  a^iri  forme  Braner  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  V,  p.  357; 

1891.     Colorado. 
Hesperomyia  erythrocera  Braner  and  Bergcustamm,  1.  c,  IV,  p.  Ill;  1889.     Texas. 
Himanlostoma  sugens  Loew.     Illinois. 
Hypertrophocera  parvipet  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  pp.  360,  361; 

1891.     Las  ('races,  X.  Mex. 
Illigeria  alops  Walker,  belongs  to  Beskia;  7.  corythus  Walker,  is  Xantkomelana  atri- 

pennU  Say:  and    7.  helymits  Walker,  belongs  to  Metaohseta. 
Loewia  nigrifrons,  ru/wornis,  and  globosa  Townsend,  appear  to  he  synonyms  of  Myio- 

phasia  anea  Wied. 
LophoHia  setigera  Thomson,  belongs  to  Clausieella. 
Myothyria  vanderindpia  Townsend,  belongs  to  Hypostena. 
Xeoiractocera  anomala   Townsend.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  105,  106;  1892. 

Las  duces,  X'.  Mex. 
Parahypoehceta  heteroneura  Brauei  and  Bergenstamm.  Zweif.  Kais.  Mns.  Wien,  V,  p. 

337:  1891.     North  America. 
Peteina  stylata  Braner  and  Bergenstamm,  1.  c.  pp.  386,  3S7.     Greenland. 
Phasia  atripennti  Say.  belongs  to  Xanthomelana. 
Podotachina  americana  Braner  and   Bergenstamm,  is    Tachina  nulla  Walker,  and   P. 

ribrissata  of  the  same  authors  is  Euphoroeera  claripennls  Macqnart. 
Rhinophora  raJida  and  mexicana  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  pp. 

167,  168;  1892.     Las  Cruees,  X.  Mex. 
SarcocJista  dalcotenei*  Townsend,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Boc,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  122,  123;  1892. 

South  Dakota. 
Stereitiapictipes  Bigot,  is  Xantkomelana  arcuala  Say. 
Trixa  gillettii  Townsend.  belongs  to  Paraphyto. 

Tryphera  americana  and polidoides  Townsend,  are  synonyms  of  Polidea  areos  Walker. 
Xysta  didyma  Loew.      Illinois. 

SYSTEMATIC   ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    GENERA. 

A  linear  arrangement  of  the  genera  of  the  Tachinidae  so  as  to  indi- 
cate their  natural  relationship  is  quite  impossible,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  in  several  cases  each  of  three  genera  is  more  closely  related  to  a 
fourth  than  to  any  other  genus,  and  in  a  linear  arrangement  it  is,  of 
course,  impossible  to  place  each  next  to  the  one  to  which  it  is  nearest 
related.  The  following  arrangement  shows  the  relationship  of  the 
genera  given  in  the  preceding  table  perhaps  as  nearly  as  can  be  done 
in  a  linear  manner.  By  this  arrangement,  those  without  strong  macro - 
chaetae  on  the  abdomen  are  placed  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  series  to 
those  having  these  macrochaetae  the  most  strongly  developed: 

Apical  cell  ending  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  wingtip. 
Abdomen  destitute  of  macrocha*t;e. 
Sides  of  the  face  bare. 

Proboscis  shorter  or  only  slightly  longer  than  the  head. 

Hind  tibiae  not  cili^te:  Cistogaster,  Gymnosoma,  Phorantha,  Alophora. 
Hind  tibi;e  outwardly  ciliate  :  Trichopoda. 
Proboscis  longer  than  the  head  and  thorax  united:  Eusiphona. 
Sides  of  face  with  bristly  hairs:   Gymnophania. 


41 

Apical  cell  ending  at  or  close  to  the  extreme  wingiip — Continued. 

Abdomen  bearing  macrochaetse.  __^ 

Sides  of  face  with  hairs  or  macrochsetae  on   the  lower  half:    Myiophasia, 

Phyto,  Mauromyia,  Cryptomeigenia,  Ceratomyiella,  Eulasiona,  Admontia. 
Sides  of  face,  on  at  least  the  lower  half,  bare. 

Proboscis  shorter  or  only  slightly  longer  than  height  of  head. 
Frontal  vitta  opaque. 

Vibrissa?  on  a  level  with  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  at  least  twice  as  long  as  broad: 
Medina,     Schizotachina,     Glausieella,     Plectops,     Lispidea, 
Thryptoeera. 
Penultimate  joint  of  arista  shorter  or  only  slightly  longer 
than   broad:    Aetia,    Lasioneura,    Chaiophleps,    Celatoria, 
Hypostena,  Didyma,  Macquartia,  Hyalurgus,  Polidea,  Hypo- 
chceta,  Pelatachind,  Racodineura,  Ervia,  LesMa,  Lcskiomima, 
Apinops. 
Vibrissa   distinctly  above  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin: 
Leucostoma,   Sciasma,   Hyalomyodes,    (Estrophasia,    Clytiomyia, 
Eutrixa,  Xantliomelana. 
Frontal  vitta  highly  polished :   Hemyda. 
Proboscis  at  least  one-third  longer  than  height  of  head  :  Beakia,  Lsoglossa, 
Epigrimyia,  Siphona. 
Apical  cell  ending  some  distance  in  front  of  the  extreme  wingtip. 

Last  section  of  the  fifth  vein  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  preceding  sec- 
tion :    Heteropterina,    Plagiprospherysa,    Metaplagia,    Paraplagia,    Cyrtophlceba, 
Plagia,  Siphoplagia. 
Last  section  of  the  fifth  vein  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  preceding  section. 
Sides  of  face  on  the  lower  half  bare. 

Vibrissa-  distinctly  above  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin. 
Eyes  bare. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad: 

Distichona,  Clta'toglossa. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  shorter  or  only  slightly  longer  than 

broad:  Pachyophlhahnus,  Scnotainia,  Pseudotractocera,  Biomyia, 

Atacta,  Siphosturmia,  Belrosia,  Melanophrys,  Aphria,   Ocyptera. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy :  Litnixmyia,  Nemorcea,  Panzeria,  Macromeigenia. 

Vibrissa1  on  a  level  with  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin. 

Eyes  distinctly  hairy:  Gymnochceta,  Metaphyto,  Exoristoides,  Hyphan- 

tropliaga,  Exorista,  Euphorocera,  Phorocera. 
Eyes  bare:  Erontina,  Sturmia,  Masieera,  Aceniyia,  Pseudoclueta,  Pros- 
pltcrysa,    Yanderwulpia,    Euthera,    Hough ia,    Tachina,    Tachinopsis, 
Demotions,  Paraphyto,  Paraclxeta.  Blepharipeza. 
Sides  of  face  with  hairs  or  macroclnet;e  on  the  lower  half. 

Vibrissa1  on  a  level  with  the  anterior  edge  of  the  oral  margin  :    Winthe- 
mia,  Muscopteryx,  Paradidyma,  Atrophopalpus,  Metachceta,  Phorichceta, 
Clmtoplagia,  Metopia.  Araba,  Opsidia,  Hilarella,  THcogena,  Br  achy  coma, 
Euthyprosopa. 
Vibrissa?  distinctly  above  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin. 

Head  at  the  vibrissas  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna1 :   Gonia, 

Spallanzania,  Gcvdiopsis,  Chcetogcedia,  Dichocera,  Microphthalmia. 
Head  at   the  vibrissa1  longer   than  at  base  of  antenna':    Amohia, 
Trichophora,   Cuphocera,  Peleteria,  Archytas,   Echinomyia,   Epalpus, 
Bombyliomyia,  Dejeania,  Paradejeania,  Jurinea,  Jurinella. 


42 

SYNOPSES    OF    THE   SPECIES. 

The  arrangement  of  the  genera  is  that  given  above.  In  the  case  of 
synonyms,  the  oldest  name  has  been  adopted,  since  this  method  is  the 
only  one  whereby  a  uniform  system  of  nomenclature  can  be  obtained. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  we  follow  the  law  of  favoritism  we  can  never  hope 
to  have  a  uniform  series  of  names,  since  the  German  student  will  adopt 
the  name  proposed  by  a  German,  the  Frenchman  one  proposed  by  his 
own  countryman,  and  so  on.  All  of  the  synonymy  given  in  these  pages 
has  been  verified  by  the  writer.  By  a  few  authors  the  names  of  certain 
genera  have  been  rejected,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  author  described 
under  each  of  them  species  that  properly  belong  to  two  or  more  distinct 
genera,  but  this  does  not  at  all  invalidate  the  genus,  since  the  name 
may  be  retained  for  one  or  more  of  the  species  and  new  generic  terms 
applied  to  the  others.  Again,  certain  genera  have  been  rejected  on 
the  score  that  they  have  been  insufficiently  characterized,  but  if  one  of 
the  species  that  the  author  placed  in  a  given  genus  can  be  identified 
with  reasonable  certainty,  the  generic  characters  can  readily  be  ascer- 
tained from  an  examination  of  the  specimens  themselves. 

Genera  founded  on  characters  peculiar  to  one  sex  only  have  not  been 
adopted.  The  writer  is  of  the  opinion  that  m  case  the  females  of  any 
two  given  species  are  structurally  identical,  these  two  species  should 
not  be  separated  into  different  genera,  no  matter  to  what  extent  the 
males  of  these  two  species  may  differ  from  (Mich  other.  Any  classifica- 
tion that  will  not  enable  us  to  refer  a  single  specimen  of  either  sex  to 
its  correct  genus  must  necessarily  come  short  of  the  very  object  for 
which  it  was  designed. 

The  following  pages  contain  references  to  all  the  species  of  TachinidaB 
hitherto  reported  as  occurring  in  this  country  north  of  Mexico  and 
belonging  to  genera  of  which  the  writer  has  examined  representatives. 
Only  the  species  studied  by  the  writer  are  tabulated;  the  others  are 
listed  at  the  end  of  the  tables.  Genera  of  which  the  writer  has  seen 
no  representatives,  together  with  the  species  from  this  region  referred 
to  them,  have  already  been  listed  on  previous  pages.  The  localities 
given  are  those  in  which  the  specimens  studied  were  captured;  the 
published  records  have  not  been  added,  since  it  was  intended  to  make 
the  present  work  as  nearly  original  as  possible.  The  color  of  the  hal- 
teres  has  been  purposely  omitted  as  of  no  specific  importance. 

Types  of  all  the  new  species  have  been  deposited  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 

Genus  CISTOGASTER  Latr. 

Cistogaster  Latreille,  in  (Javier's  Kegne  animal,  Vol.  V;  1829. 

rallasia  Desvoidy,  Kssai  snr  les  Myodaires,  p.  239;  1830. 

Gymnoclytia  Brauer  and  Bergenstaram,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien.  VI,  p.  157;  1893. 

The  synonymy  of  Pallasia  and  Cistogaster  was  first  pointed  out  by 
Macquart,  and  has  been  confirmed  by  Rondani,  Schiner,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm?  and  others.     Our  single  species  is  very  different  in  the 


43 

opposite  sexes;  in  the  female  the  abdomen  is  black,  while  in  the  male 
it  is  largely  or  wholly  yellow ;  in  the  female  the  thorax  is  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  two  black  vitta?;  in  the  male  it  is  yellowish  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vittsej  length,  5  to  7  mm.  Grimsby,  Canada; 
Maine;  Franeonia  and  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  District  of 
Columbia;  North  Carolina:  Tifton,  Ga. ;  Texas,  Colorado,  and  California. 
(Dipteres  Exotiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  p.  233(76);  1842.  Gymnosoma 
occidua  Walker,  List  Dipt.  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  692;  1819.  Gistogaster 
divisa Loew,  Diptera  Amer.  Sept.  Indig.,  Centuria  IV,  No.  88;  1863. 
Gymnoclytia  divisaBr&ner  and  Bergen  stamm  in  lift.) . .  immaculata  Macq. 

Genus  GYMNOSOMA  Meig. 
Gymnosoma  Meigen,  in  Illiger's  Magazin  fiir  Iusektenknnde,  Vol.  IT,  p.  278;  1803. 

In  our  single  species  the  abdomen  is  yellow  and  marked  with  a  black 
dorsal  vitta  or  row  of  spots;  dorsum  of  thorax  of  male  in  front  of  the 
suture  yellowish  pollinose  and  marked  with  four  black  vittse,  but  in 
the  female  the  dorsum  is  destitute  of  pollen  except  the  humeri  and  nar- 
row lateral  margins;  length,  5  to  8  mm.  Grimsby,  Canada;  White 
Mountains  and  Franeonia,  N.  H. ;  Maryland;  District  of  Columbia; 
Virginia;  Michigan;  Agricultural  College,  Miss.;  New  Orleans,  La.; 
Missouri:  Kansas;  Green  River  City,  Wyo.;  Colorado,  Idaho,  and  Cali- 
fornia. (Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  237;  1830.  Gymnosoma  par 
Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  692;  1849.  Gymnosoma 
filiola  Loew,  Dipt.  Amer.  Sept,  Indigena,  Centuria  X,  No.  66;  1872. 
Gymnosoma  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) fuliginosa  Desv. 

Genus  PHORANTHA  Rond. 
Phorantha  Koudani,  Dipterologite  Italicae  Prodromus,  Vol.  V,  p.  21;  1862. 

Our  species  are  black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  sometimes 
yellow  ;  only  one  postsutural  and  one  sternopleural  macrocha'ta;  wings 
not  marked  with  brown  beyond  the  base  of  the  discal  cell,  costa  nearly 
straight: 

1.  Thorax  subshining,  almost  destitute  of  pollen,  not  marked  with  dis- 

tinct black  vitta1;  last  section  of  the  third  vein  nearly  one  half 

as  long  as  the  preceding  section 2. 

Thorax  opaque,  densely  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  shining 
black  vitta*;  frontal  vitta  of  female  at  the  narrowest  point 
slightly  wider  than  the  distance  between  the  posterior  ocelli, 
last  section  of  the  third  vein  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  pre- 
ceding section,  calypteres  white;  length  7  mm.  Los  Angeles 
County,  Cal.  (Tijdsch.  voor  Entomologie,  Vol.  XXXV,  p.  185; 
1892 :  Hyalomyia.) nigrens  v.  d.  W. 

2.  Calypteres  whitish,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  thinly 

whitish  pollinose,  frontal  vitta  of  female  at  the  narrowest  point 
less  than  one-third  as  wide  as  the  distance  between  the  posterior 
ocelli ;  length,  2.5  too  mm.  Fort  McLeod,  British  America ;  Mary- 
land; southern  Illinois;  Georgia;  Nueces,  Tex.;  South  Dakota; 


44 

Canon  City,  Colo.;  Las  Oruces,  N.  Mex. ;  Washington;  Los 
Angeles  and  San  Diego  counties.  Gal.;  and  Allende,  Mexico. 
(Insecta  Saundersiana,  Vol.  I,  p.  260;  1850:  Hyalomyia.  Alo- 
phora  tuctuosa  Bigot,  Anuales  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  255; 
1888.  Hyalomyia  punetigera  Townsend,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash- 
ington, Vol.  II,  p.  135;  April  2,  1891.  Hyalomyia  aldrichii 
Townsend,  1.  c,  p.  136;  from  a  cotype  specimen.  Hyalomyia 
robertsonii  Townsend,  1.  c.  Hyalomyia  purpurascens  Townsend, 
1.  c.  p.  137;  from  a  cotype  specimen.  Hyalomyia  celer  Town- 
send,  Trans.  Araer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  65;  March,  1895. 
Hyalomyia  violascens  Townsend,  Annals  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol. 
XX.]).  32;  July,  1897.     Phorantha  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergen  stain m 

in  lift.) occidentis  Walk. 

Calypteres  brown,  first  three  segments  of  abdomen  not  distinctly 
pollinose  except  along  the  sides,  the  fourth  segment  lightly 
whitish  pollinose  and  dotted  with  black,  frontal  vitta  of  male 
obliterated  on  its  upper  part,  wings  with  a  strong  whitish  tinge; 
length,  3.5  to  4  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Potomac  Creek, 
Virginia;  Lexington.  Ivy.;  and  northern  Illinois.  Nine  males, 
one  taken  by  the  writer  in  .July,  another  captured  by  Mr.  0.  W. 
Johnson,  May  23,  L896,  a  third  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Xason,  August  10, 
L895,  and  six  captured  by  Prof'.  H.  Gar  man.  Type  Xo.  3518, 
U.  S.  National  Museum calyptrata  n.  sp. 

Genus  AL0PH0RA  Desv. 

Alophora  Desvoidy,  Essai  snrles  Myodaires,  p.  293;  1S30. 
Hyalomyia  Desvoidy.  loc.  cit.,  p.  298. 

Schiner'has  already  referred  these  two  divisions  as  subgenera  of 
the  first-mentioned  genus,  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm.2  Of*  ihe  ten  species  occurring  in  our  fauna,  the  females 
of  only  four  are  known  to  me: 

1.  Wings  distinctly  marked  with  brown  beyond  base  of  discal  cell  out- 

side of  the  costal  cell  (all  males) 6. 

Wings  wholly  hyaline  beyond  base  of  discal  cell  except  sometimes 
in  the  costal  cell 2. 

2.  Second  and  third  abdominal  segments  shining  or  snbshining 3. 

Second  and  following  segments  opaque,  densely  yellow  gray  polli- 
nose ;  thorax,  when  viewed  from  behind,  thinly  white  pollinose 
along  the  suture,  in  front  of  the  scutellum,  and  along  the  sides; 
eyes  contiguous:  black,  the  palpi  yellow,  calypteres  white,  wings 
whitish  hyaline,  costa  strongly  arcuate,  last  section  of  third 
vein  slightly  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  thepreceding  section; 
length,  5  mm.  Eastern  Washington.  A  single  male  specimen 
collected  by  Professor  Piper.  Type  2so.  3519,  U.  S.  National 
Museum -  opaca  n.  sp. 

1  Fauna  Austriaca.  Vol.  I,  p.  402;  1862. 

Also  loc.  cit,,  VI,  p.  157;  1893. 


45 

3.  Females;  genitalia  awl  shaped,  directed  backward 4. 

Males;  genitalia  tubular,  directed  forward  under  the  body;  black, 

the  palpi  yellow,  abdomen  with  a  pronounced  brassy  tinge, 
shining,  thinly  white  pollinose ;  thorax  when  viewed  from  behind 
thinly  white  pollinose  except  the  front  end  and  two  subdorsal 
vittae  behind  the  suture;  eyes  separated  as  widely  as  the  posterior 
ocelli,  calypteres  grayish  white,  wings  whitish  hyaline,  base  to 
tip  of  second  basal  cell  yellow,  costa  strongly  arcuate,  last 
section  of  third  vein  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  preceding  sec- 
tion ;  length,  G  mm.  Potomac  Creek,  Virginia.  A  single  male 
specimen  collected  May  23,  1896,  by  G.  W.  Johnson.  Type  No. 
3520,  U.  S.  National  Museum nitida  n.  sp. 

4.  Frontal  vitta  at  narrowest  part  less  than  one-third  as  wTide  as  the 

distance  between  the  posterior  ocelli 5. 

Frontal  vitta  at  narrowest  part  as  wide  as  the  distance  between  the 
posterior  ocelli;  last  section  of  third  vein  slightly  over  one-third 
as  long  as  the  preceding  section ;  length,  4  to  6  mm.  White 
Mountains  and  Franconia,  X.  II.,  and  Potomac  Creek,  Virginia. 
(Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  296;  October,  1886: 
Ilyalomyia.) ceneoventris  Will. 

5.  Last  section  of  third  vein  over  one  third  as  long  as  the  preceding 

section,  small  cross  vein  nearer  to  tip  of  first  vein  than  to  tip  of 
the  auxiliary,  or  midway  between  them;  black,  the  palpi  yellow; 
thorax,  when  viewed  from  behind,  subopaque  whitish  pollinose, 
with  indistinct  black  vitta1;  eyes  separated  slightly  wider  than 
width  of  lowest  ocellus;  face  white  or  gray  pollinose;  abdomen 
on  the  last  three  segments  whitish  pollinose,  the  second  and 
third  segments  with  a  black  dorsal  vitta;  calypteres  whitish  or 
yellowish;  wings  hyaline,  the  base  to  slightly  beyond  the  hu- 
meral crossvein  yellowish;  length,  9  mm.  Beverly,  Mass.  A 
female  specimen  collected  October  11,  1870,  by  the  late  Edw. 
Burgess.     Type  No.  3521,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  .diversa  n  sp. 

Last  section,  etc.,  as  above;  vitta  of  abdomen  indistinct;  length, 
5  mm.  Two  females,  one  captured  at  Sherbrooke,  Canada,  Sep- 
tember 25,  1896,  by  L'Abbe  P.  A.  Begin,  the  other  taken  with 
the  male  (see  above  under  3) nitida  n.  sp. 

Last  section  of  third  vein  less  than  one-sixth  as  long  as  the  preeed 
ing  section,  small  crossvein  nearer  to  tip  of  auxiliary  vein  than 
to  tip  of  first  vein;  eyes  separated  about  half  the  width  of  the 
lowest  ocellus;  face  yellow  pollinose,  abdomen  wholly  thinly 
whitish  pollinose;  length,  9  to  10  mm.;  otherwise  as  in  diversa. 
Lufkin,  Tex.  (October  17,  1894;  C.  W.  Johnson),  and  southern 
Illinois  (Charles  Robertson).  Two  female  specimens.  Type  No. 
3522,  U.  S.  National  Museum grandis  n.  sp. 


46 

0.  Thorax  destitute  of  a  large  spot  of  yellowish  pollen  in  front  of  the 

scuiellnm  7. 

Thorax  bearing  a  large  spot  of  yellowish  pollen,  elsewhere  sub- 
opaque,  the  sides  and  suture  gray  polliuose;  abdomen  shining 
bluish  black,  the  margin  sometimes  yellow,  on  the  fourth  seg- 
ment grayish  i>ollinose;  wings  hyaline,  brownish  eostally  except 
at  base,  the  brown  color  extending  to  middle  of  discal  cell,  some- 
times forming  a  border  to  the  fifth  vein  and  the  hind  crossvein, 
and  containing  hyaline  spaces;  length,  0  to  7  mm.  White  Moun- 
tains and  Franconia,  X.  II.  (Annales  Soc.  Entomol.  France, 
p.  255;  1888.  Hyalomyia  sp..  Brauer  and  Bergenstamio  in 
lift.)   ...  .fenestrate  Bigot. 

7.  Wings  destitute ef  a  distinct  hyaline  spot  beyond  tip  of  first  vein .  8. 
Wings  marked   with   such  a   spot  reaching  from  near  the  costa  to 

middle  of  first  posterior  cell,  elsewhere  brown,  with  hyaline 
spaces  and  hind  margin;  costa  excessively  arcuate,  first  poste- 
rior cell  over  half  as  wide  as  long;  black,  the  palpi  yellow,  abdo- 
men shining  brassy  black,  thinly  whitish  polliuose,  thorax,  when 
viewed  from  behind,  subopaque,  thinly  whitish  polliuose,  two 
subdorsal  vitta*,  the  front  end,  and  behind  the  suture  black; 
calyptercs  white;  frontal  vitta  at  narrowest  part  two  thirds  as 
wide  as  distance  between  the  posterior  ocelli;  length,  8  mm. 
Franconia,  N.  II.  A  male  specimen,  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slos- 
son.     Type  No.  3523,  (J.  S.  National  Museum,  .phasioides  n.  sp. 

8.  Abdomen  more  or  less  shining 10. 

Abdomen  opaque,  yellowish  gray  polliuose 9. 

9.  Veins  on  front  and  hind  edges  of  discal  cell  bordered  with  brown; 

black,  the  palpi  yellow;  thorax,  when  viewed  from  behind,  thinly 
whitish  polliuose,  the  front  end,  behind  the  suture,  andtwosub- 
dorsal  vitta-  black:  frontal  vitta  at  narrowest  part  half  as  wide 
as  distance  between  the  posterior  ocelli;  calyptercs  whitish; 
wings  biown,  the  base  yellowish,  the  hind  margin  and  centers 
of  discal  and  fust  posterior  cells  usually  hyaline,  costa  rather 
strongly  arcuate;  length,  4..~  to  6  mm.  Clemen  ton,  N.  J.  (May 
10  and  26,  181)0),  and  Potomac  Greek,  Ya.  (May  23,  1890).  Six 
male  specimens,  collected  by  O.  W.  Johnson.     Type  No.  3524, 

T.  S.  National  Museum fumosa  n.  sp. 

Veins  on  front  and  hind  edges  of  discal  cell  not  bordered  with 
brown,  wings  whitish  hyaline,  the  base  to  beyond  the  humeral 
crossvein  yellowish,  costal  margin  beyond  this  to  slightly  below 
apex  of  third  vein,  last  two  sections  of  third  vein,  and  fourth  vein 
beyond  the  bend  bordered  with  smoky  brown,  costa  excessively 
arcuated;  length,  7  mm.;  otherwise  as  in  the  above  descrip- 
tion of  fumosa.  Grimsby,  Canada.  A  single  male  specimen, 
collected  October  7,  1894.  Type  No.  3525,  CJ.  S.  National 
Museum pulverea,  n.  sp. 


47 

10.  Length,  0  min.  or  less  :  last  section  of  third  vein  over  one-third  as 

long  as  the  preceding  section 11. 

Length.  8  to  10  mm 12. 

11.  Abdomen  shining   brassy   black,    the  margins   whitish    pollinose, 

wings  hyaline,  the  base  and  a  large  spot  on  middle  extending 
from  costa  to  fifth  vein  smoky.     (See  above  under  1.) 

ceneoventris  Will. 
Abdomen  subopaque  whitish  pollinose,  the  first  segment,  a  dorsal 
vitta  on  the  others,  and  the  hind  margins  of  the  second  and 
third  black;  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  thorax,  when  viewed  from 
behind,  subopaque,  traces  of  a  yellowish  pollinose  spot  in  front 
of  the  scutellum;  eyes  separated  slightly  wider  than  width  of 
lowest  ocellus,  wings  smoky,  the  hind  margin  subhyaline; 
calypteres  yellowish ;  length.  0  mm.  Woodbury,  N".  J.  A 
single  male  specimen,  collected  June  7,  1896,  by  0.  W.  Johnson. 
Type  Xo.  352G,  U.  S.  National  Museum subopaca  n.  sp. 

12.  Last  section  of  third  vein  less  than  one-sixth  as  long  as  the  pre 

ceding  section,  small  crossvein  nearer  to  tip  of  auxiliary  vein 
than  to  tip  of  first  vein,  eyes  separated  less  than  width. of  low- 
est ocellus,  wings  from  base  almost  to  small  crossvein  dusky 
yellowish,  the  remainder  brown,  calypteres  brown,  the  margin, 
the  lower  edge  of  the  front  one  broadly,  and  of  the  hind  one  at 
its  base  white;  otherwise  as  in  the  female  (under  5  above). 
Lufkin,  Tex.,  October  17,  1890.  A  single  male  specimen,  col- 
lected by  C.  W.  Johnson grandis  n.  sp. 

Last  section  of  third  vein  over  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  preceding 
section,  small  crossvein  not  nearer  to  tip  of  auxiliary  vein  than 
to  tip  of  first  vein,  eyes  separated  one  and  one-half  times  width 
of  lowest  ocellus,  abdomen  with  a  strong  brassy  or  violaceous 
tinge,  wings  from  base  to  beyond  base  of  discal  cell  yellowish, 
the  remainder  brown,  the  hind  margin  subhyaline;  otherwise 
as  in  the  female  (under  o  above).  Beverly,  Mass.  (October  11, 
1870,  Edw.  Burgess);  Oswego,  N".  Y.  (October  4,  1895,  C.  W. 
Johnson),  and  Indiana.     Three  male  specimens,  .diversa  n.  sp. 

Genus  TRICH0P0DA  Latr. 

Trichopoda  L;itreille,  in  Cuvier's  Regne  animal.  Vol.  V;  1829. 

Our  species  have  one  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochsetsB, 
apical  cell  short  petiolate: 

1.  Abdomen  partly  or  wholly  yellowish 2. 

Abdomen  and  legs  wholly  black,  the  former  not  pollinose;  wings 
black,  not  marked  with  white  or  yellow,  the  hind  margin  sub- 
hyaline;  lower  calypteres  brown,  the  bases  white;  thorax  deep 
black,  the  sides,  transverse  suture,  and  two  subdorsal  vittae  in 
front  of  it  light  gray  pollinose;  length,  10  to  14  mm.  Florida; 
Waco,  Tex.,  and  Colorado.  (Systema  Autliatorum,  p.  220; 
«  180o :   Thereva.) lanipes  Fabr. 


48 

2.  Without  any  fasciae  of  gray  pollen  on  the  abdomen,  which  is  sub- 

shining-  and  almost  or  wholly  destitute  of  pollen :   3. 

With  an  opaque,  interrupted  fascia  of  yellowish  pollen  on  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth  segments  of  the  abdomen;  scutellum  and 
femora  yellow,  thorax  shining  black,  the  portion  in  front  of  the 
transverse  suture  yellowish  pollinose  and  marked  with  three  or 
four  black  vitteej  wings  brown,  the  costal  margin  more  or  less 
yellow,  the  hind  margin  broadly  hyaline;  lower  calypteres  yel- 
lowish; length,  7  to  11  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Texas,  and 
Napa  County,  Oal.  (Systema Antliatorum,  p.  220;  1805:  The- 
rent.  Triehopoda  histrio  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects, 
Part  IV,  p.  097;  181*.).  Triehopoda  trifasciata  Loew,  Dipt.  Anier. 
Sept.  Indigena,  Centuria  IV,  No.  90;  1803:  also  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  lift.) plumipes  Fabr. 

3.  Lower  calypteres  wholly  yellowish;  abdomen  bright  yellow,  the  apex 

sometimes  black;  legs  black,  bases  of  femora  sometimes  yellow, 

hind  margin  of  wings  subhyaline 4. 

Lower  calypteres  brown,  the  bases  white;  abdomen  yellowish  brown, 
the  fifth  segment  yellow,  legs  black,  the  bases  of  the  middle 
and  hind  femora  sometimes  yellow;  wings  brown,  a  white  vitta 
along  each  of  the  first  live  veins,  hind  margin  subhyaline; 
length  11  to  17  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Waco,  Tex.,  and 
Tehuantepcc,  .Mexico.  (AusserenropiiischeZweif.  iusekten,  Vol. 
II,  p.  20S;  18 '!().  Triehopoda  radiata  Loew,  Dipt.  Amer.  Sept. 
Indigena.  Centuria  IV,  No.  89;  1803:  also  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm  in  lift.  I formosa  Wied. 

4.  Penultimate  section  of  fourth  vein  of  male  bordered  in  front  with 

whitish,  the  first  live  veins  usually  partly  bordered  with  white, 
a  yellowish  spot  on  front  part  of  each  wing  of  the  male;  length, 
9  to  14  mm.  West  Roxbury,  Mass.  j  District  of  Columbia;  Vir- 
ginia; Tifton, Ga.;  Biscayne Bay, Florida;  Cadet, Mo.;  Douglas 
County,  Kans.,  and  Texas.  (Aussereuropaische  Zweif.  Insek- 
ten,  Vol.  11,  p.  270;  1830.  Thereto- pennipes  Fabricius,  Systema 
Antliat.p.  219;  1805:  non  Musca  pmnipes Fabricius;  1794.  Tri- 
ehopoda aurantiaca  Townsend,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Washington,  Vol. 

II,  p.  140;  April  2, 1891.) cilipes  Wied. 

Penultimate  section  of  fourth  vein  not  bordered  with  whitish  in 
either  sex.  any  of  the  veins  rarely  bordered  with  whitish;  wings 
of  male  usually  but  not  always  marked  in  front  with  a  yellow 
spot;  length,  7  to  12  mm.  Grimsby,  Canada;  Belmont,  Mass.; 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  District  of  Columbia;  North  Carolina;  Flor- 
ida; Mississippi;  Lexington,  Ky.;  Missouri;  Onaga,  Kans.; 
Colorado;  Los  Angeles  County,  Oal.,  and  Mexico.  (Entomolo- 
gia  Systematica,  Vol.  IV,  p.  348;  1794:  Musca.  Thereva  hirtipes 
Fabricius,  Systema  Antliat.,  p.  219;  1805.  Oeyptera  eiliata 
Fabricius,  loc,  cit.,  p.  315.    Phasia  jugatoria  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat, 


49 

Sci.  Philadelphia,  Vol.  VI,  p.  172;  1829.  Trichopocla  flavieornis 
Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  284;  1S30.  Trichopoda 
pyrrhogaster  Wiedemann,  Ausserenr.  Zweif.  Ins.,  Vol.  II,  p.  272; 
1830:  also  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.). . .  .pennipes  Fabr. 

Genus  EUSIPHONA,  new  genus. 

The  principal  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gathered  from  the  fol- 
lowing description  of  the  type  species:  Front  of  female  nearly  one-half 
as  wide  as  either  eye,  ocellar  bristles  directed  obliquely  forward,  frontal 
bristles  weak,  disposed  in  four  rows,  not  descending  beneath  base  of 
antenna1,  front,  including  the  vitta,  gray  pollinose;  sides  of  face  bare, 
gray  pollinose,  each  at  narrowest  point  about  one-seventh  as  wide  as  the 
median  depression,  the  latter  with  a  distinct  median  carina;  vibrissa? 
short,  inserted  below  the  level  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  oral  margin ; 
facial  ridges  bare,  nearly  parallel  and  only  slightly  approaching  each 
other  at  the  vibrissa? ;  cheeks  extremely  narrow,  scarcely  apparent;  pro- 
boscis bristle-like,  longer  than  the  entire  insect,  geniculate  in  the  middle, 
the  apical  half  folding  beneath  the  basal  half;  labella  absent,  palpi 
clavate,  reaching  about  halfway  to  the  anterior  oral  margin;  antenna? 
four-fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  nearly  three  times  as  long  as 
the  second,  suborbicular;  arista  bare,  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  the 
penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad;  eyes  bare;  thorax  lightly  gray 
pollinose,  anterior  half  of  middle  of  dorsum  destitute  of  macrochreta?, 
two  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochsetae,  the  latter  near  the 
posterior  end  of  the  sternopleura,  no  other  macroclneta?  on  the  pleura; 
scutellum  subtriangular,  bearing  four  marginal  macrochajtai :  abdomen 
and  legs  destitute  of  macrocluetre  and  of  pollen;  wings  hyaline,  veins 
bare,  apical  cell  open  at  the  extreme  wing  tip,  last  section  of  fourth 
vein  gradually  approaching  the  third,  small  crossvein  near  last  third 
of  discal  cell,  auxiliary  vein  lying  close  to  the  first  and  almost  united 
with  it  at  the  apex.  Color,  black;  the  second  autennal  joint,  spot  at 
insertion  of  antenme,  aud  the  anterior  oral  margin  yellow;  calypteres 
small,  white;  length,  5  mm.  Indiana  and  Colorado.  Two  female  speci- 
mens.    Type  yo.  3526,  U.  S.  Xational  Museum mira  n.  sp. 

Genus  GYMNOPHANIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Gymnophania  Brauer  aud  BergenstaiDiu.  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  143;  1889. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  antennae  and  legs  tinged  with  brown ; 
front  in  male  slightly  narrower  than  width  of  the  lowest  ocellus, 
antenna?  four-fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  slightly  shorter 
than  the  second,  cheeks  one-seventh  as  broad  as  the  eye  height;  body 
si  i.iing,  not  pollinose,  only  one  postsutural  and  one  sternopleural 
m.Lcrocha?ta,  scutellum  bearing  two  marginal  pairs,  abdomen  and  legs 
destitute  of  maeroclueta1;  wings  hyaline,  the  costal  margin  beyond  tip 
3359— No.  7 1 


50 

of  auxiliary  veiu  slightly  smoky  as  far  as  the  fourth  vein,  last  sections 
of  third  and  fourth  veins  gradually  converging,  ending  a  short  dis- 
tance from  each  other  at  the  extreme  wing  tip,  small  cross  vein  at  last 
fourth  of  discal  cell;  calypteres  white;  length,  4  mm.  White  Moun- 
tains, Xew  Hampshire.  Five  male  specimens,  one  collected  by  Mrs. 
A.  T.  Slosson  and  the  others  by  the  late  II.  K.  Morrison.  (Oymno- 
phania  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.)  Type  No.  3528,  U.S. 
National  Museum .  .montana  n.  sp. 

Genus  MYIOPHASIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Myiqphana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  V.,  p.  362;  1891. 
Phasiovlixta  Townsend,  Trans.  A.mer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Will.  ]>.  369;  December,  1891. 
Ennyomma  Towusend,  loc.  c i t . ,  p.  371. 

The  synonymy  of  the  first  two  has  already  been  given  by  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm.1  ( )ur  two  species  have  three  postsutural  and  two  sterno 
pleural  macrochaetae;  eyes  usually  bare  but  sometimes  hairy,  especially 
in  the  male: 

Third  and  other  segments  of  abdomen  shining,  destitute  of  pollen; 
greenish  black,  the  lower  part  of  the  head  except  on  the  occiput, 
also  more  or  less  of  the  antennae,  yellow  or  brown;  bases  of  the 
wings  yellow;  length,  (J  to  9  mm.  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire; Massachusetts;  South  Carolina ;  Georgia;  Charlotte  Harbor, 
Florida;  Colorado:  and  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.  (Aussereuropaische 
Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p.  298;  1830:  Tachina.  Glytia  atra  Des- 
vnidy,  Essai  snrles  Myodaires, p. 288;  1830.  Phasioclwta  metallica 
Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Will,  p.  370;  Dec,  1891. 
Ennyomma  clistoirfes  Townsend,  loc  cit.,  p.  371.  Loewia  ruficornis 
Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  X  X  I  V.  p.  77;  April,  1892. 
Loewia  nigrifirons  Townsend,  loc.  cit.  Glista  americana  Townsend, 
loc.  cit.,  p.  78.  Loewia  globosa  Townsend,  Entomological  News, 
A'ol.  III.  p.  129;  June,  1892.  Myiophasia  \amea  Wied.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  lift.) cenea  Wied. 

Third  and  fourth  segments  of  abdomen,  and  center  of  the  second,  sub 
opaque  gray  pollinose;  black,  the  second  joint  of  antennae  yellow, 
the  frontal  vitta  and  lower  part  of  the  head  except  the  occiput 
brown;  front  of  male  scarcely  wider  than  width  of  lowest  ocellus, 
frontal  bristles  not  descending  below  base  of  second  antennal  joint, 
antenna1  almost  reaching  middle  of  face,  the  third  joint  only 
slightly  longer  than  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  its  basal 
fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  wide;  thorax 
and  scutellum  with  a  bronze  tinge,  destitute  of  pollen,  scutellum 
bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macroclneta1;  second  segment 
of  abdomen  bearing  a  marginal  pair,  the  third  and  fourth  each  with 
a  marginal  row;  pulvilli  of  front  tarsi  slightly  longer  than  the  last 
tarsal  joint,  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  yellowish  white;  length,  9 

1893. 


51 

mm.  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  A  single  male  specimen  bred  by  Albert 
Koebele  from  a  larva  of  Sphenophorus  robustus.  Type  Xo.  3529, 
IT.  S.  National  Museum robusta  n.  sp. 

Genus  PHYTO  Desv. 

Phi/to  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  218:  1830. 

Savia  Rondani,  Dipterologiae  Italicae  Prodromns,  Vol.  IV,  p.  140;  1861. 

This  synonymy  is  given  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.1  Our  species 
is  black,  including  the  palpi,  cheeks  largely  reddish;  front  in  male 
destitute  of  orbital  bristles,  in  the  female  bearing  two  pairs;  three 
postsutural  and  three  sternoplenral  rnacroclueta- :  length,  G  to  8  mm. 
Northern  Illinois  and  Missouri.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV, 
p.  757;  1849:  Tacit  ina.  Phyto  setosa  Coquillett,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  99 ;  Sept.,  1895.) clesides  Walk. 

Genus  MAUROMYIA,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following 
description  of  the  type  species:  Black,  the  palpi  yellow;  front  in  the 
male  one  and  two-thirds  times,  in  the  female  slightly  over  twice,  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  ocellar  bristles  projecting  obliquely  forward,  two 
pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  none  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles 
descending  to  base  of  third  antennal  joint,  sides  of  face  at  narrowest 
point  each  one-thii(Las  wide  as  the  median  depression,  thickly  covered 
with  black  bristles,  cheeks  in  the  male  slightly  narrower,  in  the  female 
broader,  than  the  eye  height,  vibrissa'  widely  separated,  inserted  on  a 
line  with  the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the 
lowest  fourth  or  third,  facial  depression  carinate  in  the  middle,  antennae 
reaching  tin1  oral  margin  in  the  male,  but  only  reaching  to  lowest 
fourth  of  face  in  the  female,  third  joint  in  the  male  six,  in  the  female 
three,  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  half, 
the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad;  palpi  clavate,  short, 
less  than  half  as  long  as  the  proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articulation, 
the  latter  slightly  over  one  half  as  long  as  height  of  head,  eyes  bare, 
head  in  profile  nearly  quadrangular,  as  long  at  the  vibrissa1  as  at  base 
of  antenna',  the  face  slightly  concave;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked 
with  three  black  vittae,  three. postsutural  and  two  sternoplenral  macro- 
cha'ta1,  scutellum  bearing  three  long  marginal  pairs;  abdomen  shining, 
last  three  segments  whitish  pollinose  at  the  bases,  bearing  discal  and 
marginal  niacroclneta^ ;  wings  hyaline,  tinged  with  smoky  along  the 
veins,  third  vein  bristly  two  thirds  of  distance  from  base  to  small  cross- 
vein,  hind  crossvein  slightly  curved,  nearly  perpendicular,  situated 
midway  between  the  small  and  the  bend,  the  latter  nearly  rectangular 
and  bearing  a  short  appendage,  apical  cell  closed  and  petiolate,  the 
petiole  almost  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein;  calypteres  whitish;  hind 


»Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  237;  1893. 


52 

tibia*  not  ciliate,  front  pulvilli  one-half  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint; 
length,  5  to  6  ram.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  A  specimen 
of  each  sex  collected  by  the  late  II.  K.  Morrison.  Type  No.  3530,  U.  S. 
National  Museum vulla  n.  sp. 

Genus  CRYPTOMEIGENIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Cryptomeigenia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamin,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  "Wien,  V,  p.  311;  1891. 
Emphanopteryx  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  120;  May,  1892. 

The  above  synonymy  has  already  been  published  by  Brauer  and  Bex 
genstaunn.1  Our  single  species  is  black,  the  second  jointof  the  antennae, 
the  palpi,  tibia',  and  femora  partly  or  wholly  yellow;  three  postsutural 
and  three  stcrnopleural  macrochata4;  length  7  to  10  mm.  Toronto, 
Canada;  Franconia,  N".  H. ;  Beverly,  Mass.;  Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  District  of 
Columbia;  and  Illinois.  (List  Dipt.  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  778;  1810: 
Tachina.  Tachina  prisca  Walker,  loc.  cit,  p.  780.  Emphanopteryx  enmyo- 
thyroides  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  But.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  121;  May, 
1802.    Near  Pexomyia,  Brauer  ami  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) . .  thelitis  Walk. 

Genus  CERATOMYIELLA  Town. 

Ceratonu/ieUa  Townsend,  Trans.  Am.  Km.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  371);  Dec,  1891. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi,  base  of  antennae, and  the  femora 
yellow,  the  tibia' brownish  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  two  sterno- 
pleural  macroehaetae;  length,  5  mm.  District  of  Columbia,  southern 
Illinois,  and  Tif'ton,  Ga.  (Tunis.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  380; 
December,  1801.) conica  Town. 

Genus  EULASI0NA  Town. 

Eulasiona  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  119;  May,  1S92. 
( >ur  species  have  three  postsut  ural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae : 

1.  Third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  near  its  base,  middle  tibia?  each 

bearing  a  single  long  macroclneta  on  the  front  side  near  the  mid- 
dle, wings  hyline,  the  bases  yellowish ;  length,  5  to  7  mm.  White 
Mountains  and  Franconia,  N.  II.,  and  Georgia.    (Trans.  Amer. 

Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  120;  May,  1802.) comstocldi  Town. 

Third  vein  bearing  three  or  more  bristles  at  the  base,  middle  tibiae 
each  bearing  three  or  more  long  nmcroclneta:  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle 2. 

2.  Sides  of  face  each  bearing  a  row  of  inacroclnet;e ;  black,  the  tibia' 

largely  yellowish;  front  in  female  slightly  wider  than  either 
eye,  sides  gray  pollinose,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  frontal 
bristles  descending  slightly  below  base  of  second  antennal 
joint,  antennae  five-sixths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
two  and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened 
to  the  middle,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad; 

!Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  199;  1893. 


53 

sides  of  face  bare  except  for  the  row  of  macrochaetae,  cheeks 
two-fifths  as  wide  as  the  eye-height;  thorax  thinly  gray  polli- 
nose,  marked  with  four  black  vittaej  scutellum  bearing  three 
pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetae;  abdomen  subshining,  bases 
of  last  three  segments  lightly  whitish  pollinose,  first  segment 
bearing  a  marginal  pair,  second  with  a  discal  and  a  marginal 
pair  of  macrochaetae,  third  with  a  discal  pair  and  a  marginal 
row,  fourth  wholly  covered  except  the  extreme  base;  wings 
tinged  with  brown  along  the  veins;  calypteres  yellowish  white; 
length,  7  mm.  Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska.  A  single  female  speci- 
men   collected    by   H.    F.  Wickham.     Type    Xo.  3531,  IT.  S. 

National  Museum  spinosa  n.  sp. 

Sides  of  face  each  bearing  only  one  or  two  macrochaetae,  situ- 
ated near  lower  end  of  eyes;  black,  the  antennae,  palpi,  tip  of 
scutellum  and  fourth  segment  of  abdomen  yellow;  front  in  both 
sexes  one  and  two-thirds  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides 
and  face  yellowish  pollinose,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  frontals 
descending  to  base  of  third  an tennal  joint,  sides  of  face  covered 
with  black  bristly  hairs,  cheeks  three-fourths  as  broad  as  the 
eye-height,  antennae  three-fourths  as  long  as  face,  the  third  joint 
six  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
third  or  half;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  three  black 
vittae,  scutellum  bearing  three  long  marginal  pairs  and  a  short 
apical  pair  of  macroclnetae ;  abdomen  thinly  gray  pollinose, 
subshining,  last  three  segments  bearing  discal  macrochaetae; 
wings  subhyaline,  veins  faintly  clouded  with  brown ;  length,  0  to 
7  mm.  Opelousas,  La.  Three  males  and  one  female  collected 
in  March,  1897,  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Pilate .setigena  n.  sp. 

Genus  ADMONTIA  Br.  and  Berg. 
Admontia  Brauer  and  Bergenstarnm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mns.  Wien,  IV,  p.  104;  1889. 

On  page  410  of  Part  V  of  the  above-mentioned  work,  a  species  from 
"X.  Amer.'Ms  listed  as  u  Admontia  americana  n.,w  but  no  description 
of  it  has  to  my  knowledge  been  published.  Our  four  species  have  only 
three  postsutural  niacroclueta- : 

1.  Wings  wholly  hyaline,  or  slightly  smoky  costally,  usually  three 

sternopleural  macrochaetae 2. 

Wings  whitish  hyaline  to  small  crossvein,  the  remainder  brown 
except  the  hind  margin,  which  is  hyaline;  onty  two  sternopleu- 
ral macrocluetoe,  palpi  yellow,  legs  black,  arista  thickened  to 
beyond  the  middle,  cheeks  one-half  as  broad  as  the  eye  height; 
length,  7  mm.  Northern  Illinois.  ( Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  55 ;  June,  1895.) nasoni  Coq. 

2.  Legs  black,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  both  sexes 3. 

Legs  and  palpi  yellow,  no  orbital  bristles  in  the  male,  arista  thick- 
ened on  less  than  the  basal  third,  cheeks  one-third  as  broad  as 


54 

the  eye-height,  abdomen  of  female  thickly  beset  with  short 
spines  on  under  sides  of  the  third  and  fourth  segments;  length, 
8  to  10  mm.  Maryland,  Dist.  Columbia,  and  Virginia.  (List 
Dipt.  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  77!);  1849:  Tachina.).  .demylus  Walk. 

3.  Palpi  black,  third  antenna!  joint  in  the  male  eight,  in   the  female 

from  five  to  seven,  times  as  long  as  the  second;  cheeks  at  least 
one-half  as  wide  as  the  eye-height,  front  tarsi  of  female  greatly 
dilated,  abdomen  destitute  of  stout  spines  on  the  underside.  4. 
Palpi  yellow,  insect  otherwise  black;  front  of  male  as  wide  as  either 
eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  apex  of  second  antenna! 
joint,  the  pair  in  front  of  vertical  ones  not  directed  outward, 
cheeks  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  sides  of  face  at 
narrowest  part  each  one  sixth  as  wide  as  the  median  depression, 
each  bearing  a  row  of  bristly  hairs,  vibrissa'  on  a  level  with  front 
edge  of  the  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth, 
antenme  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  four  times  as  long  as 
t lie  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  the  penultimate 
joint  as  broad  as  long;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four 
black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  and 
a  very  short  apical  pair  of  niacrochaetae ;  abdomen  thinly  gray 
pollinose,  first  segment  bearing  marginal,  the  others  discal  and 
marginal  macroehaetae ;  front  pulvilli  scarcely  one-half  as  long  as 
the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three 
bristles  near  the  base,  calypteres  white;  length,  5  mm.  Ala- 
meda, Oal.  Two  males  bred  April  17,  1888,  from  chrysalids  of 
Ret  in  ia  sp.  by  Mr.  Albert  Koebele.  Type  No.  3532,  (J.  S. 
National  Museum retinue  n.  sp. 

4.  Front  in  the  male  one  and  one-third  times,  in  the  female  twice,  as 

wide  as  either  eye ;  the  pair  of  frontal  bristles  in  front  of  the  ver- 
tical ones  directed  obliquely  outward,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  three-fifths,  sides  of  face  each  bearing  numerous  hairs  not 
arranged  in  a  single  row,  the  sides  yellowish  gray  pollinose; 
length,  5  to  8  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Beverly,  Mass. ; 
District  of  Columbia,  and  Agricultural  College,  Miss.  (Journ. 
N.  V.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  \).  54;  June,  1895.).  . . .  pergandei  Coq. 
Front  in  the  male  slightly  wider  than,  in  the  female  one  and  one- 
fourth  times  as  wide  as,  either  eye;  the  pair  of  frontal  bristles 
in  front  of  the  vertical  ones  almost  perpendicular,  arista  thick- 
ened on  the  basal  two-fifths,  sides  of  face  white  pollinose,  each 
bearing  a  single  row  of  hairs;  length,  5  to  (>  mm.  From  the 
type  specimen.  Franconia,  N.  H.;  Beverly,  Mass.;  District  of 
Columbia;  Illinois,  and  Tifton,  Ga.  (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  58;  June,  1895:  Hyjwstena.) degeerioides  Coq. 


55 


Genus  MEDINA  Desv. 

Medina  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lea  Myodaires,  p.  13s ;  1830. 

Degeeria  Meigen,  System.  Beach.  Europ.  Zwei.  Insekten.  Vol.  VII,  p.  249;  1838. 

Amedoria  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV.  p.  106;  1889. 

The  synonymy  of  the  first  two  is  according  to  Schiner.1  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  state2  that  Desvoidy  placed  in  Medina  species  belonging 
to  Admontia  and  Degeeria,  but  they  do  not  specify  which  of  these  spe- 
cies belong  to  Admontia.  Since  all  of  the  recognized  species  placed  in 
Medina  by  Desvoidy  at  the  time  of  describing  this  genus  belong  to 
Degeeria,  there  would  appear  to  be  no  doubt  concerning  the  identity  of 
these  two  genera.  The  identity  of  Amedoria  with  Degeeria  has  already 
been  acknowledged  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.3  Our  single  species 
is  black,  with  a  brown  tinge,  the  calypteres  yellow,  the  wings  strongly 
tinged  with  brown  at  the  base  and  in  front  of  the  fifth  vein;  three  post- 
sutural  and  three  sternopleural  macroclnetie,  discal  macrochsetse  on  the 
last  three  segments  of  the  abdomen;  length,  9  mm.  From  the  type 
specimen.  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire.  (Journal  N".  Y.  Ent. 
Soc,  Vol.  HI,  p.  104;  Sept.,  1895:  Degeeria.) washingtonce  Coq. 

Genus  SCHIZOTACHINA  Walk. 

Schizotachina  Walker,  Insecta  Saundersiana,  Vol.  I,  p.  2t>4 ;  1856. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  antenna?  sometimes  largely,  and  the 
palpi,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  two  large  and  two  small  sterno- 
pleural macrochaetae,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing 
only  marginal  ones;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle 
at  the  base;  length,  4  to  <>  mm.  Horseneck  Beach,  Mass.;  Waco,  Tex.; 
and  Colorado.  (Insecta  Saundersiana,  Vol.  I,  p.  276;  185G:  Tachina. 
Tachina  e.rul  Walker,  loc.  cit.,  p.  277.) conrecta  Walk. 

Genus  CLAUSICELLA  Rond. 

Clait8icella  Rondani,  Dipterologia-  Italic*  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  61;  1856. 

Our  species  have  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae,  body  black,  the  abdomen  sometimes  with  a  brassy  or  violaceous 
tinge,  bearing  only  marginal  macrocluetaj: 

1.  Wings  wholly  hyaline,  orbital  bristles  present  in  both  sexes 2. 

Wings  from  base  to  tip  of  auxiliary  vein  whitish,  thence  to  tip  of 
second  vein  brown,  the  apex  and  hind  margin  behind  the  fifth 
vein  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  near  its  base; 
black,  the  abdomen  with  a  strong  violaceous  tinge;  front  of 
female  one  and  one-third  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs 

■Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  533;  1862. 
-Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  232;  1893. 
3Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  356;  1891. 


56 

of  orbital  bristles,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  middle  of  second 
an tennal  joint,  antenna'  as  long  as  tlie  face,  the  third  joint  three 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  a< 
wide,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-thirds,  the  penultimate 
joint  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  two  fifths  as  long  as  the  last 
joint;  vibrissa  slightly  below  level  of  front  edge  of  oral  margin, 
only  two  or  three  bristles  above  each;  thorax  gray  pollinose, 
not  vittate,  scutellum  the  same,  bearing  two  pairs  of  long  mar- 
ginal macroclnetaB  and  a  short  apical  pair;  abdomen  gray  pol- 
linose on  bases  of  the  second  and  third  segments,  second  segment 
bearing  a  marginal  pair  of  macroclneta',  the  third  with  a  mar- 
ginal, the  fourth  with  a  discal,  row;  calypteres  white;  length, 
4  mm.  Natrona,  Pa.  A  single  female  specimen  collected  by 
Mr.  C.W.Johnson,  July 31, 1895.  Type  No.  353G,  IT.  S.National 
Museum johnsani  n.  sp. 

2.  Third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  truncate  at  the  apex,  where  it  is 

over  twice  as  wide  as  at  its  base,  its  upper  edge  nearly  straight; 
length..'}  mm.  Southern  California;  and  Owl  Creek  Mountains, 
Wyoming.  (Konig.  Sven.  Fiegatt.  Eugenies  Hesa,  p.  527;  1808: 
Lopkosia.     Clausicella  <<nt<)iii<<lis  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  Y.  Ent. 

Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  56;  June,  1895.) setigera  Thorn. 

Third  joint  rounded  at  the  apex  where  it  is  at  most  one  and  one- 
half  times  as  broad  as  at  its  base 3. 

3.  Last  joint  of  front  tarsi  of  female  over  four  times  as  long  as  the 

second,  third  joint  of  antenna'  of  male  nearly  straight  on  upper 
edge,  noticeably  longer  than  wide;  length  3  to  4  mm.  White 
Mountains.  New  Hampshire;  Lakeland,  Md.j  and  Northern 
Illinois.  (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  50;  June,  1895. 
New   genus   near  Bigonichceta,    Brauer  and   Bergenstamm   in 

lift. ) tarsalw  Coq. 

Last  joint  of  front  tarsi  of  female  shorter  than  the  second,  third 
joint  of  antenna'  of  male  strongly  convex  on  upper  side,  only 
slightly  longer  than  wide;  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  front  in  both 
sexes  one  and  one-half  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of 
orbital  bristles,  frontals  descending  almost  to  tip  of  second 
antenna!  joint,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  two-fifths  to 
one-half,  antenna*  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  five 
times  as  long  on  the  second,  arista  thickened  nearly  to  the 
tip,  the  penultimate  joint  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  last  one; 
thorax  gray  pollinose,  not  black  vittate,  abdomen  shining,  bases 
of  last  three  segments  whitish  pollinose  except  in  the  middle; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  one  or  two  bristles  at  the 
base,  calypteres  whitish:  length,  3  to  3.5  mm.  White  Mount- 
ains, New  Hampshire,  and  New  Bedford,  Mass.  Three  males 
and  one  female,  the  former  collected  by  the  late  H.  K.  Morrison, 
the  latter  by  Dr.  Hough tisitata  n.  sp. 


57 


Genus  PLECTOPS,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  table  of  genera 
given  on  a  previous  page  and  from  the  following  description  of  the 
type  species:  Black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow;  front  in 
both  sexes  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of 
orbital  bristles,  frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to  apex  of  second 
antennal  joint,  cheeks  one-fifth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  eyes  bare, 
head  at  vibrissa1  much  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenme,  vibrissas 
inserted  on  a  line  with  front  edge  of  the  oral  margiu,  one  or  two  bris- 
tles above  each,  antenme  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  in  the  male 
three-fifths,  in  the  female  two-fifths,  as  broad  as  long,  five  times  as  long 
as  the  second,  arista  bare,  thickened  on  the  basal  two-thirds,  the  penul- 
timate joint  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  almost  one-half  as  long  as  the 
last  joint;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae;  three 
postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  two 
long  marginal  pairs;  abdomen  shining,  the  bases  of  the  last  three  seg- 
ments narrowly  white  pollinose,  bearing  only  marginal  macrochaetae ; 
wings  hyaline,  first  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  toward  the  tip, 
third  vein  bearing  a  single  one  at  the  base,  hind  cross  vein  nearly 
straight,  midway  between  the  small  and  the  bend,  the  latter  obtuse,  not 
appendiculate,  apical  cell  open,  terminating  at  the  extreme  wing  tip; 
calypteres  white;  last  two  joints  of  front  tarsi  of  female  dilated,  the 
claws  and  pulvilli  scarcely  one-third  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint, 
front  tarsi  of  male  not  dilated,  the  pulvilli  slightly  longer  than  the  last 
tarsal  joint,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  bristle  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  hind  tibias  not  ciliate;  length,  4  to  5  mm.  District  of 
Columbia,  and  Kirkwood,  Mo.  Five  males  and  one  female  bred  from 
Melissojms  latiferreana  Wlsm.  by  Miss  Mary  E.  Murtfeldt  and  this  Divi- 
sion.    Type  Xo.  3541,  U.  S.  National  Museum melissopodis  n.  sp. 

Genus  LISPIDEA  Coq. 

Lispidca  Coqnillett,  Journal  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  51;  June,  1895. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  with  yellow  palpi;  three  postsutural  and 
two  sternopleural  macrochaetae;  length  4  to  5  mm.  Canada  and  north- 
ern Illinois.     (Loc.  cit,  p.  52.) palpigera  Coq. 

Genus  THRYPTOCERA  Macq. 

Thryptocera  Macquart,  Histoire  Nat.  Insectes,  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  87;  1835. 
Herbstia  Desvoidy,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  184;  1851.     (Xon  Edwards;  1834.) 

This  synonymy  is  given  by  Eondani ]  and  repeated  by  Schiner;2 


1  Dipterologia-  Italica-  Prodroraus,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  12;  1859. 
-Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  517;  1862. 


58 

Herbstia  is  not  mentioned  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm : 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  twice  as  long  as  broad,  one-sixth  as  long 
as  the  last  joint,  legs  black;  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  anten- 
me.  palpi,  apex  of  proboscis,  of  scutellum,  and  sides  of  the  first 
two  segments  of  abdomen,  yellow;  third  joint  of  antenna1  brown ; 
head  at  vibrissas  as  long  as  at  base  of  antennae,  front  of  female 
one  and  one-fifth  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles 
descending  to  base  of  third  antennal  joint,  two  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles,  cheeks  one-tifth  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  vibrissa'  on 
a  level  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  low- 
est fourth,  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
five  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
three- fourths;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black 
vitta';  three  post su rural  and  three  sternopleural  tnacrochaeta?, 
scutellum  bearing  two  long  marginal  pairs  and  a  very  short 
apical  pair;  abdomen  snbopaque  gray  pollinose,  last  three  seg- 
ments bearing  marginal  macrochaetae ;  front  tarsi  slender:  wings 
hyaline,  third  vein  bristly  halfway  to  small  erossvein,  hind 
crossvein  midway  between  the  small  and  the  bend,  calypteres 
white:  length,  6  mm.  New  Bedford,  Mass.  A  single  female 
specimen,  collected  by  Dr.  Garry  deX.  Hough.  Type  No.  3543, 
U.  8.  National  Museum atripes  n.  sp. 

Penultimate  joint  of  arista  nearly  one-half  as  long  as  the  last  joint, 
femora  and  tibiae  yellow;  frontal  vitta,  face  and  cheeks  yellow, 
only  one  or  two  bristles  above  each  vibrissa,  third  joint  of  anten- 
na' three  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  two  thirds,  thorax  not  distinctly  vittate,  scutellum  bearing 
three  long  marginal  pairs  of  macrochaetae,  third  vein  bristly 
almost  to  the  small  crossvein:  length  4  mm.;  otherwise  as  in  the 
above  description  of  atripes.  White  Mountains,  Xew  Hamp- 
shire. Two  female  specimens  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson 
and  the  late  H.  K.  MorYison.  Type  No.  3544,  TJ.  S.  National 
Museum fla ripes  n.  sp. 

Genus  ACTIA  Desv. 

Actia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myod.iires.  p.  85;   1830. 

Ceromya  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  86. 

( l  ymnopareia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  TV,  p.  103;  1889. 

This  synonymy  is  according  to  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.1  Onr  two 
species  have  four  postsutural  and   three  sternopleural   macrochaetae : 

First  vein  bristly  on  its  apical  third  only,  frontal  vitta  next  the 
antenna'  twice  as  wide  as  either  side  of  the  front,  abdomen  and 
legs  yellow;  length  5  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  White 
Mountain,  New  Hampshire.  (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Yol.  Ill, 
p.  50;  June,  1895:  Lasioneura.  Gymnopareia  sp.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  litt.) palloris  Coq. 


»  Loc.  cit.,  VI,  pp.  22G  and  228;  1893. 


59 

First  vein  bristly  on  nearly  its  entire  length,  frontal  vitta  next  the 
antennae  scarcely  wider  than  either  side  of  the  front,  abdomen 
and  legs  varying  from  yellow  to  black,  fourth  vein  sometimes 
almost  obsolete  beyond  the  bend;  length,  4  to  6  mm.  White 
Mountains  and  Franconia,  N.  H.;  District  of  Columbia;  south- 
ern Illinois,  and  Germany.  A  female  specimen  from  Germany 
received  from  Zeller,  and  by  him  labeled  Thryptocera  pilipennis 
Fall.  (Diptera  Suecire,  Muscidae,  p.  18;  1820:  Taehina.  Thryp- 
tocera americana  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV, 
p.  69;  March,  1892.  Gymnopareia  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstainm 
in  litt.) pilipennis  Fallen. 

Genus  LA3I0NEURA  Coq. 

Lasioneara  Coquillett,  Journal  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  50;  June,  1895. 

Our  species  is  black,  the  frontal  vitta,  first  two  joints  of  antennae, 
face,  cheeks,  palpi,  cox«t,  femora,  tibia'  and  sides  of  abdomen  at  base, 
yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae;  length, 
5  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Santa  Cruz  County,  Cal.;  and 
Washington.     (Loc.  cit.) Johnson i  Coq. 

Genus  CK&TOPHLEPS  Coq. 

Ch(vtopklep8  Coquillett,  Journal  New  York  Eut.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  51 ;  June,  1895. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  machrochaetae;  abdomen  of  female  bearing  a  com- 
pressed, rounded  process  thickly  beset  with  short  spines  on  the 
underside  of  the  second  segment,  and  there  is  a  short  fifth  segment, 
both  of  which  are  absent  in  the  male;  length,  4  to  5  mm.  From  the 
type  specimen.  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  and  District  of  Columbia. 
(Loc.  cit.) setosa  Coq. 

Genus  CELATORIA  Coq. 

Celatoria  Coquillett,  Insect  Life,  Vol.  II,  p.  235;  February,  1S90. 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  who  did  not  recognize  the  species  upon 
which  this  genus  is  founded,  erroneously  state  that  Celatoria  is  syn- 
onymous with  tfesseria.1     Some  of  the  principal  differences  existing 
between  these  two  genera  were  pointed  out  by  the  writer  in  an  article 
published  in  Psyche.2    A  specimen  of  Celatoria  diabroticce  submitted 
to  the  above-mentioned  authors  was  by  them  pronounced  to  belong  to 
a  new  genus  near  Xea'ra,     Our  two  species  have  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  uiacroclmeta^ : 
Palpi  yellow,  front  in  both  sexes  wider  than  either  eye,  front  pulvilli 
of  male  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  length,  4 
to  6  mm.     District  of  Columbia,  College  Station,  Tex.,  and  Cali- 


'Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  189;  1893. 
2  Vol.  VII,  p.  251;  1895. 


GO 

fornia.  (Amer.  Naturalist,  Vol.  V,  p.  219;  1871:  Melanosphora. 
Gelatoria  crawii  Coquillett,  Insect  Lite,  Vol.  II,  p.  -J35 ;  Feb.,  1890. 
New  genus  near  Neaera,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) 

diabroticce  Shinier. 
Palpi  black,  front  in  male  two-fifths,  in  the  female  two-thirds,  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  front  pul villi  of  male  as  long  as  the  last 
tarsal  joint:  black:  frontal  bristles  descending  slightly  below 
the  middle  of  the  second  antenna]  joint,  cheeks  one  seventh  as 
wide  as  the  eye  height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  third, 
antenna'  nearly  or  fully  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  two 
and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as  the  second,  as  wide  as  the  latter 
is  long,  penultimate  joint  of  arista  shorter  than  broad;  thorax 
nearly  destitute  of  pollen  except  on  the  sides,  abdomen  with  a 
narrow  fascia  of  white  pollen  on  the  bases  of  the  last  three 
segments,  venter  of  female  thickly  studded  with  short,  stout 
spines  on  hind  part  of  the  second  and  third  segments;  front 
pulvilli  of  the  female  nearly  one-half  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal 
joint:  wings  hyaline,  slightly  tinged  with  smoky,  calypteres  of 
female  white,  the  hind  ones  in  the  male  strongly  tinged  with 
brown  except  at  the  bases:  length,  3.5  to  5  mm.  Franconia  and 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Los  Angeles  County, 
Cal.  Two  males  and  three  females,  one  male  from  the  latter 
locality  captured  by  the  writer  in  March,  the  others  taken  by 
Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson  and  the  late  H.  K.  Morrison.  Type  No.  3555, 
U.  S.  National  Museum s2)inom  n.  sp. 

Genus  HYPOSTENA  Meig. 

FTypostena  Meigen,  System.  Beach.  Eur.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  VII,  p  239;  1838. 
Tachinophyto  Towuseud,  Trans.  Amer.  Knt.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  130;  June,  1892. 
Pseudomyothyria  Tnwnsend,  loc.  <it.,  p.  131. 

This  synonymy  is  by  the  writer.     Our  species  have  only  three  post- 
sntural  macroclneta': 

1.  Third  vein  bearing  less  than  six  bristles  at  its  base 2. 

Third  vein  bristly  almost  or  quite  to  the  small  crossvein,  hind  cross- 
vein  near  last  third  of  distance  from  the  small  to  bend  of  fourth 
vein:  black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow;  length, 
5  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Canada;  Beverly,  Mass.; 
Hartford,  Conn.;  District  of  Columbia;  North  Carolina,  and 
northern  Illinois.  (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  54; 
June,  1895 :   Thnjptoccra.) dunningii  Coq. 

2.  Apical  cell  open  or  closed  in  the  margin  of  the  wing 3. 

Apical  cell  closed,  its  petiole  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  small 

crossvein;  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  length,  5.5  mm.  From  the 
type  specimen.  Avalon,  IS.  J.,  and  southern  California.  (Jour- 
nal N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  55;  June,  1895:  Pseudomyo- 
thyria.)   . , tortricis  Coq. 


61 

3.  Femora  and  tibiae  black ;  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  but  the 

lowest  one  sometimes  very  small,  sternopleural  hairs  abundant 

and  conspicuous . 5. 

Femora  and  tibia?  yellow,  abdomen  usually  yellow,  at  least  on  the 
sides  at  base,  second  and  third  segments  bearing  discal  macro- 
chaetae 4. 

4.  With   three    sternopleural    macrochaetae,   face  in  profile   concave; 

black,  the  base  of  antenna1,  palpi,  proboscis,  apex  of  scutellum, 
coxa1,  femora,  tibia1,  and  sides  of  first  two  or  three  abdominal 
segments  partly  or  wholly  yellow;  length,  8  mm.  Los  Angeles 
County,  Cal.  (Inseeta  Saundersiana,Yol.  I,  p.313;  1850:  Dexia. 
Masicera  eucerata  Bigot,  Annates  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  203; 
1888.) pedestris  Walk. 

With  only  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  face  in  profile  strongly 
convex;  yellow,  the  apical  two-thirds  of  the  arista,  upper  part 
oif  the  occiput  except  in  the  middle,  and  the  middle  of  meso- 
notum  black;  front  in  the  mate  two-fifths,  in  the  female  three- 
fourths,  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in 
the  female,  wanting  in  the  male;  frontal  bristles  descending  to 
tip  of  second  antennal  joint;  cheeks  bare,  one-sixth  as  broad 
as  the  eye  height;  antenna1  almost  as  Jong  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  six  times  as  long  as  the  second,  nearly  five  times  as  long  as 
broad,  arista  minutely  pubescent,  thickened  on  the  basal  third; 
thorax  grayish  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutel- 
lum bearing  four  pairs  of  marginal  macrochaetae;  venter  of 
abdomen  destitute  of  short,  stout  spines;  front  pulvilli  of  male 
as  long,  in  the  female  one-half  as  long,  as  the  last  tarsal  joint; 
wings  hyaline,  veins  in  the  female  bordered  with  yellowish, 
third  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  at  the  base;  length,  7  to 
8  mm.  Franconia,  N.  H.,  and  North  Carolina.  One  male  and 
female,  the  latter  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson.  Type  No. 
3541),  U.  S.  National  Museum flaveola  n.  sp. 

With  only  two  sternopleurals;  differs  from  the  female  of  flaveola  as 
follows:  Black,  the  second  antennal  joint  and  base  of  the  third, 
palpi,  proboscis,  femora,  and  tibia1  yellow,  sides  of  abdomen 
basally  sometimes  also  yellow;  third  joint  of  antenna1  four 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  nearly  four  times  as  long  as  broad; 
veins  not  bordered  with  yellowish;  length,.")  to  5.5  mm.  New 
Bedford,  Mass.;  Cumberland  County,  N.  J.,  and  Tifton,  Ga. 
Twelve  females,  collected  by  Dr.  G.  deN.  Hough,  Mr.  C.  W. 
Johnson,  and  Mr.  G.  K.  Pilate gilvipes  n.  sp. 

5.  Arista  thickened  on  only  the  basal  third 6. 

Arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three- fourths,  third  joint  of  antennae 

in  the  female  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  front  slightly  wider 

than  either  eye,  face  in  profile  concave,  abdomen  shining,  strongly 

tinged  with  bronze,  base  of  second  segment  narrowly  white  polli- 

v  nose,  second  and  third  segments  destitute  of  discal  macrochaetae, 


62 

venter  destitute  of  short,  stout  spines,  claws  and  pulvilli  of 
female  minute,  the  pulvilli  scarcely  one  fifth  as  long  as  the  last 
tarsal  joint:  palpi  and  entire  insert  except  the  wings  and  calyp- 
teres,  black;  length,  4  mm.  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  From 
the  type  speeimen.     (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  57; 

June,  1805.) cenea  Coq. 

G.  Palpi  yellow,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  and 
sometimes  a  short  apical  pair  of  macrocluetae,  usually  a  diseal 

pair  on  the  second  and  third  abdominal  segments 7. 

Palpi  black 8. 

7.  Third  segment  of  abdomen  pollinose  on  at  least  the  basal  two  thirds, 

the  pollen  yellowish,  abdomen  subopaqne;  length,  4  to  9  mm. 
Pranconia  and  White  Mountains.  New  Hampshire;  Beverly, 
Mass.;  Maryland:  District  of  Columbia;  Georgia;  Texas;  Mis- 
souri: northern  Illinois:  Colorado;  and  Sonoma  County,  Cal. 
From  the  type  specimen.  (Journal  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill, 
p.  57:  June,    1895.     Anisia   nigrocinctaf  v.d.W.,   Brauer    and 

Bergenstamm  in  litt.) variabilis  Coq. 

Third  segment  at  most  pollinose  on  the  basal  third,  the  pollen  white, 
abdomen  subshining;  length, 4 to 9  mm.  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire;  northern  Illinois;  District  of  Columbia;  Virginia; 
North  Carolina;  Tifton,  (la.:  Ocean  Springs,  Miss. ;  Florida  and 
Jamaica.  West  Indies.  (Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p. 
1-11  ;June,  1892:  Tachinophyto.  Pseudomyothyria  indecisa  Town- 
send,  loc.  cit.,  p.  132.  Vibrissina  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm 
in  lift. ) floridensis  Town. 

8.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  destitute  of  diseal  macro- 

chsetae,  gray  pollinose  on  bases  of  last  three  segments,  third 
joint  of  antenna'  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  second ..  .10. 
Second  and  third  segments  bearing  diseal  as  well  as  marginal  macro- 
clneta',  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  inacro- 
chaetse  and  sometimes  a  very  short  apical  pair 9. 

9.  Abdomen  gray  pollinose  on  bases  of  last  three  segments,  trout  in  the 

male  three-fifths,  in  the  female  from  three-fifths  to  three-fourths, 
as  wide  as  either  eye:  calypteres  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
yellow  on  the  margin;  length.  I  to  (>  mm.  White  Mountains  and 
Franconia.  N.  II.:  Beverly  and  New  Bedford,  Mass.;  District  of 
Columbia;  Georgia;  Illinois;  Tucson,  Ariz.;  Palm  Springs  and 
Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  and  Allende,  Mexico.  From  the  type 
specimens.  (Journal  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.111,  p.  57;  June,  1895. 
Hypostena  2)u.sillax  Coquillett,  loc.  cit.,  p  58.) barbata  Coq. 

•This  is  the  female  of  barbata;  in  the  description  of  the  latter,  through  an  error  in 
the  printing,  the  male  sign  (  J  )  was  used  in  the  place  of  the  female  (  9  ),  and  vice  versa. 
The  two  females  from  California  nucler  harbat a  do  not  have  diseal  oiacroehietae  on 
the  second  and  third  segments  of  the  abdomen,  as  erroneously  stated  in  the  descrip- 
tion; they  belong  to  vanderwulpi  Town. 


63 

Abdomen  wholly  shining  and  destitute  of  pollen ;  front  in  male  three- 
fifths  as  wide  as  either  eye;  wholly  black,  no  orbital  bristles  in 
male,  frontals  descending  below  the  arista,  facial  ridges  bristly 
to  the  lowest  frontal  bristles,  antennas  as  long  as  face,  the  third 
joint  six  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  two-fifths ;  thorax  shining,  a  whitish  pollinose  vitta  in  the 
middle  in  front  of  the  suture,  lateral  edges  also  whitish  polli- 
nose: wings  hyaline,  two  bristles  at  base  of  third  vein,  calyp- 
teres  whitish;  length,  1  mm.  BiscayneBay,  Florida.  A  single 
male  specimen  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson.  . .  nitens  n.  sp. 
10.  Front  of  female  only  two- thirds  as  wide  as  either  eye,  facial  ridges 
bare,  scutellum  bearing  only  two  pairs  of  long  marginal  macro- 
ehaetae,  third  joint  of  antennae  three  times  as  long  as  wide; 
length,  .'>..")  mm.  St.  Augustine,  Fla.  (Proceedings  Acad.  Xat. 
Sci.  rhila.,  p.  313;  Sept.,  1895.) maculosa  Coq. 

Front  of  female  almost  as  wide  as  either  eye,  facial  ridges  bristly  on 
the  lower  half,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal 
macroeha  t;c:  basal  three-fifths  of  the  last  three  segments  of 
abdomen,  except  a  dorsal  vitta  on  the  first  two,  gray  pollinose; 
length,  5  mm.  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  (Entom.  Xews,  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  131 ;  June,  1892 :  Myothyria.) vanderwulpi  Town. 

Genus  DIDYMA  v.  d.  W. 
Dichjma  van  der  Wulp,  Biologia  Cent.-Amor.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  156;  June,  1890. 

Our  species  are  black,  with  at  most  the  palpi  and  sides  of  the  abdo- 
men partly  yellow,  hind  tibia'  on  the  outer  side  ciliate  with  short 
bristles: 

1.  Second,  or  at  least  the  third,  abdominal  segment  bearing  discal 

macrochaetae 2. 

Second  and  third,  ablominal  segments  destitute  of  discal  macro- 
cha^ta*,  palpi  yellow,  hind  crossvein  slightly  curved,  nearer  to 
the  bend  of  the  fourth  vein  than  to  the  small  crossvein;  length, 
6  mm.  Lake  Worth,  Fla.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II, 
p.  163;  June,  1890.) inconspiam  v.  d.  W. 

2.  Hind  crossvein  curved   S-shape,  nearer  to  the  bend  of  the  fourth 

vein  than  to  the  small  crossvein,  palpi  j^ellow;  length,  1.5  mm. 
Kirkwood,  Mo.     (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II,  p.  100;  June, 

1890.) exigua  v.  d.  W. 

Hind  crossvein  almost  straight,  midway  between  the  small  and  the 
bend,  palpi  black:  length,  5  mm.  District  of  Columbia.  (Biol. 
Cent.-Amer.,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II,  p.  161;  June,  1890.) . .  ti inula  v.  d.  W. 


64 


Genus  MACQUARTIA  Desv. 

Macquartia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  204;  1830. 

Amedea  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  207. 

Albinia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  2<>i>. 

Aporia  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supp.  I,  p.  16S;  1846.     (Non  Huebner;  1816.) 

This  synonymy,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  one,  is  given  by  Schi- 
ner;1  the  name  of  Aporia  having  previously  been  employed  in  the 
Lepidoptera,  the  species  heretofore  placed  in  this  genus  may  with  pro- 
priety be  placed  in  Macquartia,  to  which  genus  our  species  has  been 
referred  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.  Our  single  species  is 
black,  the  base  of  the  antenna',  palpi,  and  apex  of  proboscis,  yellow; 
three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae;  length,  8  to  10 
mm.  Mount  Washington,  N.  H.;  New  Bedford,  Mass.;  District  of 
Columbia;  Aurora  -Mills,  Oreg.,  and  Siskiyou  County,  Cal.  (List  of 
Dipterous  Insects,  Part  [V,  p.  841;  1849:  Dexia.  Aporia  limacodis 
Townsend,  Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  U75;  June,  1892.  Macquartia  sp.,  Brauer 
and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) jwistis  Walk. 

Genus  HYALURGUS  Br.  and  Berg. 
Hyalurgu*  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kate.  Mna.  Wieu,  VI,  p.  136;  1893. 

Our  species  is  black,  tin-  base  of  antenna',  palpi,  apex  of  proboscis, 
seutellum,  tibia1,  and  tarsi,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sterno- 
pleural macroeliata',  last  three  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  diseal  and 
marginal  maeroch;et;e.  middle  tibia'  each  bearing  three  inacrochsetse  on 
the  front  side  near  the  middle;  length,  7  mm.  Illinois.  (Can.  Ento- 
mologist, Vol.  XXIV,  p.  81 ;  April.  1892 :  Macquartia,).  .johmoni  Town. 

Genus  POLIDEA  Macq. 

Harrisia  Meigen,  System.  Beach.  Eur.  Zweif.  Inaekten,  Vol.  V.II,  p.  260;  1838.     (Xon 

DesYoidy;  1830.) 
J'oHden  Macqaart,  Anna  Irs  Sue.  Ent.  France,  p.  !>2;  1818. 
Somoleja  Rondani,  Atti  Soc.  Italiaua  Sri.  Nat.,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  3.");  1865. 

Polidea  was  proposed  for  the  genus  Harrisia  of  Meigen,  the  latter 
name  having  been  previously  used  in  the  Diptera.  According  to  Brauer 
and  Bergenstamm,  Harrisia  of  Meigen  is  identical  with  Somoleja  of 
Eondani.2  Our  single  species  has  the  body  and  sides  of  the  front 
shining  black,  with  a  tinge  of  bronze,  almost  destitute  of  pollen ;  three 
postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  inacrochreta',  last  three  segments  of 
abdomen  bearing  diseal  ones,  third  vein  bristly  at  least  halfway  from 
base  to  small  crossvein,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more  macro 
elneta'  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle ;  length,  5  to  7  mm.  Georgetown, 
Canada ;  White  Mountains  and  Francoiiia,  N.  H. ;  Xew  Bedford,  Mass. ; 

]  Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  528;  1862. 
-Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  231:  1893. 


65 

South  Windsor,  Conn.;  Oonstantine,  Mich.;  Northern  Illinois,  and  Los 
Angeles  County,  Cal.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  TOG; 
1849:  Tachina,  Tryphera  americana  Townsend,  Can.  Entomologist, 
Vol.  XXIV,  p.  78;  April,  1892.  Tryphera  polidoides  Townsend,  loc. 
cit.,  p.  79.  Polidea  americana  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  82:  from  a  cotype 
specimen.     Somoleja  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) .  areos  Walk. 

Genus  HYPOCELETA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Hypochceta  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  93;  1889. 

The  type  species  is  black,  the  first  two  antennal  joints,  palpi,  apex  of 
proboscis,  and  the  tibia;,  yellowish;  three  postsutural  and  two  sterno- 
pleuial  macroeha'ta1;  length,  5  mm.  White  Mountains,  X.  H.  (Fauna 
Austriaea,  Vol.  I,  p.  527;  1802:  Frivaldskia.) longicomis  '  Schiner. 

Genus  PELATACHINA  Meade. 

Hyria  Desvoidy,  Histoire  Naturelle  Dipteres,  p.  1100;  1863.     (Xon   Lamarck,  1819; 

)ion  Stephens,  1829.) 
Pelatachina  Meade,  Entomologists'  Monthly  Magazine,  Vol.  XXX,  p.  109;  1894. 

The  above  name  was  proposed  for  the  genus  Hyria  of  Desvoidy,  the 
latter  name  having  been  previously  used  in  the  Molliisca  and  also  in  the 
Lepidoptera.  Our  single  species  is  black,  including  the  palpi;  frout  of 
female  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  and  behind  the 
posterior  pair  a  pair  of  outwardly  curving  macrochsetae  slightly  in  front  of 
the  lowest  ocellus ;  frontal  bristles  descending  to  basal  fourth  of  the  sec- 
ond joint  of  the  antenna1,  face  golden  yellow  pollinose,  cheeks  nearly  one- 
third  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  vibrissa'  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of 
oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth,  antenna'  nearly  as  long 
as  the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second, 
arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  broader 
than  long;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  three  black  vittie,  three 
postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochrcta*,  scutellum  bearing 
three  long  marginal  pairs,  abdomen  gray  pollinose  and  with  darker 
reflecting  spots,  hairs  depressed,  first  segment  bearing  a  marginal  pair 
of  macrochieta',  second  with  two  discal  and  a  marginal  pair,  third  with 
three  discal  pairs  and  a  marginal  row;  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  three 
or  more  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein 
bearing  two  bristles  near  the  base,  fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend  arcuate; 
calypteres  white,  narrowly  margined  with  brown;  length,  9  mm.  No 
locality,  but  evidently  from  the  United  States.  A  single  female  speci- 
men. Type  No.  3540,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  (Hyria  sp.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  litt.) pellucida  n.  sp. 

'This  species  is  referred  by  Schiner  to  the  Tachina  longicomis  of  Fallen,  but  judg- 
ing from  tbe  description  the  two  species  arc  very  distinct,  a  conclusion  already 
reached  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm. 

3359 5 


66 


Genus  RACODINEURA  Rond. 

Roeselia  Desvoidy,  Essai  Bur lee  Myodaires,  p.  lir>;  1830.     (Xon  Hnebner,  L816.) 
Racodineura  Rondani,  DipterologiaB  Italiea-  Prodromns,  Vol.  IV,  p.  31;  18(11. 

The  latter  term  was  proposed  by  Ron dan i  to  take  the  place  of  Roes- 
elia, which  had  previously  been  used  in  the  Lepidoptera.  Our  single; 
species  is  black,  the  antennas,  lower  part  of  face,  palpi,  femora,  and 
tibia'  yellow:  front  of  female  slightly  over  twice  as  wide  as  either  eye, 
two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  tip  of  sec- 
ond antennal  joint;  sides  of  face  at  narrowest  point  each  almost  one- 
half  as  wide  as  the  median  depression,  thinly  bristly  one-fifth  of 
distance  from  lowest  frontal  to  the  vibrissa*,  the  latter  on  a  level  with 
front  edge  of  oral  margin;  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  half,  but  the 
uppermost  bristles  very  short  ;  cheeks  slightly  over  one-half  as  broad 
as  the  eye  height  :  antenna*  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
five  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  to  the  middle,  the 
penultimate  joint  broader  than  long;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked 
with  four  black  vitta\  four  postsutural  and  three  stcniopleural  mac 
iochat;i' ;  sciitelluni  bearing  four  long  marginal  pairs;  abdomen  opaque 
gray  pollinose,  first  tine*'  segments  bearing  marginal  macrocha'ta',  mid- 
dle tibia'  each  bearing  three  or  more  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle; 
wings  hyaline,  the  base  grayish,  third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle 
near  the  base,  hind  crossvein  nearly  straight,  midway  between  the 
small  and  the  bend  of  the  fourth:  calypteres  white;  length,  9  mm. 
Tifton,  Ga.  A  female  specimen  collected  October  L,1896,by  Mr.  G-.R. 
Pilate.    Type  No.  3545,  I  .  S.  National  .Museum americama  u.  sp. 

Genus  ERVIA  Desv. 

Ervia  Desvoidy,  Kss;ii  siir  lea  Myodaires.  p.  225;    L830. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  face  and  more  or  less  of  the  antenme, 
femora,  and  tibia-,  also  the  greater  portion  of  the  sides  of  the  first  three 
segments  of  the  abdomen  in  the  male,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macrocha'ta';  length,  7  to  10  mm.  Agricultural 
College,  Miss.,  and  Lul'kin,  Tex.  (Encyclopedic  Methodique,  Vol. 
VIII,  p.  423 ;  1811 :  Ocyptera.) triquetra  Oliv. 

Genus  LESKIA  Desv. 

Leskia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  100;  1830. 

MyoJria  Desvoidy,  loe.  cit.,  p.  !»8.     (Non  Beyden:  1826.) 

Solieria  Desvoidy.  Annates  Soc.  Ent.  France,  [».  461;  1818. 

Orillia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  474. 

Awthoica  Koudani,  Dipterologiae  Italics  Prodromus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  8;  1861. 

I'l/rrosia  Roudani,  loc  cit.,  p.  48. 

Rondani  proposed  the  name  Anthoica  for  Myobia,  which  is  preoccu- 
pied in  the  Arachnida,  and  erected  the  genus  Pyrrosia  to  include  Les- 
kia, Solieria,  and  Orillia.     Brauer  and  Hergenstanirn  place  Leskia  and 


67 

Myobia  as  subgenera  of  Pyrrosia,1  but  make  no  mention  oi'  the  other 
three  names.  Our  species  have  yellow  legs;  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macroclnetai : 

Scutellum  largely  or  wholly  black;  abdomen  yellow,  in  the  male 
marked  with  a  dorsal  vitta  and  usually  the  base  of  the  fourth 
segment,  in  the  female  with  a  dorsal  vitta  on  the  first  two  seg- 
ments, black;  length,  G  mm.  Bucks  and  Delaware  counties, 
Pa.     (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  105;  Sept.,  1805: 

Myiobia.) thecata  Coq. 

Scutellum  and  abdomen  yellow,  last  two  or  three  segments  of  the 
latter  sometimes  marked  with  a  dorsal  spot  of  brown  or  black; 
length,? to  11  mm.  Andover, Mass. ;  Ithaca,  N.Y.;  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  and  Onaga,  Kans.  (Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Phila., 
Vol.  VI.,  p.  177;  1829:  Bexia.  Myiobia  depile  Coquillett,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Phila.,  p.  313;  Sept.,  1895.). . .  .analis  Say. 

Genus  LESKIOMIMA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Leskiomima  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  372;  1891. 

The  type  species  is  yellow,  the  upper  part  of  the  occiput,  dorsum  of 
thorax,  tarsi,  and  usually  a  few  spots  on  the  abdomen,  black;  usually 
three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochsetae;  length,  0  to  8 
mm.  White  Mountains  ami  Frauconia,  N.  II.;  New  York,  N.  Y.;  Ches- 
ter County,  Pa.;  Virginia;  North  Carolina,  and  Lake  Worth,  Florida. 
( Ausser.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p.  251;  1830:  titouiojcys.  Leskiomima 
tenera  Wied.,  JBrauer  and  Pcrgenstamm  in  litt.) tenera  Wied. 

Genus  APINOPS,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  new  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following 
description  of  the  type  species:  Black;  head  at  vibrissas  slightly 
longer  than  at  base  of  antenna1;  front,  including  the  vitta,  gray  polli- 
nose,  in  the  male  about  one  half,  in  the  female  two  thirds,  as  wide  as 
either  eye;  ocellar  bristles  directed  forward,  frontal  bristles  descend- 
ing nearly  to  middle  of  second  antennal  joint;  three  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the  male;  antennae  six-sevenths  as 
long  as  the  face,  third  joint  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  sec- 
ond, rounded  at  the  tip,  arista  bare,  thickened  to  the  middle,  the 
penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad;  sides  of  face  bare,  each 
at  narrowest  part  scarcely  one-tenth  as  wide  as  the  median  depres- 
sion ;  vibrissa1  strong,  situated  on  a  line  with  front  edge  of  oral 
margin,  two  or  three  bristles  above  each;  cheeks  one-seventh  as  wide 
as  the  eye  height;  proboscis  slender,  rigid,  the  portion  beyond  the 
basal  articulation  one  and  one  sixth  times  as  long  as  height  of  head, 
labella  not  developed ;  palpi  minute,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  tipped 
with  a  short  bristle ;  thorax  grayish  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black 


1  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  140;  1893. 


68 

vittae;  three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochsetae ;  scutellum 
bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetse;  abdomen  shining, 
a  pair  of  marginal  macrocha'ta'  on  the  tirst  and  second  segments  and 
a  marginal  row  on  the  third;  genitalia  projecting  at  least  twice  the 
length  of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment  beyond  the  latter,  curved 
beneath  the  abdomen:  tirst  segment  of  abdomen  in  the  female  greatly 
dilated  vent  rally;  hind  tibia'  not  ciliate  with  bristles;  front  pul  villi  in 
female  one-half  as  long  as,  in  the  male  about  as  long  as,  the  last  tarsal 
joint;  wings  hyaline,  a  single  bristle  at  base  of  the  third  vein,  other 
veins  bare,  apical  cell  open  at  the  extreme  tip  of  wing,  bend  of  fourth 
vein  arcuate,  hind  crossvein  nearly  perpendicular,  midway  between  the 
small  crossvein  and  bend  of  the  fourth  vein;  calypteres  white;  length, 
\  to  5  nun.  Southern  Illinois.  Two  males  and  one  female  collected  by 
Charles  Robertson.   Type  No.  3559,  V .  S.  National  Museum .  .atra  n.  sp. 

Genus  LEUCOSTOMA  Meig. 

Leucostoma  Meigen,  in  [lliger'a  Magazin  fur  [nsektenkunde,  Vol.  II,  p.  27!);  1803. 

Clelia  Desvoidy,  Bssai  but  lis  Myodaires,  p.  255;  is:!". 

Psalida  Rondani,  Dipterologiw  [talicie  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  7(!;  L856. 

This  synonymy  is  given   by  Schiner1   and  repeated  by  Brauer  and 

Bergenstamni.2    Our  species  are  black,  the  palpi  sometimes  yellow; 

three  sternopleural  and  usually  three  postsutural  macrocha'ta' : 

1.  Thorax   shining,   almost    destitute    of   pollen,  frontal  vitta    at  the 

lowest  ocellus  narrower  than  either  side  of  the  front  at  the  same 

point,  scutellum  bearing  three   pairs  of  marginal   macrocha'ta', 

first  two  segments  of  abdomen  each   bearing  a  marginal  pair, 

palpi  yellow 2. 

Thorax  opaque,  densely  gray  pollinose,  frontal  vitta  of  female  at  the 
lowest  ocellus  twice  as  wide  as  either  side  of  the  front,  palpi 
black;  front  of  female  one  and  one-third  times  as  wide  as  either 
eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  cheeks  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the 
eye-height,  antenme  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three- 
fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad;  thorax  not  dis- 
tinctly vittate.  scutellum  densely  gray  pollinose,  bearing  two 
pairs  of  long  marginal  macrocha'ta',  abdomen  shining,  basal 
half  of  the  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose,  tirst  two  segments 
destitute  of  macrocha'ta',  those  of  the  other  two  segments  very 
short,  genitalia  of  female  claw-like,  curved  beneath  the  body; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  near  the 
base,  hind  crossvein  straight,  one  and  one-third  times  as  long 
as  the  last  section  of  the  third  vein,  situated  midway  between 
the  small  crossvein  and  the  bend;  calypteres  white;  length, 
5  mm.     Clementon,  N.  J.     A  single  female  specimen  collected 

1  Fauna  Austriaca,.  Vol.  I,  p.  542;  1862. 
sZweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  Index;  1893. 


69 

May  30,  1895,  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson.     Type  Xo.  3563,  U.  S. 
National  Museum subopaca  n.  sp. 

2.  Abdomen  entirely  destitute  of  pollen;  length,  1  to  5  mm.  White 
Mountains,  Xew  Hampshire;  Massachusetts,  and  northern  Illi- 
nois.    (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  380;  December, 

1891.) atra   Town. 

Abdomen  grayish  pollinose  on  the  bases  of  the  last  three  segments; 
length,  4.5  to  7  mm.  Maryland;  Tifton,  (ia.:  Las  Truces,  X. 
Mew;  Canon  City,  Colo.,  and  Washington.  (Can.  Entomologist. 
Vol.  XXIV,  p.  81;  April,  1891* :  Phyto.  Leucostomfr  neomexicana 
Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  169;  July.  Phyto  nigricornis  Townsend, 
loc.  cit.,  p.  170;  from  a  cotype  specimen.) senilis  Town. 

Genus  SCIASMA,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  table  of  genera 
given  in  a  previous  part  of  the  present  work  and  from  the  following 
description  of  the  type  species:  Black,  the  antennae  and  palpi  yellow, 
tin1  femora  sometimes  partly  or  wholly  yellow;  front  of  male  from  as 
wide  to  twice  as  wide,  in  the  female  six  times  as  wide,  as  width  of  low- 
est ocellus,  bare  except  the  frontal  bristles  which  descend  to  base  of 
second  antenna!  joint,  ocellar  bristles  wanting,  two  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the  male;  cheeks  one-tenth  as  wide 
as  the  eye-height,  sides  of  face  bare,  each  scarcely  as  wide  as  the  lowest 
ocellus,  eyes  bare,  vibrissa-  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin, 
two  or  three  bristles  above  each;  head  at  vibrissa-  almost  as  long  as  at 
base  of  antenna-,  antenna'  from  three-fourths  to  four-fifths  as  long  as 
the  face,  the  third  joint  twice  as  long  as  the  second,  arista,  bare,  thick- 
ened on  the  basal  fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad; 
body  shining,  destitute  of  pollen;  two  postsutural  and  three  sterno- 
pleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  two  marginal  pairs,  abdomen  of 
four  segments,  the  first  two  destitute  of  dorsal  macrochaetae,  the  third 
and  fourth  each  with  a  marginal  row,  genitalia  of  male  large,  curved 
beneath  the  third  and  fourth  segments  of  the  abdomen,  in  the  female 
nearly  concealed  in  the  fourth  segment:  wings  hyaline,  costal  cell 
brown,  a  brown  spot  extending  from  the  hind  crossvein  to  tip  of  second 
vein,  and  from  the  costa  to  the  fourth  or  fifth  vein:  third  vein  bearing 
a  single  bristle  at  its  base,  hind  crossvein  straight,  at  first  third  or  two- 
fifths  of  distance  from  the  small  to  bend  of  fourth,  the  latter  arcuate 
and  destitute  of  an  appendage,  apical  cell  closed,  third  vein  ending  at 
the  extreme  wingtip,  its  last  section  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein; 
calypteres  white  except  apical  half  of  hind  ones,  which  is  black:  hind 
tibia-  not  ciliate,  dilated  in  the  male,  front  pulvilli  in  both  sexes  almost 
as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint ;  length,  3  to  1  mm.  Xew  Bedford,  Mass. ; 
Jamesburg.  X.  ,1..  and  Tifton.  (ia.  Twenty-six  males  and  one  female, 
collected  by  Dr.  Garry  deX.  Hough.  Mr.  0.  W.  Johnson,  and  Mr.  G.  R. 
Pilate.     Type  No.  3564,  U.  S.  National  .Museum nebulosa  n.  sp. 


70 


Genus  HYALOMYODES  Town. 

Jfi/alomt/odes  Townsend,  Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  429;  April,  1893. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  eyes  of  male  almost 
contiguous,  but  in  the  female  separated  at  least  one  and  one-half  times 
the  width  of  the  lowest  ocellus;  abdomen  on  last  three  segments  gray 
pollinose,  the  second  and  third  segments  in  the  female  each  bearing  a 
pair  of  large  triangular  black  spots,  indistinct  or  wanting  in  the  male; 
front  pulvilli  of  female  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal 
joint;  length,  4  to  5  mm.  White  Mountains,  X.  II.;  Xew  Bedford, 
Mass.;  Maryland;  Tifton,  (ia.,  and  Colorado.  (Dipt.  Ainer.  Sept. 
Indig.j  Centnria  IV,  No.  85;  L863:  Hyalomyia.  Hyalomyodes  weedii 
Townsend,  Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  430;  April,  1893.). .  .triangulifera  Loew. 

Genus  CESTROPHASIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

(Estrophana  P>rnuer  niid  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  1  \\  p.  115;  188tt. 

Phanopteryx  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  fit.,  p.  IK!. 

Neoptera van  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent. -Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  if;.");  June,  1890. 

Cenosoma  van  der  Wulp,  loc  cit.,  p.  L66. 

Euosetropharta  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent,  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  133;  Jnne,  1892. 

The  synonymy  of  the  last  two  with  CEstrophasia,  and  of  Neoptera 
with  Phasiopteryx,  has  already  been  given  by  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stanun.1  Phasiopteryx  is  not  sufficiently  distinct  from  CEstrophasia  to 
be  retained  as  a  distinct  genus.  Our  species  have  three  postsutural 
and  two  sternopleural  macrochsetse  : 

1.  Wings  destitute  of  brown  rnai  kings 3. 

Wings  distinctly  marked  with  brown 2. 

2.  Discal  cell  crossed  by  a  brown  crossbar) d,  hind  crossvein  not  wholly 

bordered  with  brown,  a  brown  border  to  the  fifth  vein  and  a 
brown  crossband  beyond  the  discal  cell;  yellow,  an  ocellar  dot 
and  usually  from  one  to  three  spots  or  a  fascia  on  hind  margin  of 
each  segment  of  the  abdomen,  and  sometimes  one  or  more  on  the 
thorax,  black ;  length,  1  to  5  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  Franconia, 
N.  II.;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  Florida.  (Biol. Cent.  Amer.,  Dip 
tera,  Vol.  II,  p.  107;  June,  1890:  Cenosoma.).  .Hgnifera  v.  d.  W. 
Discal  cell  not  crossed  by  a  brown  crossband,  hind  crossvein  bor- 
dered with  brown,  second  basal  and  anal  cells,  and  wing  in 
front  of  third  vein  from  humeral  to  slightly  beyond  small  cross- 
vein,  also  a  brown  crossband  extending  over  the  hind  crossvein 
and  bordering  the  fifth  vein  except  near  base  of  discal  cell, 
brown  ;  yellow,  the  upper  part  of  the  occiput  sometimes  blackish, 
thorax  sometimes  black  dorsally,  or  with  two  vitta&and  an  ante- 
rior spot  black;  abdomen  with  the  hind  margin  of  each  segment 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  pp.  218  and  234;  1893. 


71 

black  and  sometimes  with  a  black  dorsal  vitta;  length.  5.~)  mm. 
Tewksbury,  Mass.,  and  Veta  Pass.  Colorado.  (Zweif.  Kais.  Mus. 
Wien,  IV,  p.  1^5 ;  1881):  also  in  lift.) elausa  Br.  and  Berg. 

3.  Antenna'  reaching-  at  least  halfway  to  the  oral  margin,  the  tip  less 

than  the  length  of  the  second  joint  from  the  point  where  the 
facial  ridges  approach  each  other  the  most  closely;  snbniarginal 
cell  in  the  male  scarcely  over  one-half  as  wide  as  the  greatest 
distance  from  the  third  vein  to  the  hind  margin   of  the  wing, 

front  in  the  female  noticeably  widening  anteriorly 4. 

Antenna'  reaching  two  fifths  of  distance  from  their  base  to  the  oral 
margin,  the  tip  nearly  three  times  the  length  of  the  second  joint 
from  the  point  where  the  facial  ridges  approach  each  other  the 
most  closely;  front  in  female  three-fourths  as  wide  as  either  eye, 
its  sides  parallel.  (According  to  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.  the 
siibmargiiial  cell  in  the  male  is  as  wide  as  the  greatest  distance 
from  the  third  vein  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing,  and  the 
second  vein  near  its  middle  and  the  costa  opposite  it  are  greatly 
swollen.)  Length. 8  nun.  Texas,  i  Zweif.  Kais. Mus.  Wien, IV, 
p.  117  :  188!) :  Phasiopteryx.    Also  in  lift.  | . .  bilimelcii  Br.  and  Berg. 

4.  Front  in  the  male  nearly  one-half,  in  the  female  two-thirds,  as  wide 

as  either  eye:  second  vein  in  the  male  with  a  large  swelling 
near  tin'  middle  and  another  on  the  costa  opposite  it;  subinar 
giual  cell  almost  twice  as  wide  as  length  of  the  hind  crossvein; 
length,  5.5  to  7  nun.  Charlotte  Harbor.  Florida.  (Journal N.  V. 
Knt.  Soc,  Vol.  III.  p.  52;  June,  181)."):  Clytiomyia.  Phasiop- 
teryx  MUmekii   Br.  and    Berg.,  Brauer  and    Bergenstamm    in 

lift. ) .'.  .punctata  Coq. 

Front  in  the  male  scarcely  one-eighth,  in  the  female  one  and  one- 
third  times,  as  wide  as  either  eye;  second  vein  destitute  of  a 
swelling,  sub  marginal  cell  less  than  two  thirds  as  wide  as  length 
of  hind  cross  vein;  length,  7  to  8  mm.  Georgia,  Texas,  and 
Colorado.  (Annales  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  208;  1888:  Pyr- 
rosia.) oehracea  Bigot. 

Genus  CLYTIOMYIA  Rond. 

Clytia  Pesvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.   287;  1830.  (Xon  Lamarck,   1812;  nan 

Hnebner,  1816.) 
Clytiomya  Rondani,  Dipterologiae  Italic*  Prodromns,  Vol.  IV,  p.  9;  1861. 

The  latter  term  was  proposed  to  take  the  place  of  Clytia,  which  had 
been  used  twice  previously  as  a  generic  name.  Our  species  have  three 
postsutnral  and  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae : 

Legs  black,  entire  insect,  except  the  yellow  palpi,  black;  calypteres 
white,   wings   hyaline;  length,  7  mm.     Washington.     (Journal 

N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  53;  June,  1895.) atrata  Coq. 

Legs  yellow;  head  and  its  members  except  the  eyes  and  upper  part 
of  the  occiput,   usually  the  apex  of  scutellum,   and  abdomen 


72 

except  a  dorsal  row  of  spots  and  the  hind  edges  of  the  last  two 
segments,  yellow:  last  two  segments  of  abdomen  sometimes 
almost  wholly  black:  length,  5  to  8  mm.  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  and  Agricultural  College.  Miss.  (Trans.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII.  p.  372;  December,  1891 :  Glytia.  Redten- 
bacheria  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) flava  Town. 

Genus  EUTRIXA,  new  genus. 

The  principal  characters  of  this  genus  have  been  given  in  the  table 
of  genera  on  previous  pages  of  this  work.  The  type  species  is  black, 
the  lower  part  of  the  front,  face,  antenme.  base  of  arista,  cheeks,  pro- 
boscis, palpi,  femora,  and  tibia',  yellowish;  apex  of  antenme  and  the 
proboscis  sometimes  brown;  three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural 
macrochaetae;  apex  of  antenna'  less  than  the  length  of  the  second 
antenna]  joint  from  the  point  where  the  facial  ridges  approach  each 
other  the  most  closely:  length,  (J  to  8  mm.  Franconia,  X.  II.:  Maty- 
land,  and  District  of  Columbia.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects.  Part  IV, 
]>.  753;  1S1!>:  Tachina.  Clytiomyia  exile  Coquillett,  Journal  X.  V.  Ent. 
Soc,  Vol.  III.  p.  53;  June,  181)5.) masuria  Walk. 

Genus  XANTHOMELANA  v.  d.  W. 

Xanthome! ana  van  der  Wulp,  Tijd.  voor  Entomologie,  Vol.  XXXV,  ]».  188;  1892. 
Xanthomelanodes  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXV,  ]>.l(i7:  .Inly.  1893. 

The  latter  name  was  proposed  for  Xanthomelana  under  the  mistaken 
idea  that  this  inline  is  preoccupied  by  Xanthomelon :  but  the  two  terms 
do  not  conflict  with  each  other.  Our  two  species  have  three  post- 
sutural macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  two  marginal  pairs;  wings  on 
costal  half  or  less  brown,  the  remainder  hyaline  or  subhyaline: 
1.  Oral  margin  bearing  black  macrochaetae  in  addition  to  the  vibrissa1, 

legs  black,  bases  of  femora  yellow 2. 

Oral  margin  destitute  of  black  macrochaetae  besides  the  vibrissa1, 
legs  yellow,  apices  of  tibia-  and  the  tarsi  black;  black,  the 
antenme,  lace,  cheeks,  palpi,  abdomen  except  a  spot  on  each 
side  of  tirst  segment  at  its  base  and  a  triangular  dorsal  spot  on 
posterior  part  of  second  and  third  segments,  coxae,  femora,  and 
tibia'  except  the  apices,  yellow;  abdomen  shining,  the  fourth 
segment  and  sometimes  the  base  of  the  third  thinly  yellowish 
pollinose:  wings  hyaline,  the  costal  margin  to  slightly  below  t\\e, 
third  vein  smoky  brown;  posterior  calypteres  yellow,  the  bases 
white:  length,  7  mm.  Ilorseneck  Beach,  Mass.  A  specimen  of 
each  sex  collected  August  1,  1896,  by  Dr.  Garry  deN.  Hough. 
Type  No.  3568,  U.  S.  National  .Museum flavipes  n.  sp. 


73 

2.  Abdomen  black,  sides  of  first  two  segments  and  usually  the  front 
corners  of  the  third,  yellowish,  front  femora  almost  wholly 
black,  three  sternopleural  macrochsetae ;  length ,  G  mm.  Colorado 
and  southern  California.  (Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
Vol.  VI,  p.  173;  1821):   Ocyptera.     Stevenia  pictipes  Bigot,  Ann. 

Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  254;  1888.) arcuata  Say. 

Abdomen  wholly  yellow,  front  femora  broadly  yellow  at  the  base; 
two  sternopleural  macrochaetae ;  length,  G  mm.  Northern  Vir- 
ginia. (Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  Vol.  VI,  p.  172; 
1829:  Phasia.  Tachina  corythus  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous 
Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  797;  1819.  Wahlbergia  atripennis  Town- 
send,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Washington,  Vol.  II,  p.  145;  April  2, 
1891.) atripennis  Say. 

Genus  HEMYDA  Desv. 
Hemyda  Desvoidy,  Essai  stir  les  Myodaires,  p.  22(5;  1830. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi,  humeri,  a  large  spot  on  each 
side  of  the  second  abdominal  segment  at  the  middle,  the  front  corners 
of  the  third  segment,  the  coxsb,  tibia'  and  a  large  portion  of  the  femora, 
yellow;  three  postsutural  and  one  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum 
bearing  three  marginal  pairs;  frontal  vitta  highly  polished;  length, 
11  mm.     Northern  Illinois.     (Loc.  cit.) aurata  Desv. 

Genus  BESKIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Beslcia  P>raner  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Museum  Wieu,  TV,  p.  139;  1889. 
Ocyptero8tpha  Townsend,  Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  II,  p.  79;  June,  1894. 

This  synonymy  has  already  been  published  by  Dr.  Williston.1  The 
type  species  is  black,  the  abdomen  yellow,  calypteres  white,  wings 
smoky,  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae;  length, 
6  mm.  Boykins,  7a.;  Tifton,  (la.;  and  Texas.  (List  of  Dipterous 
Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  79(>;  1811):  Tachina.  Beskia  comuta  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  170;  1889.  Ocyptero- 
sipha  willistoni  Townsend,  Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  79; 
June,  1891.) celops  Walk. 

Genus  IS0GL0SSA  Coq. 

Isoglossa  Coquillett,  Canadian  Entomologist.  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  125;  May,  1895. 

The  type  species  is  black,  the  palpi,  sides  of  last  three  abdominal 
segments  except  the  hind  margins  of  the  second  and  third,  and  the 
apex  of  the  abdomen,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural 
macrochaetae;  length,  G  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Los  Angeles 
County,  Cal.     (Loc.  cit.,  p.  126.) hastata  Coq. 


Manual  X.  Amer.  Diptera,  p.  119;  1896. 


74 


Genus  EPIGRIMYIA  Town. 

Epigrimyia  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Will.  ]>.:;7r>;  December,  1891. 

Drepanoglossa  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  377. 

Siphoclylia  Townscml.  loc  cit.,  Vol.  XIX.  p.  117:  May,  1892. 

Siphopkyto  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  127. 

Coronimyia  Townsend,  loc.  cit..  ]>.  128;  June,  1802. 

This  synonymy  is  original  with  the  writer,  and,  in  the  case  of  Dre- 
panoglossa,  is  based  upon  cotypes  received  from  Mr.  Townsend.  The 
open  or  closed  apical  cell  is  not  a  character  of  generic  importance;  in 
a  given  species,  sonic  specimens  have  it  open  while  in  others  it  is 
closed.  All  of  our  species  have  on  the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen 
only  a  snbmarginal  row  of  macrochaetsB : 

1.  Femora  yellow,  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 

chsetae ii. 

Femora  and  tibia'  black 4. 

2.  Scutcllum  yellow 3. 

Scutellum  and  proboscis  black,  the  latter  beyond  the  basal  articu- 
lation one  and  one  third  times  as  long  as  height  of  head,  fourth 
segment  of  abdomen  reddish  yellow,  sides  of  first  two  segments 
usually  yellow:  length, 4  to  7  mm.  Tifton,Ga.  (Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  117;  May,  1892:  Siphoclytia.) 

robert8onii  Town. 

."».  Arista  thickened  on  at  least  the  basal  two-fifths,  proboscis  beyond 
the  basal  articulation  twice  as  long  as  height  of  head,  three 
times  as  long  as  the  palpi;  length,  6  mm.  From  two  cotype 
specimens.  Las  Crimes.  N.  Mew  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol. 
XVIII,  p,378;  December,  1891  :  Drepanoglossa.) . .  .luccns  Town. 
Arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth,  proboscis  one  and  one  half 
times  as  long  as  height  of  head,  twice  as  long  as  the  palpi; 
length.  S  mm.  Southern  California.  From  the  type  specimen. 
(Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.126;  May,1895:  Dre- 
panoglossa.)      occidental  is  ( 5oq. 

1.  Abdomen  not  pollinose  on  broad  apex  of  each  segment 5. 

Abdomen  wholly  pollinose.  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural 
macrochsetne,  proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articulation  one  and 
one  half  times  as  long  as  height  of  head,  palpi  yellow;  length. 
5  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  California.  (Canadian  Entomol- 
ogist, Vol.  XXVII.  ]>.  128;  May,  1895:  Siphopkyto.).   <>\>(u-(i  Coq. 

f>.   Palpi  yellow (i. 

Palpi  black,  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae, 
proboscis  one  and  three- fourths  times  as  long  as  height  of  head  ; 
length,  5  mm.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  Woodbury, 
N.  J.;  Suffolk,  Va.,  and  Tifton,  Ga.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XVIII,  p.  376 ;  I  >ecember,  1891.) polita  Town. 


75 

6.  Proboscis  at  most  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  height  of  head, 

three  postsntural  and  four  sternopleural  inacrochretre,  second 
and  third   segments  of  abdomen   shining  except  on  base  of 

each 7. 

Proboscis  three  times  as  long  as  height  of  head,  four  postsutural 
and  four  sternopleural  macrocnaetae,  second  and  third  segments 
of  abdomen  each  marked  with  two  shining  black,  triangular 
spots;  length,  5  mm.  Maryland.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol. 
XIX,  p.  129;  June,  1892:  Coronimyia.) geniculata  Town. 

7.  Third  joint  of  antenna?  strongly  concave  on  the  front  edge;  length, 

5  mm.  White  Mountains,  Xew  Hampshire:  District  of  Colum- 
bia; Virginia,  and  Southern  Illinois.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XIX,  p.  128;  May,  1892:  Siphophyto.  Siphophyto  neomexi- 
canus  Townsend,  1.  c.     Gymnopareia  americana  Br.  and  Berg. 

MSS.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) floridensis  Town. 

Third  joint  of  antennae  strongly  convex  on  the  front  edge;  length, 
4  mm.  Southern  California.  (Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol. 
XXVII,  p.  127 ;  May,  1895 :   Siphophyto.) setigera  Coq. 

Genus  SIPHONA  Meig. 

Siphon  a  Meigen,  in  Illiger's  Magazin  fur  Insektenkundc,  Vol.  II,  p.  281;  1803. 
Bucentes  Latreille,  Genera  Crust,  et  Iusectorum,  Vol.  IV,  p.  339;  1809. 

This  synonymy  is  given  by  St.  Fargeau  and  Serville,1  and  repeated  by 
most  later  authors.  Our  species  have  three  postsutural  and  three 
sternopleural  macrochaetse,  third  vein  bristly  at  least  halfway  to  the 
small  crossvein,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  both  sexes,  palpi  and 
greater  part  of  femora  and  tibiae  yellow: 
1.  Terminal  section  of  proboscis  laterally   compressed   and  widened, 

at  most  three-fourths  as  long  as  height  of  head. 2. 

Terminal  section  bristle-like,  at  least  as  long  as  height  of  head; 
abdomen  opaque  gray  pollinose,  black,  the  sides  of  the  first  two 
or  three  segments  sometimes  partly  or  wholly  yellow ;  length,  3 
to  G  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  White  Mountains  and  Franconia, 
X.  II.;  Beverly,  Mass.;  District  of  Columbia;  North  Carolina; 
northern  Illinois;  Colorado;  England,  and  Austria.  Two  males 
and  one  female  from  Austria  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm, and  by  them  labeled  Siphona geniculata  Meig.;  also  three 
females  from  England,  received  from  E.  Brunetti,  and  by  him 
labeled  Siphona  geniculata.  (Memoires  servir  Ilistoire  Insectes, 
Vol.  VI,  p.  20;  177<) :  Musca.  The  following  synonymy  is  by  St. 
Fargeau  and  Serville,  in  Encycl.  Methodique,  Vol.  X,  p.  501;  1828: 
Stomoxys  minuta  Fabrieius,  Systema  Antliatorum,  p.  282;  1805. 
The  following  is  by  Meigen,  in  Syst.  Iiesch.  Eur.  Zweif.  In.,  Vol. 
IV,  p.  151,  1824,  and  repeated  by  most  later  authors:  Bucentes 
cinereus  Latreille,  (Ten.  Crus.  Insect.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  339;  1800.     The 

^ueyclopodie  M6thodique;  Vol.  X,  p.  500;  1828. 


76 

following  is  by  Macquart,  in  Ann  ales  Soc.  Entomol.  France, 
p.  i>(.)4:  1845:  Siphona  dnerea1  Meigen,  System.  Besch.  Eur. 
Zweif.'Ins.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  156;  1824.  The  following  is  by  Rondani 
in  Dipt.  Italicae  Prod.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1<>,  1859,  and  is  repeated  by 
Schiner:  Siphona  nigrovittata  and  analis Meigen,  System.  Besch. 
Enr.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  IV,  p.  157;  1824.  Syphona  persilla 
Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myod.,  p.  9:>;  1830.  Syphona  tris- 
tis  Desvoidy.  Ann  ales  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  203;  1850. 
Syphona  fusdcornis  and  consimilis  Desvoidy.  Ioc.  cit.,  p.  205. 
The  following'  is  by  the  writer:  Siphona  illinoiensis  Townsend, 
Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  368;  December,  1891. 
Siphona  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  Utt.)..geniculata~DeG. 
2.  Abdomen  opaque  gray  pollinose,  black,  the  sides  of  the  first  two 
segments  sometimes  partly  or  wholly  yellow,  terminal  joint  of 
the  proboscis  at  least  two-thirds  as  long  as  height  of  head; 
length.  .■')  to  4.5  nun.  From  the  type  specimen.  Southern  Cali- 
fornia.    (Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  125;  May,  1895. 

Siphona  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) plusice  Coq. 

Abdomen  shining,  destitute  of  pollen,  yellow,  a  dorsal  vitta  and 
hind  margins  of  hist  three  segments  black;  insect  elsewhere 
black,  the  face,  palpi,  apex  ot*  scutellum,  coxa1,  femora  and  tibiae 
yellow,  apices  ot  femora  brown,  frontal  vitta  brownish  yellow, 
antenmc  and  proboscis  yellowish  brown,  the  base  and-  apex  of 
the  latter  more  yellow,  terminal  joint  of  proboscis  one-half  as 
long  as  height  of  head,  thorax  gray  pollinose,  not  distinctly 
vittatc  scutellum  bearing  three  long  marginal  pairs  and  a  short 
apical  pair  of  raacrochajtae,  last  three  segments  of  abdomen 
bearing  only  marginal  ones:  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  whitish; 
length.  I  mm.  Kirkwood,  Mo.  Three  female  specimens  from 
Miss  M.  E.  Murtfeldt.  Type  No.  3574,  I  .  S.  National  Mu- 
seum   brevirostris  n.  sp. 

Genus  HETEROPTERINA  Macq. 

Heteropterina  Macquart,  Annales  Soc  Ent.  France,  ]».  Ii'tl;  1854. 

Our  species  is  black,  the  palpi  and  usually  the  base  of  the  antenna', 
sides  of  first  three  segments  ot  the  abdomen,  femora,  and  tibia1  yellow: 
last  three  segments  ot  abdomen  each  marked  with  a  transverse  row  of 
live  black  spots,  two  of  which  are  on  the  lateral  margins;  three  post 
sutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrocha'ta',  scutellum  bearing  three 
marginal  pairs;  length,  3.5  to  5  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  North- 
ern Illinois;  Colorado,  and  Los  Angeles  County,  Oal.  (Entomological 
News,  Vol.  VI,  p.  207;  April,  1895.) nasoni  <  5oq. 

'On  page  501  of  the  Encyclopedic  M6thodique,  Vol.  X,  1JS2S,  St.  Fargean  and  Ser- 
ville  propose  the  name  of  Meigeni  tor  dtinea  Meigen,  which  had  been  previously 
used  in  this  genus  by  Latreille,  and  11ns  name  must  therefore  also  be  added  to  the 
synonymy. 


77 


Genus  PLAGIPROSPHERYSA  Town. 
Plagiprospherysa  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  113;  May.  1892. 

Our  species  is  black,  the  lirst  two  joints  of  the  antennae,  palpi,  apex 
of  scutellum  and  sometimes  the  front  corners  of  the  second  and  third 
segments  of  the  abdomen,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sterno- 
pleural  inacrochaetae,  two  on  the  front  side  of  each  middle  tibia  near  its 
middle;  length, (3  to  9  mm.  Georgia;  Organ  .Mountains  and  Las  Cruces, 
N.  Mex.,  Colorado,  Tenino,  Wash.,  and  southern  California.  (Biol. 
Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  124 ;  May,  1890 :  Prospherysa.  Plagi- 
prospherysa valida  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p. 
1L'3;  May,  1892.  Plagiprospherysa  floridensis  Townsend.  loe.  cit.,  p. 
114.) parr  I  palp  is  v.  d.  W. 

Genus  METAPLAGIA  Coq. 

Metaplagia  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1<>2;  September,  1895. 

Our  species  is  black,  the  tirst  two  joints  of  the  antenna'  and  the 
palpi,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sternoplenral  macrochaetae; 
length,  7  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  San  Diego  County,  Cal. 
( Loe.  cit.,  p.  103.) occidentalis  Coq. 

Genus  PARAPLAGIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Paraplagia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mils.  Wien,  V,  p.  354;  1891. 

Our  two  speeies  are  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  the  antennae  and 

palpi  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sternoplenral  macrochaetae : 

Third  joint  of  antennae  at  most  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the 

second,  third  vein  bristly  almost  to  tip  of  discal  cell,  first  seg- 
ment of  abdomen  destitute  of  macrochaetae;  length,  6  to  8  mm. 
District  of  Columbia;  northern  Illinois,  and  Colorado.  (Ann ales 
Soc.  Eritomol.  France,  p.  262;  1888:  Heteropterina.  Paraplagia 
cinerea  Coquillett,  Journal  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  101;  Sep- 
tember, 1895.) spinosula  Bigot. 

Third  joint  of*  antenna'  three  times  as  long  as  the  second,  third  vein 
not  bristly  to  the  small  crossvein,  tirst  segment  of  abdomen  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  long  macrochaetae ;  front  of  female  one  and  one-fifth 
times  as  wide  as  either  eye.  three  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  the 
median  pair  small,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  tip  of  second 
antennal  joint,  sides  of  face  wholly  covered  with  short  hairs 
and  each  bearing  a  row  of  about  six  macrochaetae,  cheeks  nearly 
one-half  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
two-thirds,  the  penultimate  joint  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 
as  broad;  thorax  thinly  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black 
vittre;  abdomen  white  pollinose  on  bases  of  last  three  segments, 
these  bearing  discal  and  marginal  macrochaetae;  wings  hyaline, 


78 

calypteres  white;  Length    8   mm.     Missouri.     A   single   female 
specimen  bred  from  an  unknown   Lepidopterous  larva  on  Trios- 

tciim.     Type  No.  3578,  U.  8.  National  Museum . . .  .erucicola  n.  sp. 

Genus  CYRTOPHL(EBA  Rond. 
Cyr tophi veba  Rondani,  Dipterologiie  [talicte  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  68;   L856. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  with  a  strong  tinge  of  bronze,  the  palpi 
and  first  two  joints  of  the  antenna'  yellowish,  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  inacrochretae,  second  and  third  abdominal  segments 
bearing  discal  and  marginal  ones:  length,  7  to  10  mm.  Toronto, 
Canada;  New  Bedford  and  Hyde  Park,  Mass.;  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and 
northern  Illinois.  (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  ]>.  101;  Septem- 
ber, 1895.) horrida  '  Coq. 

Genus  PLAGIA  Meig. 

Plagia  Meigen,  System.  Beech.  Eur.  Zweif.  Insekton,  Vol.  VII,  p.  201;  183£ 

Our  species  has  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochsetse, 
proboscis  thick,  fleshly,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  thick,  basal  half  of 
palpi  and  the  antenna'  black,  lowest  frontal  bristles  directed  down- 
ward, third  vein  at  most  bristly  slightly  beyond  the  small  cross  vein; 
length,  7  to  0  mm.  Northern  Illinois;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Los  Angeles 
County,  Oal.;  Allende  and  Diaz,  Mexico.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera, 
Vol.  [I,  p.  102;  March,  1890.  Plagia  auHfrons  Townsend,  Canadian 
Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  67  j  .March,  1892.) americang,  v.  d.  W. 

Genus  SIPH0PLAGIA  Town. 

Siphoplagia  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  349;  November,  1891. 
Our  species  are  black',  the  first  two  joints  of  antenna',  lower  part  of 
lace,  cheeks,  and  palpi,  yellow;  body  subopaque  gray  pollinose,  thorax 
marked  with  four  black  vittae;  three  postsutural  and  three  sterno- 
pleural macrocha'ta\  middle  tibia-  each  bearing  lour  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  only 
marginal  macrochaetae;  length,  8  mm.: 

Fifth  vein  bare,  middle  pair  of  orbital  bristles  very  small.  Los  Ange- 
les County,  Cal.  (Trans.  Araer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Will,  p.  350; 
November,  1891.) anomala  Town. 

Fifth  vein  bristly,  middle  pair  of  orbital  bristles  as  large  as  the  others. 
Toronto.  Canada,  and  Colorado.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera, 
Vol.  II,  p  102;  March,  1890:  Plagia.) rigidirostris  v.  d.  W. 

'The  Cyrtophlceha  horrida  Giglio-Tos,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  Italy,  Vol,  VIII,  p. 
6,  1893,  does  not  belong  to  this  genus,  since  the  hind  crossvein  is  nearly  perpendic- 
ular, the  iirst  vein  hristly,  etc. 


79 


Genus  DISTICHONA  v.  d.  W. 

Distichona  van  der  Wulp,  Biologia  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  II;  Jan.,  1890. 
Pseudogermaria  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  V\Tien,  V,  p.  352;  1801. 
Olenochceta  Townsend, Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  114;  May.  1892. 

This  synonymy  is  original  with  the  writer.     Our  two  species  have 
four  postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  inacrochaetae,  palpi  yellow: 
Apical  cell  open;  scutellum  largely,  sides  and  fourth  segment  of  the 
abdomen,   also   the  femora  and  tibia',  yellow;    length,  8   mm. 
Georgia.     (Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wieu,  V,  p.  3512;  1891 :  Pseudoger- 
maria.)    georgice  Br.  and  Berg. 

Apical  cell  short  petiolate;  scutellum,  abdomen  and  legs,  black; 
length,  5  to  8  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Tifton,  Ga.;  Agri- 
cultural College,  Miss. ;  San  Diego  and  Xueees,  Tex. ;  and  Las 
Cruces,  X.  Mex.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II,  p.  44; 
January,  1800.  Olenochceta  Jcansensis  Town  send,  Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc,  Yol.  XIX,  p.  115;  May,  1892.) varia  v.  d.  W. 

Genus  CH^ITOGLOSSA  Town. 

Chcetogloava Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  ]>.  125;  May,  L892.  • 

Our  species  have  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macro 
chada1,  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  three  broad,  black  vittse, 
wings  hyaline,  calypteres  whitish: 

Third  joint  of  antenna'  black;  black,  the  second  joint  of  the  anten 
na?  yellow;  length,  0  mm.     Southern  Florida.     (Loc.  cit.,  p.  L26. 

CJuvtoglossa  nigrigalpis  Townsend,  loc.  cit.) violce  Town. 

Third  joint  of  antenna'  yellow;  black,  the  antennae  and  palpi  yellow; 
length,  0  mm.     Southern  Florida.     (Loc.  cit.) .  .pictieomis  Town. 

Genus  PACHYOPHTHALMUS  Br.  and  Berg. 

Pachyophthalmus   Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.   Kais.  Mus.    Wieu.   IV.  p.    117; 

1SS9. 
SarcomacronyrMia  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  100;  May,  L892. 

This  synonym  has  already  been  published  by  Brauer  and  Bergen 

stamm.1     Our  species  have  the  thorax  gray  pollinose  and  marked  with 

three  black  vittae ;  three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae : 

Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  wholly  black ;  black,  including  the  palpi ; 

length,  5  to  8  mm.     White  Mountains  and  Franconia,  X.  1 1. ;  New 

Bedford,  Mass.;  Berkeley,  W.  Va. ;  North  Carolina;  Centerville, 

Fla.,  and  Austria.     A  female  from  Austria  received  from  Brauer 

and  Bergenstamm  and  by  them  labeled  Pachyophthalmus signatus 

Meig.     (System.  Besch.  Eur.  Zweif.  Tnsekten,  Yol.  IV,  p.  303; 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  195;  1893. 


80 

1824:  Tachina.  Pachyophthalmns  aurifrons  Townsend,  Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  354;  November,  1891:  from  a 
cotype    specimen.      Pachyophthalmus   sp.,   and    Sphixapata  sp., 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  inlitt.) signatus  Meig. 

Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  largely  or  wholly  yellow,  insect  else- 
where black;  Length,  5  to  \)  mm.  Tifton,  (la. ;  Lake  Worth,  Fla.; 
Waco,  Tex.;  Colorado,  and  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  and  Los 
Angeles  County.  Call  (Entomological  News,  Vol.  Ill,  p;  SO; 
April,  1892.  Sarcomacronychia  unica  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  101  ;  May,  1892.  Sarcomacronychia  sar- 
cophagoides  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV, 
p.  16o;  July,  1892.  Sarcomacronychia  trypoxylonis  Townsend, 
Bulletin  Ohio  Agr.  Exper.  Station,  Vol.  I,  No.  3,  p.  165;  April, 
1893.) Jloridcnsis  Town. 

Genus  SENOTAINIA  Macq. 

Senotainia  Macquart,  Dipt&ree  ESzotiques,  Supplement  I.  p.  nil;  1846. 

Arrenopus  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mub.  Wien,  Vol.  V,  |».  360;  1891. 

Our  species  have  three  postsutural  and  two  sternoplnral   macrocha> 
ta\  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  both  sexes;  thorax,  scutelluin,  and 
.  black  : 

1.  Third  joint  of  antennae  black 2. 

Third   joint    of  antenna'   yellow,  last    three   segments  of  abdomen 

gray  pollinose  on  the  bases,  that  on  the  second  and  third  pro- 
longed to  the  hind  end  of  the  segments  in  the  middle  of  the 
dorsum,  where  it  incloses  a  black  triangle;  sides  of  abdomen 
sometimes  partly  yellow:  length,  t  to  .7  mm.  Toronto,  Canada; 
New  Hampshire;  Springfield,  Mass.;  Maryland;  Tift  on,  Ga.; 
Georgiana,  Fla.;  Lexington,  Ky. ;  northern  Illinois;  LasCruces, 
N.  Mex.,  and  southern  California.  (Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supp. 
1,  ]>.  107;  1846.  Miltogramma  erythrocera  Thomson,  Kongliga 
Sven.  Fregatten  Bugenies  Uesa,  Diptera,  p.  523;  1868.  Milto- 
gramma fulvicornis  van  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent. -Amer.,  Diptera, 
Vol.  [I,  p.  89;  March,  1890.  Miltogramma  flavicornis Townsend, 
Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  355;  November,  1891. 
Miltogramma  similis  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  357.  Miltogramma 
kansensis  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  68; 
March,  1892.  Miltogramma  decisa  Townsend,  Entomological 
News,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  81  :  April,  1892.) rubriventris  Macq. 

2.  Abdomen  wholly  black 3. 

Abdomen  yellow,  base  of  the  first  segment,  apex  of  the  fourth,  and 

the  genitalia,  black,  bases  of  the  last  three  segments  white 
pollinose,  abdomen  elsewhere  shining,  second  segment  destitute 
of  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochaetae ;  sides  of  front  and  the  face 
silvery  white  pollinose.  antemiaj  black ;  thorax  gray  pollinose, 


81 

the  vittae  indistinct;  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  white;  length, 
3  mm.  Las  duces,  N\  Mex.  Two  male  specimens  collected 
September  17,  by  Mr.  T.  D.  A.  Oockerell.     Type  ^o.  3580,  U.  S. 

National  Museum nana  n.  sp. 

3.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  bearing  a  distinct  marginal  pair  of 
macrochaetae,  abdomen  gray  pollinose,  usually  marked  with  two 
or  three  rows  of  blackish  spots;  length,  3  to  6  mm.  Toronto, 
Canada;  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  Springfield,  Mass.; 
New  York  City,  X.  Y.;  Maryland;  Virginia;  North  Carolina; 
Tifton,  Ca.;  Texas;  Colorado;  Washington,  and  southern  Cali- 
fornia. ( Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  N9 ;  March,  1890 : 
Miltogramma.  Arrenopus  americana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm, 
Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wieu,  V,  p.  301;  1891.  Miltogramma  argen- 
tifrons  Town  send,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  A^ol.  XVIII,  p.  357; 
November,  1891.  Miltogramma  cinerascens  Townsend,  loc.  cit., 
p.  358.  A rrenopus  sp.,  and  Sphixapata  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm in  lift.) trilineata  v.  d.  W. 

Second  segment  destitute  of  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochsetae,  abdo- 
men shining,  bases  of  last  three  segments  white  pollinose;  black, 
the  frontal  vitta,  first  two  joints  of  antennae  and  the  palpi,  yel- 
low; sides  of  front  and  face  white  pollinose,  thorax  whitish 
pollinose,  the  vitta  not  distinct,  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  white; 
length,  3  nun.  Las  duces,  N.  Mex.  A  single  male  specimen 
collected  September  17  by  Mr.  T.  I).  A.  Cockerell.  Type  No. 
3581,  r.  S.  National  Museum "... fasciata  n.  sp. 

Genus  PSEUDOTRACTOCERA  Town. 

Pseudotractocera  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  107;  May,  1892. 

Our  species  has  three  postsntural  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae,  is  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  the  antenna'  and  the  palpi  yellow; 
apex  of  antenna'  distant  from  the  oral  margin  the  length  of  the  third 
antenna!  joint;  length,  7.5  mm.  From  a  co-type  specimen.  Las  Cruces, 
N.  Mex.     (Loc.  cit.,  p.  108.) neomexicana  Town. 

Genus  BI0MYIA  Rond. 

Fabricia   Meigen,  System.   Besch.   Eur.   Zweif.   Insekten,  Vol.  VII,  p.  250;  1838. 

(Non  Blainville;  1828.     Non  Desvoidy;  1830.) 
Biomya  Rondaui,  Dipterologiae  Italicae  Prodromus,  \rol.  I,  p.  72;  1850. 
Viviania  Rondaui,  loc.  cit.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  53;  1861. 
Masvphya  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  313;  1891. 

Viviania  was  proposed  for  the  genus  Fabricia  of  Meigen,  the  name 
Fabricia  having  been  previously  used  by  at  least  two  different  authors. 
On  the  same  page  Rond  an  i  acknowledges  that  his  genus  Biomyia  is 
synonymous  with  Viviania.  Specimens  identified  by  Brauer  and  Ber- 
genstamm as  Masiphya  brasiliana,  the  type  species  of  this  genus,  do 
not  possess  any  character  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  its  sep- 
<  3359 0 


82 

aratioD  from  Biomyia.1  Our  species  have  only  three  sternopleural 
macro  chaetse,  the  sesond  and  third  Beginents  of  the  abdomen  destitute 
of  discal  ones,  second  joint  of  antenme  and  the  palpi,  yellow: 

1.  Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  maeroclneta' 2. 

Thorax  bearing   four  postsutnral  inacrocha3tse,  middle  tibiae  each 

bearing  only  one  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  scutellum 
and  sides  of  first  three  segments  of  the  abdoinem  black,  apex  of 
the  fourth  segment  yellow,  antenme  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
face:  length,  11  mm.  Florida.  (Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila- 
delphia, p.  309;  September,  1895:  Masiphya.) aurigera  Coq. 

2.  Antenme  at   least    three  -fourths  as  long  as  the  face;  scutellum  and 

abdomen  wholly  black ....  3. 

Antenme  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  face,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing 
two  or  more  macrochsetae  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle; 
apex  of  scutellum  and  sides  and  apex  of  abdomen  yellow; 
length,  9  to  12  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Maryland:  Vir- 
ginia; Tii'ton,  Ga.;  Biscayne  Bay,  Fla.,  and  Los  Angeles 
Co.,  Cal.  (Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien.  V,  p.  313;  1891:  Masiphya. 
Also  in  lift.  Tachinomyia  floridensis  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer. 
Knt.  Sue.  Vol.  XIX, p. 97;  May,  1892.). brasiliana  Br.and  Berg. 

3.  Cheeks  one-fifth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  front  in  each  sex  one- 

half  as  wide  as  either  eye,  abdomen  subopaque  gray  pollinose, 
hind  margins  of  the  second  and  third  segments  and  reflecting 
spots  darker;  length,  5  to  6  mm.  Amherst,  .Mass.,  and  Los 
Angeles  County.  Cal.  (Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien.  7^.312;  L891  : 
Viviania,  Masicera  sortycolor  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc,  Vol.  Will,  ]>.  359;  December,  1891.  Pseudotractocera 
calasomas Coq.  MS..  Burgess  in  Kept.  Mass.  State  Board  Agric, 

p.  83;  January,  1897.) georgiw  Br.  and  Berg. 

Cheeks  one-tenth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  front  of  female  as  wide, 
as  either  eye:  black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow; 
frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to  apex  of  the  second  an  ten 
nal  joint,  five  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  sides  of  face 
at  narrowest  part  each  one-tenth  as  wide  as  the  median  depres 
sion.  vibrissa-  half  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint  above 
the  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth,  antenme 
reaching  slightly  below  lowest  third  of  face,  the  third  joint  one 
and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  almost 
to  the  middle,  the  penultimate  joint  as  broad  as  long;  thorax 
thinly  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum 
bearing  three  long  marginal   pairs  of  macrocha-ta*,   abdomen 


1  An  Austrian  specimen  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenatamm  and  by  them  labeled 
Viviania  pacta  Meig.,  lias  the  apical  cross  vein  strongly  concave,  and  not  straight,  as 
stated  by  these  authors  in  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  Ill;  1893. 


83 

subshiuing,  last  three  segments  lightly  grayish  pollinose  except 
their  apices,  each  segment  bearing  marginal  macrochaetae,  wings 
*hyali»e,  base  of  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near  the  base, 
apical  cell  closed  and  very  short  petiolate,  ending  slightly  before 
the  extreme  wing  tip ;  calypteres  whitish  :  length,  4  mm.  Tifton, 
Ga.  A  single  female  specimen  collected  in  June,  189G,  by  Mr. 
G. li. Pilate.    Type  No.3582,  U.S.Nationa]  Museum. genalis  n.sp 

Genus  ATACTA  Schiner. 
Atacta  Scliiuer,  Reise  der  Fregatte  Novara,  Diptera,  p.  328;  1868. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  apex  of  the  scutellum  yellowish,  the 
fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen  wholly  golden  yellow;  front  of  male 
less  than  one-third  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides  bluish-gray  polli- 
nose  and  thickly  covered  with  short  suberect  hairs,  frontal  bristles 
descending  nearly  to  middle  of  second  antennal  joint,  cruciate  except 
the  vertical  pair;  checks  one-fourth  as  wide  as  the  eye-height,  face 
yellow  poll i nose,  the  ridges  broadly  bordered  internally  with  black, 
sides  of  face  at  narrowest  part  one-third  as  wide  as  the  median  depres- 
sion, vibrissa'  situated  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  second  antennal 
joint  above  the  level  of  front  adga  of  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the 
lowest  fifth,  antennae  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
slightly  longer  than  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths, 
the  penultimate  joint  broader  than  long;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked 
with  four  black  vittae,  four  postsutural  and  l'onr  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae, scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal;  abdomen  gray 
pollinose  on  the  first  three  segments,  the  first  two  destitute  of  dorsal 
macrochaetae,  the  last  two  each  bearing  a  marginal  row;  front pul villi 
as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  four  or  more 
macrochaetae  on  the  front  side  near,  the  middle:  wings  hyaline,  third 
vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  near  the  base,  calypteres  white; 
length,  12  mm.  Tifton,  Ga.  A  single  male  specimen  collected  Sep- 
tember 28,  1896,  by  G.  R.  Pilate.  Type  Xo.  3Z83,  U.  S.  National 
Museum apicalis  n.  sp. 

Genus  SIPHOSTURMIA,  new  genus. 

The  principal  characters  of  this  genus  have  been  given  in  the  table 
of  genera  on  previous  pages.  The  type  species  is  black,  the  first  two 
joints  of  antenna',  lower  part  of  face,  palpi,  scutellum,  apex  of  abdomen, 
and  sometimes  the  sides,  yellow;  four  postsutural  and  four  sterno- 
pleural macrochaetae,  two  or  more  on  front  side  of  each  middle  tibia 
near  the  middle,  marginal  ones  on  the  first  three,  or  the  second  and 
third,  segments  of  abdomen  ;  length,  10.5  mm.  Tifton,  Ga.,  and  Florida. 
(Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  10G;  September,  1895:  Argyro- 
phylax.) rostrata  Coq. 


84 


Genus  BELVOSIA  Desv. 

■» 
Belrosia  Desvoidy,  Essui  sur  les  Myodaires,  ]».  L03;  L830. 
Latreillia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  L04.     (Non  Rous;  L827.) 
fYillUtonia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  K;iis.  Mas.  Wien,  IV,  p.  (J7;  1889. 

The  identity  of  Belvosia  and  Latreillia  has  been  acknowledged  by 
several  authorities;  and  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  state1  that  the  lat- 
ter (the  name  of  which  is  preoccupied  in  the  Crustacea)  is  a  subgenus 
of  Willistonia.  Our  species  have  tour  postsutural  and  four  sterno- 
pleural  niaerochaetse: 

1.  Third  abdominal  segment  yellowish  pollinose  except  apically,  wings 

brownish 2. 

Third  segment  destitute  of  yellowish  pollen,  abdomen  gray  polli- 
nose except  on  the  fourth  segment,  which  is  yellow  pollinose, 
frontal  vitta  yellow,  wings  hyaline;  length,  10  to  12  mm.  Mas- 
sachusetts; Ithaca  and  New  York,  N.  Y.;  Chicago,  111.;  Tifton, 
(la.;  and  Mississippi.  (Bssai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  105;  L830: 
Latreillia.  Exori&ta  flavicauda  Riley,  Second  Kept.  Ins.  Mis- 
souri, p.  51;  L870:  t'roin  the  type  specimen.).. unifasciata  Desv. 

2.  Sides  of  face  at  narrowest  part  each  one-third  as  wide  as  the  median 

depression,  frontal  vitta  yellow,  abdomen  black,  bases  of  last 
three  segments  yellowish  gray  pollinose;  length,  11  mm. 
Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.     (Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  Phila., 

p.  312;  September,  L895.) si 088 once  Ooq. 

Sides  of  face  at  narrowest  point  each  more  than  one  half  as  wide  as 
median  depression,  frontal  vitta  dark  brown,  abdomen  black, 
the  last  i  wo  segments  except  their  apices  yellowish  pollinose, 
baseof  the  second  sometimes  also  narrowly  yellowish  pollinose; 
relation  of  second  and  third  antennal  joint  varies  as  follows: 
female,  third  joint  U.  LJ,  i?,  '2\  times  as  long  as  the  second; 
male,  third  joint  2J,  3,  '■>.[.  and  A  times  as  loug  as  the  second; 
facial  ridges  bristly  in  female  .\.  '/;.  and  H,  in  male  §  to  {distance 
above  the  vibrissa' ;  length,  13  to  17  mm.  Springfield,  Mass.; 
District  of  Columbia;  North  Carolina;  Tifton,  (Ja. ;  Mississippi; 
St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Illinois;  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal. ;  Waco,  Tex.,  and 
Mexico.  ( Sy  sterna  Entomologire,  p.  '77;  1775:  Musca.  Belvosia 
bicincta  Desvoidy.  Bssai  sur  les  Myod.,  p.  103;  1830.  Latreillia 
bifaseiata  F.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  inlitt).  .bifasciata  Fabr. 

■Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  213;  181)3. 


85 


Genus  MELANOPHRYS  Will. 

Melanophrys  Williston,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  305;  November,  1886. 
Atropharhla  Townsenrt,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  92;  April,  1892. 

Mr.  Tbwusend  lias  already  acknowledged  this  synonymy.1  Onr 
species  are  black,  the  arista  and  usually  the  palpi  and  calypteres  yel- 
low, bases  of  wings  strongly  tinged  with  yellow;  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macrochsetae : 

Second  abdominal  segment  bearing  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochretre, 
the  third  segment  bearing  a  marginal  row  of  from  six  to  eight; 
length,  14  mm.     Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.     (Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 

Soc,  Yol.  XIII,  p.  306;  Xovember,  1886.) flavipennis  Will. 

Second  segment  destitute  of  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochsetae,  the 
third  usually  bearing  a  dorsal  pair  and  a  single  lateral  one  each 
side;  length,  12  to  14  mm.  Grimsby,  Canada;  Franconia  and 
White  Mountains,  Xew  Hampshire;  northern  Illinois,  and  Colo- 
rado. (Insecta  Saundersiana,  Yol.  I,  p.  277;  1850:  Tachina. 
Atroph arista  jurinoides  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Yol. 
XIX,  ]>.  92;  April,  1802.  MelanopJirys  flavipennis  Will.,  Brauer 
and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) insolita  Walk. 

Genus  APHRIA  Desv. 

Aphria  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  les  Myortaires,  p.  89;  1830. 

Olivier ia  Meigen,  Systematische  Besch.  Eur.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  ATII,  p.  2<)t>;  1838. 

(Non  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lea  Myod.,  p.  228;  1830.) 
Rhynchosia  Macquart,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  87;  1818. 

Macquart  (loc.  cit.)  proposed  the  name  Rhynchosia  for  the  genus  to 
which  Meigen  had  given  the  name  of  Olivieria,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
Desvoidy  had  previously  used  the  latter  name  for  an  entirely  different 
genus.  The  synonymy  of  Rhynchosia  and  Aphria  was  first  pointed 
out  by  Kondani,2  and  is  repeated  by  Schiner:!  and  also  by  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm.4  Our  single  species  is  black,  the  frontal  vitta,  the  first 
two  joints  of  the  antenna'  usually,  the  palpi,  and  sides  of  abdomen 
largely, yellowish ;  male  destitute  of  orbital  bristles;  three  postsutural 
and  three  sternopleural  inacrochaet»3 ;  length,  G  to  10  mm.  Toronto, 
Canada;  Massachusetts ;  Atco,  1ST.  J. ;  Georgia;  northern  Illinois;  Colo- 
rado; Washington,  and  southern  California.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XVIII,  p.  361;  December,  1891.  Aphria  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergen 
stanim  in  litt.) ocypterata  Town. 

•Trails.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  72;  March,  1895. 
3Dipterologiae  Italicae  Prodromus,  Vol.  I.  p.  73;  1856. 

3  Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  432 ;  1862. 

4  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  237 ;  1893. 


86 


Genus  OCYPTERA  Latr. 

Ocyptera  Latreille,  HistoLre  Nat.  Crust,  et  Insectes,  Vol.  XIV,  p.  378;  1804. 
Parthenia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lea  Myodaires,  ]>.  231;  1830. 

This  synonymy  is  given  by  Scbiner '  and  repeated  by  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm.2  Our  species  have  three  postsutural  and  two  or  three 
sternopleural  macrochsetae : 

1.  Scutellum  bearing  one  pair  of  long  marginal  and  sometimes  a  short 

apical  pair  of  maerockaetae 2. 

Scutellum  bearing  two  pairs  of  long  marginal  and  a  short  apical  pair 
of  macrochaetaB;  abdomen  black,  the  sides  of  the  second  and 
third  segments  partly  or  wholly  reddish  yellow;  length,  8  to  11* 
nun.  Canada;  Springfield,  Mass. :  Connecticut;  Cape  May,  N.J. ; 
Maryland:  Tifton,  (ia.:  Selma,  Ala.;  Tennessee;  Lexington, 
I\y.:  Michigan:  Illinois:  Cadet ,  Mo. :  Kansas:  Colorado:  Santa 
Crnz  Mountains  and  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  (Essai  sur  leS 
Myodaires,  p.  232;  1830:  Parthenia.  Ocyptera dotades^W alker, 
List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  ]).  694  ;  1849.  Ocyptera  epytus 
Walker,  loc.  cit.  Ocyptera  euchenor  Walker,  loc.  cit.,  p.  G0(>. 
Ocyptera  califomica  Bigot,  Annales  Soc.  Entomol.  France, 
p. 42;  1S7S.  Ocyptera  fumipennis  Bigot, loc.  cit.,  p.  43.  Ocyptera 
binotata  Bigot,  loc.  cit.,  p.  44.  Ocyptera  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm in  lift.) Carolina  I  >esv. 

2.  With  a  short  apical  pair  of  macrochaetae  on  the  scutellum;  abdomen 

black,  the  front  corners  of  the  third  segment  sometimes  faintly 
reddish;  length  ,7  to  8  mm.  Westville,  N.  J.;  Delaware  County, 
Pa.;  northern  Virginia;  and  Missouri.  ( I *roc.  En t.  Soc.  Wash- 
ington, Vol.  II,  p.  1  1 1 :  April  2,  1891.) argentea  Town. 

Without  an  apical  pair  of  macrochaetae  on  the  scutellum;  abdomen 
black,  the  sides  of  the  second  and  front  corners  of  the  third  seg- 
ment reddish  yellow:  length,  7  to  10  mm.  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire;  Horseneck  Beach,  Mass.;  northern  Illinois; 
Georgia;  Louisiana;  Texas:  and  Reno,  Nev.  (List of  Dipterous 
Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  695;  1849.  Ocyptera  sp.,  Brauer  and  I>er- 
genstamm  in  litt.) dosiades  Walk.3 

Genus  LINNiEMYIA  Desv. 

Linnwmya  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  52;  1830. 

Bonnetia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  55. 

Bonellia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  56. 

Marshamia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  57. 

Micropalpus  Macquart,  Historic  Nat.  Insectes,  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  80;  1835. 

The  author  last  mentioned  referred  the  above  four  names  of  Desvoidy 
to  one  genus  to  which  he  applied  the  name  of  Micropalpus,  but  the  law 

1  Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  412;  1862. 
"Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  235;  1893. 

■Oci/ptera  Uttiirata  Olivier  belongs  to  the  Dexid  genus  Euantha,  and  is  the  same 
species  which  Wiedemann  afterwards  described  na  Dexia  dives. 


87 

of  priority  compels  us  to  adopt  the  oldest  name.  Our  species  have 
three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrocliaetse ;  front  tarsi  of 
female  as  broad  as  the  apex  of  the  front  tibia',  in  the  male  much 
narrower: 
Cheeks  bearing  black  maerochsetae  in  the  centers,  frontal  vritta  black 
or  dark  brown,  male  destitute  of  orbital  bristles,  his  genitalia  at 
most  projecting  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  fourth  abdominal  seg- 
ment beyond  the  latter,  hind  erossvein  bent  nearly  S-shape; 
length,  11  mm.  White  Mountains,  Few  Hampshire 5  Beverly, 
Mass.,  and  Austria.  Two  males  and  one  female  from  Austria 
received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and  by  them  named 
Micropalpus  hcemorrhoidalis  Fall,  and  Micropalpus  pudicusliond., 
but  both  names  are  evidently  wrong,  since  the  male  of  hcemor- 
rhoidalis is  provided  with  orbital  bristles,  and  pudicus  has  no 
black  inacroclnet;e  on  the  center  of  the  cheeks.  (System.  Besch. 
Eur.  Zweif.  Insekten.  Vol.  IV.  p.  2(51:  1824:  Tachina.)  picta  Meig. 
Cheeks  destitute  of  black  macrochaetae  near  the  centers,  frontal  vitta 
light  yellow,  male  provided  with  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  his 
genitalia  projecting  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  fourth  abdom- 
inal segment  beyond  the  latter,  hind  crossvein  nearly  straight; 
length,  9  to  12  mm.  London.  Canada;  Maryland;  District  of 
Columbia:  Texas;  Santa  Fe,  X.  Alex.;  California,  and  Pullman, 
Wash.  (Kongl.  Svenska.  Vetensk.  Akad.  Ilandlinger,  Vol. 
X  XX  I ;  L810:  Tachina.  Tachina  fulgent  Meigeu,  System.  Besch. 
Eur.  Zweitl.  Insekten,  Vol.  IV, p.  2.")!);  1821.  Linncemya  heraclcei 
Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p,  53;  1830.  Linncemya  analis 
Desvoidy.  loc.  cit.,  p.  54.  Linncemya  distincta  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit. 
Linncemya  aestivalis  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.  Linncemya  borcalis  Des- 
voidy. loc.  cit.  Marshamia  analis  I  )esvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  58.  Mar- 
shamia  nigripes  1  )esvoidy,  loc.  cit.  Micropalpus  piceus  Macquart, 
Hist.  Xatur.  Insectes,  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  SI;  1835.  Micropal- 
pus sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) comta   Fallen. 

Genus  NEM0K3EA  Desv. 

Nemoraa  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires.  p.  70;  1830. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  antenna',  palpi,  and  fourth  abdominal 
segment  except  its  extreme  apex,  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three 

1  Meigen  did  not  recognize  comta,  and  therefore  unknowingly  redescribed  it  under 
the  name  of  fulgens;  this  was  suspected  by  Zetterstedt  (Dipt.  Scand.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1097; 
1844)  and  given  as  certain  by  Rondani  (Dipt.  Ttal.  Prod.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  70;  1859).  The 
comtu8  of  Sehiner,  Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I.  p.  129,  is  not  that  species,  but  a  color  variety 
of  hcemorrhoidalis;  the  species  he  describes  under  fulgens  is  the  true  comtus.  In  the 
Annales  Soc.  Knt.  France  for  1844,  page  31,  Desvoidy  acknowledges  that  his  Linnce- 
mya heracla  i,  analis.  and  aestivalis  belong  to  one  species,  and  in  the  same  serial  for 
1845,  page  271,  Macquart  adds  borealis  to  this  list  and  refers  them  to  fulgens.  The 
name  of  Micropalpus  piceus  was  proposed  by  Macquart  to  take  the  place  of  Marshamia 
analis  Desvoidy.  The  writer  is  responsible  for  the  synonymy  of  piceus,  distincta  and 
nigripes. 


88 

sternopleural  macrochaetse,  scutellum  bearing  three  long-  marginal  pairs, 
a  distinct  brown  cloud  on  the  small  crossvein:  length,  8.5  mm.  From 
the  type  specimen.  Washington.  (Jour.  X.  Y.  Ent  Soe.,  Vol.  Ill,  p. 
101 ;  September,  1895.) labis  Coq. 

Genus  PANZERIA  Desv. 

Panzeria  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  lcs  Myodaires,  p.  68;  1830. 

Ernestia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  60. 

J'ansla  Desvoidy,  loc  cit..  p.  62. 

Erigone  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  65.     (2fon  Savigny,  L827.) 

This  synonymy  has  been  given  by  various  authors,  and.  with  the 
exception  of  Erigone,  is  repeated  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.  Eri- 
gone they  retain  as  a  distinct  genus,  but  the  name  is  preoccupied  in 
the  Arachnid  a,  and  the  species  they  place  in  it  arc  too  closely  allied 
to  Panzeria  to  be  separated  generically.  Our  species  have  three  sterno- 
pleural liiacrocha'ta',  and  the  small  crossvein  is  not  clouded  with  brown: 
Scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetse  besides 
the  apical  pair:  body  very  robust,  front  tarsi  of  female  greatly 
dilated,  usually  lour  but  sometimes  only  three  postsutural 
macroch;ct;c;  coloring  variable,  the  second  antenna!  joint,  palpi, 
apex  of  scutellum  and  of  abdomen  usually  yellow  but  sometimes 
black;  length,  7  to  11  mm.  Mount  Washington  and  Franconia, 
N.H.:  New  Bedford,  Mass.  j  Riverview,  Md. ;  District  of  Oolum 
bia:  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Waco,  Tex.;  Brookings,  S.  Dak. ;  Colorado; 
San  Francisco,  Oal. ;  01ymphia,Wash.;  British  Columbia:  Bohe- 
mia, Austria:  Germany,  and  England.  A  male  from  Austria 
received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  and  by  them  labeled 
Erigone  radicum  Pabr.;  two  males  and  one  female  from  Ger- 
many, received  from  Zeller  and  by  him  labeled  Wemorcea  radi- 
cum; also  a  male  from  England  received  from  Brunetti  and  by 
him  labeled  like  the  last.  (Systema  Entoinologise,  p.  77S;  177f>: 
Musca.  The  following  synonymy  is  given  by  Schiner,  Fauna 
Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  452:  Erigone  anthophila  Desvoidy,  Essai 
sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  66;  1830.  Erigone  scutellaris  Desvoidy, 
loc.  cit.  Erigone  puparum  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.  Erigone  viridulam 
Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  68.  Erigone  duhia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit. 
Nemoram  minor  Macquart,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  VpL  VI, 
p.  112;  1818.  The  following  is  original  with  the  writer:  Taehina 
ampelus  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  732; 
1819.  Hy.stricia  aldrichi  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XIX,  p.  91;  April,  1892:  from  a  cotype  specimen.    Erigone 

sp.  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) radicum  Fabr. 

Scutellum  bearing  only  two  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetse  be 
sides  the  apical  pair;  body  slender,  front  tarsi  of  female  not 
dilated;  black,  including  the  palpi;  front  of  male  three-fifths  as 
Avide  as,  in  the  female  slightly  wider  than,  either  eye,  two  pairs 


89 

of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  none  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles 
descending  below  middle  of  second  antemial  joint,  cheeks  one- 
fourth  as  wide  as  the  eye-height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest 
fourth,  antenna1  four-fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on 
the  basal  fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad ;  thorax 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  three  black  vitta\  three  postsntnral 
machrochaetae ;  abdomen  thinly  gray  pollinose  and  with  blackish 
reflecting  spots,  last  three  segments  bearing  discaland  marginal 
macrochsetae ;  middle  tibia'  each  bearing  two  or  more  macro- 
chaetae  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  front  pulvilli  of  male 
as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bear- 
ing one  or  two  bristles  near  the  base;  calypteres  white;  length,  9 
mm.  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  Kirk  wood.  Mo.  Four  males  and  two 
females.    Type  No.  3580,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  .penitalis.n.  sp. 

Genus  MACROMEIGENIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Macromeigenia  Brauer  and  Bergeiistamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  V,  p.  311;  1891. 

The  type  species  is  black,  the  first  two  antennal  joints,  palpi,  and 
fourth  abdominal  segment,  except  sometimes  its  base,  yellow;  four 
postsntnral  and  three  sternoplenral  macroclnet;e ;  length,  11  to  14  mm. 
Northern  Virginia  and  Tiffcon,  (la.  (Ausser.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Yol.  II, 
p.  309;  L830:  Tachina,  Tachina  interrupta  Walker,  Insecta  Saunder- 
siana,  Vol.  1,  p.  295;  1856.) .... chrysoprocta  Wied. 

Genus  GYMN0CH.ETA  Desv. 

Gymnochceta  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  l<\s  Myodaires,  p.  371 ;  1830. 

Body,  occiput,  and  sides  of  front  green,  antennae  and  legs  black; 
sometimes  the  third  antennal  joint  is  yellow,  and  rarely  the  entire 
antenna1  is  yellow;  palpi  yellow,  frontal  bristles  in  single  rows;  length, 
10  to  12  mm.  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Colorado.  (Diptera  Amer.  Sept. 
Indigena,  Cent.  VIII,  No.  61;  1869.  Gymnochceta  rujicornis  Williston, 
Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  302;  October,  1886.) . .  alcedo  Loew. 

Unrecognized  xpeeics. — G.  vivida  Williston,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  Xlli,  p.  302;  October,  1886.     Pa. 

Genus  METAPHYT0,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  above  table  of 
genera  and  the  following  description  of  the  type  species:  Black,  the 
apex  of  the  scutellum  yellowish;  front  of  female  one  and  one-third 
times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  or  orbital  bristles,  frontal s 
descending  to  middle  of  second  antennal  joint,  vibrissa'  slightly  above 
the  level  of  front  edge  of  oral  margin,  two  or  three  bristles  above  each, 
antenna'  nearly  four- fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and 


90 

one-third  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
half,  the  penultimate  joint  scarcely  longer  than  wide;  thorax  thinly 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta',  three  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs, 
abdomen  thinly  gray  poll i nose  on  the  last  three  segments,  which  bear 
marginal  macrochaetae;  front  tarsi  noticeably  dilated;  middle  tibia* 
each  bearing  three  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front  side  near  the 
middle,  hind  tibiae  not  ciliate  outwardly;  wings  hyaline,  the  base  yel- 
low, third  vein  bearing  three  or  four  bristles  near  the  base,  bend  of 
fourth  vein  angular  and  bearing  a  stamp  about  as  long  as  the  small 
crossvein,  the  vein  beyond  it  strongly  arcuate,  hind  crossvein  near  last 
fourth  of  distance  Prom  the  small  to  the  bend;  calyp  teres  white;  length, 
9  mm.  Colorado.  Two  female  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Carl  V.  Baker. 
Type  No.  3587,  U.  S.  National  Museum genalis  n.  sp. 

Genus  EXORISTOIDES,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus,  of  which  johnsoni  is  the  type  species, 
may  be  gleaned  from  the  table  of  genera  on  preceding  pages  of  this 
work  and  from  the  description  of  this  species  given  below: 

Third  joint  of  antenna'  concave  on  the  front  edge,  three  or  four 
sternopleural  macrochaetae,  apex  of  scutellnm  and  of  abdomen 
black:  black,  the  palpi,  and  sometimes  the  base  of  the  third 
antenna]  joint,  yellow;  front  in  male  three-fourths  as  wide  as,  in 
the  female  slightly  wider  than,  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles 
descending  to  the  arista,  cheeks  one-fourth  as  wide  as  the  eye 
height,  vibrissa'  on  a  line  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin,  two  or 
three  bristles  above  each,  antenna'  almost  as  long  as  the  face, 
the  third  joint  in  the  male  live,  in  the  female  two  and  one-third, 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two- 
fifths  to  three-fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than 
broad:  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta', 
three  postsutural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  three  long- 
marginal  pairs  and  a  short  apical  pair;  abdomen  thinly  gray 
pollinose  and  with  reflecting  darker  spots,  last  three  segments 
bearing  discal  and  marginal  macrochaetae;  middle  tibiae  bearing 
three  or  more  on  the  front  side  of  each  near  the  middle,  front  tarsi 
of  female  greatly  dilated,  front  pul villi  of  male  almost  as  long 
as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  first  vein  bearing  two  or 
more  bristles  on  the  outer  half,  third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the 
small  crossvein,  bend  of  fourth  vein  almost  rectangular,  desti- 
tute of  an  appendage,  vein  beyond  the  bend  strongly  arcuate, 
hind  crossvein  nearly  straight,  slightly  beyond  middle  between 
the  small  and  the  bend;  calypteres  white;  length,  0  to  7  mm. 
Eastport,  Me.;  Franconia,  1ST.  IT.;  Westville  and  Clementon, 
N.  J.     Three  males  and  three  females,  collected  May  30  and  July 


91 

21,  1805,  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson  and  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson.  Type 
No.  3588,  l\  S.  National  Museum.  (Somoleja  sp..  jBrauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  lift,  i slossonw  n.  sp. 

Third  joint  of  antennae  strongly  convex  on  the  front  edge,  two  steruo- 
pleural  macrochaetse,  apex  of  scutellum  and  of  abdomen,  first 
two  joints  of  antenna'  and  base  of  the  third  yellow:  frontal  bris- 
tles descending  to  apex  of  second  antennal  joint,  cheeks  two- 
fifths  as  broad  as  the  eye  height:  first  vein  bristly  on  one-fourth 
of  its  length  near  the  middle,  the  third  bristly  almost  or  slightly 
over  halfway  to  the  small  crossvein;  length,  9  mm.:  otherwise 
as  in  above  description  of  slossonw.  Hertford  County,  N.  (  \,  and 
Reno,  Xev.  Two  female  specimens;  one  collected  June  !),  1895, 
by  Mr.  0.  W.  Johnson,  the  other  by  Mr.  H.  F.  Wickham.  Type 
No.  3589,  I '.  S.  National  Museum John  sou  i  n.  sp. 

Genus  HYPHANTROPHAGA  Town. 

Hyphantrophaga  Townsend,  Psyche,  Y<>1.  VI,  p.  217;  April,  1892. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  the  antennae,  palpi, 
and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow;  tour  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural 
macroclneta',  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macroclneta  on  the 
front  side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibiae  outwardly  subciliate.  second  and 
third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  only  marginal,  the  fourth  with 
discal  and  marginal  macroeh;et;e:  length.  7  mm.  From  a  cotype  speci- 
men. LasOuces,  X.  Mex.  (Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  17(1;  November,  1891 : 
Meigenia.) hyphantrice  Town. 

Genus  EXORISTA  Meig. 

Exorista  Meigen,  in  ringer's  Magazin  fur  Insektenkunde,  Vol.  II,  ]>.  280;  ls<>:;. 

Lydelhi  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  112;   1830. 

Phryno  Desvoidy.  loc.  cit.,  p.  118. 

Phryxe  Desvoidy,  loc  cit..  p.  158. 

Carcelia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  176. 

ApJomya  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit..  p.  184. 

Eurygaster  Macquart,  Histoire  Natnrelle  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  11.");  1835. 

Hubneria  Desvoidy,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  601;  1847. 

Nemorilla  Eondani,  Dipterologiae  Italic;!-  Prodroums,  Vol.  I.  p.  66;  1856. 

Blepharidea  Eondani.  loc.  cit.,  p.  07. 

Aporomya  Eondani,  loc.  cit..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  90;  1859. 

rarexorista  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  87;  1889. 

Sisyropa  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,  p.  163. 

Mi/xexorista  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,  V,  p.  331;  1891. 

Rondaui  places  Eurygaster  as  a  synonym  of  Exorista,1  and  in  this 
be  is  followed  by  Scbiuer,2  while  Brauer  and  Rergenstamm  give  this 
synonymy  as  probable.3     Scbiuer  also  gives  Lydella,  Phryno,  Carcelia, 

1  Dipterologiie  Italic*  Prodronins,  Vol.  III.  p.  115;  1859. 
-  Fanna  Austriaca,  Vol.  1.  p.  157:  1862. 
Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  Index;  1893. 


92 

Hubneria,  and  Aporomyia  as  synonyms  of  Exorista,  and  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  make  all  of  them  (with  the  exception  of  Aporomyia) 
synonyms  of  Parexorista,  placing  the  latter  and  Xemorilla  as  sub- 
genera of  Exorista.  Aporomyia  they  place  in  a  separate  section, 
Polidea.  but  an  examination  of  a  specimen  received  from  them  under 
the  name  of  Aporomyia  dubia,  the  species  upon  which  Rondani  founded 
this  genus,  proves  that  it  should  not  be  separated  from  Exorista. 
Blepharidea,  Sisyropa,  and  Myxexorista  they  place  in  as  many  different 
sections,  even  putting  Blepharidea  in  two  sections,  once  in  the  section 
Masicera  and  a  second  time  in  the  section  Phorocera,  A  careful 
examination  of  specimens  referred  by  these  authors  to  these  three 
genera  failed  to  reveal  a  single  generic  character  for  separating  them 
from  each  other  or  from  typical  species  of  Exorista,  Moreover,  of 
four  specimens  of  Exorista  eudryce  submitted  to  these  authors  by 
Dr.  Riley,  two  of  the  specimens  were  referred  by  them  to  Sisyropa 
ami  two  to  Myxexorista;  and  of  three  specimens  of  Exorista  flaviros- 
tris.  two  were  referred  by  them  to'Sisyropa  ami  the  remaining  speci- 
men to  Myxexorista.  These  authors  give  Phryxe  as  a  synonym  of 
Blepharidea. 
Our  species  of  Exorista  are  as  follows: 

1.  Second  and  third  segmeuts  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  as  well  as 

marginal  inacroclnetae    2. 

Second  and  third  segments  destitute  of  discal  macrocha'ta' II. 

2.  With  three  sternopleural  macrocha'ta' 5. 

With  only  two  sternopleural   macrocha'ta-,  male  destitute  of  orbital 

bristles,  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate,  apical  cell  open 3. 

3.  Thorax  bearing  four  postsutural  macrocha'ta',  palpi  partly  or  wholly 

\  el  low  4. 

Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  macrocha'ta',  scutellum  black, 
hairs  of  abdomen  short,  depressed,  middle  tibia'  each  bearing  a 
single  macrocha'ta  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle;  palpi  yel- 
low, front  in  the  male  one-half,  in  the  female  live  sixths,  as  Avide 
as  either  eye,  third  joint  of  antenna-  three  and  one-half  times  as 
long  as  the  second:  length,  0  to  0  mm.  Franconia,  N.  II.; 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  northern  Illinois.  (Canadian  Entomolo- 
gist, Vol.  XIX.  p.  L62;  Sept.,  1887.) blanda  <>.  8. 

4.  Scutellum  yellow,  hairs  of  abdomen  rather  long  and  snberect,  mid- 

dle t  ilme  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrocha'ta'  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  front  in  the  male  one-half,  in  the  female  five- 
sixths,  as  wide  as  either  eye.  third  joint  of  antenna*  two  and  one- 
half  times  as  long  as  the  second  ;  length,  8  to  10  mm.  Franconia, 
N.  II.,  Michigan,  Tennessee,  Georgia,  California,  and  Austria. 
A  female  specimen  from  the  Schiner  collection,  received  from 
Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  under  the  name  of  Parexorista  che- 
lon'uv  Bond.  (Dipt.  Italic*  Prod.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  120;  1850. 
Sisyropa  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.). .  .chelonia  Rond. 


93 

Scutellum  black,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macroehaeta  on 

the  front  side  near  the  middle,  front  in  the  male  two  thirds,  in 
the  female  live-sixths,  as  wide  as  either  eye,  third  joint  of 
antenn;e  one  and  one- half  times  as  long  as  the  second;  length, 
5  to  8  mm.  Franconia,  X.  H.;  Beverly,  Mass.;  District  of 
Columbia;  Charleston,  S.  C;  Biscay ne  Bay,  Fla. ;  Oxford,  Ind. ; 
Moselle,  Mo.;  Tiger  Mills.  Tex.;  Colorado,  and  Allende,  Mexico. 
(List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  754;  1840:  Tachina. 
Taehina  [Exorista]  phycitce  LeBaron,  Second  Beport  Insects 
Illinois,  p.  123;  1872.  Exorista  scudderi  Williston,  in  Scudder's 
Butterflies  of  Xew  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1921 ;  1880.  Nemorilla 
sp.,  Braaer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) pyste  Walk. 

5.  Palpi  yellow 7. 

Palpi  black,  four  postsutural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  usually  yellow, 

middle  tibia.*  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 
side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate,  apical  cell 
open,  male  destitute  of  orbital  bristles G. 

6.  Front  in  both  sexes  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  wide  as  either  eye, 

third  joint  of  antenna*  in  the  male  four,  in  the  female  two  and 
one-fourth,  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  to  the 
middle;  length,  7  to  8  mm.  White  Mountains  and  Franconia, 
N.  II.;  Olyinpia,  Wash.:  England,  and  Austria.  One  female 
from  England  received  from  E.  Brnnetti  and  by  him  named 
Exorista  vulgaris;  also  two  males  and  one  female  from  Austria, 
from  Brauerand  Bergenstamm  and  named  by  them  Blepharidea 
vulgaris  Fall.  (Kongl.  Svenska  Vetensk.  Akad.  Handlinger, 
Vol.  XXXI;  1810:  Tachina.  The  following  synonymy  is  given 
by  Rondani1  and  repeated  by  Schiner:2  Lydella  scutellaris  Des- 
voidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  L15;  1830.  Exorista  distans 
Macquart,  AnnalesSoc.  Entomol.  France, p. 387 ;  1840.  Exorista 
audax  Macquart,  loc.  cit.,  p.388.  Exorista  florida  Macquart,  loc 
cit.,  p.  400.  The  following  synonymy  is  by  the  writer:  Tachina 
[Exorista]  hirsuta  Osteu  Saeken,  Oauadian  Entomologist,  Yol. 
XIX,  p.  10.'] ;  September,  1887.    Blepharidea  \hirsuta O.  S.,  Brauer 

and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) vulgaris  Fallen. 

Front  in  the  male  one  half,  in  the  female  three-fourths,  as  wide  as 
either  eye:  third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  two  and  one-half, 
in  the  female  one  and  one  third,  times  as  long  as  the  second; 
arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third ;  length,  5  to  8  mm.  Toronto, 
Can.;  Franconia,  X.  II.;  Dist.  Columbia;  Illinois,  and  southern 
Cal.     (Psyche,  Vol.  VII,  p.  330;  Jan.,  1890.) . .  niaripalpis  Town. 

7.  Thorax  bearing  four  postsutural  macrochaetae,  apical  cell  open. .   11. 
Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  macrochaetae 8. 

8.  Middle  tibia;  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 

side  near  the  middle 0. 

1  DipterologiiE  Italic  Prodromns,  Vol.  III.  p.  110;  1859. 
*  Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  158;  1662. 


94 

Middle  tibise  each  bearing  a  single  macroclncta  on  the  front  side 
near  tlie  middle:  scutellum  black;  apical  cell  openj  front  in  the 
female' three-fourths  as  broad  as  either  eye;  face,  white  pollinose; 
third  joint  of  antenna'  three  times  as  long  as  the  second;  length, 
6mm.  Pranconia,  N.  H.;  Georgia;  Missouri,  and  Texas.  (Biol. 
Cent.Amer.,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II, p.  64;  Feb.,  1890.).  .ordinaria  v.d.  \V. 
9.  Scutelluin  largely  yellow,  front  bearing  numerous  short,  nearly 
erect  hairs,  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  near  the  base,  apical 
cell  open,  front  in  the  male  two-thirds,' in  the  female  live-sixths, 
as  wide  as  either  eye,  third  joint  of  antenna'  in  the  male  two 
and  one-fourth,  in  the  female  one  ami  three-fourths,  times  as 
long  as  the  second  :  length.  <>  to  S  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  Fran- 
eonia.  N.  II.;  Summit  County,  Colo.;  Germany,  and  Austria. 
Two  females  from  (lermany  received  from  Zeller  and  by  him 
named  Exorista  affinis;  also  one  female  from  Austria  from  the 
old  Schiner  collection,  received  from  lirauer  and  Hergenstamni 
ami  by  i hem  named  Parexorista  polychceta  Macq.]  (Kongl. 
Svenska  Vetensk.  Akad.  Eandlinger,  Vol.  XXXI:  L810:  Tach- 
ina.  Exorista  polychceta  Macquart,  Ann  ales  Soc.  Entomol. 
Prance,  p.  380;  1849.  Tachina  epicydes  Walker,  List  of  Dip- 
terous Insects,  Part  [V,  p.  786;  L849.  Parexorista  sp^  Brauer 
and  Bergen s tarn m  in  lift.) affinis  Fallen. 

Scutellum  black,  hairs  of  front  short  and  inconspicuous,  front iu  the 
female  live-sixths  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  third  antennal  joint 
two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second.  .  .  : 10. 

Scutellum  black  excepl  the  tip,  third  joint  of  antennae  live  times  as 
long  as  the  second;  black",  the  palpi  and  extreme  tip  of  scutellum 
yellow;  front  of  female  as  wide  as  either  eye,  hairs  on  its  sides 
sparse  but  rather  long,  frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to 
base  of  third  antennal  joint,  sides  of  face  white  pollinose,  cheeks 
one-seventh  as  wide  as  the  eye-height,  antenna'  almost  as  longas 
the  face,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  the  penultimate  joint 
shorter  than  broad;  thorax  gray  pollinose  and  marked  with  four 
black  vittse;  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs  of  macro- 
cha'ta',  the  last  pair  cruciate  and  directed  backward;  abdomen 
subshining,  the  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose  except  on 
their  apices,  the  bristly  hairs  rather  long  and  subdepressed; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  near  the  base, 
the  fourth  strongly  arcuate  beyond  the  bend,  calypteres  whitish; 
length,  8  mm.  University,  North  Dakota.  A  single  female  speci- 
men collected  in  June,  1890,  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Ourrie. .  .curriei  n.  sp. 

1  In  the  Zweif.  Kais.  Mux.  Wien,  V,  p.  320,  these  authors  give  affinis  as  a  probable 
variety  of  polychceta,  but  the  two  names  are  evidently  referable  to  one  and  the  same 
species.  Schiner's  statement  in  his  Fauna  Auetriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  403,  that  in  affinis  the 
frontal  bristles  are  in  a  single  row,  while  in  polychceta  they  are  in  two  rows,  or  irreg- 
ularly arranged,  does  not  hold  true  in  all  the  specimens;  in  one  of  those  from 
Germany,  referred  to  above,  they  are  in  a  single  row  on  one  side  of  the  front,  but  are 
irregularly  arranged  on  the  opposite  side. 


05 

10.  Third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near  its  base,  apical  cell  narrowly 

open  or  closed  and  short  petiolate;  body  with  a  brassy  tinge; 
length,  5  toGinm.  Colorado  and  Austria.  A  female  specimen 
from  Austria,  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and  by 
them   named  Aporomyia  diibia «Bond.     (Kongl.    Svenska  Vet- 

ensk.  Akad.  Hand.,  Vol.  XXXI;  1810:  Tachina.) dubia  Fall. 

Third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the  small  crossvein,  body  with  a  bluish 
tinge;  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  frontal  bristles  descending 
slightly  below  the  arista,,  cheeks  one-fourth  as  broad  as  the 
eye  height,  vibrissas  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin, 
two  or  three  bristles  above  each,  antennae  almost  as  long  as  the 
face,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  half,  thorax  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  three  long 
marginal  pairs  and  a  short  apical  pair  of  macrocliaetae,  abdomen 
on  last  three  segments  thinly  bluish-gray  pollinose,  first  seg- 
ment bearing  marginal,  the  other  three  with  discal  and  marginal 
macrocliaetae,  bristly  hairs  of  abdomen  depressed;  fronc  tarsi 
greatly  dilated,  hind  tibia'  outwardly  bearing  a  few  bristles  of 
unequal  length;  wings  hyaline,  hind  crossvein  nearly  straight, 
fourth  vein  strongly  curved  inward  beyond  the  bend;  calyp- 
teres  white;  length,  (>  mm.  Tifton,  Ga.  A  single  female  speci- 
men collected  October  20,  1896,  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Pilate.  Type  No. 
3590,  U.  S.  National  Museum spinipennis  n.  sp. 

11.  Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrocliaetae  on  the  front 

side  near  the  middle L3. 

Middle  tibia1  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the  front  side 

near  the  middle,  hind  tibia1  outwardly  ciliate 12. 

VI.  Apical  pair  of  scutellar  macrocliaetae  curving  forward,  scutellum 
wholly  black,  front  in  the  male  two-fifths,  in  the  female  from 
two-thirds  to  three  fourths,  as  wide  as  either  eye,  third  joint 
of  antenine  in  both  sexes  three  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
the  second;  black,  the  second  joint  of  antenna'  usually,  the 
palpi,  apex  of  proboscis,  femora  usually,  and  generally  the 
tibia',  yellow;  face  white,  sides  of  front  grayish  white  polli- 
nose, two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the 
male,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  apex  of  second  antennal 
joint,  antenme  six-sevenths  as  long  as  the  face,  arista  thickened 
on  the  basal  fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad; 
thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum 
bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  and  a  short  forwardly 
directed  apical  pair  of  macrocliaetae,  abdomen  wholly  gray  pol- 
linose, with  darker  reflecting  spots,  the  hairs  depressed;  wings 
hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  near  its  base, 
calypteres  white,  front  pulvilli  of  male  slightly  longer  than  the 
last  tarsal  joint;  length,  G  to  9  mm.  Cotuid  and  Boston,  Mass. ; 
District  of  Columbia ;  and  Camden,  Ark.  Four  males  and  three 
females.    Type  No. 3591,  U.  S.  National  Museum. .  boarmhv  n.sp. 


96 

Apical  pair,  etc.;  differs  from  boarmicc  as  follows:  Front  of  male 
slightly  wider  than  either  eye,  his  third  antennal  joint  six  times 
as  long  as  the  second,  antenna)  and  legs  black,  arista  thickened 
on  the  basal  two-fifths,  abdomen  subshining,  bases  of  last  three 
segments  grayish  pollinose,  the  hairs  snberect  and  rather  long, 
wings  strongly  tinged  with  gray  at  base  and  along  the  costa; 
length,  7  mm.  Mt.  Washington,  X.  II.  A  single  male  specimen 
collected  by  .Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson fronto  n.  sp. 

Apical  pair  of  scntellar  macrocha'ta'  directed  backward;  scutellum 
on  the  apex  broadly  yellow,  front  of  female  four-fifths  as  wide 
as  either  eye,  third  joint  of  antenna?  four  and  one-half  times  as 
long  as  the  second,  femora  black,  third  vein  bearing  four  or 
live  bristles  at  its  base;  length,  10  mm.,  otherwise  as  in  the 
above  description  of  boarmiw.  Franconia,  N.  II.  Two  female 
specimens  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson.  Type  No.  3592,  lT. 
S.  National  Museum blandita  n.  sp. 

13.  Scutellum  black,  pollen  of  thorax  gray,  hind  tibia'  not  ciliate,  front 

in  the  female  one  half  as  wide  a8  either  eye,  her  third  antennal 
joint  three  times  as  long  as  the  second;  black,  the  second  anten- 
nal joint,  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis,  yellow:  sides  of  front  des- 
titute of  hairs,  in  the  female  bearing  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles, 
frontal  bristles  descending  to  middle  of  second  antennal  joint; 
thorax  gray  pollinose.  marked  with  four  black  vitta',  seiitellnm 
bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochdetae,  abdomen  whit- 
ish pollinose,  its  hairs  depressed,  apex  of  fourth  segment  bare, 
this  segment  bearing  a  discal  and  marginal  row  of  macrocha'ta'; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  at  its  base,  ca 
lyp  teres  white ;  length,  7  nun.  Dist.  Columbia.  A  single  female 
specimen.  Type  No.3593;  U.  8.  National  Museum.,  ./.svrn.sp. 
Scutellum  yellowish,  pollen  of  thorax  yellow,  hind  tibiae  outwardly 
ciliate.  front  of  male  two-thirds  as  wide  as  either  eye,  his  third 
antennal  joint  four  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second; 
black,  the  palpi,  tibia'  largely,  and  scutellum  yellow;  sides  of 
front  bearing  numerous  bristly  hairs,  no  orbital  bristles  in  the 
male,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  apex  of  second  antennal 
joint,  thorax  yellowish  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta1, 
scutellum  bearing  four  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrocha'ta; ; 
abdomen  wholly  gray  pollinose,  its  hairs  rather  long  and  sub- 
erect;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near  its 
base,  front  calypteres  white,  the  hind  ones  yellowish;  front 
pulvilli  of  male  slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint;  length, 
10  mm  White  Mountains,  N.  II.  A  single  male  specimen. 
Type  No.  3504,  U.  S.  National  Museum helvina  n.  sp. 

14.  With  four  sternopleural  macroclneta',  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate, 

middle  tibia'  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrocha'ta'  on  the  front 
side  near  the  middle,  scutellum  largely  yellow,  four  postsutural 
macroclnetaj,  arista  thickened  to  the  middle 15. 


97 

With  three  sternopleural  macrochsetae 18. 

Witli  only  two  sternopleural  macrocha'ta',  hind  tibia'  outwardly 
ciliate,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third 16. 

15.  Palpi  black,  front  in  the  male  three-fourths,  in  the  female  one  and 

one-sixth  times,  as  wide  as  either  eye;  third  joint  of  antenna' 
in  the  male  live,  in  the  female  three,  times  as  long  as  the  second ; 
length,  5  to  7  mm.  White  Mountains  and  Franconia,  X.  H.; 
Beverly,  Mass.;  District  of  Columbia;  Shreveport,  La.;  Las 
Cruces,  N.  Mex. ;  Tucson,  Ariz.;  California,  and  Austria.  Two 
males  and  one  female  from  Austria,  received  from  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm,  and  by  them  named  Parexorista  confinis  Fall. 
(DipteraSueci8e,Muscid3e?p.32;  1820:  Tachina.  The  following- 
synonymy  is  given  by  Kondaniand  repeated  1  >y  Schiner :  Phryxe 
zonata  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  My odaires,  p.  159 ;  1830.  The  fol- 
lowing is  by  Schiner :  Phryxe  servillii  Desvoidy,  1.  c.  and  Phryxe 
sabulosa  Desvoidy,  1.  c.  The  following  is  by  the  writer :  Tachina 
theclarum  Scudder,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  100; 
September,  1887.  Exorista  chrysophani  Townsend,1  Entomo- 
logical News,  Vol.  II,  p.  197;  December.  1S01.) .  .  .confinis  Fall. 
Palpi  yellow,  front  in  the  male  two-thirds,  in  the  female  three- 
fourths,  the  width  of  either  eye;  third  joint  of  antenna-  in  each 
sex  four  times  as  long  as  the  second;  black,  the  palpi  and 
scutellum,  except  at  base,  yellow;  sides  of  front  bearing  scat- 
tered, rather  short,  hairs;  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the 
female,  none  in  the  male:  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  face, 
arista  thickened  almost  to  the  middle,  cheeks  one-sixth  as  wide 
as  the  eye  height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth  to 
half;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta\ 
scutellum  bearing  two  long  and  two  short  pairs  of  marginal 
macrocha'ta1,  abdomen  on  the  last  three  segments  gray  polli- 
nose except  the  apex  of  each,  the  hairs  depressed;  wings  hya- 
line, base  of  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles,  calypteres  white; 
front  pulvilli  of  male  slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint; 
length,  5.5  to  8  mm.  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  and 
Virginia.  Two  males  and  five  females.  Type  No.  3595,  IT.  S. 
National  Museum lobelia'  n.  sp. 

16.  With  four  postsutural  macrocha'ta' 17. 

With  only  three  postsutural  macrocha'ta',  middle  tibia'  each  bear- 
ing a  single  macroclneta  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle; 
black,  the  palpi,  scutellum,  femora,  and  tibia'  jellow;  front  in 
female  two-thirds  the  width  of  either  eye,  the  sides  bearing 
numerous  rather  short  hairs,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the 
female,  frontal  bristles  descending  nearly  to  apex  of  second 
joint  of  antenna1,  cheeks  scarcely  one-tenth  as  broad  as  the 

1  Mr.  Townsend  has  admitted  the  synonymy  of  chrysophani  and  theclarum  in  Trans. 
Anier.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  75:  1895. 
3359 7 


98 

eye  height,  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
four  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
third,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad,  facial  ridges 
bristly  on  the  basal  fifth,  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with 
four  black  vitta\  scutellnm  bearing  four  pairs  of  long  marginal 
inacrochaetae,  abdomen  on  the  last  three  segments  gray  polli- 
nose. the  hairs  rather  long  and  snberect ;  wings  hyaline,  third 
vein  bearing  one  or  two  bristles  at  its  base,  calypteres  white; 
length.  0  mm.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Frank- 
ford,  Pa.  Two  females,  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson  and 
Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson.  August  20,  L895.  Type  No.  3596,  1".  S. 
National  Museum (implexa  n.  sp. 

17.  Palpi  and  legs  black,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more  macro- 
chaetae  <>n  the  front  side  near  the  middle:  front  in  the  male 
three- fourths,  in  the  female  one  and  one-sixth  times,  as  wide 
a-  either  eye;  a  dark  brown  reflecting  spot  below  each  of  the 
lowest  frontal  bristles:  third  joint  of  antenna'  in  the  male  three 
and  one  half,  in  the  female  two  and  one  fourth,  times  as  long 
as  the  second;  length.'.)  to  11  mm.  Sharon,  Mass.;  northern 
Illinois,  <  California,  and  <  Oregon.  ( Jan.  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX, 
p.  161;  September.  1881:  Tachina  [Exorista],  Parexoristd 
futilis  ( ).  S..  Brauer  and  Bergen s tarn m  in  litt.). .  .  .futilis  O.  S. 
Palpi  yellow,  mid. lie  tibia-  each  bearing  a  single  macrocha'ta  on  the 
front  Bide  near  the  middle,  front  in  female  three-fifths  as  wide 
ither  eye.  her  third  antenna!  joint  three  and  one  half  times 
as  long  as  the  second,  no  dark  spots  below  the  lowest  frontal 
bristles;  length.9  mm.  Dist. Columbia.  BiologiaCent.-Amer., 
Diptera,  Vol.  II.  p.  74;  February,  L890.).  griseomicans  v.  d.  W. 

L8.   Hind  tibia- outwardly  ciliate 19. 

Hind  tibia-  not  ciliate.  lour  postsutural  macrocha-ta-.  middle  tibiae 
each  bearing  two  or  more  macrocha'ta-  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle:  black,  the  palpi  yellow:  front  in  male  two- 
thirds  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides  bearing  numerous 
rather  short  hairs,  no  orbital  bristles  in  the  male,  frontal  bris- 
tles descending  almost  to  apexof  second  antennal  joint,  cheeks 
one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  eye  height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the 
lower  half,  antennas  nearly  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
four  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  nearly  to  the 
middle,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad;  tho- 
rax gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellnm 
bearing  lour  pairs  of  marginal  macrochaetae;  abdomen  whitish 
pollinose  on  bases  of  last  three  segments,  its  hairs  subde- 
pressed;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near 
its  base,  bend  of  fourth  append icul ate.  apical  cell  short  petio- 
late,  calypteres  white:  length,  C>  mm.  Virginia.  A  male  speci- 
men.    Type  No.  3597,  U.  S.  National  Museum  .  .petiolata  n.  sp. 


99 

19.  Palpi  yellow  on  at  least  the  apical  two-thirds 22. 

Palpi,  except  the  tips,  black 20. 

20.  Middle  tibiae  each,  bearing  two  or  more  rnacrochaetae  on  the  front 

side  near  the  middle 21. 

Middle  tibire  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the  front  side  near 
the  middle;  black;  front  of  male  three-fifths  as  wide  as  cither 
eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  the  arista,  no  orbital  bristles, 
hairs  of  front  numerous  and  rather  long,  cheeks  one-eighth  as 
wide  as  the  eye  height,  vibrissas  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of 
the  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth,  antennae 
almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  six  times  as  long  as 
the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth,  thorax  whitish 
pollinose,  marked  with  four  biack  vittse,  scutellum  bearing  three 
marginal  pairs  and  a  short,  cruciate  apical  pair  of  macroclneta1, 
the  latter  curving  backward  and  nearly  horizontal;  abdomen 
shining,  with  a  brassy  tinge,  narrow  bases  of  the  second  and 
third  segments  whitish  pollinose.  each  segment  bearing  mar- 
ginal macroclneta',  the  bristly  hairs  rather  long  and  suberect; 
front  pulvilli  slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings 
hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  near  the  base; 
calypteres  white;  length,  7  mm.  Tifton,  Ga.  A  male  specimen 
collected  October  17, 1896,  by  Mr.  ( I.  K.  Pilate.  Type  No.  3598, 
U.  S.  National  Museum polita  n.  sp. 

21.  With  four  postsutural  macrochaetae  (see  under  17) futilis  O.  S. 

With  only  three  postsutural  macrochaetae,  front  in  male  four  fifths 

as  wide  as  either  eye,  his  third  antennal  joint  three  and  one- 
half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  several  macrochaetae  outside 
of  the  frontal  bristles;  length,  10  mm.  Texas.  (Biologia  Cent.- 
Amer.,  Vol.  II,  p.  70;  February,  1890.) angustata  v.  d.  \V. 

22.  Thorax  bearing  four  postsutural  macrocha'ta^,  abdomen  not  tinged 

with  bronze,  apical  cell  open 21. 

Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  macroclueta*,  scutellum 
black,  middle  tibia'  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the 
front  side  near  the  middle 23. 

23.  Apical  cell  closed  and  short  petiolate,  abdomen  strongly  tinged  with 

bronze;  black,  the  palpi  yellow;  front  of  female  one  and  one- 
sixth  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides  bearing  numerous 
short  hairs,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  frontal 
bristles  descending  almost  to  apex  of  second  antennal  joint, 
cheeks  nearly  one-fourth  as  wide  as  the  eye  height,  facial  ridges 
bristly  on  the  lower  half:  antennae  five-sixths  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  three  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista 
thickened  on  the  basal  third,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly 
longer  than  wide;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four 
black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  three  long  marginal  and  a  short 
apical  pair  of  macrochaetae,  abdomen  gray  pollinose  on  the 
bases  of  the  last  three  segments,  its  hairs  closely  appressed, 


100 

the  fourth,  segment  bearing  a  discal  and  a  marginal  row  of  ma 
crochaetae;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near 
its  base,  bend  of  fourth  vein  not  appendicular,  this  vein 
nearly  straight  after  the  bend;  calypteres  white;  length, 
7  mm.  Northern  111.  A  female  specimen  collected  by  W.  A. 
Nason.  Type  No.  3599,  U.  S.  National  Museum. .  .cerata  n.  sp. 
Apical  cell  open,  abdomen  not  tinged  with  bronze;  black,  the  palpi 
and  inner  side  of  each  antenna  largely  yellow,  sides  of  front 
bearing  only  a  few  short  hairs,  cheeks  one  seventh  as  broad  as 
the  eye  height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fifth,  third 
joint  of  antennae  slightly  over  twice  as  long  as  the  second, 
thorax  marked  with  three  black  vittae,  scutelluni  bearing  two 
long  and  an  intermediate  short  pair  of  marginal  macrochaetae, 
abdomen  on  the  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose  and  with 
numerous  reflecting  black  spots,  third  vein  of  wing  bearing  a 
single  bristle  near  its  base,  fourth  vein  strongly  curved  inward 
beyond  the  bend:  length,  4  mm.,  otherwise  as  above  descrip- 
tion  of  (vrata.  Colorado.  A  female  specimen  collected  by  Carl 
F.  Baker.     Type  No. 3600,  U.  S.  National  .Museum,  .parva  n.sp. 

24.  Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  third  joint  of  antennae   in  each  sex  four  times 

as  long  as  the  second 25. 

Middle  tibia'  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 
side  near  the  middle,  scntellnin  largely  yellow,  pollen  of  body 
gray,  front  in  male  three-fifths,  m  the  female  t  wo-thirds,  as  wide 
as  cither  eye.  third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  three  and  one- 
half,  in  the  female thiee,  times  as  long  as  the  second;  length,  G 
toll  mm.  Canada;  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  New 
Bedford,  Mass. ;  Clemen  ton,  N.  J. ;  Maryland;  District  of  Co- 
lumbia: Virginia;  Dayton.  Ohio,  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.Soc.,  Vol.  X  1  K,p.287;  December,  1892.  Myxexorista 
sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergen stamm  in  Utt.  Sisyropa  sp.,  Brauer  and 
Bergeustamm  in  lift.) eudryce  Town. 

26.  Scutelluni  largely  yellow;  hairs  on  basal  half  of  fourth  segment  of 
abdomen  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  macrochaetae,  front  in  the 
male  three-fifths,  in  the  female  two-thirds,  as  wide  as  either 
eye,  the  sides  olive  gray  pollinose  and  bearing  numerous 
nearly  erect  short  hairs;  length,  0  to  0  mm.  District  of  Colum- 
bia; Jennings,  Va.:  Fort  George,  Fla. ;  and  Miss.  (Biol.  Cent.- 
Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  CO:  February,  181)0.     Myxexorista 

sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  Utt.) flavirostris  v.  d.  W. 

Scutelluni  black ;  hairs  on  basal  half  of  fourth  segment  of  abdo- 
men one-third  as  long  as  the  macrochaetae,  front  in  the  male 
two-thirds,  in  the  female  one  and  one-sixth  times,  as  wide  as 
either  eye,  the  sides  silvery  gray  pollinose,  bearing  a  few  very 
short  inconspicuous  hairs;  black,  the  second  antennal  joint, 
apex  of  proboscis,  and  the  palpi  yellow;  two  pairs  of  orbital 


101 

bristles  in  the  female,  none  in  the  male;  frontal  bristles 
descending'  slightly  below  the  arista,  cheeks  one-sixth  as  broad 
as  the  eye-height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  third, 
antenna1  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  third  or  fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  as  broad  as  long; 
thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum 
bearing  four  marginal  pairs  off  macrochse tee;  abdomen  on  last 
three  segments  wholly  gray  pollinose,  the  hairs  depressed; 
wings  hyaline,  base  of  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles,  bend 
of  fourth  vein  not  appendiculate.  this  vein  beyond  the  bend 
strongly  bent  inward:  calypteres  white,  front  pulvilli  of  male 
longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint:  length,  5.5  to  S  mm.  St. 
Louis.  Mo.;  Oswego,  Kaus. :  and  Fort  Worth,  Tex.  Four 
males  and  two  females.  Type  No.  3001,  TJ.  S.  National 
Museum ceratom ice  n.  sp. 

Genus  EUPHOROCERA  Town. 

Euphorocera  Towiisend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX.  p.  112;  May,  1892. 

Our  species  have  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front  side  of  each 

middle  tibia  near  the  middle,  and  the  hind  tibiae  outwardly  are  ciliate 

or  subciliate: 

1.  Head  at  the  vibrissas  noticeably  shorter  than  at  base  of  antenna?, 

palpi  yellow,  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae   2. 

Head  at  the  vibrissa-  as  long  as  at  base  of  antenna',  palpi  black; 
black,  apex  of  scutellum  broadly  yellow;  front  in  the  male  four- 
fifths,  in  the  female  one  and  one  fifth  times,  as  wide  as  either 
eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the 
male,  sides  of  front  gray  pollinose,  destitute  of  macrochaetae  out- 
side of  the  frontal  bristles,  the  latter  descending  below  the 
arista,  cheeks  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  facial  ridges 
bristly  on  the  lower  two  thirds,  antenna1  six-sevenths  as  long  as 
the  face,  the  third  joint  in  the  male  three,  in  the  female  two  and 
one-fourth,  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  almost 
to  the  middle,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad; 
thorax  gray  pollinose.  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  four  post- 
sutural  and  two  large  and  sometimes  two  small  sternopleural 
macrochaetae.  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs;  abdomen 
shining,  bases  of  the  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose,  hairs 
rather  long  and  suberect,  first  segment  bearing  marginal,  the 
next  two  with  discal  and  marginal,  the  fourth  covered  with 
macroclnTta*  except  its  extreme  base;  front  pulvilli  of  male 
longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bear- 
ingfrom  four  to  eight  bristles  at  the  base,  fourth  vein  beyond  the 
bend  strongly  arcuate,  apical  cell  narrowly  open;  calypteres 
white;  length,  7  to  9  mm.  Point  Barrows,  Alaska.  One  male 
and  two  females  collected  June  21,  1882,  by  Mr.  John  Murdock. 
*     Type  No.  3602,  U.  S.  National  Museum gelida  n.  sp. 


102 

2.  With  only  three postsutural  macrochaBtae,  second  and  third  segments 
of  abdomen  bearing  cliscal  inacrochaetae,  facial  ridges  hairy  out- 
side of  the  bristles,  front  of  female  slightly  wider  than  either  eye, 
the  sides  and  face  whitish  pollinose,  third  joint  of  antenna'  two 
and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on 
the  basal  third,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  wide; 
abdomen  subshining,  gray  pollinose.  marked  with  dark  reflect- 
ing spots;  length, 9  mm.  Franconia,  X.  II.  (Biol. Cent.- Amer., 
Diptera,  Vol.  LI,  p.  81 :  Feb..  1890:  Phorocera.) .cinerea  v.  d.  W. 
With  four  postsutural  macrochaetae,  second  and  third  segments  of 
abdomen  destitute  of  discal  macrochaetae,  facial  ridges  bare  out- 
side of  the  bristles;  length,  5  to  14  mm.  Franconia,  X.  II.; 
.Massachusetts;  Brooklyn,  X.  Y.;  District  of  Columbia;  Vir- 
ginia: Indiana;  Illinois;  Jackson,  Tenn.;  Tif ton,  Ga. ;  Crescent 
City,  Fla.;  Mississippi;  St.  Louis.  Mo.;  Louisiana;  Texas;  Colo- 
rado; Las  Cruces,  X.  Mew.  and  California.  (Dipteres  Fxot- 
iques,  Supplement  III,  p.  209  [49];  L847:  Phorocera.  Eury- 
ga8ter  septentrionalis  Walker,  Lord's  Naturalist  in  Vancouver 
Island,  Vol.  II.  p.  339;  L86G.  Phorocera  edwardsii  Williston, 
Scndder's  Butterflies  of  Xew  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1921;  1889, 
Podotachina  vibristtato  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais. 
Mns.  Wien,  V,  p.  351;  1891:  also  in  lift.  Euphorocera  tachi- 
nomoides  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX.  p.  Ill*; 
May,  1892.  Phorocera  lophyri  Townsend.  ioc.  cit.,  p.  289;  De- 
cember. 1892.) claripennis  Macq. 

Genus  PHOROCERA  Desv. 

Phorocera  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  lea  Myotlairea,  p.  131 :  L830. 
Blondelia  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit  ,  p.  L22. 
Bhinomya  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  n.  123. 
Pales  Desvoidy.  loc.  cit.,  p.  154. 

.   This  synonymy  is  given  by  Macqnart1  and  repeated  by  Schiuer;* 
Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  also  give  Pales  as  equivalent  to  Phorocera,3 

but  make  no  mention  of  the  other  two  names: 

1.  With  four  sternopleural  and  four  postsutural  macrochaetae,  palpi 
black,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing*  discal 
macrochaetae,  sides  of  front  destitute  of  macroehaBtae  outside  of 
the  frontal  bristles,  except  the  orbital  bristles  of  the  female; 
front  in  the  male  two-thirds  as  wide  as,  in  the  female  slightly 
wider  than,  either  eye:  frontal  bristles  descending  below  the 
arista,  the  latter  thickened  on  its  basal  third;  third  joint  of 
antennae  in  the  male  six,  in  the  female  four,  times  as  long  as  the 


lAimales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  420;  1850. 

-Fauna  Austrica,  Vol.  I,  p.  488;  1862. 

3  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  234;  1893. 


103 

second;  sides  of  face  below  the  lowest  frontal  bristles  bare, 
middle  tibiaa  eacli  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle;  length,  C>  mm.  Camden,  Ark.,  and  Los  Angeles 
County,  Gal.  (Annales  Soc.  But.  France,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  2(H); 
1888.) parva  Bigot. 

With  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae 2. 

With  only  two  sternoplenral  and  four  postsntural  macrochaetae; 
middle  tibia?  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 
side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate;  black,  the 
palpi  brown,  the  scutellum  yellow  except  at  the  base,  sides  of 
first  three  segments  of  abdomen  sometimes  partly  yellow;  front 
in  the  male  three-fifths  as  broad  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles 
descending  to  tip  of  second  antennal  joint,  cheeks  scarcely  one- 
eighth  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  antenna'  almost  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  four  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  sec- 
ond, arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  facial  ridges  bristly  on 
the  lower  three-fifths  to  three-fourths;  thorax  lightly  gray  polli- 
nose.  marked  with  three  broad  black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing- 
four  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetae,  the  last  pair  cruciate 
and  inclined  downward;  abdomen  snbshining,  the  last  three  seg- 
ments lightly  whitish  pollfnose,  the  extreme  apices  of  the  seg- 
ments bare,  the  bristly  hairs  rather  long  and  almost  erect,  first 
two  segments  each  bearing  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochaetae,  the 
third  with  a  marginal  row.  the  fourth  wholly  covered  except  the 
extreme  base;  front  pulvilli  slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal 
joint;  wings  hyaline,  the  base  to  apex  of  second  basal  cell  gray, 
third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  at  its  base:  calypteres  whitish; 
length,  6*  to  9  mm.  Michigan  and  Missouri.  Three  male  speci- 
mens.    Type  Xo.  .')603,  I '.  S.  National  Museum.  .  .tortricis  n.  sp. 

2.  Thorax  bearing  three  postsntural  macrochaetae   3. 

Thorax   bearing  four   postsuturals,  hind   tibiae   outwardly  ciliate, 

second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  macro- 
chaetse,  several  macrochaetae  outside  of  the  frontal  bristles.  . .   6. 

3.  Hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate,  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs 

of  macrochaetae 5. 

Hind  tibiae  not  ciliate,  scutellum  bearing  only  three  pairs  of  mar- 
ginal macrochaetae,  body  slender,  last  three  segments  of  abdomen 
destitute  of  pollen  on  the  broad  apices,  pollen  of  face  white. .   4. 

4.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  destitute  of  discal  macro- 

chaetae,  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  only  one  macrochaeta  on  the 
front  side  near  the  middle;  length,  7  mm.  Ctiea,  Miss.  (Biol. 
Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  84;  Feb.,  1800.). macra  v.  d.  W. 
Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  macrochaetae, 
middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  on  the  front  side  near  the 
middle;  length,  9  mm.  Newark,  X.  J.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer., 
Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  79;  February,  1890.) rufilabris  v.  d.  W. 


104 

r>.  Abdomen  wholly  covered  with  pollen,  opaque;  face  yellowish  polli- 
nose,  third  antenna!  joint  four  times  as  long  as  the  second; 
black-,  the  palpi  usually  and  apex  of  proboscis,  yellow,  a  spot 
on  sides  of  abdomen  of  male  and  the  tibiae  also  sometimes  yel- 
low: front  of  the  male  three-fifths,  of  the  female  three-fourths, 
as  broad  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female, 
none  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles  descending  below  the  arista, 
cheeks  one-fourth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  antennae  nearly 
as  long  as  the  face,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  facial 
ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  four-fifths;  thorax  gray  polli- 
nose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae;  bristly  hairs  of  abdomen 
depressed,  first  two  segments  each  bearing  a  marginal  pair,  the 
third  with  a  marginal  row.  the  fourth  with  a  discal  and  a 
marginal  row  of  macroch setae ;  wings  hyaline,  base  of  third 
vein  bearing  two  bristles,  fourth  vein  strongly  arcuate  beyond 
the  bend:  calypteres  white;  length,  7  to  11  mm.  Dist.  Colum- 
bia; Lexington,  Ky..  and  Tenn.     Three  males  and  two  females. 

Type  No.  3604,  U.  S.  National  Museum leucanicen.  sp. 

Abdomen  destitute  of  pollen  on  the  broad  apices  of  the  last  three 
segments,  face  white  pollinose,  third  antenna!  joint  from  two 
and  one  half  to  three  times  as  loug  as  the  second,  front  of  female 
from  the  sixths  as  wide  as  to  slightly  wider  than  either  eye, 
frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to  apex  of  second  antennal 
joint,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  basal  two-thirds,  third  vein 
bearing  two  or  three  bristles  at  the  base,  second  and  third  seg- 
ments of  abdomen  sometimes  bearing  discal  macrochaetae ; 
Length,  <>  to  8  mm.:  otherwise  as  in  the  above  description  of 
leucanice.     Northern  Illinois,  Missouri,  Colorado,  and  Mesilla,  N. 

Mex.  (first  Kept  Insects  of  Missouri,  p.  Ill;  March,  1809: 
Lydella.) doryphorce  liiley. 

6\  Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 

side  near  the  middle 7. 

Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  sides  of  face  below  the  lowest  frontal  bristles 
bare,  arista  thickened  to  the  middle,  the  penultimate  joint  only 
slightly  longer  than  broad,  front  in  each  sex  one  and  one-fourth 
times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  below 
the  arista,  third  joint  of  antenna*  in  the  male  six,  in  the  female 
four,  times  as  long  as  the  second  ;  palpi  yellow;  length,  8  to  1) 
mm.  Dist.  Columbia,  Bluffton,  S.  C,  and  Missouri.  (In  Scud- 
der's  Butt.  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p. 1922;  1889)  .coinstocl'i  Will. 

7.  Sides  of  face  below  the  lowest  frontal  bristles  bare,  arista  thickened 
on  the  basal  three  fourths,  the  penultimate  joint  three  times  as 
long  as  wide,  front  in  each  sex  one  and  one-fourth  times  as 
broad  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  below  the  arista, 


105 

third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  six,  in  the  female  four,  times 
as  long  as  the  second,  apical  cell  closed;  length,  8  to  9  mm. 
Alameda  County,  Oal.  (In  Scudder's  Butterflies  of  New  Eng- 
land, Vol.  Ill,  p.  1922;  1889.)-  -  -  - saundersii  Will. 

Sides  of  face  below  the  frontal  bristles  bristly  two-fifths  of  the  dis- 
tance to  the  vibrissa',  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third,  the 
penultimate  joint  only  slightly  longer  than  wide;  black,  the 
palpi,  apex  of  scutellum,  front  corners  of  the  second  segment  of 
the  abdomen,  tibiae,  and  sometimes  base  of  antenna',  yellowish; 
front  in  male  scarcely  wider  than,  in  the  female  one  and  one- 
fourth  times  as  wide  as,  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles 
in  the  female,  none  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles  descending  to 
the  arista,  cheeks  nearly  one  half  as  wide  as  the  eye-height, 
antenna'  about  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  six  times  as 
long  as  the  second;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four 
black  vitta',  scutellum  bearing  four  pairs  of  marginal  macro- 
clueta' ;  abdomen  wholly  gray  pollinose  and  with  reflecting  darker 
spots;  wings  hyaline,  base  of  third  vein  bearing  three  bris- 
tles, fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend  distinctly  arcuate,  calypteres 
white;  length,  7  to  10  mm.  San  Diego,  Tex.  A  specimen  of 
each  sex  collected  April  30,  1895,  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz.     Type 

Xo.  3606,  r.  S.  National  Museum facialis  n.  sp. 

Unrecognized  species. — Z\  ?  (Tachina)  antennata  Walker ;  IT.  S.  P.? 
(Tachina)  melobosis Walker.     (Syn.  Tachina  addita  Walker.) 

Genus  FRONTINA  Meig. 

Frontina  Meigen,  Systematise-lie  Besch.  Eur..Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  VII,  p.  2-17;  1*38. 
Prosopea  Rondani,  Dipterologise  Italic;!'  Prodromus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  36;  1861. 
Achatoneura  Brauer  and  Bergenstaram,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  334:  1891. 
Thysanomyia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,  p.  340. 
Parafrontina  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,  VI,  p.  115:  1893. 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  place  Prosopea,  Achaetoneura,  and  Para- 
frontina as  subgenera  of  Frontina;1  and  although  they  idace  Thysa- 
nomyia in  a  different  section,  it  can  not  be  generically  separated  from 
Frontina.2  Four  Austrian  specimens  of  Frontina  laeta  Meig.,  the  type 
species  of  this  genus,  received  from  and  identified  by  Brauer  and  Ber- 
genstamm, have  the  hind  tibiae  outwardly  filiate,  as  in  our  species. 
The  latter  have  the  palpi  yellow,  and  from  two  to  four  bristles  on  the 
base  of  the  third  vein : 

1.  With  four  sternopleural  macrocha'ta^,  scutellum  largely  yellow  and 
bearing  three  or  four  pairs  of  long  marginal  and  a  short  apical 

1  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  212;  1893. 

2 Of  two  specimens  of  Frontina  aletice  sent  by  Dr.  Riley  to  Brauer  and  I>ergen- 
stamm,  one  was  referred,  by  them  to  Prosopea  aud  tbo  otber  to  Tbysanoniyia;  of 
tbree  specimens  of  Frontina  archippivora,  one  was  by  them  referred  to  Parafrontina 
and  two  to  Acha>tonenra,  and  of  fifteen  specimens  of  Frontina  frenchii,  they  referred 
one  to  Hemimasicera,  two  to  Prosopea,  and  twelve  to  Achtetonenra. 


106 

pair  of  macrochaetae,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen 
destitute  of  diseal  macrochaetae,  renter  destitute  of  short  black 

spines 4. 

With  only  three  sternoplenral  macrochaetae,  scutellum  black,  front 
pulvilli  of  male  slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint 2. 

2.  Third  joint  of  antennae  of  male  live,  in  the  female  four,  times  as  long 

as  the  second,  front  of  male  tliree-fonrths,  in  the  female  one  and 
one-fifth  times,  as  wide  as  either  eye;  abdomen  black,  narrow 
bases  of  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose,  second  and  third 
^ments  destitute  of  diseal  maerocha'ta\  middle  tibia'  each 
bearing  a  single  one  on  the  front  side  near  tin1  middle;  length, 
5mm.    Eastboro,  Conn.,  and  Tifton,  (la.    (Insecta  Sanndersiana, 

Vol.  I,  p.  299;  1856:    Tachina.) aneilla  Walk. 

Third  joint  of  antenna'  in  both  sexes  two  and  one  half  times  as  long 
;i>  the  second,  front  in  the  male  one  half,  in  the  female  tliree- 
fonrths,  as  broad  as  either  eye,  three  postsutural  macrochaetae, 
scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  ones,  destitute 
of  a  short  apical  pair,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  in 
the  male  bearing  diseal  macrochaetae,  wanting  in  the  female, 
venter  of  these  segments  in  the  female  thickly  studded  with 
short  black  spines 3. 

3.  Abdomen  in  both  sexes  yellowish  except  a  dorsal  vitta.  a  fascia  on 

the  third  segment,  which  sometimes  covers  it.  ami  the  base 
of  the  fourth,  which  are  black  ;  length,  <>  to  9  mm.  Tifton,  (la., 
and  Jacksonville  and  Lake  Worth,  Fla.  |  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phi  la.,  p.  1310;  September.  1S!>.~>:  Achcetonenra.) .  ..rubentis  Ooq. 
Abdomen  of  male  black,  a  spot  on  each  side  of  first  three  seg- 
ments and  the  narrow  apex  of  the  fourth,  yellow;  in  the  female 
black,  the  narrow  apes  of  the  fourth  segment  yellow;  length, 
7  to  8.5  mm.  Southern  California  and  Allende,  Mexico.  From 
the  type  specimen.  (Insect  bile,  Vol.  1.  p.  332;  May,  1889: 
Tachina  \  Masicera],  Proxpherysa  comosa  van  derWulp,  Biologia 
<  Ynt  -Amer..  Diptera,Vol.  II, p.  11!):  May,  1890.) .  .armigera  Coq. 

4.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  destitute  of  a  marginal  pair  of  macro- 

chaetae or  else  the  sides  of  the  third  segment  largely  or  wholly 

yellow 6. 

Second  segment  bearing  a  marginal  pair  of  stout  macrochaetae,  abdo- 
men black,  at  most  with  a  yellow  spot  on  each  side  of  the  second 
segment,  third  joint  of  antennae  of  male  from  five  and  one  half 
to  seven,  in  the  female  from  three  to  four  and  one  half,  times  as 
long  as  the  second 5. 

5.  Front  in  the  male  one  and  one  half,  in  the  female  one  and  three- 

fourths,  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  front  pulvilli  of  male  three- 
fourths  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  length,  G  to  9  mm. 
Michigan;  Missouri;  Texas;  California,  and  Pullman,  Wash. 
(In  Scudder's  Butterflies  of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1923; 


107 

1881):  Mamcera.  Achcetoheura  sp.,  and  Parafrontina  sp.,  Brauer 
and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) archippiwra1  Will. 

Front  in  the  male  at  most  slightly  wider  than,  in  the  female  one  and 
one-third  times  as  wide  as,  either  eye,  front  pulvilli  of  male 
slightly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint;  length,  o  to  11  mm. 
Canada;  Beverly,  Mass. ;  Xew  Jersey;  Pennsylvania;  Lakeland, 
Md.;  District  of  Columbia;  Virginia;  Brookville,  Ind. :  Carbon- 
dale,  HI.;  Missouri,  and  California.  (In  Scudder's  Butterflies 
of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1923;  1889:  Masicera.  Achceto- 
neura  hesperus  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus. 
Wien;  V,  p.  331;  1891.  Phorocera promiscua2  Townsend,  Psyche, 
Vol.  VI,  p.  81;  May,  1891.  Mci<jcnia  websteri  Townsend,  Cana- 
dian Entomologist.  Vol.  XX  III.  p.  20  ! ;  October,  1891.  Masicera 
schizuree2  Townsend,  Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  187;  December,  1891: 
from  a  co-type  specimen  received  from  Mr.  Townsend.  Masicera 
datanarum  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  287; 
December,  1892.  Tachina  anonyma  Riley  MS.:  from  the  pro- 
posed type  specimen.  Achwtoneura  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm 
in  lift.  Prosopaza  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.  Hemi- 
masicera  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.).  . .  .frenchii  Will. 
6.  Abdomen  in  both  sexes  yellow  on  sides  of  the  third  segment,  second 
segment  in  the  male  bearing  a  marginal  pair  of  macrocnaetae,  or 
else  his  front  pulvilli  only  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  last  tar- 
sal joint 7. 

Abdomen  of  the  female  black,  at  most  with  a  yellow  spot  each  side 
of  the  second  segment,  this  segment  in  both  sexes  destitute  of 
a  marginal  pair  of  macrochaetae,  front  pulvilli  of  male  slightly 
longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint,  third  joint  of  antenna4  of  male 
from  two  and  three-fourths  to  live,  in  the  female  from  two  and 
three-fourths  to  three  and  one-third,  times  as  long  as  the  second; 
length,  G  to  11  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  Beverly,  Mass.;  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.;  District  of  Columbia;  Georgia;  Charlotte  Harbor, 
Florida;  Mississippi;  Brazoria,  Tex.;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  and 
Venezuela,  South  America.  (Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XI, 
p.  162;  1879:  Tachina:  from  a  co  type  specimen.  Tachina  fra- 
terna  Comstock,  Iieport  Commissioner  Agric.  for  1879,  p.  303; 
1880.  Prosopwa  sp.  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.  Thysan- 
omyia  sp.  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) aletice  Biley. 

1  This  species  is  usually  credited  to  Riley,  but  be  never  described  it  so  far  as  I  am 
aware. 

-In  Psyche  for  June,  1893.  page  407.  Mr.  Townsend  reports  having  received  from 
Professor  Forbes  two  Tachina  flies  bred  "from  pupa-'  of  Eucluvtes  cfjle.  Breeding 
cage,  May  4,  1880."  One  of  tbese  be  refers  to  Masicera  scliizuros  and  tbe  other  to 
Prospherysa  promiscua,  apparently  without  suspecting  that  both  of  them  belonged 
to  one  and  the  same  species. 


108 

7.  Front  pulvilli  of  male  distinctly  longer  than  the  last  tarsal  joint, 
fourth  segment  of  abdomen  in  both  sexes  black  except  the  front 
corners,  third  joint  of  antenna'  in  the  male  four,  in  the  female 
from  two  and  three-fourths  to  three  and  one  third,  times  as  long 
as  the  second;  length,  7  to  8  mm.  District  of  Columbia.  (List 
of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  788;  1849:  Tachina.  Maxivera 
dubia  Williston,  in  Scudder's  Buttertiies  of  New  England,  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  1924;  1889.  Masicera  sphingivora  Townsend,  Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Sbc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  2SG-  Dec.,  1892.).  r  violenta  Walk. 
Front  pulvilli  of  male  only  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal 
joint,  fourth  segment  of  abdomen  in  both  sexes  yellow  except  a 
narrow  black  dorsal  vitta,  third  joint  of  antenna'  in  both  sexes 
two  and  one  half  times  as  long  as  the  second:  length,  8  mm. 
Jacksonville,  Fla.  (List  of  Dipterous  insects.  Part  IV,  p.  788; 
L849:  Tachina.  Masicera  rileyi  Williston,  iu  Scudder's  Butter- 
flies of  Xcw  England,  Vol.  111.  p.  1924;  L889.). .  irrequieta  Walk. 
Unrecognized  species, —  F.t  [  Tachina)  dydas  Walker;  Brit.  Amer. 

Genus  STURMIA  Desv. 

Sturmin  Desvoidy,  Essai  Buries  Myodaires,  p.  171;  1830. 
Blejpharipa  Rondani,  Dipterologite  Italics  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  71;  1856. 
Ctenocnemia  Kowarz,  Verhand.  Zool.  Botao.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  460;  1873. 
Blepharipoda  Brauerand  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  96;  1889. 
Argyrophylax  Brauerand  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,p.  163. 

Blepbaripa  was  proposed  for  the  genus  Sturmia  of  Desvoidy,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  tbe  latter  name  bad  been  previously  used  in  botany; 
but,  according  to  present  usage,  botanical  names  do  not  interfere  with 
those  employed  in  /oology.  Ctenocnemis  and  Blepharipoda  were  pro- 
posed to  take  the  place  of  Blepbaripa,  owing  to  tbe  faulty  construction 
of  the  latter  name.  In  the  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  213;  1893, 
Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  reduce  Argyrophylax  to  the  rank  of  a  sub- 
genus of  Blepharipoda.1  All  of  our  species  have  four  postsutural 
macrochaetse : 

1.  With  four  sternopleural  macrochsBtse 7. 

With  three  sternopleural  macrochaetse 2. 

With  only  two  sternopleurals:  black,  the  palpi,  at  least  on  the  api- 
cal half,  and  apex  of  proboscis,  yellow ;  front  of  female  from  two- 
thirds  to  three-fourths  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles,  a  stout  baekwardly  curving  macrochaetse  between  them 
and  the  frontal  bristles,  the  latter  descending  nearly  to  middle 

]In  Scudder's  Nomenclator  Zoologicus,  Supplemental  List  (p.  46),  1882,  is  cited  a 
Blepharopoda  Rondani, Nuovi  Annali  Sci.  Xat.  Bologna,  Ser.  3,  Vol.  II,  p.  362;  1851, 
and  ou  page  92  of  the  same  work  the  geuus  Ctenocnemis  of  Kowarz  is,  on  tbe  authority 
of  Mr.  Verrall,  made  synonymous  with  Blepharopoda.  The  writer  has  been  unable 
to  consult  the  above-mentioned  paper  by  Rondani,  but  if  Mr.  Verrall's  reference  is 
correct,  the  name  of  and  reference  to  Blepharopoda  Rond.  should  be  inserted  imme- 
diately after  Sturmia  in  the  above  list  of  synonyms. 


109 

of  second  joint  of  antennae,  cheeks  one-ninth  as  wide  as  the  eye 
height,  vibrissa1  slightly  below  the  level  of  front  edge  of  oral 
margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  third,  antenna'  almost  as 
long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  live  times  as  long  as  the  second, 
arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter 
than  broad;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black 
vittse,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  marginal  niacrochsetae 
and  a  short  apical  pair,  abdomen  opaque  gray  ixdlinose,  each 
segment  bearing  marginal  macroclnetse,  middle  tibia'  each  hav- 
ing a  single  one  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle;  wings  hya- 
line, third  vein  bearing  from  three  to  six  bristles  near  its  base, 
fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend  strongly  arcuate,  calypteres  whit- 
ish; length,  0  mm.  Missouri.  Two  female  specimens.  Type 
^o.  3009,  U.  S.  National  Museum sternalis  n.  sp. 

2.  Palpi  yellow 3. 

Palpi  usually  black,  fourth  segment  of  abdomen  and  apex  of  scutel- 
lum yellow;  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macrochaeta  on 
the  front  side  near  the  middle,  third  vein  bearing  two  or  three 
bristles  near  the  base;  black,  apex  of  scutellum  and  of  fourth 
segment  of  abdomen,  also  sometimes  the  palpi,  yellow;  front 
of  male  one  half,  of  the  female  four-fifths,  as  wide  as  either  eye; 
two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  none  in  the  male; 
frontal  bristles  descending  nearly  to  apex  of  second  joint  of 
antenna',  cheeks  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  eye  height,  vibrissas 
on  a  level  with  the  front  edge  of  oral  margin,  three  bristles 
above  each,  antenna'  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint 
in  the  male  three  and  one-half,  in  the  female  two  and  one  half, 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two- 
tiftlrs,  the  penultimate  joint  as  broad  as  long;  thorax  gray  polli- 
nose, marked  with  four  black  vittse,  scutellum  bearing  four 
marginal  pairs  of  niacrochsetae ;  abdomen  on  the  second  and 
third  segments  gray  pollinose  and  with  darker  reflecting  spots, 
bearing  only  marginal  macrochaetae ;  wings  hyaline,  fourth  vein 
beyond  the  bend  strongly  arcuate,  calypteres  white;  length,  6 
mm.  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  and  Piney  Point,  Md.  A  specimen  of 
each  sex;  the  male  bred  October  7, 1889,  from  a  species  of  Phy- 
ciodes.     Type  No.  3010,  U.  S.  Xational  Museum  . .  phyciodis  n.sp. 

3.  Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  a  single  macrocha'ta.  on  the  front  side 

near  the  middle 5. 

Middle  tibia'  each  bearing  three  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front 
side  near  the  middle,  apex  of  abdomen  black 4. 

4.  Abdomen  destitute  of  discal  macrocha'ta'  on  the  second  and  third 

segments,  the  fourth  wholly  covered  except  on  the  base,  none  of 

the  macroclneta3  on  this  segment  more  than  three-fourths  as 

long  as  those  on  the  third;  apex  of  scutellum  broadly  yellow, 

,  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  at  its  base;  length,  9  to  11  mm. 


110 

Beverly,  Mass.;  Hartford,  Conn.:  Virginia;  Columbia,  S.  C; 
Savannah.  Ga.;  Centerville.  Fla.;  northern  Illinois:  Tennessee; 
Waco  and  Paris,  Tex.,  and  San  Jose.  Cal.  (Insecta  Saundersi- 
ana,  Vol.  I,  p.  233;  185G:  Tachina.  Tachina  obconica  Walker, 
loc.  eit.,  p.  U00.  Hemimasicera  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm 
in  Utt.) albifrona  Walk. 

Abdomen  bearing  discal  niacrochaetse  on  the  second  and  third  seg- 
ments; black,  the  6rst  two  joiuts  of  the  antenna',  palpi,  and 
apex  of  scutellnm.  yellow;  front  of  female  almost  as  wide  as 
either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  beneath  the  arista,  sides 
of  face  yellowish- white  poliiuose,  vibrissa-  on  a  level  with  front 
edge  of  the  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  two-fifths, 
cheeks  one-fifth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height;  third  joint  of  an- 
tenna' two  and  one  third  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista 
thickened  on  the  basal  halt';  thorax  bluish-gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vittae,  four  postsutural  macrochaetae, 
scutellnm  bearing  three  loug  marginal  pairs  and  a  short  apical 
one;  abdomen  subshining,  thinly  white  pollinose;  wings  hya- 
line, tinged  with  yellowish  at  the  base  and  along  the  costa,  third 
vein  bearing  t  wo  or  three  bristles  at  the  base,  calypteres  white; 
length.  9  mm.     Scuttle.  Wash.    One  female.  .  .occidentals  n.  sp. 

Abdomen  bearing  discal  macrochaetae,  etc.  Differs  from  oecidcntnlis 
as  follows:  Coxa-,  femora,  and  tibia;,  yellow ;  front  of  male  one- 
half  as  wide  as  either  eye,  sides  (»t  face  white  pollinose,  facial 
ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fifth,  third  joint  of  antenna1  four 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two- 
fifths,  abdomen  opaque  gray  pollinose, marked  with  olive-brown 
reflecting  spots,  wings  not  tinged  with  "yellow ;  length,  0  mm. 
Florida.     A    single    male    specimen,   collected    by    Mrs.  A.  T. 

Slosson (instralis  n.  sp. 

5.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen   destitute  of  discal  macro- 
chaetae,  apex  of  abdomen  and  ofscutellum  yellow 6. 

Second,  third,  and  fourth  segments  bearing  discal  macrochsetae,  some 
on  the  fourth  as  long  as  those  on  the  third,  apex  of  abdomen 
and  of  scutellnm  black,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  at  its 
base:  length, 6.5 mm.    Jacksonville,  Fla.   (Biol. Cent. -Am., Dipt., 

Vol.  1 1.  p.  105;  March,  1890:  Masicera.) strigata  v.  d.  W. 

0.  Cheeks  one-sixth  as   broad   as  the  eye  height,  frontal  bristles  not 
reaching  to  base  of  third  joint  of  antennae  (see  above  under  3). 

pit  y  clod  is  n.  sp. 

Cheeks  one-ninth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  frontal  bristles  descend- 
ing below  the  arista,  third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  near  the 
base:  black,  the  palpi,  apex  of  scutellnm,  and  sides  and  apex  of 
abdomen,  yellow;  front  of  female  three-fourths  as  wide  as  either 
eye,  third  joint  of  antennae  three  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth;  otherwise  as 
in  the  above  description  of  phyciodis.    A  single  female  specimen 


Ill 

bred  October  7,  1880,  from  Harrisina  americana.  Type  Xo. 
.'3611,  U.  S.  National  Museum harrisince  n.  sp. 

7.  Middle  tibia*  each  bearing  a  .single  inacrochaeta  on  the  front  side 

near  the  middle,   palpi,   except   sometimes  the  extreme  apex. 

black 8. 

Middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrochaetae  on  the  front  side 
near  the  middle,  fourth  segment  of  abdomen  black 10. 

8.  Third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  near  its  base 9. 

Third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  near  its  base;  black,  including  the 

palpi:  front  of  female  slightly  narrower  than  either  eye,  frontal 
bristles  descending  to  base  of  third  an  ten  nal  joint,  hairs  of  front 
rather  long  and  abundant,  cheeks  one-eighth  as  wide  as  the 
eye  height,  vibrissa-  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of  oral  margin, 
ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fifth,  antennae  almost  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  from  twice  to  three  and  one  fourth  times  as 
long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths,  the 
penultimate  joint  as  broad  as  long;  thorax  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vittae,  seutellum  bearing  four  marginal 
pairs  of  macrochaetae,  that  at  the  apex  curving  backward  and 
nearly  horizontal:  abdomen  shining,  bases  of  last  three  seg- 
ments whitish  pollinose.  second  and  third  segments  bearing 
marginal  macrochaetae,  the  fourth  covered  except  at  base  with 
much  shorter  ones  than  those  on  the  third  :  wings  hyaline,  calyp- 
teres  white;  length.  5  mm.  Tifton,  Ga.  Four  female  speci- 
mens collected  October  1,  L0,  15,  and  17,  by  Mr.  G.  II.  Pilate. 

Type  Xo.  3612,  V.  S.  National  Museum pilatei  n.  sp. 

9.  Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  wholly  or  largely  yellow,  its  pollen 
golden  yellow;  length.  7  to  10  mm.  Virginia;  Tifton.  Ga.; 
Mississippi;  Palestine,  Tex.;  Carbondale,  111.;  Alameda  County, 
Cal..  and  Kingston,  Jamaica,  West  Indies.  (Ausser.  Zwei. 
Insekten,  Vol.  il,  p.  ;334:  1830:  Tachina.  Masicera  protogarcis 
Townsend,  Journal  Jamaica  Institute,  Vol.  I,  p.  70;  1892:  from 
two  cotype  specimens. ) distincta  Wied. 

Fourth  segment  largely  or  wholly  black,  its  pollen  gray;  length,  0 
to  12  mm.  District  of  Columbia;  Carbondale,  111.;  Kirkwood, 
Mo.;  Georgia:  Mississippi;  St.  Louis.  Mo.:  Baton  Rouge,  La., 
and  Colorado.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer..  Diptera.  Vol.  II,  p.  107; 
March,  1800:  Masicera.     Argyrophylax  sp..Braner  and  Bergen- 

stamm  in  lift.  | inquinata  v.  d.  W. 

10.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  destitute  of  diseal  macro- 
chaetae     11. 

Second  and  third  segments  bearing  diseal  macrochaetae,  apical  pair 
on  the  scutellum  almost  vertical,  seutellum  and  palpi  black, 
third  antennal  joint  nearly  four  times  as  long  as  the  second, 
third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  at  its  base:  length.  7  mm. 
Colorado.  (Trans.  Amer.  Fnt.  Soc.  Vol.  XVIII.  p.  358;  Novem- 
ber, 1891 :  Masicera.  i nigrita  Town. 


112 

11.  Palpi  yellow,  the  three   uppermost  frontal   bristles   in   each   row 

noticeably  longer  than  the  next  ones 12. 

Palpi,  except  the  apices,  black,  the  three  uppermost  frontal  bristles 
not  longer  than  those  below  them,  no  hairs  below  the  lowest 
ones,  vibrissa1  on  a  level  with  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin; 
black,  the  apices  of  palpi  and  of  scutellum,  yellow:  no  orbital 
nor  ocellar  bristles  in  the  male,  frontal  bristles  descending  to 
base  of  third  antennal  joint,  cheeks  one  fifth  as  broad  as  the 
eye  height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  fourth,  antennae 
nearly  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  twice  as  long  as  the 
second,  penultimate  joint  of  arista  slightly  longer  than  broad; 
thorax  gray  poll i nose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta\  abdomen 
gray  pollinose  on  the  last  three  segments,  with  reflecting  darker 
spots,  the  narrow  hind  margins  of  the  segments  shining  black, 
hairs  depressed,  first  three  segments  bearing  marginal  macro- 
chaetae,  wings  hyaline,  slightly  tinged  with  yellow  basally, 
third  vein  bearing  two  bristles  at  its  base,  fourth  vein  beyond 
the  bend  nearly  straight,  cal\  pteres  whitish;  front  pnlvilli 
slightly  longer  than  tin'  last  tarsal  joint;  length,  0  mm.  Colo- 
rado. A  single  male  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Carl  F.  Baker. 
Type  No.  3013,  U.  S.  National  Museum bakeri  n.  sp. 

12.  Front  in  the  male  as  broad  as,  in  the  female  one  and  one-fourth 

times  as  broad  as,  either  eye,  third  joint  of  antennae  two  and 
one  third  times  as  long  as  the  second,  apical  pair  of  macro 
chaetae  on  scutellum  curving  backward  and  nearly  horizontal, 
vibrissa*  noticeably  above  the  level  of- front  edge  of  the  oral 
margin,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three-fifths;  length,  11 
mm.  Horseneck  Beach,  Mass.;  southern  Illinois,  and  Florida. 
(Biol.  Oent-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  110;  March,  1890:  Masi- 

cera.) fraudulenta  v.  d.  W. 

Front  in  the  male  two-thirds,  in  the  female  four-fifths,  as  wide  as 
either  eye,  third  joint  of  antenna'  four  times  as  long  as  the  sec- 
ond, arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths,  vibrissas  on  a  level 
with  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin,  apical  pair  of  macroclneta; 
on  the  scutellum  curving  forward  and  suberect;  black,  the 
palpi,  and  sometimes  apex  of  scutellum  and  sides  of  the  second 
abdominal  segment,  hind  angles  of  the  first  and  front  angles 
of  the  third,  yellow:  frontal  bristles  descending  slightly  below 
the  arista,  sides  of  front  bearing  numerous  bristly  hairs  and 
one  or  two  macrochaetae,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the 
female,  none  in  the  male,  cheeks  one-fifth  as  broad  as  the  eye- 
height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  half,  the  bristles 
ascending  two-thirds  or  more  of  distance  from  the  vibrissas  to 
the  lowest  frontal  bristles,  antennae  nearly  as  long  as  the  face, 
penultimate  joint  of  arista  slightly  longer  than  broad;  thorax 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittse,  abdomen  on  last 


113 

three  segments  gray  pollinose,  with  reflecting  black  spots, 
second  and  third  segments  bearing  marginal  macroehaetae,  the 
fourth  wholly  covered;  front  pulvilli  of  male  longer  than  the 
last  tarsal  joint  j  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  or  four 
bristles  at  the  base,  fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend  arcuate,  calyp- 
teres  white;  length,  10  mm.  Pullman,  Wash.  Two  males  and 
three  females  bred  by  Prof.  C.  V.  Piper  from  Schizura  ipomcece. 
Type  No.  3614,  U.  S.  National  Museum schizurce  n.  sp. 

Genus  MASICERA  Macq. 

Masicera  Macquart,  Histoire  Naturelle  Insectes,  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  118;  1835. 
Ceromasia  Kondani,  Dipterologise  Italicae  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  71;  1856. 
Dexodes  Brauer  and  Beruenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  "Wien,  IV,  p.  87;  1889. 
Hemimasicera  Brauer  and  Bergenstanirn,  loc.  cit. 

The  last-named  authors  place  Dexodes  and  Hemimasicera  as  sub- 
genera of  Ceromasia,  and  retain  Masicera  as  a  distinct  genus.1  A 
comparison  of  species  placed  by  these  authors  in  both  of  these  so-called 
genera  shows  that  they  are  too  closely  related  to  be  separated  into 
different  genera: 

1.  Thorax  bearing  four  postsutural  macrochaetse,  two  or  more  on  front 

side  of  each  middle  tibia  near  the  middle,  apex  of  abdomen 

black 2. 

Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural 
macroehaetae,  second  and  third  abdominal  segments  bearing 
discal  as  well  as  marginal  ones 4. 

2.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  macroehaetae, 

apical  pair  on  scutellum  nearly  horizontal 3. 

Second  and  third  segments  destitute  of  discal  inacrochaetae;  black, 
the  second  antenna!  joint,  palpi  and  usually  the  scutellum  except 
the  base,  yellow;  front  of  female  one  and  one-fourth  times  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  hairs  on  sides  of 
front  short  and  sparse,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  base  of 
third  antenna!  joint,  cheeks  over  one-fourth  as  broad  as  the  eye- 
height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  third  to  half,  antennae 
five-sixths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  three  times  as  long 
as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three-fifths,  the 
penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad;  thorax  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vitta^,  four  sternopleural  macroehaetae, 
scutellum  bearing  two  long  and  two  short  pairs  of  marginal 
ones,  the  apical  pair  almost  erect;  abdomen  on  last  three  seg- 
ments gray  pollinose,  their  apices  sometimes  shining,  the  bristly 
hairs  depressed;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles 
at  its  base,  hind  crossvein  and  the  fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend 
almost  straight;  calypteres  white;  length,  5  mm.     Atlanta,  Ga., 

1  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  pp.  211,  212;  1893. 
3359 8 


114 

and  Los  Angeles  (Jo.,  Cal.  Two  females  collected  by  the  writer. 
Type  No.  o(>15,  CJ.  S.  National  Museum paueiseta  n.  sp. 

3.  With  only  three  sternopleural  macrochsetse,  palpi  yellow,  third  vein 

hearing  from  three  to  six  bristles  at  its  base;  length,  8  to  10 
mm.  New  Hampshire;  and  Austria.  Two  males  and  one  female 
from  Austria  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and  by 
them  labeled  Ceromasia  florum  Macq.;  these  authors  state  that 
this  is  a  synonym  of  /est  I  nans  Meig.,  after  examining  the  type 
of  the  latter.1  (System.  Besch.  Eur.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  IV, 
p.  384;  1824:  Tachina.    Masicer a  florum  Macquart,  Annales  Soe. 

Ent.  Fiance,  p.  460;  1850.) .festinans1  Meig. 

With  four  sternopletrral  macrochaetse,  palpi  black,  third  vein  bearing 
a  single  bristle  at  its  base;  length,  8  to  10  nun.  Canada;  Mass.; 
Illinois,  and  England.  A  specimen  of  each  sex  from  England, 
received  from  E. Brunetti  and  by  him  labeled  Masicera  myoidcea, 
(Essaisurles  Myodaires,  p.  114;  1830:   Ly<l('l!a.).mj/oida'aDesv. 

4.  Middle  tibia'  each  bearing  a  single  macroclneta  on  the  front  side 

near  the  middle,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  at  its  base.     5. 

Middle  tibia*  each  bearing  two  or  more  macrocha'ta>  on  the  front 

side  near  the  middle,  palpi  yellow G. 

5.  Palpi,  legs,  and  abdomen,  black;  body  slender,  subshining;  length, 

5.5  to  0  mm.     Mass..  and  Colorado.     (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 

Vol.  XIX,  ]).  285;  December,  1802.) tenthredinidarum  Town. 

Palpi,  femora,  tibia',  ami  apex  of  fourth  segment  of  abdomen,  yellow; 
body  quite  robust,  opaque;  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  antenna', 
palpi,  apex  of  proboscis,  femora,  tibia',  and  apex  of  fourth  seg- 
ment of  abdomen,  yellow;  front  of  male  one-half  as  wide  as 
either  eye.  no  orbital  bristles,  hairs  on  sides  of  front  short  and 
sparse,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  base  of  third  antennal 
joint,  cheeks  one-fourth  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  facial  ridges 
bristly  on  the  lower  two  thirds,  antenna-  almost  reaching  the 
oral  margin,  the  third  joint  three  and  one-third  times  as  long 
as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth;  thorax  gray 
pollinose  and  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing 
three  pairs  of  long  marginal  and  a  short  apical  pair  of  macro- 
cha'ta';  abdomen  on  the  first  three  segments  subopaque  gray 
pollinose,  its  hairs  suberect  and  rather  long;  wings  hyaline,  the 
base  tinged  with  gray,  costal  spine  as  long  as  crossvein  at  base 
of  discal  cell,  hind  crossvein  nearly  straight,  fourth  vein  beyond 
the  bend  strongly  concave,  closing  or  almost  closing  the  apical 
cell,  calypteres  white;  front  pul villi  slightly  longer  than  the  last 


•Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V.  p.  428;  189L. 

-  Front  one  and  one-half  width  of  eye,  cheeks  three-eighths  the  eye-height,  arista 

thickened  on  basal  two-thirds festinans. 

Front  of  male  two-thirds,  of  female  five-sixths,  width  of  eye,  cheeks  one-fifth  the 

eye-height,  arista  thickened  on  basal  two-fifths,  otherwise  as  in  festinans.     N.  J.. 

Va  ,  and  La eeler  n.  sj>. 


115 

tarsal  joint;  length,  8  to  10  mm.  Tifton,  (ia.,  and  Florida. 
Two  male  specimens.     Type  No.  3616,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

pulverea  n.  sp. 

6.  Third  vein  bristly  at  least  three-fourths  of  distance  from  the  base  to 

the  small  crossveiu 7. 

Third  vein  bristly  at  most  one- third  of  this  distance,  entire  abdomen 
black;  length,  6  toll  mm.  Grimsby,  Canada;  Mount  Washing- 
ton and  Franeonia,  N.  H.;  Maryland:  District  of  Columbia; 
northern  Illinois,  and  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  Cal.  (Trans.  Amer. 
But.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  286;  Dec,  1802.) eufitchice  Town. 

7.  Fourth  and  other  segments  of  abdomen  black;  black,  the  palpi  yel- 

low; front  of  male  three-fourths  as  wide  as,  of  the  female 
slightly  wider  than,  either  eye;  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in 
the  female,  none  in  the  male;  sides  of  front  and  face  white  pol- 
linose,  cheeks  over  one-third  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  facial 
ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  third,  antennae  live-sixths  as  long  as 
the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and  three-fourths  times  as  long  as 
the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  half,  the  penultimate 
joint  shorter  than  broad ;  thorax  thinly  whitish  pollinose,  marked 
with  four  black  vittre,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  mar- 
ginal and  a  short  apical  pair  of  macroclneta\  abdomen  shining, 
bases  of  the  last  three  segments  thinly  whitish  pollinose,  venter 
not  carinate  in  either  sex;  front  pulvilli  longer  than  the  last 
tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  the  base  tinged  with  gray,  hind 
crossvein  strongly  curved,  situated  nearly  midway  between  the 
small  crossvein  and  the  bend,  calypteres  white;  length,  7  to 
9  mm.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  Four  males  and 
five  females,  collected  by  the  late  H.  K.  Morrison.     Type  No. 

3617,  U.  S.  National  Museum chcetoneura  n.  sp. 

Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  of  female  on  the  apical  half  yellow,  her 
venter  carinate,  sides  of  front  and  face  in  both  sexes  deep  golden 
yellow  pollinose,  third  joint  of  antennae  two  and  one-third  times 
as  loug  as  the  second;  length,  5  to  9  mm.;  otherwise  as  in  the 
above  description  of  chcetoneura.  Mount  Washington  and  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  One  male  and  two  females,  one 
from  the  former  locality  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson,  the 
others  by  the  late  H.K.Morrison.     Type  No. 3618, U.S. National 

Museum aurifrons  n.  sp. 

Unrecognized  species. — M.(?)  fulvipalpis  Bigot,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France, 
p.  263;  1888:  Kocky  Mountains. 

Genus  ACEMYIA  Desv. 

Acemya  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  202;  1830. 
Agculocera  Macquart,  Annales  Society  Ent.  France,  p.  24;  1855. 

The  above  synonymy  was  first  determined  by  Eondani l  from  an 
examination  of  a  typical  specimen  received  from  Macquart,  and  is 


1  Dipterologia'  Italicae  l'rodroraus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  81;  18fil 


116 

repeated  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.1  Two  species  occur  in  our 
fauna,  and  in  each  there  are  three  postsntural  and  two  or  thredsterno- 
pleural  inacrochsetse : 
Tibia1  and  antenme,  except  sometimes  apex  of  second  joint,  black; 
apical  cell  closed,  frontal  bristles  descending  beneath  base  of 
second  antenna!  joint;  length,  (>  to  7  mm.  Beverly,  Mass.;  Tif 
ton,  Ga. ;  Georgetown,  Fla.;  Mobile.  Ala.;  Agricultural  College, 
Miss.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  (Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  p.  .*>1 1 ;  Sept.,  1895.) . .  dentata  Coq. 
Tibia'  and  second  antennal  joint  yellow,  apical  cell  open,  frontal 
bristles  not  descending  to  base  of  second  antennal  joint;  black, 
the  palpi,  apex  of  proboscis,  iirst  two  joints  of  antenna1,  tro- 
chanters, apices  of  femora,  and  whole  of  tibiie  yellow;  front  of 
female  as  broad  as  either  eye,  the  sides  brownish  gray  pollinose, 
two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  face  white  pollinose;  antenna' 
reaching  slightly  below  middle  of  face,  the  third  joint  one  and 
one  half  times  as  long  as  1 1  i  *  -  second,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  fourth,  vibrissa'  inserted  three-fourths  the  length  of  the 
third  antennal  joint  above  the  oral  margin,  two  or  three  bristles 
above  each,  cheeks  one-fifth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height;  thorax 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae;  abdomen  gray 
pollinose,  a  black  dot  at  base  of  each  hair,  the  hairs  depressed, 
a  marginal  pair  of  macrochaetaB  on  the  second  segment  and  a 
marginal  row  on  the  third  and  fourth;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein 
bearing  one  or  two  bristles  near  the  base,  the  others  bare,  apical 
crossvein  nearly  straight,  bend  of  fourth  vein  forming  an  obtuse 
angle;  calypteres  whitish:  length,  4  mm.  Santa  Cruz  Moun- 
tains, California.  A  single  female  specimen,  collected  by  A. 
Koebele.     Type  Xo.  3620,  U.  8.  National  Museum,  .tibialis  n.  sp. 

Genus  PSEUDOCH^TA  Coq. 

rseitdoehuia  Coquillett,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  p.  309;  Sept.,  1895. 

Our  species  have  two  or  three  pairs  of  backwardly  curving  macro- 
cha-ta'  on  the  sides  of  the  front  in  both  sexes,  and  with  two  pairs  of 
forwardly  directed  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the  male; 
four  postsntural  macroclneta': 

With  only  two  sternopleural  macrochretse ;  black,  including  the 
palpi;  third  joint  of  antenme  in  the  male  five,  in  the  female 
three,  times  as  long  as  the  second;  length,  5  to  7  nun.  From  the 
type  specimen.  Northern  Illinois;  Tifton,  Ga.;  Charlotte  Har- 
bor, Florida,  and  Santa  Barbara  County,  Cal.     (Proc.  Acad.  Xat. 

Sci.  Phila.,  p.  310;  Sept.,  1895.) argentifrons  Coq. 

With  four  sternopleural  macrochreta* ;  black,  the  apex  of  scutellum, 
sides  of  second  segment  of  abdomen,  hind  corners  of  the  first  and 
front  corners  of  the  third,  yellow;  front  of  female  scarcely  as  wide 
as  either  eye,  the  sides  and  face  silvery  pollinose,  frontal  vitta 


Zweif.  des  Kais.  Museum  zu  Wieu,  VI,  p.  226;  1893. 


117 

obliterated  in  front  of  the  middle  by  the  meeting  of  the  sides  of 
the  front,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  the  arista,  cheeks  one- 
tenth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  vibrissa?  inserted  on  a  level  with 
the  front  edge  of  the  oral  margin,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the 
lower  three-fourths,  antenna*  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  six  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  half,  the  penultimate  joint  slightly  longer  than  broad; 
thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae;  scutellum 
bearing  two  pairs  of  long  and  one  of  short  marginal,  also  a  short 
apical  pair,  of  nmcrochaeta1;  abdomen  subshining,  last  three  seg- 
ments thinly  gray  pollinose  and  with  dark  reflecting  spots,  the 
bristly  hairs  rather  long,  those  in  middle  of  dorsum  suberect, 
second  and  third  segments  bearing  only  marginal  macrochaetae; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  two  or  three  bristles  near  its 
base;  calypteres  white;  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  or  more 
macrochaetae  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibiae  evenly 
ciliate  outwardly ;  length,  7  mm.  District  of  Columbia.  A  single 
female  specimen  bred  from  a  Pyralid  found  upon  oak.  Type  No. 
3622,  U.  S.  National  Museum pyralidis  n.  sp. 

Genus  PROSPHERYSA  v.  d.  W. 

ProsphertjHa  van  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent. -Am.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  116;  May,  1890. 
Dexiophana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamui,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  374;  1891. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  apex  of  the  proboscis  and  of  the 
fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen,  yellowish  ;  three  postsutural  and  three 
sternopleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  mar- 
ginal and  a  short  apical  pair,  second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen 
bearing  discal  and  marginal,  middle  tibia*  each  bearing  two  on  the 
front  side  near  the  middle;  length,  9  mm.  Anglesea,  X.  J.  (Biologia 
Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  117;  May,  1890.)  . .  .cemulans  v.  d.  W. 

Genus  VANDERWULPIA  Town. 
J'anderwulpia  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  381;  Dec,  1891. 

Our  two  species  have  the  antennal  arista  thickened  to  the  middle 
and  clothed  with  a  pubescence  which  at  the  most  is  only  slightly  longer 
than  its  greatest  diameter;  three  postsutural  macrochaetae: 

Abdomen  reddish  yellow;  remainder  of  insect,  except  palpi  and 
apex  of  proboscis,  black;  calypteres  white,  wings  hyaline, 
anterior  veins  bordered  with  smoky,  petiole  of  apical  cell  over 
one-half  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein;  length,  7  mm.  Las 
duces,  N.  Mex.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  381; 
December,  1891.) .atrophopodoides  Town. 

Abdomen  and  entire  insect  except  palpi  and  lower  part  of  face, 
black,  calypteres  and  Aviugs  as  in  the  preceding  species,  petiole 
of  apical  cell  less  than  one-sixth  as  long  as  the  hind  crossvein; 
length,  10  mm.  Texas.  (Canadian  Entomologist.  Vol.  XXIV,  p. 
172;  July,  1892.) sequem  Tovm. 


118 


Genus  HOUGHIA,  new  genus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  may  be  gleaned  from  the  table  of  genera 
given  on  previous  pages,  and  the  following  description  of  the  type  spe- 
cies: Black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow;  front  of  female 
five-sixths  as  wide  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to 
middle  of  second  antennal  joint,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  and  two 
pairs  of  backwardly  curving  macrochaetae  outside  of  the  frontal  bris 
ties,  cheeks  one-twelfth  as  broad  as  the  eye-height,  four  or  five  bristles 
above  each  vibrissa1,  antenna'  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  from  four  to  five  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on 
the  basal  two-fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  broader  than  long;  thorax 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta1,  four  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  three  long  mar- 
ginal pairs  and  a  very  short  apical  pair;  abdomen  shining,  the  last 
three  segments  except  their  apices  whitish  pollinose,  each  segment 
bearing  marginal  macrochaetae \  middle  tibia'  each  bearing  a  single 
macrocha'ta  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibia'  outwardly 
subciliate;  wings  hyaline,  first  vein  bristly  except  on  its  base  and 
apex,  third  vein  bristly  almost  to  the  small  crossvein,  hind  crossvein  at 
last  third  of  distance  from  the  small  to  the  bend  of  the  fourth,  the  lat- 
ter not  appendiculate,  calypteres  whitish:  length,  6  to  7  mm.  Tiftou, 
Ga.  Two  females  collected  June  and  September  1,  1890,  by  Mr.  G.  R. 
Pilate,  and  transmitted  by  Dr.  Garry  deX.  Hough,  after  whom  the  genus 
is  named.     Type  No.  3623,  U.  S.  National  Museum setipennis  n.  sp. 

Genus  TACHINA  Meig. 

Tachina  Meigon,  in  Illiger's  Magazin  fiir  Insektenknnde,  Vol.  II,  p.  280;  1803. 
Eutachina  Brauerand  Bergenstamnij  Zweif.  Kais.  Mns.  Wien,  IV,  p.  98;  1889. 
ChcBtotachina  Brauer  and  Bergeiistamm,  loc.  cit. 
Tachinomyia  Townsend,  Trans.  Anier.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  96;  April,  1892. 

Eutachina  was  proposed  for  Tachina  under  the  mistaken  idea  that 
the  latter  is  identical  with  the  genus  Eehinomyia.     Clnetotaehina  is 
given  by  its  authors  as  a  subgenus  of  Eutachina.1     The  synonymy  of 
Tachinomyia  is  by  the  Avriter  and  is  based  on  a  cotype  specimen  of  the 
type  species.     Our  species  have  three  sternopleural  ruacrochaBiae,  and 
two  or  more  on  the  front  side  of  each  middle  tibia  near  the  middle: 
1.  Apices  of  last  three  segments  of  abdomen  shining  black,  tip  of  abdo- 
men black,  genitalia  not  or  only  slightly  projecting  beyond  the 
tip  of  the  fourth  segment,  frontal  bristles  descending  on  sides 
of  face  nearly  halfway  to   the  vibrissa*,  facial  ridges  bristly 

almost  to  the  lowest  frontal  bristles 2. 

Apices  of  last  three  segments  of  abdomen  usually  opaque  gray 
pollinose,  apex  of  scutellum  and  of  abdomen  usually  yellow, 
genitalia  of  male  projecting  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  125;  1893. 


119 

fourth  segment  in  the  form  of  a  claw,  frontal  bristles  seldom 
descending  on  sides  of  face  more  than  one-third  of  the  distance 
to  the  vibrissa?,  facial  ridges  bristly  about  three-fifths  of  distance 
from  the  vibrissas  to  the  lowest  frontal  bristles ;  length,  6  to  14 
mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  Franconia,  X.  H.;  Springfield,  Mass.; 
Clementon,  X.  J. ;  Ithaca,  X.  Y. ;  northern  Illinois;  Ames,  Iowa; 
Cadet,  Mo.;  Brookings,  S.  Dak.;  Colorado;  Pullman,  Wash.; 
Oregon,  and  California.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p. 
90;  April,  1892:  TacJiinomyia :  from  a  cotype  specimen.  Pro- 
spherysa  similis  Williston,  Xortli  American  Fauna,  Xo.  7.  p.  256; 

May  31,  1893:  from  a  cotype  specimen.) robusta  Town. 

2.  Thorax  bearing  four  postsutural  niacrochaetae,  second  and  third  seg- 
ments of  abdomen  destitute  of  discal  ones;  length,  6  to  13  mm. 
Toronto,  Canada;  Franconia,  X.  H.;  Massachusetts;  Xew  i'ork, 
X.  Y. ;  District  of  Columbia;  West  Virginia;  Tifton,  Ga.; 
Florida;  Onaga,  Kans.;  Texas;  Las  Cruces,  X.  Mcx.;  West 
Cliff,  Colo.;  Evanston,  Wyo. ;  Pullman,  Wash.;  Oregon,  and 
California.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  7(37;  1819. 
Tachina pancvtius  Walker,  loc.  cit.  Tachina pansa  Walker,  loc. 
cit.,  p.  787.  Podotachina  americana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm, 
Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  351;  1891.  Tachina  clisiocampce 
Townsend,  Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  83;  May,  1891.  Tachina  orgyice 
Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  281;  December, 
1892.  Achwtoneura  fernaldi  Williston,  in  Forbush  and  Fernald's 
The  Gypsy  Moth,  p.  387;  1890.  Eutachina  sp.,  Brauer  and  Ber- 
genstamm in  lift.) mella  Walk. 

Thorax  bearing  only  three  postsutural  inacroclneta*,  second  and 
third  segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  rnacroclneta* ;  length, 
7  to  10  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  White  Mountains  and  Fran- 
conia, X.  H. ;  Colorado ;  Washington ;  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal. ; 
Germany,  and  Austria.  Two  males  and  two  females  from  Aus- 
tria, received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and  by  them  labeled 
Ckcetotachina  rusticaMeig.;  also  three  males  and  two  females 
from  Germany,  received  from  Zeller  and  by  him  labeled  Tachina 
lar varum.  (Diptera  SueeiaB,  Muscidae,  p.  5 ;  1820.  The  follow- 
ing synonymy  is  by  Rondani  in  Dipt.  Ital.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  200;  1859, 
and  is  repeated  by  Schiner  in  Faun.  Aus.,  Vol.  I,  pp.174,  175; 
1862:  Tachina  rittata  Macquart,  Annales  Soc.  Entom.  France, 
p.  377;  1854;  also  flavipalpis,  p.  382;  ludibunda  and  rectiner- 
vis,  p.  383;  audens,  p.  385;  Jiavifrons,  p.  386;  pumila,  p.  387; 
albifrons,  p.  389;  and  alacer,  p.  390.  The  following  is  by  the 
writer:  Tachina  spinosula  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XVIII,  p.  353;  Xovember,  1891.  Tachina  tenthredinirora 
Townsend,  loc  cit.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  285;  December,  1892.  Chaio- 
tachina  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) ....  rustica  Fallen. 

Unrecognized  species. — T.('l)  hybrcas  Walker;  Brit.  Amer. 


120 


Genus  TACHINOPSIS,  new  genus. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  type  species :  Black,  the  frontal 
vitta,  first  two  joints  of  antenna1,  and  the  palpi  yellow;  front  of  male 
two-thirds  as  wide  as  either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  slightly 
below  the  arista,  no  orbital  bristles,  hairs  on  sides  of  front  short  and 
sparse,  cheeks  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  vibrissa1  on  a  line 
with  front  edge  of  oral  margin,  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  three- 
fourths,  antenna;  six-sevenths  as  long  as  the  face,  third  joint  three  and 
one  half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal 
two-fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  thorax  gray 
pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitta1,  four  postsutural  and  three 
sternopleural  macrochae tae ;  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs; 
abdomen  shining,  bases  of  last  three  segments  opaque  gray  pollinose, 
first  three  segments  bearing  marginal  macrochaetae  only;  front  pulvilli 
as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint,  middle  tibia;  each  bearing  two  macro 
chsetae  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  hind  tibia1  outwardly  subcil- 
iate;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  near  its  base,  hind 
crossvein  slightly  beyond  the  middle  between  the  small  and  the  bend, 
last  section  of  fifth  vein  almost  as  long  as  the  preceding  section ;  calyp 
teres  white;  length,  7  mm.  Washington.  A  single  male  specimen 
collected  by  Prof.  O.  B.  Johnson.  Type  No.  3024,  U.  S.  National 
Museum mentalis  n.  sp. 

Genus  EUTHERA  Loew. 
Euihera  Loew,  Diptera  Auier.  Septentrionalis  Indig.,  Cent.  VII,  No.  85;  1864. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  frontal  vitta,  middle  of  face,  lower 
part  of  head,  the  palpi,  and  femora  yellow;  wings  brown  on  the  costal 
edge  beyond  the  humeral  crossvein,  along  the  last  two  sections  of  the 
fifth  vein,  a  fascia  from  costa  over  the  hind  crossvein  and  including  the 
small  crossvein,  finally  a  fascia  which  fills  the  apex  of  the  apical  cell; 
length,  7  mm.  Pottstown,  Pa.,  and  Tifton,  Ga.  (Loc.  cit.) .  tentatrix  Loew. 

Genus  DEMOTICUS  Macq. 

Demotions  Macquart,  Annales  Soc.  Eut.  France,  p.  442;  1854. 

» 

1.  Femora  largely  or  wholly  black 3. 

Femora  and  tibiae   yellow;    three  postsutural   and   three   sterno- 
pleural inacrochretaj 2. 

2.  Third  vein  bristly  at  least  one-third  of  the  distance  from  base  to 

small  crossvein,  front  of  male  five  sixths  as  wide  as  either  eye, 
thorax,  except  the  humeri,  and  the  tarsi  black;  length,  9  to  11 
mm.  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Colorado ;  California,  and  Washington. 
(Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVJ I,  p.  127;  May,  1895:  Drep- 
cmoglossa.) venatoris  Coq. 


121 

Third  vein  bearing  only  two  bristles  at  the  base,  front  of  the  male 
one  and  one-half  times  as  wide  as  either  eye ;  yellow,  the  third 
antennal  joint,  proboscis,  center  of  dorsum  of  thorax,  three 
spots  on  the  pleura,  and  a  dorsal  spot  on  the  third  and  fourth 
segments  of  the  abdomen  black;  frontal  bristles  descending 
almost  to  apex  of  second  antennal  joint,  third  antennal  joint 
twice  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  third, 
cheeks  nearly  one-half  as  wide  as  the  eye  height,  proboscis  slen- 
der, rigid,  labella  very  small;  second  and  third  segments  of  abdo- 
men bearing  marginal  macrochaetae,  the  fourth  covered  except 
on  the  basal  third;  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  white;  front  pul- 
villi  slightly  shorter  than  the  last  tarsal  joint;  length,  11  mm. 
Denver,  Colo.     A  single  male  specimen.     Type  in  U.  S.  National 

Museum pallidum  n.  sp. 

3.  Scutellum  yellow,  four  postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae; black,  the  first  two  joints  of  the  antenna1,  the  palpi, 
scutellum,  and  sides  of  the  last  three  abdominal  segments,  also 
the  apex  of  the  fourth,  yellow;  front  in  female  slightly  wider 
than  either  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  almost  to  tip  of 
second  antennal  joint,  antenna1  nearly  three-fourths  as  long  as 
the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as  the 
second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three -fifths,  the  penulti- 
mate joint  one  and  one  half  times  as  long  as  wide;  head  at  base 
of  antenna1  slightly  shorter  than  on  its  lower  edge,  vibrissa? 
inserted  about  half  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint 
above  the  oral  margin,  three  or  four  bristles  above  each;  thorax 
gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae ;  scutellum  bearing 
four  pairs  of  rather  long  marginal  macrochaetae ;  abdomen  thinly 
gray  pollinose,  second  segment  bearing  a  pair  of  marginal  ma- 
crochaetae,  the  third  bearing  a  marginal  row,  the  fourth  covered 
except  on  the  basal  fifth;  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  two  long 
macrocha?ta3  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  the  hind  tibiae 
outwardly  subciliate;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  about 
four  bristles  near  its  base,  the  others  bare,  apex  of  third  vein  mid- 
way between  tip  of  second  and  the  extreme  wing  tip,  hind  cross- 
vein  at  last  third  of  distance  from  the  small  to  the  bend,  the 
latter  not  appendiculate;  calypteres  white;  length,  8  mm.  Siski- 
you Co.,  Cal.  A  female  specimen  bred  from  Melitcea  palla  by 
A.  Koebele.   Type  No.  302G,  U.S.  National  Museum.  melitwwii.SY*. 

Scutellum  black,  probably  four  postsutural  macrochreta1,  but  the 
anterior  pair  is  wanting  in  the  type  specimen,  four  sterno- 
pleurals;  black,  the  palpi,  sides  of  first  three  segments  of  abdo- 
men except  the  front  corners,  tibia1,  and  apical  third  of  under 
side  of  each  femur  yellowish;  front  of  male  one-half  as  wide  as 
either  eye,  no  orbital  bristles,  frontals  descending  to  middle  of 
second  joint  of  antennae,  cheeks  one  third  as  broad  as  the  eye- 


122 

height,  vibrissa*  slightly  above  the  level  of  front  edge  of  oral 
margin,  five  or  six  bristles  above  each ;  antennae  five  sixths  as 
long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and  three  fourths  times  as 
long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths,  the 
penultimate  joint  as  broad  as  long,  palpi  linear,  proboscis  rigid, 
label  la  small  but  distinct;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with 
live  black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  five  pairs  of  marginal  macro- 
chaetae; abdomen  gray  pollinose  except  the  apices  of  the  last 
three  segments,  first  segment  bearing  marginal,  the  following 
two  with  discal  and  marginal  macroclneta1 ;  middle  tibia' each 
bearing  two  or  more  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle,  hind 
tibiae  outwardly  subciliate,  front  pulvilli  longer  than  the  last 
tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  three  bristles  at 
the  base,  fourth  vein  rounded  at  the  bend,  beyond  which  it  is 
nearly  straight  until  a  short  distance  before  its  apex,  where  it 
is  strongly  arcuate;  calypteres  white,  margined  with  yellow; 
length,  13  mm.  Blue  Mountains.  Washington.  A  single  male 
specimen,  collected  July  15,  1896,  by  Prof.  0.  V.  Piper.  Type 
No.  3627,  U.  S.  National  Museum piper i  n.  sp. 

Genus  PARAPHYTO  Coq. 

Parapkyto  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  Y.  Knt.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  105;  Sept.,  1S95. 

1.  First  two  segments  of  abdomen  destitute  of  dorsal  macrochaetae, 

scutellum  bearing  three  marginal  pairs,  three  postsuturals  and 
two  Bternoplenrals,   third  vein  bristly  about  halfway  to  the 

small  erossvein 2. 

First  two  segments  bearing  dorsal,  the  second  and  third  with  discal 
and  marginal  macrochaetae,  scutellum  bearing  five  marginal 
pairs,  four  postsuturals  and  three  sternopleurals,  third  vein 
bristly  on  the  basal  eighth  before  the  small  erossvein,  abdomen 
subshining.  thinly  whitish  pollinose,  destitute  of  distinct  black 
spots;  black,  including  the  palpi,  the  face  and  cheeks  largely 
reddish;  length,  13  mm.  Laggan,  Brit.  Amer.  (Can.  Entomolo- 
gist, Vol.  XXIV,  p.  68;  March,  1802:   Trixa.) gillettei  Town. 

2.  Abdomen  subshining,  thinly  jray  pollinose,  destitute  of  distinct 

black  spots;  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  antennae,  facial  depres- 
sion, and  palpi  yellow ;  abdomen  sometimes  largely  brownish-red ; 
length,  11  to  13  mm.  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and  Agricultural  College, 
Michigan.     (Journal  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  105;   Sept., 

1805.) chittendeni  Coq. 

Abdomen  opaque  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  three  rows  of  shining 
black  spots ;  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  antennae,  facial  depres- 
sion, and  palpi  yellow;  front  of  female  one  and  one-fourth  times 
as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  frontal  bris- 
tles not  descending  below  base  of  antenna?,  sides  of  face  at  nar- 
rowest part  each  two-fifths  as  wide  as  the  facial  depression, 


1?3 

hairy  one-half  the  distance  from  the  lowest  frontal  bristle  to  the 
vibrissas,  the  latter  inserted  slightly  above  the  anterior  edge  of 
the  oral  margin,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lowest  sixth ;  antennae 
three-fourths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  one  and  one-half 
times  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  pubescent,  thickened  on  the 
basal  two-fifths,  the  penultimate  joint  shorter  than  broad,  cheeks 
almost  as  wide  as  the  eye  height;  thorax  opaque  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  three  black  vittre;  wings  hyaline,  calypteres  white; 
length,  12  mm.  Colorado;  and  Mesilla.  X.  Mex.  Three  female 
specimens,  captured  by  Carl  F.  Baker  and  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 
Type  No.  3584,  U.  S.  National  Museum opaca  n.  sp. 

Genus  PARACH^TA,  new  genus. 

The  principal  characters  of  this  genus  have  been  given  in  the  table 
of  genera  published  on  previous  pages.  The  type  species  is  black, 
the  first  two  joints  of  antennae,  palpi,  hind  corners  of  thorax,  and  the 
scutellum  yellow;  sides  of  first  three  segments  of  abdomen  sometimes 
tinged  with  yellowish;  front  of  male  one-half  as  wide  as  either  eye, 
destitute  of  orbital  bristles,  frontal  bristles  descending  to  base  of 
third  antennal  joint,  cheeks  one-fourth  as  wide  as  the  eye  height, 
vibrissa?  inserted  one- third  the  length  of  the  second  antennal  joint 
above  the  anterior  edge  of  the  oral  margin,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the 
lower  two-thirds  to  three-fourths;  antennae  four-fifths  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  one-third  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened 
on  the  basal  half,  the  penultimate  joint  scarcely  longer  than  broad; 
thorax  thinly  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  four 
postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaeta',  scutellum  bearing 
four  pairs  of  long  marginal;  abdomen  shining,  destitute  of  pollen,  no 
macrochaetae  on  the  first  two  segments,  only  a  marginal  row  on  the 
third;  hind  tibiae  densely  ciliate  with  scale-like  bristles;  wings  hyaline, 
the  bases  brownish,  calypteres  brown;  length,  13  mm.  Ithaca  and 
New  York,  N.  Y.  (Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supplement  1,  p.  158;  1846: 
Blepliaripeza.  Blepliaripeza  inermis  Bigot,  Annates  Soc.  Ent.  France, 
p.  91;  1888.) bicolor  Macq. 

Genus  BLEPHARIPEZA  Macq. 

Blepliaripeza  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  II,  p.  211(54);  1813. 
Rileya  Brauer  and  Bergenstamin,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  121;  1893.     (Xon 

Ashmead,  Entomologica  Americana,  Vol.   IV,  p.  42;  June,   1888.     Xon  Howard, 

loc.  cit.,  p.  80;  July,  1888.) 
Rileymyia  Townsend,  Entomological  News,  Vol.  IV,  p.  277;  October,  1893. 

The  latter  name  was  proposed  to  take  the  place  of  Kileya,  which  is 
preoccupied  in  the  Hymenoptera.  A  comparison  of  specimens  of  Bilei/a 
americana  (the  type  species  of  this  genus),  identified  by  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm,  with  specimens  of  Blepliaripeza  leueoplirys  (the  type 
species  of  the  latter  genus),  fails  to  disclose  any  difference  of  generic 


124 

value.     Our  two  species  have  four  postsutural  aud  three  steruopleura 

macroclisetse : 

Abdomen  wholly  black;  length,  1L  to  13  mm.     Franconia,  N.  H.,  and 

Washington.    ( Aussereuropiiische  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p. 308; 

1830:  Tachhia.     Blepharipeza  rufipalpis  Macquart,  Dipt.  Exot., 

Vol.  II,  Part  II,  p.  212  (55);  1843.     Tachina  latifrom  Walker, 

Insecta  Saundersiaua,  p.  284;  1850.) leueophrys  Wied. 

Abdomen  reddish  yellow,  a  black  dorsal  vitta;  length,  10  to  11  mm. 
Toronto,  Canada;  Oswego  and  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Colorado,  and 
California,  (l)iptera  Amer.  Septen.  Indigena,  Centuria  X,  No. 
07;  187-J.  Blepharipeza  fulvipes  Bigot,  Ann.  Soc.  Entoinol. 
France,  p.  92 j  L888.  Blepharipeza  exul  Townsend,  Canadian 
Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  (U;  March,  1892.  Blepharipeza 
rufescens  Townsend,  Trans.  Am.  Bnt.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  00; 
April,  1802.  Uileya  americana  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif. 
Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  201;  1803:  also  inlltt.). .  .  .adust a  Loew. 

Genus  WINTHEMIA  Desv. 

Winthemia  Desvoidy,  Essai  but  les  Myodaires,  }).  173;  1830. 

ChetoliQa  Rondani,  Dipterologise  Itulic;»-  Prodromns,  Vol.  I,  p.  66;  185(3. 

This  synonomy  has  already  been  published  by  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm.1    Desvoidy  (loc.  eit.)  gives  the  Musca  quadripustulata  Fabr.  as 

the  type  of  Winthemia:  and  this  species  is  included  by  Rondani  in  his 

genus  Ohetoliga  (loc.  eit..  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  105  and  108): 

1.  Thorax    bearing   four    postsutural    and   two  sternopleural    macro- 

chaetae 2. 

Thorax  bearing  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae;  black,  the  palpi  yellow,  frontal  vitta  dark  brown;  front 
in  male  slightly  broader  than  either  eye;  antennae  six-sevenths 
as  long  as  the  face,  third  joint  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the 
second,  arista  thickened  nearly  to  the  middle,  cheeks  one  sixth 
as  broad  as  the  eye  height;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with 
four  black  vitta;  scutellum  bearing  four  marginal  pairs  of  ma- 
croch;et;e.  of  which  the  second  and  apical  pairs  are  shorter  than 
the  others;  abdomen  wholly  gray  pollinose,  the  bristly  hairs 
rather  long  and  suberect,  second  segment  bearing  a  marginal 
pair,  the  third  a  marginal  row  of  macrochaetae,  those  on  the 
fourth  segment  scarcely  longer  than  the  bristly  hairs;  hind 
tibhe  outwardly  ciliate  and  with  a  much  longer  bristle  near  the 
middle,  front  pul villi  as  long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings 
hyaline,  fourth  vein  beyond  the  bend  almost  straight;  calyp- 
teres  white;  length,  7  mm.  Maryland.  A  single  male  speci- 
men, collected  by  the  writer  in  June.  Type  No.  3628,  U.  S. 
National  Museum obscura  n.  sp. 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  239;  1893. 


125 

2.  Palpi,  scutelluin,  and  apex  of  abdomen,  black;  third  aiiteimal  joint 
in  the  female  three  times  as  long  as  the  second,  hind  tibiae  out- 
wardly near  the  middle  bearing  a  bristle  which  is  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  the  adjacent  ones;  length,  7  mm.  Los  Angeles 
County,  Cal.     (Ann.  Soc  Entomol.  France,  p.  258;  1888:   Chce- 

tolyga.) - nigrifacies  Bigot. 

Palpi,  scutelluin,  and  apex  of  abdomen,  yellowish;  third  antennal 
joint  in  the  female  about  twice  as  long  as  the  second,  no  longer 
bristles  on  outer  side  of  the  hind  tibire  near  the  middle;  females 
usually  with  a  marginal  pair  of  macrochaetse  on  the  second 
abdominal  segment,  which  is  generally  wanting  in  the  males; 
length,  6  to  12  mm.  London,  Canada;  White  Mountains  and 
Franconia,  X.  H.;  Agawam,  Mass.;  Delaware  County,  Pa.; 
Ithaca,  N.Y.;  Chester,  Pa. ;  District  of  Columbia;  Portsmouth, 
Va. ;  Shreveport,  La. ;  Illinois;  Agricultural  College,  Mich.;  St. 
Louis,  Mo.;  Washington,  and  Germany.  Four  males  from  Ger- 
many received  from  Zeller  and  by  him  labeled  Nemorcea  4-pustu- 
lat<(.  (Entom.  Systematica,  Vol.  IV,  p.  324;  1794:  Musca.  The 
following  synonymy  is  by  Schiner  in  Faun.  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p. 
454:  Winthemia  cinerea  Desvoidy,  Ann.  Soc.  Entomol.  France, 
p.  270;  1847.  The  following  is  by  the  writer:  Exorista  leu- 
canice  Kirkpatrick,  Ohio  Agricultural  Report  for  1860,  p.  757; 
1861.  The  following  is  given  in  Osten  Sacken's  Catalogue: 
Exorista  ostensacl'enii  Kirkpatrick,  loc.  cit.  Senometopia  m  Hi- 
tar  is  Walsh,  Trans.  111.  State  Agric.  Soc,  Vol.  IV,  p.  367;  Sep- 
tember, 1861.  The  following  is  by  the  writer :  Exorista  cecropice 
Riley  MS.,  from  the  proposed  type  specimen.  Tachina  deile- 
philce  Osten  Sacken,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,]).  164; 
September,  1887.  Exorista  infesta  Williston,  in  Fourteenth 
Report  State  Ent.  Illinois,  p.  6o;  1885.  Chcetolyga  rufonotata 
Bigot,  Ann.  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  257;  1888.  Chcetolyga 
rufopicta  Bigot,  loc.  cit.,  p.  259.  Exorista  ciliata  Townsend, 
Trans.  Anier.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  363 ;  Dec,  1891.  Exorista 
platysamice  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  288;  Dec,  1892. 
Exorista  datanee  Townsend,  loc.  cit.  Chcetolyga  deilephilce  O.  S., 
Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) qiiadripustulata  Fabr. 

Genus  MUSCOPTERYX  Town. 

Muscopteryx  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  170;  July,  1892. 

Our  species  is  black,  including  the  palpi;  three  postsutural  and  three 
sternopleural  macrocha3ta3 ;  length,  9  mm.     Missouri.     (Loc.  cit,  p.  171.) 

vhcetosula  Town. 


126 


Genus  PARADIDYMA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Paradidyma  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kaia.  Mus.  Wieii,  V,  p.  382;  1891. 
Atrophopoda  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p,  373;  December,  1891. 
Lack nomma  Towuseud,  loc.  cit.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  103;  May,  1892. 

The  synonymy  of  Lachnomma  with  Paradidyma  is  given  with  a  query 
by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.1  In  the  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.  for 
1895,  page  77,  Mr.  Townsend  suggests  that  the  supposed  type  species 
of  his  two  genera,  Atrophopoda  and  Lachnomma,  are  but  the  opposite 
sexes  of  one  and  the  same  species,  and  the  specimens  in  the  National 
Museum  fully  establish  the  accuracy  of  this  supposition.  Our  single 
species  is  black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellowish;  three 
postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  maerochaetae ;  length,  G  to  9  mm. 
Springfield,  Mass.;  northern  Illinois;  District  of  Columbia;  Georgia; 
Agricultural  College,  Miss.;  Texas;  Custer  County,  Colo.;  Las  Crimes, 
K  Mex.;  and  Kern  County,  Cal.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII, 
p.374j  December,  1891 :  Atrophopoda.  Lachnomma  magnicornis  Town- 
Bend,  loc.  cit.,  Vol  XIX,  p.  104;  May.  1892.  .'Paradidyma  sp.,  Brauer 
and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) singularis  Town. 

Genus  ATR0PH0PALPUS  Tcwn. 

Atrophopalpua  Townsend,  Entomological  News,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  130;  June,  1892. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi  yellowish:  three  postsutural 
and  two  sternopleural  macrochajta* ;  length,  4f  to  7  mm.  Lake  Worth, 
Fla.    (Loc.  cit.,  p.  131.) angmticomis  Town. 

Genus  METACELETA  Coq. 

Metachceta  Coqtfillett,  Journal  X.  V.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  98;  September,  1895. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  palpi  and  apex  of  proboscis  yellow; 
body  not  pollinose;  three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae;  length, 4 too  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Toronto, Canada; 
Franconia,  N.  H.:  northern  Illinois;  Colorado,  and  Santa  Cruz  Moun- 
tains, California.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  795;  1849: 
Tachina.  Metachceta  atra  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill, 
1).  99 ;  September,  1895.) helymus  Walk. 

Genus  PHORICH^TA  Rond. 

Scopolia  Desvoidy,  Essai  but  les  Myodaires,  p.  268;  1830.     (Non  Huebner;  1816.) 
Phoriclucta  Roudani,  Dipterologia1  Italics  Prodroraus,  Vol.  IV,  p.  8;  1861. 

The  latter  name  was  proposed  to  take  the  place  of  Scopolia,  which  is 
preoccupied  in  the  Lepidoptera.  Our  species  has  the  sides  of  the  front 
and  the  body  shining  black,  and  destitute  of  pollen;  three  postsutural 
and  two  or  three  sternopleural  macroclneta1 ;  wings  hyaline,  the  veins 
and  crossveins  sometimes  bordered  with  brown;   length  4  to  6  mm. 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  193;  1893. 


127 

White  Mountains  and  Franconia,N.  H.;  Beverly,  Mass.;  northern  Illi- 
nois; Colorado;  British  Columbia;  Easton,  Wash.,  and  Placer  and  Los 
Angeles  counties,  Cal.     (In  Cook's  ^Notes  on  Injurious  Insects,  p.  5; 

1884 :  Scopolia.) - sequax  Will. 

Unrecognized  species. — P.?  (Scopolia)  lateralis  Macquart;  America 
(probably  South  America). 

Genus  CHiETOPLAGIA  Coq. 

Cluvtoplagia  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  98;  September,  1895. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  second  antennal  joint  and  the  palpi 
yellow;  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrocha^tie ;  wings 
blackish  along  the  veins  of  the  costal  half;  length,  7  mm.  District  of 
Columbia  and  southern  Illinois.     (Loc.  cit.) atripennis  Coq. 

Genus  METOPIA  Meig. 

Metopia  Meigen,  in  Illiger's  Magazin  fiir  Insektenkunde,  Vol.  II,  p.  280;  1803. 
Ophelia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lea  Myodaires,  p.  120;  1830. 

This  synonymy  is  given  by  Macquart1  and  repeated  by  Schiner2  and 
by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.3  Our  single  species  is  black,  including 
the  palpi,  sides  of  abdomen  sometimes  partly  yellow;  three  postsutural 
and  two  sternopleural  macrocha^e ;  length  G  to  8  mm.  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire;  Beverly,  Mass. ;  District  of  Columbia;  northern 
Illinois;  Kenedy,  Tex.;  Colorado;  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.;  Wash- 
ington; France;  Germany,  and  Austria.  A  male  from  Austria,  from 
the  old  Schiner  collection,  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and 
by  them  labeled  Metopia  leucocephala  (Bossi)  Schiner;  three  males  from 
Germany,  receivedfrom  Zeller,  and  by  him  labeled  Metopia  leucocephala; 
also  one  specimen  of  each  sex  from  France,  received  from  H.  du  Buysson, 
and  labeled  as  above.  (Fauna  Etrusca,  Vol.  II,  p.  1501;  1791:  Musca. 
Musca  labiata  Fabricius,4  Entomologia  Systematica,  Vol.  IV,  p.  329; 
1794.  Araba  squamipaUens  Desvoidy.  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  130; 
1830.  Araba  grisea  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  131.  Degeeria  lateralis  Mac- 
quart,  Dipt.  Exot.,  Sup.  Ill,  p. 208  [18] ;  1817.  Metopia  lugger i  Townsend, 
Can.  Entom.,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  69;  March,  1892.) leucocephala  Bossi. 

Genus  ARABA  Desv. 

Araba  Desvoidy,  Essai  stir  les  Myodaires,  p.  127;  1830. 

Eumetopia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  Ill;  1889. 

This  synonymy  has  already  been  acknowledged  by  the  last-men- 
tioned authors.5    Our  single  species  is  wholly  black;  front  in  male 


1  Anrtales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  436;  1850. 

2Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  198;  1862. 

^Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  234;  1893. 

4  This  synonymy  is  given  by  Meigen  and  repeated  by  most  subsequent  authors. 
Tho  synonymy  of  squamipallens  is  according  to  Schiner;  the  remainder  is  by  the 
writer. 

■'•Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  359 ;  1891. 


128 

silvery,  including  the  vitta,  in  the  female  grayish  pollinose,  the  vitta 
brownish;  orbital  bristles  present  in  both  sexes;  three  postsutural  and 
two  stemopleural  macrochieta?,  thorax  of  male  grayish  pollinose  except 
on  the  front  end,  not  vittate,  that  of  the  female  gray  pollinose  and 
marked  with  four  black  vittae;  abdomen  gray  pollinose,  last  three  seg- 
ments black  on  the  hind  margins,  or  each  marked  with  three  black 
spots;  length,  4  to  6  mm.  Northern  Illinois;  Colorado,  and  Los  An- 
geles County,  Cal.  (Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  103;  September, 
1895.) tergata  Coq. 

Genus  OPSIDIA  Coq. 

Opeidia  Coquillett,  Journal  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  102;  September,  1895. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  the  antennae  and 
the  palpi  yellow;  three  postsutural  and  two  or  three  stemopleural 
macrocha'ta1:  length,  9  mm.  From  the  type  specimen.  Massachusetts; 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  and  Iowa.     (Loc.  cit.) gonioides  Coq. 

Genus  HILARELLA  Rond. 

Hilarella  Rondani,  Dipterologite  Italicte  Prodromue,  Vol.  I,  p.  70;  1856. 
Eumacronyckia  Townsend,  Trans.  Ahum-.  Ent,  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  98;  May,  1892. 
Gymnojtrosopa  Townsend,  loc.  cit.,  p.  108. 

This  synonymy  is  by  the  writer.  All  of  our  species  have  three  post- 
sutural  and  two  stemopleural  inacrocluetie : 

1.  Tip  of  abdomen  black,  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  marginal 

macrochsetae 2. 

Tip  of  abdomen  and  the  genitalia  yellow,  scutellum  bearing  only 
two  pairs  of  marginal  inacrochsetae,  abdomen  gray  pollinose, 
hind  margins  of  the  first  three  segments  black,  third  vein  bristly 
at  least  halfway  to  the  small  crossvein,  arista  thickened  on  the 
basal  half;  length,  0  to  8  mm.  From  a  cotype  specimen  received 
from  Mr.  Townsend.  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  and  Los  Angeles 
County,  Cal.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  99;  May, 
189i' :  EumacronycMa.) decern  Town. 

2.  Third  vein  bristly  at  least  halfway  to  the  small  crossvein 3. 

Third  vein  bearing  from  one  to  four  bristles  near  its  base 4. 

3.  Arista  thickened  on  at  least  the  basal  three-fifths,  abdomen  gray 

pollinose,  the  first  three  segments  each  marked  with  from  one  to 
three  black  spots,  hind  margin  of  the  fourth  segment  also  black, 
antenna?  usually  but  not  always  yello»w;  length,  5  to  9  mm. 
Franconia,  jST.  H.;  JSTew  Bedford,  Mass.;  Avalon  and  Angelsea, 
N.  J.,  and  northern  Illinois.  From  the  type  specimen.  (Jour- 
nal N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  106;  September,  1895:     Oymno- 

prosopa.) fulvicomis  Coq. 

Arista  at  most  thickened  on  the  basal  two-fifths,  abdomen  shining 


129 

black,  the  bases  of  the  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose; 
length,  4  to  5  mm.  Southern  Illinois;  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  Florida. 
(Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  109;  May,  1892:  Gymno- 
prosopa.  Gymnoprosopa  argent  if rons  Townsend,  loc.  cit.  Gymno- 
prosopa  clarifrons  Townsend,  loc.  cit.) polita  Town. 

4.  Third  vein  bearing  three  or  four  bristles  near  its  base,  the  outermost 

at  the  first  fifth  of  distance  to  the  small  crossvein,  abdomen  gray 
pollinose  and  marked  with  five  rows  of  black  spots,  the  two 
outer  ones  situated  on  the  lateral  margins;  arista  thickened  on 
the  basal  two-fifths;  length,  5  to  6  mm.  Olementon,  X.  J.;  Tif- 
ton,  Ga. ;  Colorado,  and  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.  (Diptera  Scandi- 
navia?, Vol.  Ill,  p.  1213;  1844:  Miltogramma.) . .  .siphonina  Zett. 
Third  vein  bearing  a  single  bristle  near  its  base,  arista  thickened 
on  the  basal  three-fourths : 5. 

5.  Frontal  vitta  next  the  antennae  almost  as  wide  as  either  side  of  the 

front,  abdomen  gray  pollinose,  the  first  segment  and  three  large 
spots  on  the  second  and  third  shining  black;  black;  face  white, 
sides  of  front  yellowish  pollinose,  front  in  the  male  one-half,  in 
the  female  as  wide  as,  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in 
both  sexes,  antenna?  four -fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  four  times  as  long  as  the  second,  penultimate  joint  of  arista 
broader  than  long,  cheeks  scarcely  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the 
eye  height,  vibrissa?  fully  developed,  only  two  or  three  bristles 
above  each;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black 
vitta1,  scutellum  gray  pollinose,  the  sides  black,  wings  hyaline, 
calypteres  white,  lnacrochreta?  of  abdomen  short  and  depressed, 
only  marginal;  length,  4  to  5  mm.  Southern  Illinois  and  Colo- 
rado. One  male  and  two  females,  the  former  collected  by  Mr. 
Charles  Kobertson,  the  latter  by  Mr.  Carl  F.  Baker.  Type  Xo. 
3634,  U.  S.  Xational  Museum aristalis  n.  sp. 

Frontal  vitta  next  the  antenna?  less  than  one- third  as  wide  as  either 
side  of  the  front ;  black,  the  antenna?,  face,  palpi,  and  first  three 
segments  of  abdomen  yellow,  abdomen  shining  except  the 
whitish  pollinose  bases  of  the  last  three  segments;  front  in  both 
sexes  almost  as  wide  as  either  eye,  antenna?  in  the  male  five- 
sixths,  in  the  female  three-fourths,  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  in  the  male  six,  in  the  female  four,  times  as  long  as  the 
second,  thorax  gray  pollinose,  not  vittate,  wings  hyaline,  calyp- 
teres white;  length,  4  to  5  mm.  Holly  Springs,  Miss.  Three 
males  and  one  female,  collected  by  F.  W.  Mally . .  rufiventris  n.  sp. 

Unrecognized  species. — H.  (Eumacr onychia)  elita  Townsend,  Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  100;  1892.     Las  Graces,  X.  Mex. 
3359 9 


130 


Genus  TRICOGENA  Rond. 

Tricogena  Rondani,  Dipterologin'  Italics  Prodronius,  Vol.  I,  p.  88;  1856. 

Frauenfel dia  Egger,  Verhand.  Kais.-Kon.  Zool.-Botan.  Gesell.,  Vol.  XV,  p.  297;  1865. 

This  synonymy  is  according  to  Brauer  and  Bergenstauim : l 
Palpi  yellow,  insect  elsewhere  black;  front  of  female  one  and  one- 
fonrth  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles, 
frontal  bristles  descending  to  the  arista,  sides  of  face  each  at 
narrowest  part  one-half  as  wide  as  the  facial  depression,  each 
bearing  two  downwardly  curving  macrochaetae,  the  lowest  of 
which  is  nearly  on  a  level  with  lower  ends  of  eyes,  cheeks  two 
fifths  as  wide  as  the  eye-height,  vibrissas  slightly  above  the  oral 
margin,  one  or  two  bristles  above  each;  antennas  four- fifths  as 
long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  only  slightly  longer  than  the 
second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth,  the  penultimate 
joint  broader  than  long;  thorax  whitish  pollinose,  not  distinctly 
vittate,  three  postsutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochsetae, 
scutellum  bearing  three  long  marginal  pairs,  abdomen  shining, 
the  bases  of  the  second  and  third  segments  whitish  pollinose, 
first  three  segments  bearing  marginal  macrochaetae ;  middle  tibiae 
each  bearing  two  on  the  front  side  near  the  middle:  wings  whitish 
hyaline,  the  costal  edge  brownish,  third  vein  bearing  two  bristles 
at  the  base,  hind  crossvein  midway  between  the  small  and  the 
bend,  petiole  of  apical  cell  slightly  shorter  than  the  small  cross- 
vein,  calypteres  white;  length,  5  mm.  Colorado.  A  female 
specimen.  Type  No.  3635,  U.  S.  National  Museum . costalis  n.  sp. 
Palpi  black,  insect  elsewhere  black;  front  of  female  almost  as  wide  as 
cither  eye,  frontal  bristles  descending  slightly  below  base  of 
first  antenna]  joint,  sides  of  face  at  narrowest  part  each  one-fifth 
as  wide  as  the  median  depression,  each  bearing  a  row  of  macro 
chaetae  and  scattered  black  hairs,  cheeks  nearly  one- third  as 
broad  as  the  eye  height,  antenna'  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  twice  as  long  as  the  second;  body  with  a 
strong  brassy  tinge,  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae,  bases  of 
last  three  segments  of  abdomen  whitish  pollinose;  wings  hya- 
line, the  portion  in  front  of  fifth  vein  tinged  with  yellowish, 
especially  along  the  veins  and  crossveins,  third  vein  bristly 
almost  to  the  small  crossvein;  length,  7  mm.,  otherwise  as  in 
the  above  description  of  costalis.  Franconia,  N.  H.  A  single 
female  specimen  collected  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson.  Type  No. 
3636,  U.  S.  National  Museum setipennis  n.  sp. 


Zweif.  Kais.  Mns.Wien,Vl,  p.  238;  1893. 


131 


Genus  BRACHYCOMA  Rond. 

Brachycoma  Rondani,  Dipterologia*  Italic*  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  69;  1856. 
Laccoprosoj>a  Towiisend,  Trans.  Airier.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  365;  December,  1891. 
Sarcotachinella  Towiisend,  loc.  cit.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  110;  1892. 

A  comparison  of  a  cotype  specimen  of  Laecoprosopa  sarcophagi na 
(the  type  species  of  this  genus)  kindly  submitted  by  Mr.  Charles  Rob- 
ertson, of  Carlinville,  111.,  with  a  specimen  of  Brachywma  devia  (the 
type  species  of  the  latter  genus)  received  from  and  identified  by  Brauer 
and  Bergenstanmi,  fails  to  disclose  any  difference  of  generic  impor- 
tance; and  the  same  is  true  in  regard  to  specimens  that  I  identify  as 
Sarcotachinella  intermedia  Town.  All  of  our  species  have  only  three 
postsutural  macrochaetae : 

1.  Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  wholly  black 3. 

Fpurth  segment  largely  yellow,  abdomen  destitute  of  discal  macro- 
chaetae, scutellum  bearing  three  marginal  pairs,  bend  of  fourth 
vein  appendiculate 2. 

2.  Sides  of  face  each  bearing  a  row   of    macrochsetse,   palpi  black; 

length,    8   to   10    mm.      Southern   California.      (Entomological 

News,  Vol.  V,  p.  172;  June,  1894.) .  .davidsoni  Coq. 

Sides  of  face  bearing  short  bristly  hairs  not  disposed  in  rows,  palpi 
yellow;  black,  the  palpi  and  fourth  abdominal  segment  yellow, 
antennae  more  or  less  reddish;  front  in  the  male  one-half,  in 
the  female  almost,  as  wide  as  either  eye,  three  pairs  of  orbital 
bristles  in  the  female,  wanting  in  the  male;  cheeks  two- thirds 
as  wide  as  the  eye  height;  antennae  five  sixths  as  long  as  the 
face,  the  third  joint  one  and  two-thirds  times  as  long  as  the 
second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth;  abdomen  gray 
pollinose,  the  first  three  segments  marked  with  a  black  dorsal 
vitta  and  two  subdorsal  rows  of  black  spots  situated  on  the 
hind  margins  of  the  segments;  second  segment  bearing  a  small 
marginal  pair  of  macrochaetae,  the  third  and  fourth  each  with  a 
marginal  row;  front  pulvilli  of  male  slightly  longer  than,  of 
the  female  two-thirds  as  long  as,  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings 
hyaline,  third  vein  bristly  almost  halfway  to  the  small  cross- 
vein,  calypteres  white;  length,  7  to  8  mm.  Connecticut  and 
Virginia.  A  single  specimen  of  each  sex,  that  from  Virginia 
collected  by  Theodore  Pergande  May  23,  1884.  Type  No.  3038, 
U.  S.  National  Museum apicalis  n.  sp. 

3.  Second  and  third  segments  of  abdomen  destitute  of  discal  macro- 

chsetai,  thorax  marked  with  three  or  five  black  vittre 4. 

Second  and  third  segments  bearing  discal  macrochaetae,  thorax 
marked  with  four  black  vittae;  black,  the  palpi  and  base  of 
third  antennal  joint  yellow;  front  in  female  three-fourths  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  antenna'  four- 
fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  scarcely  longer  than 


132 

the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  fourth,  sides  of  face 
each  bearing  a  single  row  of  macrochaetae,  cheeks  one-fourth  as 
wide  ns  the  eye  height;  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long 
marginal  macrocha'ta1;  abdomen  opaque  gray  pollinose,  with 
darker  reflecting  spots,  first  and  second  segments  with  a  mar- 
ginal pair,  second  and  third  each  with  a  discal  pair,  third  with 
a  marginal  row,  and  the  fourth  with  three  rows  of  macroclueta) ; 
wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bristly  halfway  to  the  small  crossvein, 
apical  cell  short  petiolate,  calypteres  white;  length,  (5  mm. 
San  Diego,  Tex.  A  female  collected  May  2,  1895,  by  E.  A. 
Schwarz.     Type  No.  3639, 1  J".  S.  National  Museum  .pulverea  n.  sp. 

4.  Scutellum  bearing  only  two  pairs  of  long  marginal  macroclnetie,  cos- 
tal spine  much  longer  than  the  small  crossvein  ;  length,  8  to  9 
mm.  Westville,  N.  J.;  Potomac  Creek,  Ya.;  Tifton,  Ga.,  and 
Florida.     (Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  Ill ;  May,  1892 : 

Sarcotachinella.) intermedia  Town. 

Scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrochaetae,  costal 
spine  noticeably  shorter  than  the  small  crossvein;  length,  (>  to 
8mm.  Cumberland  County, N.  J., and  southern  Illinois.  (Trans. 
Amer.   Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  300;  December,  1891 :  Laeco- 

prosopa.) sarcophagina  Town. 

Unrecoyniii'rf  species. — B.(  ?)  macrapogon  Bigot,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France, 

p.  259;  1888.     California. 

Genus  EUTHYPROSOPA  Town. 

Euthyprosopa  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  106;  May,  1892. 

Our  single  species  is  black,  the  antennae,  middle  of  face,  lower  part 
of  head,  the  palpi,  corners  of  thorax,  scutellum,  hind  margin  of  each 
segment  of  abdomen,  apices  of  femora  and  the  tibhe,  yellow;  three  post- 
sutural  and  two  sternopleural  macrochaetae;  length,  7  mm.  From  a 
cotype  specimen.   Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.  ( Loc.  cit.,  p.  107.)  .petiolata  Town. 

Genus  GONIA  Meig. 

Gonia  Meigen,  in  Illiger's  Magazin  fur  Insektenkunde,  Vol.  II,  p.  280;  1803. 

Bhedia  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  les  Myodaires,  p.  71;  1830. 

Beaumuria  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  Tii. 

Isomcra  Desvoidy,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  Franco,  p.  315;  1851. 

P%88emya  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  318. 

Desvoidy  proposed  the  name  Bhedia  for  the  genus  Gonia,  errone- 
ously stating  that  the  latter  term  ha/l  been  previously  used  in  Con- 
chology;  and  in  the  Annales  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  second  series, 
p.  309,  he  states  that  his  genus  lleaumuria  contains  the  males,  and 
Kheclia  the  females,  of  the  same  species.  The  synonymy  of  Isomera  is 
by  Schiner,1  and  that  of  Pissemya  is  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.2 


Fauna  Austriaca,  Vol.  I,  p.  441;  1862. 
Zwcif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  235;  1893. 


133 

All  of  our  species  have  four  postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  inacro- 
cliaetse,  and  at  most  with,  only  two  marginal  iuacroclueta%  on  the  first 
segment  of  the  abdomen;  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate,  two  pairs  of 
orbital  bristles  in  both  sexes: 

1.  Third  joint  of  antenna?,  except  sometimes  the  base,  black 2. 

Third  joint  of  antennae  deep  yellow;  otherwise  as  in  capitata;  lengthy 

11  to  13  mm.  Maryland;  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Georgia.  (Cana- 
dian Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  10;  January,  1887.  Gonia 
sagax  Townsend,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  05; 
March,  1892.) senilis  Will. 

2.  Viewed  from  the  side,  the  head  projects  in  front  of  the  eye  only 

slightly  more  than  the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  eye,  and  is 
sparsely  covered  with  bristly  hairs;  sides  of  front,  when  viewed 
from  behind,  shining,  destitute  of  pollen  except  next  the  eyes; 
abdomen  black,  the  sides  sometimes  partly  or  wholly  reddish  or 
yellow,  bases  of  last  three  segments  gray  pollinose;  length,  0  to 
14  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  Beverly,  Mass.;  Oswego,  X.  Y. ; 
District  of  Columbia;  Xorth  Carolina;  Georgia;  Detroit,  Mich.; 
Illinois;  Ames,  Iowa;  Missouri:  Sunnyside,  Ark.;  Kansas; 
Texas;  Colorado;  California;  Pullman,  Wash.,  and  Austria. 
A  male  specimen  from  Austria  received  from  Brauer  and  Ber- 
genstamm  and  by  them  labeled  Oonia  capitata  DeGeer.1  (Me- 
moires  servir  FHistoire  Insectes,  Vol.  VI,  p.  12;  1770:  Mtisca. 
Gonia  frontosa  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Vol.  VI, 
p.  175;  1829.  Gonia  philadelphica  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exo- 
tiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  p.  208  [51];  1842.  Gonia  albifrons 
Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  798;  1849. 
Gonia  exul  Williston,  Can.  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  11;  Jan., 
1887.  Gonia  sequax  Williston,  loc.  cit.,  p.  12.) .capitata  DeGeer. 
Viewed  from  the  side,  the  head  projects  in  front  of  the  eye  almost 
twice  the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  eye  and  is  densely  covered 
with  bristly  hairs;  sides  of  front  when  viewed  from  behind 
wholly  covered  with  white  pollen ;  black,  the  front,  including 
the  vitta,  the  face,  cheeks,  palpi,  humeri,  hind  end  of  thorax, 
scutellum,  and  sides  of  the  first  three  segments  of  the  abdomen 
except  the  hind' margin  of  the  third,  yellow;  front  in  profile 
only  slightly  convex,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  occiput,  in 
the  male  two  and  one-half  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  frontal 
bristles  descending  to    base  of  second  antennal  joint,  two  or 


1  The  synonymy  of  this  species  in  Europe  is  very  uncertain  and  unsatisfactory.  It 
will  doubtless  he  found  that  ornata  Meigen  and  fasciata  Meigen  are  hut  colorational 
forms  of  capitata  DeGeer.  Our  specimens  of  the  latter  from  this  country  show  every 
possible  gradation  from  those  with  the  abdomen  wholly  black  to  those  that  have  it 
yellow  and  marked  with  a  narrow  black  dorsal  vitta.  A  female  having  the  abdomen 
wholly  black  except  a  small  yellowish  spot  on  each  side  of  the  second  segment  was 
taken  united  in  coition  to  a  male  in  which  the  sides  of  the  first  three  segments  were 
almost  wholly  yellowish. 


134 

three  irregular  rows  of  macroclisetse  on  the  outer  side  of  each 
rowj  the  front  near  the  eyes  densely  covered  with  rather  long 
bristly  hairs,  sides  of  face  each  one  and  one-half  times  as  wide 
as  the  median  depression,  densely  covered  with  rather  long  black 
bristly  hairs  which  are  less  numerous  along  the  facial  ridges, 
the  latter  bare  except  that  there  are  two  or  three  bristles  above 
the  vibrissa',  cheeks  two-thirds  as  broad  as  the  eye  height, 
antenna'  almost  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third  joint  six  times  as 
Long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  to  the  tip,  the  penultimate 
joint  as  long  as  the  last  one;  thorax  whitish  pollinose,  marked 
with  four  black  vittae;  scutellum  bearing  three  pairs  of  long 
marginal  and  a  very  short  apical  pair  of  macroclneta>;  abdo- 
men wholly  covered  with  whitish  pollen,  the  hairs  rather  long 
and  suberect,  first  two  segments  each  bearing  a  marginal  pair, 
the  third  with  a  marginal  row,  the  fourth  covered  on  its  apical 
half  with  macroch;et;c:  front  pulvilli  of  male  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint ;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bristly 
one  third  of  distance  to  the  small  crossvein,  hind  crossvein 
arcuate,  its  posterior  end  slightly  nearer  the  wing  margin  than 
to  the  small  crossvein,  calypteres  white;  length,  14  mm.  Los 
Angeles  Co.,  Oal.  A  male  specimen  captured  by  the  writer  in 
April.  Type  No.  3640,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  .  .turgida  n.  sp. 
Unrecognized  species. — <}.  porca  Williston,  Canadian  Entomologist, 
Vol.  MX,  p.  10:    L887.     Mount  Hood,  Oreg. 

Genus  SPALLANZANIA  Desv. 

Spall  an  zania  Desvoidy,  Essai  snrlea  Myodaires,  p.  78;  1830. 

Cnephalia  Rondani,  Dipterologia'  Italic*  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  62;  1856. 

Acroglo88a  Williston,  in  Scudder's  Butterflies  of  New  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1916;  1889. 

Pseudo</onia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  IV,  p.  100;  1889. 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  have  already  placed  Spallanzania,  Cne- 
phalia and  Pseudogonia  as  subgenera  of  one  genus,1  and  Mr.  F.  II. 
Snow  has  united  these  subgenera  into  one  genus.2  The  synonymy  of 
Acroglossa  is  by  the  writer.5  Our  species  are  black,  the  palpi,  scu- 
tellum. and  sometimes  the  sides  and  apex  of  abdomen  and  the  first  two 
joints  of  antenna1,  yellow:  four  postsutural  and  four  or  five  sterno- 
pleural  inacrochsetae ;  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  want- 
ing in  the  male: 
1.  Facial  depression  as  wide  as  either  side  of  face,  bristles  on  the  latter 

not  arranged  in  rows 2. 

Facial  depression  twice  as  wide  as  either  side  of  face,  bristles  on  the 
latter  arranged  in  two  rows,  pollen  on  sides  of  front  yellowish, 
on  the  face  white;  third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  three,  in 


'Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  214;  1893. 

-Kansas  University  Quarterly,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  181;  January,  1895. 

'Psyche,  Vol.  VII,  p.  261;  July,  1895. 


135 

the  female  one  and  one-half,  times  as  long  as  the  second;  penul- 
timate joint  of  arista  in  the  male  four  times,  in  the  female 
slightly  over  twice,  as  long  as  broad;  length,  10  to  12  mm. 
Franconia,  K  H.;  Delaware  County,  Pa.;  Maryland;  northern 
Illinois,  and  Tifton,  Ga.  (In  Scudder's  Butterflies  of  New  Eng- 
land, Vol.  Ill,  p.  1917 ;  1889 :  Acroglossa.  Pseudogonia  ruficauda 
Townsend,  Can.  Entomologist.  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  G6;  March,  1892. 

Pseudogonia  obsoleta1  Townsend,  loc.  cit.) hesperidarum  Will. 

2.  Third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  from  two  to  two  and  three- 
fourths,  in  the  female  from  one  to  one  and  one-half,  times  as  long 
as  the  second;  penultimate  joint  of  arista  in  the  male  from  one 
and  one- half  to  four,  in  the  female  one  and  one-fourth,  times  as 
long  as  broad;  length,  11  to  12  mm.  North  Carolina;  Georgia; 
Fernandina,  Fla.,  and  Austria.  A  female  from  Austria  received 
from  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  and  by  them  labeled  Cnephalia 
bisetosa2  B.  B.  (Diptera  Sueciae,  Muscidae,  p.  11;  1820:  Tach- 
ina.  The  following  synonymy  is  by  Desvoidy  in  Annales  Soc. 
Entomol.  France,  p.  317;  1851:  Spallanzania  gallica  Desvoidy, 
Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  79;  1830.  The  following  is  by 
Kowarz  in  Wiener  Ent.  Zeitung,  Vol.  VII,  p.  6;  January  31, 
1888:  Gonia  nudifacies  Macquart,  Dipteres  Nord  France,  Vol.  V, 
p.  179;  1833.  Isomera  parisiaca  Desvoidy,  Annales  Soc.  Ento- 
mol. France,  p.  315;  1851.  Gonia  cognata  Rondani,  Dipt.  Italicae 
Prod.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  38;  1859.  Spallanzania  alpestris  Rondani, 
loc.  cit.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  155;  1801.  The  following  is  by  the  writer: 
Cnephalia  paiisa  Snow,  Kansas  University  Quarterly,  Vol.  Ill, 

p.  182;  January,  1895.) hebes  Fall. 

Third  joint  of  antennae  in  the  male  eight  times  as  long  as  the  second, 
penultimate  joint  of  his  arista  four  times  as  long  as  bioad; 
black,  the  palpi  and  scutellum  yellow;  front  of  male  twice  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides  and  face  whitish  pollinose  and 
wholly  covered  with  short  inacrochaetae  except  a  narrow  space 
outside  of  the  facial  ridges,  frontal  bristles  short,  descending 
to  the  arista;  cheeks  slightly  over  one-half  as  broad  as  the  eye 
height,  facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  four-fifths,  antennae 
seven-eighths  as  long  as  the  face,  arista  thickened  almost  to  the 
tip;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vittse,  scutel 
lum  bearing  three  long  marginal  pairs  and  a  short  apical  pair  of 
inacrochaetae.  abdomen  gray  pollinose  and  with  reflectingblackish 
spots,  second  and  third  segments  bearing  marginal  inacrochaetae, 
wanting  on  the  first;  front  pulvilli  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  last 
tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing  five  bristles  at 

'The  identity  of  ruficauda  and  obsoleta  has  already  heen  given  by  F.  H.  Snow  in 
the  Kansas  University  Quarterly,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  183,  from  an  examination  of  the  type 
specimens. 

2 In  the  Zweif.  Kais.  Mns.  Wien,  VI,  p.  222,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  state  that 
Fallen's  type  specimen  of  hebes  is  identical  with  their  bisetosa. 


136 

the  base;  calypteres  white;  length,  12  mm.  Alameda  County, 
Gal.,  A  single  male  specimen  reared  from  an  undetermined 
lepidopterous  chrysalis  by  Mr.  Albert  Koebele  in  September. 

Type  No.  3G41,  U.  S.  National  Museum antennalis  n.  sp. 

Unrecognized  species. — S.  (CnephaUa)  finitima  Snow,  Kansas  Univer- 
sity Quarterly,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  184;  1895.     N.  Mex. 

Genus  G^DIOPSIS  Br.  and  Berg. 

Gcediopsis  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  V,  p.  336;  1891. 

Our  species  have  four  postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  inacroclnetae : 

1.  Fourth  segment  of  abdomen  black 2. 

Fourth  segment  yellow,  second  and  third  segments  destitute  of  dis- 

cal  macrochaetae,  legs  black,  macrochaetae  on  sides  of  face  very 
small,  hardly  two-thirds  as  long  as  those  on  the  facial  ridges; 
length,  11  mm.  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien, 
VI,  p.  190;  1893.) mexicana  Br.  and  Iierg. 

2.  Second   and   third   segments  of  abdomen   bearing  only  marginal 

macrochaetae,  femora  and  tibia'  yellow;  length,  7.5  mm.  Tifton, 
Ga.,  and  Mobile,  Ala,     (Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  100; 

September,  1895.) Jlaripcs  Coq. 

Second  and  third  segments  bearing  discal  and  marginal  macro- 
chretae,  legs  black;  black,  the  face,  cheeks,  palpi,  scutellum,  and 
sometimes  the  second  an tennal  joint  and  a  spot  on  sides  of  each 
of  the  first  three  segments  of  the  abdomen,  yellow;  front  of 
male  four  fifths,  of  female  one  and  one-fifth  times,  as  wide  as 
either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles  in  the  female,  none  in 
the  male,  sides  of  face  bearing  a  row  of  macrocha'ta'  as  long  as 
those  on  the  facial  ridges,  and  in  addition  numerous  bristly  hairs, 
principally  located  near  the  eyes;  cheeks  over  one-third  as  broad 
as  the  eye-height;  antennae  five  sixths  as  long  as  the  face,  the 
third  joint  in  the  male  two  and  one-half  times,  in  the  female 
twice,  as  long  as  the  second,  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  two- 
thirds,  the  penultimate  joint  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  wide; 
facial  ridges  bristly  on  the  lower  three-fifths;  thorax  gray  polli- 
nose,  marked  with  four  black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  three 
pairs  of  long  marginal  and  a  short  apical  pair  of  macrocha'ta}; 
abdomen  gray  pollinose  and  with  dark  reflecting  spots;  middle 
tibiae  each  bearing  three  macrocha'ta}  on  the  front  side  near  the 
middle,  hind  tibiae  outwardly  ciliate,  front  pul villi  of  male  as 
long  as  the  last  tarsal  joint;  wings  hyaline,  third  vein  bearing 
two  bristles  near  the  base,  bend  of  fourth  vein  not  appendicu 
late,  calypteres  white;  length,  12  mm.  Siskiyou  Co.,  Gal.  A 
male  and  a  female  bred  by  A.  Koebele  from  chrysalids  of  an 
unknown  Noctuid.     Type  No.  3642,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  .setosa  n.  sp. 


137 


Genus  CHiETOG^DIA  Br.  and  Berg. 
Chcetogcedia  Brauer  and  Bergenstainm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  V,  p.  336;  1891. 

Our  species  have  four  postsutural  and  four  sternopleural  macro- 
cbaetae ;  palpi  yellow : 

1.  Femora  black,  apical  cell  open 2. 

Femora  and  tibiae  yellow,  apical  cell. abort  petiolate,  bind  tibiae  out- 
wardly ciliate,  sides  of  front  densely  yellowisb  gray  pollinose, 
sides  of  face  eacb  bearing  a  row  of  rnaerochaetae  and  witb  a  row 
of  bristly  bairs  between  it  and  tbe  eye;  length,  8  mm.  Santa 
Fe,  N.  Mex.  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  121  j  May, 
1800 :  Prospherysa.) rufifrons  v.  d.  W. 

2.  Sides  of  front  opaque,  covered  with  a  grayish  pollen 3. 

Sides  of  front  shining,  destitute  of  pollen,  sides  of  face  bearing  two 

or  more  irregular  rows  of  bristly  hairs  between  each  eye  and  the 
row  of  macrocbaetae,  abdomen  black,  the  fourth  segment  yellow; 
length,  10  to  12  mm.  District  of  Columbia,  and  Mescalero,  N. 
Mex.  (Tijdscbr.  voor  Ent,,  Vol.  II,  p.  148;  18G7:  Baumhau- 
eria.  Frontina  acroglossoides  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc, 
Vol.  XVIII,  p.  307;  December,  1891.) analis  v.  d.  W. 

3.  Macrocbaetae  on  sides  of  face  much  nearer  to  the  eyes  than  to  the 

facial  ridges  and  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  frontal 
bristles,  only  a  few  bristly  hairs  between  them  and  the  eyes; 
abdomen  wholly  black;  length,  10  to  12  mm.  Las  Cruces,  N". 
Mex.,  and  California.     (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  vol.  II,  p. 

120;  May,  1890 :  Prospherysa.) crebra  v.  d.  W. 

Macrocbaetae  on  sides  of  face  nearer  to  the  facial  ridges  than  to  the 
eyes  and  widely  removed  from  the  lowest  frontal  bristles,  numer- 
ous bristly  hairs  between  them  and  the  eyes,  sides  of  abdomen 
and  the  fourth  segment  largely  or  wholly  yellowish;  length,  10 
to  12  mm.  California,  and  Kailua,  Hawaii.  (Ann.  Soc.  Ent. 
France,  p.  91 ;  1888 :  Blepliarlpeza.) monticola  Bigot. 

Genus  DICH0CERA  Will. 

Dichocera  Williston,  Entomological  News,  Vol.  VI,  p.  31;  January,  1895. 

Our  two  species  are  black,  the  palpi,  apex  of  scutellum  and  of  the 
abdomen,  and  in  one  species  also  the  antennae,  yellow;  two  sternopleu- 
ral macrocbaetae : 

Third  antennal  joint  yellow,  three  postsutural  macrocbaetae,  a  mar- 
ginal pair  on  the  second  abdominal  segment  and  a  discal  pair 
on  the  third;  length,  10  mm.  Eastern  Washington.  (Entomo- 
logical News,  Vol.  VI,  p.  32;  January,  1895.) lyrata  Will. 

Third  antennal  joint  largely  black,  four  postsutural  rnaerochaetae, 
second  abdominal  segment  destitute  of  a  marginal  pair,  the  third 
destitute  of  a  discal  pair;  black,  the  first  two  joints  of  antennae 


138 

and  lower  side  of  the  third  at  its  base,  the  palpi,  apex  of  scutel- 
liim  and  of  the  abdomen,  yellow :  front  in  female  one  and  one-fifth 
times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  sides 
of  faee  bristly  on  the  upper  two  thirds  in  addition  to  the  row  of 
macrochaetae,  eheeks  slightly  wider  than  the  eye  height,  antennae 
four-fifths  as  long  as  the  faee,  the  third  joint  four  times  as  long  as 
the  second;  arista  thickened  on  the  basal  three  fifths,  the  penulti- 
mate joint  four  times  as  long  as  wide,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
first  joint;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four  black  vitt;e; 
scutellnm  bearing  three  pairs  of  long  marginal  macrocha'ta'; 
abdomen  destitute  of  dorsal  macrocha'ta'  on  the  first  two  seg- 
ments, the  third  with  a  marginal  row,  the  fourth  covered  except 
<m  the  basal  half;  middle  tibiae  each  bearing  three  long  macro- 
chaetae <>n  t  lie  outside  near  its  middle,  front  tarsi  slightly  dilated  ; 
wings  hyaline,  apical  cell  nearly  as  wide  as  the  discal  cell,  third 
vein  bristly  nearly  halfway  to  the  small  crossvein,  the  others 
bare,  bend  of  fourth  vein  not  appendicnlate,  calypteres  white; 
length,  11  mm.  Beverly,  Mass.  Two  female  specimens.  Type 
No.  3643,  II.  S.  National  Museum oriental™  n.  sp. 

Genus  MICROPHTHALMA  Macq. 

Mierqphthalma  Macquart,  Dipterea  Exotiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  p.  211  (84);  1843. 

Our  species  is  black,  the  antenna',  face,  cheeks,  palpi  and  apex  of 
proboscis,  yellow;  three  postsutnral  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 
chaetae; length.  12  to  15  mm.  Franconia,  X.  II.;  Beverly,  Mass.;  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia:  OhW<^  Ml.:  Georgia;  I'tica,  Miss. ;  Texas:  Onaga, 
Kans.,  and  Kern  County,  Gal.  (Analecta  Entomologica,  p.  45;  1824: 
Tachina.  MUtogramma  trifascutta  Say.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences 
Phila..  Vol.  VI,  p.  174;  1829.  Mioraphthalma  nigra  Macquart,  Dipteres 
Exotiques.  Vol.  II.  Part  111,  p.  242  (85);  1843.  Tachina  trixoides 
Walker,  List  of  Dipt.  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  7(H);  1849.  Megapr08opil8 
miehiganensis  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  Ill; 
May,  1892.  Maer onychia  trifasciata  Say,  Braner  and  Bergenstamm  in 
litt.    Dcxiosoma  sp..  Braner  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.).  .disjuncta  Wied. 

Genus  AMOBIA  Desv. 

Amdbia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lee  Myodaires,  p.  96;  1830. 
A/acroni/chia  Roudaui,  Dipterologia'  Italic*  Prodroinus,  p.  229;  1859. 
Trixoclista  Townsend,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  102;  1892. 
Ammobia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweifliigler  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  226;  1893, 
(Xon  Billberg,  Enumer;itio  Insectorum,  p.  105;  1820.) 

The  synonymy  of  Amobia  and  Macronychia  has  already  been  given 
by  Schiner,1  and  repeated  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm.2  Two  species 
occur  in  our  fauna;  both  have  only  three  postsutural  macrochgetse: 

Thorax  marked  with  three  or  five  black  vittae;  abdomen  gray  polli- 
nose, marked  with  three  rows  of  black  spots;   orbital  bristles 

1  Fauna  Austrica,  Vol.  I,  p.  501 ;  1862. 

2  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  AVien,  VI,  p.  226;  1893. 


139 

present  in  both  sexes;  length,  7  to  9  mm.  London,  Canada; 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  Colorado,  and  Washington. 
(Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  103;  May  1892:   Trixo- 

clista.) distineta  Town. 

Thorax  marked  with  four  black  vittse;  abdomen  shining  black,  bases 
of  the  segments  thinly  gray  pollinose;  length,  9  to  11  mm.  Los 
Angeles  County,  Cal.  (Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  100; 
September.  1895.) calif omica  Coq. 

Genus  TRICHOPHORA  Macq. 

Trichophora  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supplement  II,  p.  78  (62);  1847. 
Elachipalpus  Rondani,  Nnovi  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Bologna,  Vol.  II,  p.  169;  1850. 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  state  that  these  two  genera  could  properly 
be  united  into  one  genus,1  and  the  writer  is  of  the  same  opinion.  Our 
species  have  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae, 
the  second  and  third  segments  of  the  abdomen  bearing  only  mar- 
ginal ones,  apex  of  the  fourth  segment  yellowish,  the  third  vein  bristly 
almost  to  the  small  crossvem: 

Ocellar  bristles  absent,  scutellum  wholly  black;  length,  8  to  10  mm. 
Montgomery  County,  Pa.;  Dist.  Columbia;  Virginia;  Georgia; 
Lake  Worth,  Fla. ;  Utica,  Miss.,  and  Texas.  (Tijdschrift  voor 
Entom.,  Vol.  II,  p.  140;  1807:  Schineria.  Elach i palpus  undnlatus 
Say  MS.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.)  .ruficauda  v.  d.  W. 
Ocellar  bristles  present,  directed  obliquely  forward;  black,  the  first 
two  joints  of  the  antenme,  face,  cheeks,  apex  of  scutellum,  and 
of  the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen,  also  the  tibiae,  yellow, 
frontal  vitta  and  third  joint  of  antenme,  brown;  front  of  female 
one  and  one  half  times  as  wide  as  either  eye,  the  sides  subopaque 
gray  pollinose  and  bearing  two  pairs  of  orbital  bristles,  sides  of 
face  bearing  sparse  and  rather  short  black  hairs,  cheeks  one-half 
as  broad  as  the  eye  height,  head  at  the  vibrissas  as  long  as  at 
base  of  antenna1,  antenme  four-fifths  as  long  as  the  face,  the  third 
joint  as  long  as  the  second,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  arista 
thickened  on  the  basal  two-thirds,  the  penultimate  joint  three 
times  as  long  as  broad;  thorax  gray  pollinose,  marked  with  four 
black  vittae,  scutellum  bearing  two  long  marginal  pairs  and  a 
short  apical  pair  of  inacroclncta?;  abdomen  gray  pollinose  and 
with  darker  reflecting  spots,  second  and  third  segments  bearing 
marginal,  the  fourth  with  discal  and  marginal  niacroclnetre ; 
wings  hyaline,  the  base  tinged  with  yellowish,  calypteres  white; 
length,  9  mm.  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.  A  single  female  speci- 
men bred  from  a  chrysalis  of  Adisophanes  miscellus  by  A.  Koebele. 
Type  No.  3645,  U.  S.  National  Museum miscelli  n.  sp. 

1  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wieu,  VI,  p.  214;  1893. 


140 


Genus  CUPHOCERA  Macq. 

Cuphocera  Macqnart,  Annales  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  267;  1845. 
Palpibraea  Rondani,  Annali  Natnralisti  Napoli;  1845. 
Sphyricci-a  Lioy,  Atti  Instituto  Veneto,  Vol.  IX,  p.  1336;  1864. 

The  synonymy  of  the  first  two  is  according  to  Rondani.1  Sphyricera 
is  referred  by  Braner  and  Bergenstamm  as  a  subgenus  of  Cuphocera.2 
Our  two  species  have  three  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macro- 
cbsetae: 

Abdomen  black,  the  fourth  segment  yellowish;  length,  10  to  12  mm. 
Franconia.  N.  H.;  Massachusetts;  Westville,  N.  J.,  and  northern 
Illinois.     (Tijdschrift  voor  Entomologie,  Vol.  X  X  X  V ,  p.  193 ;  1892 : 

Trichophora.) .fucata  v.  d.  W. 

Abdomen  yellowish,  a  dorsal  black  vitta  on  the  first  three  seg- 
ments; length.  10  to  13  mm.  Lake  Worth,  Fla.,  and  California. 
(Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supplement  IV,  part  II,  p.  148  (175);  1849: 
Micropalpus.) calif  or  niensis  Macq. 

Genus  PELETERIA  Desv. 

Peleteria  Desvoidy,  Essai  but  les  Myodaires,  p.  39;  1830. 

Sphyromyia  Bigot,  Bulletin  Soc  Ent.  France,  p.  108;  1883. 

Chcetopeleteria  Mik,  Wiener  Kntomol.  Zeitung,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  100;  March  31,  1891. 

TetrachcBta  Braner  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  VII,  p.  611;  1894. 

The  synonymy  of  the  first  two  is  by  the  writer;  the  last  two  are 
given  by  Braner  and  Bergenstamm  as  subgenera  of  Peleteria.3  Our 
species  have  four  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochaetae : 

1.  Abdomen  yellow  on  the  sides  or  at  the  apex,  thorax  and  sides  of 

front  pollinose 2. 

Abdomen  wholly  sinning  black,  not  pollinose,  sides  of  front  shining 
bronze  black,  thorax  shining,  almost  destitute  of  pollen,  front 
tarsi  of  female  noticeably  dilated;  length,  12.5  mm.  Bighorn 
.Mountains,  Wyoming;  Colorado,  and  Salmon  City,  Idaho.  (In 
Zetterstedt's  Diptera  Scandinavian,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  3217;  1849: 
Echinomyia.  ?  Tachina  hirta  Curtis,  in  Ross's  Voyage  to  the 
Arctic  Region,  p.  70;  1831.) arnea  Staeger. 

2.  Second   and  third  segments  of  abdomen  largely  or  wholly  gray 

pollinose;  length,  10  to  14  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire;  Allegheny,  Pa. ;  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ;  northern 
Illinois;  Missouri;  Georgia;  Texas;  Denver,  Colo.,  and  Santa 
Cruz,  Lake,  Calaveras  and  Los  Angeles  counties,  Cal.  (Aus- 
sereuropaische  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p.  290;  1830:  Tachina. 
Echinomyia  analis  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Suppl.  I,  p. 
144;  1846.  Tachina  anaxias  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects, 
Part  IV,  p.  72G;  1849.  Echinomyia.  filipalpis  Rondani,  Arch- 
ivio  Zool.  l'Anat.  e  Fisiologia,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  15;  1865.    Echinomyia 

1  Dipterologia1  Italics  Prodromus,  Vol.  I,  p.  63 ;  1856. 

2  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VII,  p.  613;  1894. 
3Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VII,  p.  613;  1891 


141 

hcemorrhoa  van  der  Wulp,  Tijdsclirift  voor  Entoinologie,  Vol.  II, 
p.  145;  1867.  Echinomyia  filipalpis  Thomson,  Kongliga  Sven- 
ska  Fregatten  Engenies  Resa,  Diptera,  p.  517;  1868.  Sphyro- 
myia  malleola  Bigot,  Bulletin  Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  109 ;  1883. 
Echinomyia  thomsoni 1  Williston,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Arol. 
XIII,  p.  301;  October,  1886.  Echinomyia  cora  Bigot,  Annales 
Soc.  Entomol.  France,  p.  cxl;  1887.  Echinomyia  cinerascens 
Bigot,  loc.  cit.,  p.  256;  1888.     Peleteria  thomsoni  Will.,  Brauer 

and  Bergeustamm  in  litt.) robusta  Wied. 

Second  and  third  segments  destitute  of  pollen  on  the  yellow  lateral 
portions  except  at  the  extreme  bases;  abdomen  light  yellow, 
usually  marked  with  a  dorsal  row  of  black  spots;  length,  9  to 
14  mm.  Georgetown,  Canada;  White  Mountains,  Xew  Hamp- 
shire; Beverly,  Mass.;  Lansing,  Mich.;  northern  Illinois;  Canon 
City,  Colo. ;  Pullman,  Wash. ;  Germany,  and  Austria.  Two  males 
from  Austria  received  from  Brauer  and  Bergeustamm,  and  by 
them  labeled  Peleteria  tessellata  Meig.;  also  one  female  from 
Germany,  received  from  V.  von  Boeder,  and  by  him  labeled 
Echinomyia  tessellata.  (Entomologia  Systematica,  Vol.  IV,  p. 
324;  1796:  Mnsca.  Echinomyia  nigricornis  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur 
les  Myodaires,  p.  45;  1830.  Tachina  pu  net  if  era  Walker,  List  of 
Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  728;  1849.  Echinomyia  flavi- 
ventris  van  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II, 
•  p.  32;  April,  1888.  Echinomyia  neglecta  Townsend,  Annals 
Mag.  Xat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  148;  Feb.,  1897.  Peleteria  robusta 
Wied.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) tessellata  Fabr. 

Genus  ARCHYTAS  Jaen. 

Arehytas  Jaenuicke,  Neue  Exotische  Dipteren,  p.  392;  1867. 

Nemochceta  van  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent. -Americana,  Dipt.,  Vol.  II,  p.  38;  April,  1888. 
Tachinode8  Brauer  and  Bergeustamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  133;  1889. 
Parafabricia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  loc.  cit.,  VII,  p.  612;  1894. 

The  above  synonymy  except  the  last  one  is  according  to  Brauer  and 
Bergeustamm,2  who  compared  the  types  of  these  three  descriptions; 
these  authors  state  that  the  type  of  the  genus  Arehytas  has  the  pro- 
boscis broken,  which  accounts  for  the  peculiar  form  accorded  to  this 
organ  by  Jaenuicke.    Parafabricia  was  considered  by  its  founders  as 


irrhis  name  was  proposed  by  Dr.  Williston  to  replace  filipalpis  Thorns.,  preoccu- 
pied. Ou  page  301  he  gives  anaxias  Walk,  and  analis  Macq.  as  probable  synonyms 
of  kcemorrhoa  v.  d.  W.  In  the  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  II,  p.  32,  van  der 
Wulp  gives  the  latter  as  synonymous  with  robusta  Wied.,  places  analis  Macq.  and 
filipalpis  Bond,  in  the  same  category,  and  states  that  filipalpis  Thorn,  may  also  be 
added  to  this  list.  He  doubts  the  correctness  of  Williston's  reference  of  anaxias 
Walk.,  owing  to  Walker's  statement  that  there  are  "no  bristles  on  the  sides  of  the 
face;"  but  Walker  refers  to  the  facial  ridges,  and  not  to  the  sides  of  the  face  as  at 
present  understood.  In  the  Dipteri  del  Messico,  p.  10,  Giglio-Tos  places  cora  Bigot 
as  a  synonym  of  filipalpis  Rond. 

2  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  146;  1893. 


142 

being  a  subgenus  of  Archytas.1  All  of  our  species  have  the  third 
antennal  joint  strongly  convex  on  the  upper  side,  four  postsutural  and 
three  sternopleural  macrocliretie : 

1.  Sides  of  face  bearing  black  hairs,  abdomen  shining,  not  pollinose . .   3. 
Sides  of  face  destitute  of  black  hairs;  calypteres  'whitish 2. 

2.  Abdomen  subopaque,  marked  with  large  gray  pollinose  spots;  black, 

the  head  except  the  occiput,  the  first  two  joints  of  antennae, 
palpi,  fourth  abdominal  segment  largely,  and  sometimes  the 
sides  of  the  second,  yellowish;  thorax  subopaque  gray  pollinose, 
marked  with  four  black  vittse;  length,  10  mm.  Waco,  Tex.,  and 
Jamaica,   West   Indies.     (Tijdschrift   voor    Entomologie,   Vol. 

X  XVI,  p.  2:> ;  1883 :  Echinomyia.) piliventris  v.  d.  W. 

Abdomen  shining,  tinged  with  blue,  not  pollinose  except  the  fourth 
segment;  thorax  opaque  gray  pollinose,  with  a  strong  brassy 
tinge,  marked  with  five  black  vittaB,  scutellum  yellow,  some- 
times the  sides  and  tip  of  the  abdomen  are  more  or  less  yellow; 
length,  11  to  15  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire;  New  York,  N.  Y.;  District  of  Columbia;  northern 
Illinois;  Missouri;  Georgia:  Waco,  Tex.;  northern  California, 
and  Jamaica.  West  Indies.     (SystemaAntliatorum,  p.311j  1805: 

Tachina.  Jurinia  amethystina  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques, 
Vol.  II,  Part  II,  p.  199  [12],  1812;  and  Supplement  I,  p.  147. 

Inch hia  apicifera  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV, 
p.  718;  1849.  Tachina  californicB  Walker,  Insecta  Saundersiana, 
Vol.  I,  p.  270;  185(5.  Archytas  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in 
lift. ) analis  Fabr. 

3.  Calypteres  whitish 4. 

Calypteres  brown,  thorax  shining  bluish,  the  front  end  grayish  x>olli- 

nose  and  marked  with  four  black  vittse,  abdomen  shining  red- 
dish, strongly  tinged  with  pale  blue;  length,  13  to  10  mm.  New 
Bedford,  Mass.;  Cumberland  Gap,  Ky.;  Florida;  Egypt,  Ga.; 
Holly  Springs,  Miss. ;  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  and  Kansas.  (Systema 
Entomologie,  p.  777;  1775:  Musca,  Jurinia  boscii  Desvoidy, 
Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  3G;  1830.  Echinomyia  georgica 
Macquart,  Histoire  Naturelle  Insectes,  Dipteres,  Vol.  II,  p.  79; 
1835.  Jurinia  virginiensis  Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Sup- 
plement IV,  Part  II,  p.  144  (171);  1851.  Jurinia  fuscipennis 
Jaeunicke,  Xeue  Exot.  Dipt.,  p.  83  (391);  1807.  Jurinia  hys- 
tricoides  Williston,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  300; 
October,  1880.  Archytas  hystricoides  Will.,  Brauer  and  Ber- 
genstamm in  litt.) hystrix 2  Fabr. 

lLoc.  cit.,  VII,  p.  613. 

2 In  the  Zweif.  Kais.  Mas.  Wien,  IV,  p.  133,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  refer  this 
species  to  the  present  genus  from  au  examination  of  specimens  which  Wiedemann 
compared  with  the  type  specimen  of  hystrix  and  declared  them  to  be  identical  with 
the  latter. 


143 

4.  Thorax  bluish,  subshining,  thinly  gray  pollinose,  and  marked  with 
four  black  vitta>;  abdomen  blackish,  strongly  tinged  with  blue, 
first  joint  of  arista  scarcely  longer  than  wide;  length,  10  to  15 
mm.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire ;  Beverly,  Mass.;  New 
York,  K  Y.;  District  of  Columbia;  Virginia;  North  Carolina; 
Florida;  Tifton,  Ga.;  Holly  Springs,  Miss.;  Cadet,  Mo.,  and 
Keokuk,  Iowa.  (Essai  sur  les  Myoclaires,  p.  o5;  1830;  Jurinia. 
Jurinia  leucostoma  Desvoidy,  loc.  cit.,  p.  37.  Jurinia  smaragdina 
Macquart,  Dipteres  Exotiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  p.  196;  1842. 
Tachina  atra  Walker,  Insecta  Saundersiana,  Vol.  I,  p.  273;  1856. 
Archytas  aterrima  Desv.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift,] 

aterrima  Desv. 
Thorax  with  a  bronze  tinge,  subopaque,  gray  pollinose  and  marked 
with  four  black  vittae;  abdomen  black,  with  a  bluish  tinge,  the 
sides  broadly  reddish,  first  joint  of  arista  usually  twice  as  long- 
as  wide;  length,  11  to  15  mm.  Massachusetts,  North  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  Colorado.  (Dipteres  Exotiques,  Vol.  II, 
Part  II,  p.  199  [42];  1842.  Tachina  candens  Walker,  List  of 
Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  720 ;  1849.  Tachina  iterans  Walker, 
1.  c,  p.  727.  Jurinia  apicalis  Jaennicke,  Neue  Exot.  Dipt.,  p.  82 
[390];  1867.  Echinomyia  victoria  Townsend,  Annals  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  14S;  February,  1897.) lateralis  Macq. 

Genus  ECHINOMYIA  Dumeril. 

Echinomyia  Dumeril,  Exposit.  Methode  Xaturelle  Class.  Iusectes;  1801. 
Ftibricia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  42;  1830.     (Xon  Blainville,  1828.) 
Mikia  Kowarz,  Wiener  Ent.  Zeitung,  Vol.  IV,  p.  51 ;  February  1,  1885. 
Pareudora  Wachtl,  Wiener  Ent.  Zeitung-,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  110;  April  20,  1894. 
Nowiakia  Wachtl,  loc.  cit. 
Pararchytas  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wieu,  VII,  p.  614;  1894. 

The  two  genera  of  Wachtl  are  stated  by  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm 
to  be  identical  with  Echinomyia,  and  they  place  Fabricia,  Mikia,  and 
Pararchytas  as  subgenera  of  it.1  Our  species  have  four  postsutural 
and  usually  three  sternopleural  macrochaetse : 

1.  Small  crossvein  never  clouded  with  brown 2. 

Small  crossvein  distinctly  clouded,  sides  of  mesonotum,  scutellum, 
and  abdomen,  except  sometimes  a  dorsal  vitta,  yellowish  red; 
base  of  wings  brown;  length,  11  to  13  mm.  Toronto,  Canada; 
White  Mountains,  N.  H.;  New  Jersey;  Colorado,  and  southern 
California.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  715;  1819: 
Tachina.  Jurinia  echinata  Thompson,  Kongliga  Svenska  Fre- 
gatten  Eugenies  Resa,  Diptera,  p.  516;  1868.  Tachinodes  decisa 
Walk.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) decisa  Walk. 

1  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VII,  p.  614 ;  1894. 


144 

2.  Abdomen  distinctly  yellowish  on  the  sides  or  at  the  apex 3. 

Abdomen  and  thorax  wholly  blackish,  sides  of  the  former  some- 
times tinged  with  reddish;  base  of  wings  yellow;  length,  12  to 
17  mm.  Toronto,  Canada;  White  Mountains  and  Franconia, 
X.  H.;  Vermont;  New  Bedford,  Mass.;  Oswego,  X.  Y.;  Colo- 
rado: Montana;  British  Columbia;  Washington;  Oregon,  and 
California.  (Ausser.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p.  285;  1830: 
Tachina.  Echinomyia picea  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  les  Myodaires, 
p.  44;  1830.  Echinomyia  lapihui  Desvoidy,  loc.  eit.  Tachina 
degenera  Walker,  List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  732; 
1849.  Jurinia  nitida  van  der  Wulp,  Notes  from  the  Leyden 
Museum,  Vol.  IV,  p.  82;  1882.  Echinomyia  Jugubris  van  der 
Wulp,  Tijdschrift  voor  Entomologie,  Vol.  XXVI,  p.  20;  1883.) 

a  I  yens  Wied. 

3.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  bearing  at  most  four  marginal  macro- 

chsetae 4. 

Second  segment  of  abdomen  bearing  at  least  ten  marginal  inacro- 
chaetae  on  the  dorsum,  abdomen  wholly  yellow,  middle  of  dorsum 
of  second  and  third  segments  covered  with  black  macroclneta?; 
length,  14  mm.  Colorado  and  Washington.  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.  XIII, p. 297;  October,  1880 :  Dcjcania.) .  .hystricosaWill. 

4.  First  segment  of  abdomen  on  the  sides  largely  or  wholly  yellow,  the 

fourth  yellow  at  least  on  the  front  corners 5. 

First  segment  wholly  black,  or  at  most  with  the  hind  angles  nar- 
rowly yellow;  front  tarsi  of  female  broadly  dilated;  abdomen 
black,  the  apex  broadly,  or  the  sides  of  the  last  three  segments 
and  apex  of  the  last,  or  only  the  sides  of  the  second  and  third 
segments,  yellow;  length,  10  to  13  mm.  Canada;  White  Moun- 
tains and  Franconia,  X.  H.;  Xew  Bedford,  Mass.;  Buena  Vista, 
X.  J.,  and  Xorth  Carolina.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV, 
p.  722;  1849:   Tachina.) florum  Walk. 

5.  Palpi  only  halt  as  long  as  the  proboscis  beyond  the  basal  articula- 

tion, front  of  male  one  and  one  half  times  as  wide  as  either  eye, 
head  at  base  of  antenna1,  much  longer  thau  at  the  vibrissa',  front 
projecting  in  front  of  the  eyes  one  and  one-half  times  the  hori- 
zontal diameter  of  the  latter;  abdomen  of  male  yellow,  middle  of 
first  segment,  a  dorsal  spot,  and  genitalia  black;  length,  12  mm. 
Los  Angeles  County,  Cal.     (Bulletin  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  cxli; 

1887 :  Fabricia.) ' infumata  Bigot. 

Palpi  almost  as  long  as  the  proboscis,  front  of  male  two-thirds  as 
wide  as  either  eye,  head  at  base  of  antenna?  not  longer  than  at 
the  vibrissa?,  front  projecting  in  front  of  the  eyes  less  than  the 
horizontal  diameter  of  the  latter;  abdomen  yellow,  usually 
marked  with  a  black  dorsal  vitta  or  row  of  spots;  length,  10  to 
14  mm.  Franconia,  X.  H. ;  Xorth  Carolina;  Colo.,  and  Cali- 
fornia. (Trans.  Amer.  Ent,  Soc,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  94;  April,  1892. 
Tachina  sp.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.)  .dakotensis  Town. 


145 


Genus  EPALPUS  Rond. 

Epalpus  Rondani,  Nuovi  Annali  Sci.  Nat.  Bologna,  Vol.  II,  p.  170  (6);  1850. 

Our  species  have  tbree  sternopleural  macrocha:ta3 : 

1.  With  four  postsutural  macrochretre,  hairs  ou  sides  of  face  black, 

femora  largely  or  wholly  black 2. 

With  only  three  postsutural  macrochreta^  hairs  on  sides  of  face  and 
the  femora,  tibise,  and  entire  abdomen  yellow;  second  and  third 
segments  of  abdomen  bearing  discal  and  marginal  macrocbaetae; 
length,  9  to  11  mm.  Colorado.  (Biologia  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera, 
Vol.  II,  p.  23;  April,  1888:  Saundersia.  Epalpus  sp.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  litt.) nigripilosa  v.  d.  W. 

2.  Abdomen  shining,  destitute  of  "pollen,  yellow,  the  fourth  segment 

black ;  second  segment  bearing  a  discal  cluster  and  a  marginal 
row  of  about  twelve  macroclnetre ;  length,  10  to  13  mm.  Summit 
County,  Colo.,  and  Siskiyou  County,  Cal.  (Traus.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  304;  October,   1880:  Saundersia.     Epalpus 

bicolor  Will.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) bicolor  Will. 

Abdomen  black,  the  sides  sometimes  partly  reddish,  fourth  segment 
marked  with  a  large  spot  of  gray  pollen,  sometimes  a  dorsal 
vitta  of  gray  pollen  on  the  third,  second  segment  bearing  a  discal 
cluster  of  from  four  to  twelve  and  a  marginal  pair  of  inacrocluet* ; 
length,  10  to  11  mm.  Franconia,  X.  H.;  Beverly  and  Hyde 
Park,  Mass.;  Maryland;  North  Carolina;  Custer  County,  Colo. ; 
Tenino,  Wash.,  and  California.  (List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part 
IV,  p.  708;  1840:  Tachina.     Epalpus  signifera  (Walk.)  O.  S., 

Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  litt.) signifera1  Walk. 

Unrecognized  species. — E.  (Saundersia)  maculata  Williston,  Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  304;  November,  1880'.     X.  Mex. 

Genus  BOMBYLIOMYIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Bombyliomyia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  131;  1889. 

Our  single  species  is  yellow,  the  sides  of  the  front,  third  joint  of 
antennae,  arista,  dorsum  of  thorax  except  the  lateral  margins,  and  a 
dorsal  row  of  small  spots  on  the  abdomen,  black;  two  postsutural  and 
two  sternopleural  inacrochoetre ;  length,  11  to  14  mm.  Toronto,  Canada ; 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  Beverly,  Mass.;  Trenton,  N.  J.; 
Allegheny,  Pa.;  Utica,  Lake  George,  and  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Ohio; 
Colorado,  and  Washington.     (Ausser.  Zweif.  Insekten,  Vol.  II,  p.  293; 

1  In  the  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  303,  Dr.  Williston  doubtfully  refers 
this  species  to  the  genus  Saundersia,  hut  in  the  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  Vol.  U, 
p.  22,  van  der  Wulp  states  that  this  reference  is  very  doubtful,  since  Walker  men- 
tions the  palpi  in  his  description.  This  is  the  only  species,  however,  from  the 
eastern  part  of  North  America  that  at  all  agrees  with  Walker's  description,  aud  the 
fact  that  he  mistook  the  folds  in  the  mouth  for  palpi  will  not  at  all  .surprise  any 
student  familiar  with  the  doings  of  that  author. 
3350 10 


146 

1830:  Tachina.  Tachina  vivida  Harris,  Kept.  Insects  Mass.  Injuri- 
ous to  Vegetation,  p.  G12;  1841.  Hystricia  testacea  Macquart,  Dipteres 
Exotiques,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  p.  201  [U] ;  1842.  Tachina  finitima  Walker, 
List  of  Dipterous  Insects,  Part  IV,  p.  707;  1849.  Hystricia  fulvida 
Bigot,  Bulletin  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  cvij  1888.  Bombyliomyia  abrupta 
Wied.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm  in  lift.) abrupta  Wied. 

Genus  DEJEANIA  Desv. 

Dejeania  Desvoidy,  Essai  snr  lea  Myodaires,  p.  33;  1830. 

Our  single  species  is  yellow,  the  third  joint  of  antenna?,  arista,  pro- 
boscis, dorsum  of  thorax,  portions  of  the  pleura  and  usually  a  dorsal 
row  of  spots  on  the  abdomen,  black;  four  postsutural  and  two  sterno- 
pleural  inacrochaetae;  front  tarsi  of  male  not  ciliate  on  the  side  with 
short  bristles,  those  of  the  female  slightly  dilated  on  the  last  four 
joints;  length,  13  to  15  mm.  Colorado.  (Western  Diptera,  p.  34;}; 
April  30, 1877.  Dejeania  sp.  non  corpulenta  Wied.,1  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm mi  lift.) vexatrix  O.  S. 

Genus  PARADEJEANIA  Br.  and  Berg. 

Paradejeania  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  VI,  p.  147;  1893. 

Our  single  species  is  yellow,  the  front,  antennae,  proboscis,  occiput, 
thorax  except  the  hind  margin,  legs,  and  sometimes  a  dorsal  vitta  or 
row  of  BpotS  and  the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen,  black;  wings 
smoky  gray,  ealypteivs  yellow:  four  postsutural  and  three  sternopleu- 
ral  niacrochaetse;  length,  16  to  1<S  mm.  Manitou  and  Colorado  Springs, 
Colo.,  and  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Diego  counties,  Cal.  (Neue  Exot.  Dip- 
teren,  p.  86  (137) j  1807 :  Dejeania.  Jurinia  rutilioides  Jaen.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamm  in  litt.) rutilioides  Jaen. 

Genus  JURINIA  Desv. 

Jurinia  Desvoidy,  Essai  sur  lea  Myodaires,  p.  34;  1830. 

Our  single  species  has  the  thorax  blue-black,  lightly  gray  pollinose 
on  the  front  half,  four  postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochsefce; 
scutelluin  and  abdomen  reddish,  and  haying  a  slight  violaceous  reflec- 
tion, calypteres  and  bases  of  the  wings  brown;  length,  13  to  18  mm. 
West  Virginia;  Cumberland  Gap,  Ky. ;  Georgia;  Georgiana  and  Lake 

'Osten  Sacken  states,  on  page  256  of  his  well  known  Catalogue  of  North  American 
Diptera,  that  after  examining  the  type  of  Tachina  corpulenta  Wied.  from  Mexico  he 
reached  the  conclusion  that  it  belongs  to  the  same  species  as  his  Dejeania  vexatrix. 
In  this,  however,  he  was  evidently  in  error,  since  Schiner,  who  also  had  access  to 
Wiedemann's  type  of  corpulenta,  states  in  the  Reise  der  Novara,  Part  Diptera,  page 
337,  that  in  this  species  the  front  tarsi  of  the  male  have  long  hristly  hairs  on  the 
inner  side,  which  is  not  at  all  the  case  with  vexatrix.  Moreover,  Brauer  and  Bergen- 
stamm have  compared  our  specimens  of  vexatrix  with  Wiedemann's  type  of  corpu- 
lenta, and  pronounce  them  specifically  distinct. 


147 

Worth,  Fla.;  Texas,  and  Colorado.  (Essai  sur  les  Myodaires,  p.  35; 
1830.  Jurinia  aclasta  van  der  Wulp,  Biologia  Cent.-Atner.,  Diptera, 
Vol.  II,  p.  28;  April,  1888.  Jurinia hystrix  Will,  non  Fabr.,  Brauer  and 
Bergenstamin  in  litt.) metallica  Desv. 

Genus  JURINELLA,  Br.  and  Berg. 

Jurinella  Brauer  and  Bergenstamm,  Zweif.  Kais.  Mus.  Wien,  IV,  p.  132;  1889. 
Pseudohysiricia  Brauer  and  Bergenstamin,  loc.  cit. 

This  synonymy  is  original  with  the  writer.  Our  species  have  four 
postsutural  and  three  sternopleural  macrochsetae : 

Thorax  densely  yellowish  pollinose,  the  hairs  and  those  of  the  face 
aud  cheeks  pale  yellowish;  abdomen  strongly  tinged  with  blue; 
length,  14  to  17  mm.  Colorado.  (Dipteres  Exotiques,  Supple- 
ment IV,  p.  145  [172] ;  1849 :  Hystrieia.  Pseudohystricia  ambigua 
Macq.,  Brauer  and  Bergenstamin  in  litt.) ambigua  Macq. 

Thorax  lightly  bluish  gray  pollinose,  the  hairs  and  those  of  the  face 
and  cheeks  black;  abdomen  not  tinged  with  blue;  length,  11 
mm.  Colorado.  (Trans,  Amer.  Ent,  Soc,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  2<>8; 
October,  1886 :  Hystrieia.) soror  Will. 


INDEX  TO   GENERA   AND   SPECIES. 


Page. 

abrupta,  Bombylionryia 146 

Acemyia  --- ---  H5 

Acha?toneura  -  - 105 

acrirostris,  Ginglymia 40 

Acroglossa -- 134 

acroglossoides= analis,  Chaetogsedia 137 

Actia -Js 

addita.  Phorocera  ? 105 

Admontia 53 

adusta,  Blepharipeza 124 

adnsta=metallica.  Jurinia 147 

gelops,  Beskia -  - 73 

aenmlans.  Prospherysa 117 

aenea,  Hypostena 62 

genea,  Myiophasia . 50 

aenea,  Peleteria 140 

SBneoventris,  Alophora 45,47 

aerata,  Exorista  - —  1(),) 

aBstivalis=comta,  LinnaBmyia ht 

afflnis.  Exorista 94 

Agculocera 115 

alacer=rustica.  Tachlna 119 

albif rons= capitata,  Gonia -  133 

albifrons=rnstica.  Tachina 119 

albifrons,  Sturmla 110 

Albinia  - - -  64 

alcedo,  Gymnochaeta -  89 

aldrichii=occidentis,  Phorantha 44 

aldrichi=radicum.  Panzeria- - 8K 

aletiae.  Frontina  - -  107 

algens,  Echinomyia -  144 

Alophora 44 

alpestris=hebes,  Spallanzania.. 135 

ambigua,  Jurinella 147 

Amedia 64 

Amedoria  55 

americana,  Admontia 53 

americana =adusta,  Blepharipeza 134 

americana  =senea,  Myiophasia 50 

americana =areos,  Polidea 65 

americana=Eliozeta 89 

a  mericana,  E vibrissa 40 

aniericana=floridensis,  Epigrimyia 75 

americana=mella,  Tachina 119 

americana=pilipennis,  Actia 59 

americana.  Plagia 78 

americana.  Racodineura 66 

americana -trilineata.  Senotainia 81 

amethystina—  analis,  Archytas 1 42 

Ammobia 138 

Amobi  a 138 

ampelus=radicnm.  Panzeria 88 

amplexa,  Exorista 98 

analis,  Archytas 142 

analis,  Chaetogaedia 137 

analis=comta,  Linnaemyia 87 

analis=genicnlata.  Siphona.. 7(5 


Page. 

analis,  Leskia 67 

analis =robusta,  Peleteria 140 

anaxias=robnsta,  Peleteria 140 

ancilla,  Frontina 106 

angustata,  Exorista -..  99 

angusticornis,  Atrophopalpns 120 

anomala.  Neotractocera 40 

anomala,  Siphoplagia 78 

anonyma  =  f  renchii,  Frontina 107 

antennalis=setigera.  Clansicella 56 

antennalis.  Spallanzania 136 

antennata.  Phorocera  ? 1 05 

Anthoiea 66 

anthophila=radicum,  Panzeria 88 

Aphria 85 

apicalis,  Atacta 83 

apicalis.  Brachycoma. 131 

apicalis^ lateralis.  Archytas 143 

apicifera= analis,  Archytas 142 

Apinops 07 

Aplomya 91 

Aporia 64 

Aporomya 91 

Aporomyia 95 

Araba 127 

archippivora.  Frontina 107 

Archytas  .  _  _ 141 

arcuata.  Xanthomelana 73 

areos,  Polidea 65 

argent ea.  Ocyptera 86 

argentifrons=polita,  Hilarella 129 

argentil'rons.  Pseudochseta l  b'> 

argentif rons=trilineata,  Senotainia 81 

Argyrophylax 108 

aristalis,  Hilarella 129 

armigera.  Frontina 106 

Arrenopus 80 

Atacta. 83 

aterriina .  Archytas 1 43 

atra—senea,  Myiophasia 50 

atra.  Apinops. 67 

atra  =  aterrima.  Archytas 143 

atra=helymus.  Metachaeta 126 

atra.  Lencostoma 69 

atra.  Clytiomyia 71 

atripennis.  Chaetoplagia 127 

atripennis.  Xanthomelana 73 

atripes,  Thryptocera 58 

Atropharista 85 

Atrophopalpus 126 

Atrophopoda 126 

atrophopodoid.es,  Vanderwulpia 117 

audax = vulgaris,  Exorista 93 

audens=rustica.  Tachina 119 

aurantiaca= cilipes,  Trichopoda 48 

aurata.  Hemyda 73 

aurif rons= americana.  Plagia 78 

149 


150 


Page. 

aurifrons,  Masicera 115 

aiirifrons=signatus,  Pachyopthalnms ...  80 

anrigera.  Biomyia 82 

australis,  Stiirmia -  110 

bakeri,  Sturmia -  112 

barbata,  Hypostena 62 

Baumhaueria  . . 137 

Belvosia 84 

Beskia - - 78 

Besseria 39 

bicincta=bifasciata,  Belvosia 84 

bicolor,  Epalpus 146 

bicolor,  ParachSBta 138 

bilasciata.  Belvosia _ 84 

BigonichaBta 56 

bilimekii.  (Estrophasia 71 

binotata==  Carolina,  Ocyptera 86 

Biomyia  - 

bisetosa  =hebee,  Spallanzania 186 

blanda,  Exorista    08 

blandita.  Kxorista 96 

Blepharidea 91 

Blepharlpa 108 

Blepharipeza 128 

Blepharlpoda 108 

Blondelia 109 

boarmiaB,  Kxorista 95 

Bombyliorayia 145 

Bonellia : 96 

Bonnetia     

borealis    comta,  Ltnnemyia. Si 

boscii    bystrix,  Archytas        142 

Brachycoma 181 

brasUiana,  Biomyia     89 

brevipennis,  Besseria    - 89 

breviroetris,  Siphona  .....  76 

Bucentes   _  ;:. 

California  -ana  lis.  Archytas 14a 

calif arnica,  Amobia  - _  189 

calit'ornira    carolinae,  Ocyptera 86 

calif ornlerists,  Cnphocera      140 

caloeom8B=georgia31  Biomyia..- 82 

calyptrata,  Phorantha. 11 

candens=laterali81  archytas. 143 

capitata.  Gonia 188 

Carcelia 91 

Carolina-.  1  >cyptera 86 

cecropiaB=quadripustulata1  Winthemia  186 

Celatoria 59 

celer, Masicera  114 

celer=occidentis,  Phorantha 44 

Cenosoma 70 

ceratomiae,  Exorista 101 

Ceratomyiella 52 

1  ieromasia. 118 

Ceromya 58 

Chaetogaedia. 187 

Chaetoglossa 79 

chaetoneura,  Masicera 115 

Chaetopeleteria 140 

Chaetophleps 59 

Chaetoplagia 127 

chaetosula,  Muscoptery x 1 25 

Chaetotachina  - 118 

cheloniae,  Exorista 92 

Chetoliga 124 


Page. 

chittendeni,  Paraphyto.... 129 

chrysophani=confinis.  Exorista       97 

ehrysoprocta,  Macromeigenia 89 

Chrysosoma 89 

ciliata=pennipes,  Trichopoda 48 

<iliata    qnadiipnstnlata.  Winthemia 125 

cilipes,  Trichopoda 48 

cinerascens=robusta,  Peleteria... 141 

ciiH'rasceiifs-trilineata.  Senotainia 81 

cinerea,  Euphorocera 102 

cinerea=geniculata.  Siphona. 76 

cinerea=quadripiistiilata,  Winthemia...  185" 

cinerea=spinosula,  Paraplagia 77 

cinereus= geniculata,  Siphona 75 

Cisti  •gaster 42 

clarifrons=polita,  Hilarella. 129 

claripennis,  Euphorcera 108 

clausa,  <Estro])hasia    71 

< '  1  a  1 1  s  i  ( •  ella 55 

CTelia 08 

clesides.  Pliyto 51 

clislocampa):  =mella,  Tachina — 119 

(  listoj<ies=aenea,  Myiophasla. 50 

( listomorpha.. 89 

ciytia 71 

(lytioiiiyia 71 

Cnephaha - 184 

cognata=hebes1  Spallanzania 185 

OOmi  >sa    annigera,  Frontina 106 

ruinstockii,  Kulasiona 52 

comstocki,  Phorocera     104 

comta,  Linnaemyia 87 

conflnlfl,  Exorista 97 

conica,  Ceratomyiella 58 

consimllls=geniculata,  Siphona       76 

convecta,  Schizotachina — 55 

cora    robnsta,  Peleteria 141 

coinuta=aelops,  Beskia 78 

("lonimyia 74 

corythus=atripennis1  Xanthomelana...  73 

( •<» t a  1  is,  Tricogena  — 180 

crawil  :dlabrotlca3,  Celatoria 00 

crebra.  ChSBtoga3dia 187 

I  r.vptoineigenia.- 52 

Cryptopalpus 89 

C.tenocnemis 108 

Cuphocera 140 

curriei,  Exorista 94 

Cyrtophloeba - 78 

dakotensis.  Echinomyia - 144 

dakotensis,  Euscopolia 40 

dakotensis,  Barcoclista 40 

Daochaeta - 89 

datana3=qnadripnstnlata,  Winthemia...  125 

datanarum=frenchii,  Frontina 107 

davidsoni .  Brachycoma - 181 

decens,  Hilarella. - - 128 

decisa,  Echinomyia 143 

decisa=rubriventris,  Senotainia. 80 

Degeeria - 55 

degeerioides,  Admontia 54 

degenera=algens,  Echinomyia 144 

deilephilae-quadripustulata,  Winthemia  125 

Dejeania - 146 

Demoticus —  120 

demylus,  Admontia 54 


151 


Page. 

dentata,  Acemyia 116 

depile=analis,  Leskia 67 

Dexiophana 117 

Dexiosoma 138 

Dexodes 113 

diabroticae,  Celatoria 60 

Dichocera  . . 137 

Didyma 63 

didyma,  Xysta 40 

disjunct^,  Microphthalmia- 138 

distans=  vulgaris.  Exorista 93 

Distichona - --  79 

distincta,  Amobia 139 

distincta=comta,  Linnaemyia 87 

distincta,  Sturmia ill 

diversa,  Alophora- 45.47 

diversa = immaculata,  Cistogaster 43 

dives,  Dexia 86 

doryphora?,  Phorocera 104 

dosiades,  Ocyptera. 86 

dotades=carolinae,  Ocyptera 8(5 

Drepanoglossa 74 

dubia,  Exorista 95 

dubia= radicuin,  Panzeria 88 

dubia=violentn.  Frontina 108 

diiTiniiigii,  Hypostena 60 

dydas,  Frontina? 108 

echinata= decisa,  Ecbinomyia 143 

Echinomyia 143 

edwardsii = claripennis,  Eupborocera 1 02 

Elachipalpus 139 

Eliozeta . 39 

elita,  HilareUa? 129 

Emphanopteryx 52 

Ennyomma 50 

Epalpus 145 

epicydes=afflni8,  Exorista 94 

Epigrimyia 74 

epytus=carolinae,  Ocyptera 86 

Erigone 88 

Ernestia 88 

erucicola,  Paraplagia 78 

Ervia 66 

erythrocera,  Hesperomyia 40 

erythrocera = rubri  ventris,  Senotainia . . .  80 

eucerata=pedestris,  Hypostena- 61 

Euceromyia 39 

euchenor—  carolinae,  Ocytera 86 

Eucnephalia 39 

eudryae,  Exorista. 100 

eufitcbiae,  Masicera 115 

Eulasiona -. .     52 

Eumacronychia 128 

Eumetopia 127 

Eumyotbyria 39 

eumyothyroides=theutis,  Cryptomeigen.  52 

Euoestrophasia 70 

Euphorocera 101 

Eury  gaster 91 

Euscopolia 40 

Eusiphona  49 

Eutachina 118 

Euthera 120 

Euthyprosopa 132 

Eutnxa 72 

Evibrissa 40 


Page. 

exigue,  Didyma 63 

Exorista  91 

Exoristoides  90 

exul = adusta,  Blepharipeza .  -  - 1 24 

exilic capitata,  Gonia -  133 

exul = con  vecta,  Scbizotacbina 55 

Fabricia. 81,143 

facialis,  Phorocera 105 

fasciata,  Senotainia —  81 

Fausta 88 

fenestrata.  Alophora 46 

fernaldi=mella.  Tachina 119 

festinans,  Masicera 114 

flliola= f  uliginosa,  Gymnosoma 43 

filipalpus=robusta.  Peleteria 140, 141 

nnitima=abrupta,  Bombyliomyia 146 

finitima,  Spallanzania 1 36 

flava.  Clytiomyla. 72 

flaveola,  Hypostena in 

flavlcauda=unifasciata,  Belvosia 84 

flaviceps,  Cryptx)palpus 39 

navicornis^pennipes,  Trichopoda 49 

flavlcornis=rubriventris,  Senotainia 80 

flavifrons=rustiea.  Tachina 119 

flavipalpus=rnstica,  Tachina 119 

fla vipennis,  Melanophrys 85 

fiavipes.  Uaediopsis - 136 

flavipes.  Thryptocera 58 

fiavipes,  Xanthomelana 72 

fiavirostris.  Ex< >rista 1 00 

flavrventris=tessellata,  Peleteria 141 

florida— vulgaris,  Exorista 93 

floridensis=brasiliana,  Biomyia. -  82 

floridensis,  Epigrimyia  -  - 75 

floridensis,  Hypostena 62 

floridensis.  Pachyophthalmus 80 

floridensis=parvipalpis,Plagiprospherysa  77 

florum.  Echinomyia -  -  -  144 

florum= festinans.  Masicera 114 

formosa,  Trichopoda -  - 48 

fraterna=aletiae,  Frontina 107 

fraudulenta,  Sturmia 112 

Frauenfeldia  - 130 

frenchii,  Frontina 107 

Frontina 105 

fronto,  Exorista 96 

frontosa=eapitata,  Gonia 133 

fucata,  Cuphocera 140 

f  ulgens = comta ,  Linnaemy ia 87 

f uliginosa,  Gymnosoma 43 

fulvicornis,  Hilarella -  128 

f  ulvicornis= rubri  ventris,  Senotaini  a  —  80 

f ul vida = abrupta.  Bombyliomyia 1 46 

f ulvipalpis,  Masicera - 115 

f ul vipes,  Blepharipeza 1 24 

f umipennis= carolinae,  Ocyptera 86 

fumosa,  Alophora 46 

f uscicornis=geniculata,  Siphona 76 

fuscipennis=hystrix,  Archytas 142 

futilis,  Exorista 98,99 

Gaediopsis 136 

gallica=hebes,  Spallanzania 1 35 

gelida,  Euphorocera 101 

genalis,  Biomyia 83 

genalis,  Metaphyto 90 

geniculata,  Epigrimyia — 75 


L52 


Page. 

geniculate.,  Siphona.  76 

georgiffi.  Biomyia 88 

georgise,  Distichona 79 

georgica=hystrix,  Archytas 142 

gillettei,  Paraphyto 128 

gllvipes,  Bypostena 61 

Ginglymia 40 

globosa=aenea,  Myiophasia -  50 

Gonia                      ..  .-- 132 

Goniochseta  - 40 

gonioides,  Opsidia. — 128 

gonoides,  Eucnephalia 89 

grandis,  Alophora. 15,  17 

grisea  deucocephala,  Metopia 1--27 

griseomicans,  Exorista os 

GymnochSBta 99 

Gymnocrytia        - t- 

Gymnopareia 68 

Gymnophania 40 

Gymnoprosopa      -  126 

Gymnosoma... 43 

baemorrhoa    robusta,  Peleteria  i  n 

Barrisia     M 

harrisina'.  Stunnia                     111 

barveyi,  Daochseta                     ..  89 

hastata,  Lsoglossa 78 

bebes,  Spallanzania -  188 

liclvina.  Exorista 96 

helymus,  BfetachsBta  126 

Bemimaslcera     118 

Bemithrixion to 

Bemyda 78 

tieraclaei=comta,  Linnaemyia -  SI 

Berbstia       67 

besperidarum,  spallanzania  186 

Besperomyla         in 

besperus=frenchil1  Frontina  107 

beteroneura,  ParahypochsBta. 10 

Beteropterina       rt; 

Bllarclla. 128 

Bimantostoma   .. 4<> 

birsuta= vulgaris,  Exorista    98 

ini'ia    *  aBnea,  Peleteria 140 

birtipes    pennipes,  Trichopoda  18 

histrio=plumipes,  Trichopoda  ..  (8 

borrida,  Cyrtophloeba---- 78 

Boughla.-.. us 

Bubneria     oi 

byalomoides,  Cllstomorpha 89 

Hyaloniyia                11 

Byalomyodes 70 

Byalurgus <>4 

bybreas,  Tacbina? no 

1 1  ypert  ropbocera to 

hyphantriae,  Byphantropbaga 91 

Byphantropbaga oi 

By]  ii  »cna3ta 65 

Bypostena 60 

Syria — 66 

]iystricoides=hystrix,  Archytas 14-J 

bystricosa,  Ecbinomyia 144 

hystrix,  Archytas 142 

Illigeria 40 

illinoiensis,  Euniyothyria _  39 

illinoiensis=geniculata,  Siphona 76 

immaeulata,  Cistogaster 43 


Page. 

Inconspicua,  Didyma    - -  68 

indecisa=floridensis.  Hypostena  68 

lnermis=  bicolor,  1  'arachaeta 123 

bifesta=quadripustnlata,  Winthemia. .  125 

inl'iiiiiata.  Echinomyia 144 

inquinata.  Sturmia 111 

insolita,  Melanophrys 85 

intermedia,  Brachycoma       132 

interrupta  =  chrysopr()cta.  Macromeigen.  8!> 

Irrequieta,  Frontina     108 

isae,  Exorista (.)t> 

Iso^lossa    73 

Isomers 132 

iterans=  lateralis,  Archytas 148 

.johnsoni.  Clausicella 5(5 

joiinsoni.  Exoristoides oi 

johnsoni.  Byalnrgus 04 

joiinsoni,  Lasioneura     50 

jugatoria=pennipes,  Trich9poda  48 

Jurinella   147 

Jurinia in; 

jurinoidcs- insolita.  Melanophrys  85 

kansonsis    nibrlventris,  Senotainia 80 

kansctisis    varia.  Distichona To 

Labiata    leucocephala,  Metopia  12; 

Labis,  NemoraBa       88 

^accoprosopa        -  131 

Lachnomma 12(> 

Lasta,  Frontina 106 

lanipes,  Trichopoda        47 

i.ipiia'i    algens,  Ecbinomyia 144 

Lasioneura 50 

Lateralis,  Archytas 148 

Lateralis    Leucocephala,  Metopia     127 

lateralis, Phorichaeta?  127 

laiiirons    leucophrys,  Blepharipeza  lii 

Latreillia    84 

l.oskia 66 

LesMomlma 07 

leucaniaB,  Phorocera      - 104 

leucania>=(iuadripustulata.  Winthemia  126 

Leucocephala,  Metopia  127 

leucophrys,  Blepharipeza 124 

Leucostoma  - 68 

leucostoma    aterrima,  Archytas  143 

Limacodis  :pristis,  Macquartia 01 

LinnaBmyia 8(i 

Lispidea.. 57 

litturata.  Euantha - so 

lobelise,  Exorista. -  07 

Lor  win 40 

longicornis,  Hypoclueta 65 

Lophosia 40 

lophyri=claripennis.  I^uphorocera 102 

Lucens,  Epigrimyia 74 

Luctuosa,  Alophora ---  44 

ludibunda=rustica,  Tachina 119 

luggeri= leucocephala,  Metopia 127 

luKul)ris=algens,  Echinomyia  — 144 

Lydella - 01 

lyrata,  Dichocera 137 

Macquartia 64 

macra,  Phorocera. 103 

Macromeigenia . 89 

Macronychia 138 

macropogon.  Brachycoma 132 


153 


Page. 

maculata.  Epalpus 145 

maculosa,  Hypostena-- 63 

magnicornis=singularis.  Paradidyma..-  126 

malleola=robusta.  Peleteria 141   j 

Marshamia 86  ! 

3Iasicera 113 

Masiphya —  81 

masuria,  Eutrixa 72 

Mauromy  ia 51 

Medina 55 

meigeni=geniculata,  Siphona 76 

Melanophrys 85 

melanopygatus,  Cryptopalpus 39 

melissopodis,  Plectops 57 

melitaeae.  Demoticus ...  121 

mella,  Tachina 119 

melobosis.  Phorocera? 105 

mentalis,  Tachinopsis 120 

MetacnaBta  - —  126 

metaUica=aenea,  Myiophasia 50 

metallica.  Jurinia 147 

Metaphyto 89 

Metaplagia . .  77 

Dfetopia. ~. 127 

mexicana,  Gaediopsis 136 

mexicana.  Rhinophora? 40 

michiganensis=dis.juncta.  Microphthal.  -  138 

Micropalpus t . 

Micropththalnm 138 

Mikia 143 

militaris=quadripustulata.  Winthemia  125 

minor =radicum,  Panzeria 88 

minuta=geniculata.  Siphona... 75 

mira.  Eusiphona _.  49 

miscelli.  Trichophora 139 

montana,  Gymnophania 50 

monticola.  Chaetogaedia 137 

Muscopteryx 125 

Myiophasia 50 

Myoma 66 

myoidaBa,  Masicera 114 

Myothyria 40 

Myxexorista 91 

nana,  Senotainia 81 

nasoni.  Admontia 53 

nasoni.  Heteropterina 7(5 

Neaera 60 

nebulosa.  Sciasma 69 

negleeta=tessellata.  Peleteria 141 

Nemochaeta. 141 

Nemoraea 87 

Nemorilla <n 

neomexicana.  Pseudotractocera 81 

neomexicana= senilis.  Leucostoma 69 

neomexicanus=floridensis.  Epigrimyia . .  75 

Neoptera '  70 

Neotractocera 40 

nigra=disjuncta.  Microphthalma 138 

nigrens.  Phorantha 43 

nigricornis=senilis.  Leucostoma 69  : 

nigricornis=tessellata.  Peleteria 141 

nigrifacies.  Winthemia 125 


Page. 

nigrifrons=aenea,  Myiophasia 50 

nigripalpis.  Ex<  >rista 93 

nigripalpus= viola?.  Chaetoglossa 79 

nigripes=comta,  Linnaemyia 87 

nigripilosa.  Epalpus. 145 

nigrita.  Sturmia ill 

nigrocincta,  Anisia 62 

nigrovittata=geniculata.  Siphona 76 

nitens.  Hypostena 63 

nitida=algens.  Echinomyia 144 

nitida.  Alophora 45 

Xowickia 143 

Qudtfacies=hebes,  Spallanzania 13.5 

obconica=albifrons,  Sturmia 110 

obscura.  Winthemia 124 

ohsoleta=hesperidarum,  Spallanzania...  135 

occidentalis,  Epigrimyia 74 

occidentalis.  Metaplagia 77 

occidentalis.  Sturmia 110 

occidentis.  Ph< >rantha 44 

oecidua=immaculata.  Cistogaster 43 

ochracea,  (Estrophasia 71 

Ocyptera 86 

ocypterata,  Aphria a5 

Ocypten  >sipha 73 

OBBtriforme,  Hemithrixion 40 

(Estrophasia 70 

Olenochaeta 79 

Olivieria 85 

opaca,  Alophora  44 

opaca,  Epigrimyia 74 

opaca.  Paraphyto. 123 

oplielia 127 

( )psidia 128 

ordinaria,  Exorista. 94 

orgyiae=mella1  Tachina* 119 

orientalis,  Dichocera 138 

Orillia 66 

osten8ackenii=quadripustulata,  Winth.  -  125 

Pachyophthalmus 79 

pacta.  Viviania 82 

Pales 102 

Pallasia 42 

pallidas.  Demoticus 121 

palloris.  Actia 58 

Palpibraca 140 

palpigera,  Ldspidea 57 

panaetius= mella,  Tachina 119 

pansa- hei >es.  Spallanzania 135 

pansa- mella.  Tachina : 119 

Panzeria 88 

Parachaeta 123 

Paradejeania 146 

Paradidyma 126 

Parafabricia 141 

Paraf rontina .  105 

Parahypochaeta 40 

Paraphyto 122 

Paraplagia 77 

Pararchytas 143 

Pareudora 143 

Parexorista 91 


*Tachina  orygkB  LeBaron.  First  Rept.  Ins.  111.,  p.  16.  1871,  is  omitted  in  Osten  Sacken's 
Catalogue,  and  in  the  preceding  pages.    It  is  a  synonym  of  Tachina  meUa  Walk. 


154 


Page. 

par=fu]iginosa,  Gymnosoma 43 

parisiaca  =  hebes.  Spallanzania 185 

Parthenia - m 

parva.  Exorista 100 

parva.  Ph< m >cera .. . •  <tt 

parvipalpis.  Plagiprospherysa -  77 

parvipes.  Hypertrophocera 40 

pauciseta,  Maslcera H4 

pedestris,  Hypostena.  81 

Pelatachina 85 

Peleteria 140 

pellucida,  Pelatachina  ... 68 

penitalis.  Panzeria.  s'-' 

pennipes=chlpes,  Trichopoda - -  -  48 

pennipes,  Trichopoda 49 

pergandei,  Admontia.. - 54 

persilla=geniculata,  Siphona. - 78 

Peteina   -    - W 

pctiolata.  Kuthyprosopa 1^~ 

pctiolata.  Exorista --- 98 

Pexomyia - 68 

Phasia... 40 

Phasioclista BO 

phasioides,  Alophora 48 

Phasiopteryx    — 70 

Philadelphia    capitata.  Gonia  133 

Phorantha - 18 

I'hi  n'icha'ta - 188 

Phorocera - 108 

Phryno 91 

Phryxe. 91 

phyciodis.  Sturmia 108,110 

phycitae=pyste,  Exorista 98 

Phyto..-. 51 

picea    algens,  Echinomyia             .......  144 

picens    comta,  Linnaemyla  H7 

picta,  IJnnaamyia Si 

picticornis,  ChaBtoglossa        - 79 

pictipes=arcuata,  Xanthomelana  78 

pilatei,  Sturmia ill 

piiipcnnis.  Actia  . 59 

piliventris,  Archytas 142 

pi  peri.  Demotteus 188 

Pissemya 182 

Plagia.... 78 

plagioides,  Goniochaeta  - 10 

Plagiprospherysa ;: 

platysamia?=quadripustulata.\Yinthetnia  L85 

Plectopa  -  - 57 

pluniipes.  Trichopoda 48 

plusia'.  Siphona - 70 

Pod(  itachina 40 

Polidea 04 

polidoides=areos,  Polidea. 05 

polita.  Epigrimyia 74 

polita.  Exorista 99 

polita.  Hilarella . 129 

poly cha'ta =affinis,  Exorista 94 

porca,  Gonia 184 

prisca= thelitis,  Cryptomeigenia 58 

pristis,  Macquartia 04 

promiscua = trenchii,  Frontina 107 

Prosopea  . . 105 

Prospherysa  - 117 

protoparcis=distincta,  Sturmia ill 

Psalida _ 68 


Page. 

PseudochSBta...  -  116 

Pseudogermaria  79 

Pseudogonia 134 

Pseudohystricia  147 

Pseudomyothyria .  oo 

Pseudotractooera 8i 

pulla.  Mauromyia 52 

pulverea,  Alophora       40 

pulverea,  Brachycoma 138 

pulverea.  Maslcera 115 

puinila-rustica.  Tachina 119 

punctata.  (Estrophasia 71 

punctifera=tessellata,  Peleteria  i4i 

punctigera=occidentls,  Phorantha 44 

puparuni  =  radicuni.  Panzeria.. 88 

purpurascens:  -occidentis.  Phorantha 44 

pusilla= bar hata,  Hypostena.. 02 

pyralidia,  Pseudochsta 117 

pyrrhogaster- pennipes.  Trichopoda  49 

Pyrrosia 66 

pyste,  Exorista 98 

quadripustulata.  Wint henna 1 86 

Racodineura 86 

radiata-t'orinosa.  Trichopoda  48 

radicuni.  Panzeria 88 

Reaumuria 188 

rectinerTis    rustica,  Tachina 119 

Redtenbacheria.  72 

ret LniSB,  Adinont ia 54 

Rhedia  [88 

Rhinophora 40 

Hhynchosia 86 

Khynoniya _  102 

rigidirostris,  Siphoplagia 78 

Rileya iss 

rileyi=irrequieta,  Frontina 108 

Rileymyia 188 

robertsoni,  Epigrimyia 74 

robertsonii,  Euceromyla 39 

robertsoni    occidentis,  Phorantha    44 

robusta,  Myiophasla      51 

robusta.  Peleteria 141 

robusta,  Tachina 119 

Roeselia . <;<; 

rostrata,  Siphosturmia 88 

rubentis.  Frontina ior> 

rubriventris,  Senotainia 80 

rufescens    adnata,  Blepharipeza  .  121 

ruflcauda=hesperidaru  m,  Spallanzania  185 

rnflcauda=Trichophora 189 

ruricornis=a>nea.  Myiophasla 50 

7-uticornis=alcedo.  GymnochSBta 89 

rutifrons,  Chaetogaedia 137 

rnfllabris,  Phorocera 103 

ruflpalpus=leucophrys,  Blepharipeza 124 

ruflrentris,  Hilarella 189 

rufonotata=quadripustulata."\Yinthemia  125 

rufoplcta=quadripustulata,Wmthemia. .  125 

rustica,  Tachina . 119 

rutilioides,  Paradejeania . 148 

sabulosa=confinis.  Exorista 97 

sagax=  senilis,  Gonia 183 

Sarcoclista 40 

Sarcomacronychia 79 

sarcophagina,  Brachycoma 132 

sarcophagoides=floridensis,  Pachyophth.  80 


155 


Page. 

Sarcotachinella 131 

Saundersia I45 

saundersii,  Phorocera 105 

Savia 51 

Schineria 1 39 

Schizotachina 55 

schizurae = f renchii,  Frontina 107 

schizurae,  Sturmia 113 

Sciasma 69 

Scopolia 126 

scudderi = pyste,  Exorista 93 

scutellaris=radicum,  Panzeria 88 

scutellaris= vulgaris,  Exorista 93 

senilis,  Gonia -  133 

senilis,  Leucostoma 69 

Senonietopia 125 

Senotainia -  -  -  80 

septentrionalis=claripennis.Euphorocera  102 

sequax=capitata.  Gonia 133 

sequax,  Phorichaeta —  127 

sequens.  Vanderwulpia .  - 117 

servillei=confinis,  Exorista.-- 97 

setigena,  Eulasiona —  53 

setigera,  Clausicella 56 

setigera.  Epigrimyia 75 

setipennis,  Houghia. -  118 

setipennis.  Tricogena 130 

setosa.  Chaetophleps  -  - 59 

setosa= clesides,  Phyto 51 

setosa,  Gaediopsis - -  136 

signatus,  Pachyophthalmus —  80 

signifera,  Epalpus 145 

signif era,  CEstrophasia 70 

similis=robusta,  Tachina 119 

similis=rubriventris,  Senotainia so 

singularis.  Paradidyma 120 

Siphoclytia 74 

Siphona  . .  75 

siphonina,  Hilarella 129 

Siphophyto 74 

Siphoplagia -  78 

Siphosturmia 83 

sisyropa : 91 

slossonee,  Belvosia 84 

slossonae,  Exoristoides 91 

sinaragdina=aterrima,  Archytas 143 

Solieria 66 

Somoleja 64, 91 

sordicolor=georgiae,  Biomyia 82 

soror,  Jurinella 147 

Spallanzania 134 

sphingivora= violenta,  Frontina 108 

Sphixapata 80, 81 

Sphyricera 140 

Sphyromyia 140 

spinipennis,  Exorista 95 

spinosa,  Celatoria 60 

spinosa,  Eulasiona 53 

spinosula,  Paraplagia 77 

spinosula = rustica,  Tachina 119 

sqiiamipallens=leucocephala,  Metopia...  127 

sternalis,  Sturmia 109 

Stevenia. 40 

strigata,  Sturmia 110 

Sturmia 108 

stylata,  Peteina  _ 40 


Page. 

subopaca,  Alophora 47 

subopaca,  Leucostoma — 69 

sugens,  Himantostoma 40 

Tachina 118 

Tachinodes U1 

tachinomoides=claripennis,  Euphorocera  102 

Tachinomyia -  118 

Tachinophyto 60 

Tachinopsis 120 

tarsalis.  Clausicella 56 

tenera,  Leskiomima B 67 

tentatrix.  Euthera 120 

tenthredinidarum,  Frontina 156 

tenthredinivora=rustica,  Tachina 119 

tessellata,  Peleteria 141 

testacea=abrupta,  Bombyliomyia 146 

Tetrachaeta 140 

thecata,  Leskia 67 

theclarum=connnis,  Exorista 97 

thelitis,  Cryptomeigenia 52 

thomsoni=robusta,  Peleteria 141 

Thryptocera 57 

Thysanomyia 105 

tibialis,  Acemyia 116 

timida.  Didyma --  63 

tortricis.  Hypostena 60 

tortricis,  Phorocera 103 

triangulifera.  Hyalomyodes 70 

Trichophora 139 

Trichopoda 47 

Tricogena 130 

trifasciata=disjuncta,  Microphthalma-  -  -  138 

trifasciata=plumipes.  Trichopoda 48 

trilineata,  Senotainia 81 

triquetra.  Ervia 66 

tristis=geniculata.  Siphona 76 

Trixa 40 

Trixoclista 138 

trixoides= disjuncta,  Microphthalma  —  138 

Tryphera 40 

trypoxylonis=floridensis,  Pachyophthal.  80 

turgata,  Araba 128 

turgida.  Gonia 1:34 

undulatus=ruficauda,  Trichophora 139 

unica=floridensis,  Pachyopthalmus 80 

unifasciata,  Belvosia — 84 

usitata,  Clausicella 56 

valida=parvipalpis,  Plagiprospherysa ...  77 

valida,  Rhinophora? 40 

Vanderwulpia 117 

vanderwulpi,  Hypostena 63 

variabilis,  Hypostena 02 

varia,  Distichona 79 

venatoris,  Demoticus 120 

vexatrix,  Dejeania 146 

vibrissata-  claripennis,  Euphorocera 102 

Vibrissina 62 

victoria = lateralis.  Archytas 143 

violas,  Chaetoglossa 79 

violascens= occidentis,  Phorantha 44 

violenta,  Frontina 108 

virginiensis=hystrix,  Archytas 142 

viridulans=radicum,  Panzeria 88 

vittata= rustica,  Tachina 119 

Viviania 81 

vivida=abrupta,  Bombyliomyia 146 


156 


Page. 

vivida.  Gymnochseta - 89 

vulgaris.  Exorista —  93 

Wahlbergia 89,78 

washingtonae,  Medina 55 

web6teri=frenchii,  Frontana kit 

weedil=triangulifera.  Hyalomyodea  70 

Willistonia  W 


Pagfe. 

willistoni=SBlops,  Beakia... 78 

Winthemia • 184 

Xanthomelana '.  78 

Xanthomelanodes 78 

Xysta 40 

zonata=conflnis.  Exorista  97 


ERRATA. 


Page  10,  line  15  from  below,  place  a  star  (*)  before  Leucarctia. 

Page  23,  lines  2  to  4.  transfer  the  *  to  <  >cyptera  and  erase  Trichopoda  plnmipes  Fabi . 

Page 28,  line  11  from  below,  erase  "  PhorichaBta  seqnax  Will/1 

Page  25,  line  4.  erase  the  *  before  Belvosia. 

Page  26,  line  18,  Cor  "  Phorocera  parva  Bigot  "  read  Phorocera  leucaniae  Coq, 

Page  •'-)»'>.  couplet  98,  tor  "  Base"  read  bend. 

Page  88,  line  10  from  below,  erase  "  Vol.  VI." 

Page  108,  line  1.  erase  ■•  Vol.  VIII." 

Page  110,  line  9  from  below,  for  "8"  read  2. 

Page  in.  line  28,  for  "  U  nthredinida/rum  Town."  read<  xilian.  sp.   The  former  belongs  to  Front  ina. 

Page  119,  line  11  from  below,  after  ■■  Ital."  add  Prodromus. 

Page  186,  line  14  from  below.  ••  From  the  type  specimen  "  refers  to  Metaehoeta  atra. 


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